Original subtitles

we owe much to the ancient Greek from

the invention of democracy to citizens

participation in government to the

Olympic Games the Greeks laid the

foundations of science and created

quests and drama

the Romans conquered and unified Europe

their greatest achievements lay in

administration infrastructure and above

all their system of law

[Music]

the Vikings owned onto the world stage

as Raiders from the sea but they went on

to build a vast network of Trade and

they were the first to discover America

between them these three peoples were

the founders of Europe

[Music]

our journey into the past takes us to

Rome the heart of the greatest empire of

the ancient world in a swampy

plague-infested hollow on the Tiber the

greatest empire of ancient times was

born it was almost three thousand years

ago in those days only a handful of

settlers lived on the hills of Rome but

in just a few centuries Rome conquered

all of Italy and from there much of

Europe the malarial backwater grew into

an empire the ruler of over 50 provinces

at the height of its power the Roman

Empire controlled most of the known

world the Imperium Romanum

stretched from Scotland in the north

across Germany Oh with its endless

impenetrable forests as far east as the

Black Sea and south to north africa

even the highly advanced Egyptians was

abused by the Romans 60 million people

surrendered to the invaders

hundreds of thousands of well-equipped

Roman legionaries conquered one country

after another their weapons were the

best in the world

[Music]

their campaigns were brilliantly

organized

the Romans defeated the barbarians of

northern Europe they overrun the

kingdoms of the east they even captured

the Queen of Syria

nothing and no one could stop the

Imperium Romanum

Romo terse effeminacy above all to her

legionaries some provinces were easier

for them than others along the Rhine

they were mainly builders they labored

there for years on gigantic border

fortifications north of that line known

as the limas the legionary suffered both

from the cold and from constant attacks

by Germanic tribes Minh some worked in

government administration or in

procuring the supply of grain

[Music]

there was work for them throughout the

empire

most legionaries were stationed in

border areas at the time who Augustus

there were 28 legions which means

170,000 men with an equal number of

auxiliaries

[Music]

the achievements of the Legionaries and

their commanders were commemorated on

Trajan's column which still stands on

its original site in the centre of Rome

[Music]

in the Museum of Roman civilization

there are dozens of plaster casts of the

column they are the most important

source of information on how the

Legionaries led their daily lives

Alexandra bouche from the German

archaeological Institute in Rome is an

expert on the Roman army

yum-yum Athenian double Michelly Geneva

by Naga ball - zelphia prestigious over

the speaker garden in surah al-e-imran

token statistic even an open-air season

with language behind fantasize they are

most asking about

we have written about the Union a

hominid station she came from meat

intolerance in either the other language

I hope this encompasses burnin hot metal

and Hartwell yanking the most important

genes of our genome in soil 40 acres a

good daddy does her bath of thought her

teeth video commercial meditative design

wherever the Roman legions were

stationed

they built a walled camp in these

far-flung thoughts they kept watch on

the borders

they seldom needed to go to war in full

strength but when they did they were

well-prepared their weapons were second

to none

they're javelins could fly over 15

meters and pierce any shield

if pulled out they broke into hampering

the enemy Roman catapults powered by

animal tendons could hurl rocks up to

300 meters

caltrops or crow's feet may the

battlefield impossible

[Music]

the Romans even used animals as weapons

they put burning bundles of brushwood

between cows horns and drove the animals

into the enemy ranks while hoping that

they wouldn't suddenly turn around when

a legion was on the move it was like a

giant piece of machinery being set in

motion

[Music]

those who lived under Roman rule had to

supply the food for the hundreds of

legionaries and their animals they not

only had to hand over a large part of

their harvest but might also have to

relinquish their water their draught

animals and their cants keeping the

legions on the move was a mammoth

operation because they always needed the

same supplies however far away they

marched heavily laden the Legionaries

could march in columns of thousands up

to 30 kilometers a day

[Music]

the Romans often cut a swathe through

one populated territory it was not

uncommon for them to build camps in the

wilderness and they made an impression

[Music]

they felt so many trees for building

material and firewood that in some areas

entire forests banished every day a

legion the 5000 men needed over 8000

kilos of grain for meals 50 thousand

liters of water and 18 thousand

kilograms of animal feed a place in the

Legion was highly sought-after

not only because of the guarantee of

regular meals but also because the army

offered a fixed income chances of

promotion and security in old age but

the security came at a price

the Legionaries often lived far from

home for a very long time overtime towns

grew up around many of the legions camps

on the Rhine the cities of Cologne and

Coblentz both began the small Roman

Falls

[Music]

further south the city of mites also

dates back to Roman times as does

Regensburg on the danube the Legionaries

in these places copied the way of life

in their capital

[Music]

to live in Rome that was what they

dreamed of

although only aristocrats could afford

the best it had to offer

[Music]

[Applause]

Julia

[Music]

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what Mayor vine case to Bach media Hina

you're not journey we have a few left is

Antonio visits hahahaha oh yeah they're

Galia last Sunday blunder as we could

about unserious dust had many fathers

consoles interfere Oh Mia deliver at

zone guests inhabit Cheetos cacophony

dirt Alma by invitees are no Africa not

among Kingdom Galia chemstar then du

mich flexed nothing Galya kind of

shocking din africana something let's

give him Julia clemency holla my lord be

my customer ho blondest abyss of c'mon

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sure know how it is about see how much

more the night is be

vision for fly now you hips happiest

younger Luke

[Laughter]

the wealthy lived in magnificent houses

at Tivoli Easter Rome is Hadrian's villa

and Imperial summer residence with

gardens and fountains but most of the

population lived in blocks of rented

flats these ruins can still be seen in

Ostia Rome's port

[Music]

on the ground floor there were small

shops and places to eat on the other

floors people lived in cramped quarters

without a toilet or kitchen many of

these flats were very expensive even the

rundown ones

[Music]

but a quarter of the city was public

space open to every citizen people met

in the Coliseum the first multi-story

arena it seated 70,000 and even had all

ins against the Sun for the poor entry

was free and bread was distributed there

had never been anything like it in the

Roman Forum public trials went on every

day anyone who wanted to could go and

watch its many temples were also well

frequented all classes of Roman society

mingled in the public squares rich or

poor slave or free everyone went there

rich senators administrators who decided

the fate of the Empire and their wives

the Roman matrons prostitutes plied

their trade in innumerable brothels to

the Romans it was quite normal

most of the population were simple

people only a small minority belonged to

the privileged upper class it made

little difference whether the capital

was governed by a king for Senate or an

emperor the social structure of the

population remained the same

[Music]

at the peak of society were Rome's

oldest families the wealthy aristocracy

they held the top jobs in politics and

the army

after them came the night successful

merchants and rich men who would risen

to the top in civil administration below

then came the broad mass of plebeians

ordinary people mainly craftsmen and

farmers and their families at the bottom

were countless slaves men and women

living a life of drudgery so that the

economy of the gigantic Empire could

prosper Rome had several slave markets

each week fresh merchandise was offered

many of those being sold were prisoners

of war over the centuries around 400,000

slaves were brought to the capital

massive was going order and he be SS

guard see a kazoo kind of can tighten 0

bust your honor Hobbiton guide that just

wish I become further my funkiness snuck

a snuke line and club there thus one

swipe a bite thirsty mr. Spears he one

can Albertus on a lettuce for a sauce

the hum zebra disability traveling now

the sifting a physique County peer

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target wolf I haven't used office was

always taxi in my booth you have a bloom

house and under sugar thousand nine

Turkish nation the sea fish habit of a

broken Grecian there grunting through

the house of an immigration

I'll bring the flooding Jason city knows

onliest crook its transpose endures on

their plight I'm Kalifa Scoville

all that disgusting ministers the stinky

escapee advantage there's please

Maharashtra please don't rat Co all

their games a thousand a minute scene

but really this is so bogus

now Goods dumb name different specialist

absent

[Music]

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only a minority of slaves worked as

domestic servants most labored in the

fields in mines or in thermal baths in

central sicily the province of enna

boasts one of the best preserved Roman

bath houses it is part of the villa

Romana del Casali a luxurious Country

Estate World Heritage listed since 1997

quasi a Monet preferred Nadella villas

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grand I Cal died Adobe servility Bonanno

Eleniak a survivor is called our ilaria

capo at Reverso questa Kuniko Lea a

laborer is called Otto Leterme questell

parlamento Quinn do so no ACOTA pubis

opposite ochico Laval area called a

Karass cadaval ambiente logical - it

cool Ivanka Dali Peretti Vesta Kali

questo a la parte de la vela case a

foursome Oh in Oriente camera mo Imam

Alhassan Adela coup de Dell course Poe

is Imani Chetan even a liqueur Adele

corpo the mosaics tell of this as well

they show slaves bringing massage oil

into the bowels

female slaves are depicted - they were

to look after the women visitors one of

their duties was to dry their hair west

allis transitive family Lama as Cazalas

represent lead on in bikini sono le

palace create a choice oh no every sport

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Corsa Cherlapally bolo a poacher la

première Sione

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liquide ato a la su to decay serve Eva

porque el aqua dentro la vie la semana

laka dentro de villiers Romana serve Eva

Pirelli P scheana Sergio Pelle Kushina

masseur V donk a pair impress car a lara

durante Lestat a la vie la romana era

piena d suntan a distributor per tutta

la Villa / que la cual Elemento most

important a the aqueduct was an

invention of Rome's brilliant engineers

their monumental waterways were also

masterpieces of architecture

the hand of the Roman water department

wrote proudly compare the rich variety

of the constructions that bring us our

water would be useless pyramids or the

pointless edifices of the Greeks

[Music]

there were five long-distance pipelines

to Rome alone every day they brought in

900 million litres of fresh water an

average of 400 liters per person per day

[Music]

the incoming water was stored in

reservoirs and from there it was

directed by a pressurised pipes to the

distributing reservoirs in the city

each part of town had its own public

latrines where people like to meet to

discuss personal or business matters

Rome also had several large baths and

over a thousand wells to provide a

constant source of fresh drinking water

the motto of the day was son uncle up

one for spa for short it means healthy

through water

[Music]

pipes from ancient times still supply

the trevi fountain up to the 19th

century the Roman water system was

considered Europe's most advanced

[Music]

the idea of piping water into cities has

long since spread all over the world

[Music]

modern day water engineers demonstrate

just what the Roman achievement made

possible

[Music]

the pleasant way of life in ancient Rome

was also made possible by hard-working

administrators firstly can notice wiggly

fish to give it a light I give this

fighter Annika angling heightens

finished Vartan kann ich Tim listen

fiddly Nestor violin ville ambitious

undone Xanthi d'Elegance s iny a [ __ ]

59 Gert often Jesus person does a nice

fish

the Roman oppressors were neither lazy

nor decadent on the contrary they were

hardworking and ambitious and they held

the Empire together it was only a few

hundred men who governed the 60 million

subjects of the Empire a handful of

managers ran the mega enterprise of the

Imperium Romanum guilty that's me

they were the workaholics of their day

Treasury officials town planners or

distributors of food all labored to

ensure that the Empire ran smoothly they

organized the transport of goods to the

capital wine the noil came in m4i mainly

from Spain from North Africa they

brought horses for the army gold

provided iron amber came from gear Manya

and Britannia delivered wool the most

important commodity of all grain came

from Rome's richest province Egypt

the land of the Pharaohs was the mighty

empires breadbasket

the Egyptians are grown grain on the

Fertile banks of the Nile for thousands

of years

[Music]

a large part of their harvest now went

to Rome which consumed 300,000 tons of

grain a year bread for the masses was an

instrument of power in Rome if the

people weren't hungry they were quiet

Roman rulers knew that stability in the

Empire rested on stability in womb it

meant filling a lot of stomachs as

scientist other anti Jesus you're better

is the skirt in perfectly fine

the Honda chatter conveyed and wished

him tomorrow Snejana

and soon try on that don't warm about

developing Priscilla for a manor home is

that owner that leash law warmest Yvette

one Fergus me maths doesn't cure young

built Vitamix in southern Rome there is

a mound of shattered amphora that stands

35 meters high it is a testament to how

many people had to be fed in ancient

Rome olive oil was transported to Rome

in clay pots which were used once and

then disposed of here at Monte testaccio

the mountain workshops

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porque la pasta es muy FINA y en un

sonidos metalic o bastante Natori o

dividend o el peso que los que o logos

an calculate Delta tacho por el piso de

mano fora podemos llegar a la conclusion

de que lo que todavía que de yagi say a

perdido mucho material represent area

asset a suficiente para lament our Anup

ablation de un million Devitt antes

durante doe cientos in Quentin's to feed

Oprah million people in Rome alone

administration honto ran smoothly vector

so phytic a chance mrs. stone by boat in

Denver's temple tada dismiss Teddy saifa

terrestre Menace Marilyn

vengan Houston Easter's in our sector

next of asana at the top of you the list

limiting styie I'm Nam has tried to

three I'm the tossin won't we see this

house they say I've no I get from Eddie

Sutton

that's ass biscuit no that's pretty much

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versus mcbean Kim radish the whole [ __ ]

Mia both infertility writer or bring

maybe I am so far

[Music]

controlling the Empire would have been

impossible without an extensive network

of roads so transport routes were

created throughout the empire the many

legionaries stationed in the provinces

had to work as builders laborers

[Music]

little by little the Romans built paved

roads all over the Empire

[Music]

the roads ran from the capital to the

outermost borders through woods and

wilderness past army camps villages and

towns

the roman transport system was

unparalleled

God's people and news could travel

easily from Rome to Spain to Britannia

goal orga Manya to the Black Sea or

North Africa

[Music]

the Roman roads remained the boon to

Europe for centuries after Imperial Rome

itself had disappeared many of today's

most important transport routes still

follow the roads that once crisscross

the Roman Empire

the Roman principle of linking places

through sophisticated infrastructure and

logistics lives on on land at sea and in

the air

[Music]

Rome's rulers invested in entertainment

as well arenas were built all over the

Empire the greatest of them was the

Colosseum

there were regular gladiator shows in

the giant amphitheater

[Music]

the gladiators would roam these stands

their lives were mostly short but

exciting in the gladiator schools they

were well looked after they received

regular massages and had the best

doctors the lucky ones only had to fight

three times a year some had their own

agents who took good care of their

prodigies after all they hoped to recoup

their expenses out of the generous prize

money the fearless fighters blood was

even traded as a potency drug the viagra

of the ancient world the women of Rome

idolized the gladiators no one has died

in battle in the Colosseum for a very

long time but 2,000 years ago it was a

different story in the so-called games

hundreds of thousands of prisoners of

war criminals Christians and the

gladiators lost their lives either

fighting each other or facing wild

animals

[Music]

the idea of staging spectacles in huge

arenas was born in Rome there the

concept of bread and circuses was

politically driven in the 21st century

it's a matter of entertainment and money

but the appetite for spectacle remains

the same even if no one has to die to

thrill the spectators today's stars are

footballers like the gladiators they can

earn a fortune for themselves and their

agents and they too are idolized by

their fans citizens of Rome had one

enormous privilege in the eyes of the

law they were all equal

while slaves were at the mercy of their

masters all Roman citizens without

exception had the protection of Roman

law

plaintiffs were usually represented by a

lawyer

they often prepared their case in the

public latrines that was pataga yeah but

survives it's a mayor who I mind

that's happen via darshan if Gargas has

to provide hands has divisor arlov

advice dr. simopoulos destroyed big

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who decide on the bonnet there's equal

establish is described as ice bear can't

hold him for eyes I'll give a hundred

eyes er keine Gargash they should still

mister clear over the ground

[Music]

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senses para los trabajos de bellas

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serve a risk in the return of Siffin the

sweet Morris new costume addendum canopy

penguin Oh sweetie the tempo in Bieber

Ovilus II is food on set Bianca Lolita

Carol Egypt's Christa the Romans were

the litigious people their courts were

open to the public and many citizens

attended them as a pastime aspiring

lawyers had to Train long and hard as

there was no formal legal education they

learnt from experienced lawyers and then

here

which was the any folders here diamonds

dunsack my bus to cast doors here herma

not idle nor Strauss ha

give em our floater

do most of these oak Maxima vamos diner

on the VESA we're not all suggest the

Beasties nighter

[Music]

boomer would be lawyers practice their

elocution and rhetoric for years in the

hope that one day they would be able to

speak before record Nikita

Albert Roscoe feats allowed on Cicero

the heart of my client Unger flanked a

pleasure Devon that sister's Lobby

comments the speeches of Cicero were

essential reading for lawyers in

training Cicero was the most famous

Roman orator of them all generations of

lawyers model themselves on him because

only a brilliant speaker could win the

day in court

a Roman trial proceeded much as trials

do today first the plaintiff presented

his case it was then considered in the

presence of the defendant a jury

delivered its verdict

they had cards with a four am so

Louisville acquittal and see for condemn

no conviction the penalties ranged from

simple vines to banishment to death in

the arena if the majority of the jury

abstained the verdict was in Gubbio Pro

rail when in doubt for the accused -

solo new a TV news project check in for

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political crimes were prosecuted in

extraordinary courts which were also

open to the public but the law itself

was the same for all citizens everyone

had the same protection rich and poor

men and women Roman women had more

freedom than Greek women political

office was close to them but before the

law they had the same rights as men

[Music]

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leave eigen Tichenor Ostertag Avenue

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respect or a lead or net Greg ma-kun

delimiter still windy post lowest rate

it'll re-released each Lilly slowly

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austro-hungary de Soleil - tafoya's TK

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vendor to fondo a la morte del

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lador message esta a la potestas eldest

daughter

Roman law was perhaps the Empire's

biggest export

[Music]

no other set of laws has had such a

strong influence on later legal systems

in Germany every law student still has

the study Roman law because it is the

backbone of the legal systems of

continental Europe nor is it only

European courts that follow the

tradition of Roman law the charter of

the United Nations in New York is also

based on Roman principles

but there were people's who wanted no

part of Rome they never accepted the

supremacy of Roman law over their own

rules and customs

in border areas where there were

frequent uprisings the Romans were

ruthless in imposing their version of

justice is volatility anger glutton

being hoc perhaps some thought uncoils

the subject people's in the Empire's

north were always rebellious and they

weren't the only ones the Legionaries

most dangerous opponent was the

Parthians of persia

the beats made frequent raids into the

Roman province of Britannia

in North Africa the Berbers attacked the

Romans again and again most feared of

all were the Germanic tribes who were

always on the point of rebellion they

lived in mist and cold in seemingly

endless forests to the Romans it was

nothing but wilderness

[Music]

there were no towns there was nothing

the Romans recognized as civilization or

law and order it was a world entirely

different from Rome a world that filled

the Romans with fear

but more dangerous than all the wild men

of the north was a single Roman officer

Arminius

Arminius had been taken from his

Germanic tribe as a child and raised as

a Roman he spoke Latin and was

well-versed in Roman weaponry and

tactics he returned home as a Roman

officer in command of Germanic

auxiliaries

but Arminius never felt that he truly

belonged to Rome

[Music]

so he swapped sides

[Music]

in secret Arminius rallied the Germanic

tribes perhaps he hoped to rule the

united gimana

as king what is certain is that he

planned a decisive blow against roman

colonization of his country

[Music]

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religion and looking after in Rayong

lead with such a vote for that bill

Bynum often engraved alt again well done

Ben Museum of the Martian guys the

exhaust it is Caribbean Lindo Milan

vital to him avocados leave me trail a

German does it fast run six thousand man

he is it in an Italian vehicle affinity

bike like that is a crime College off

its loss of citizen why

in 9 ad Arminius and his allies lured

the Romans into a well-laid ambush three

full legions walked into the trap and

the Germans sounded the signal to attack

in the Battle of the total Borg forest

all three Roman legions were wiped out

it was one of the worst defeats that

Blom ever something

Arminius is remembered to this day as

the liberator of gamma mia from the

roman Jochen in the 19th century a

colossal statue was erected in his honor

the Hermann Monument

[Music]

after this disaster the Romans withdrew

from all of gimana east of the Rhine

they made the river the new Imperial

border to separate themselves from the

barbarians they built the limas gimana

coast the largest fortification of its

day

stretching 550 kilometres through

present-day Germany

the Battle of the Toyota Berg forest was

one of the most momentous of ancient

times it meant that the hosts of

Germanic tribes east of the Rhine could

live in freedom an example of

Independence that Rome had always been

reluctant to tolerate all along

continent effective our divine aniclato

understand cadenza these notability

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this place another I know Amana ships

offer about engaged lands it matters

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to follow the rest of us women shots I'd

get divine land as Indian skis observed

or style of CD we should see we desert

join the nursing home Wilma hidden off

bizarre diet by Owens is a list even

easier to enter room of the unknowns I'd

dices Parvati come Oda about the second

Eagle man reserved tiga Manya Weber

Ladas Saiga manga the tribes east of the

Rhine and the Lemus were free but their

freedom came at a price

it meant continuing to live in simple

huts in small scattered villages it was

a life without the advantages of

civilization and certainly without

luxuries

but millions of other people who had

initially resisted the Romans became

reconciled to the Empire for the

advantages it brought them instead of

getting bogged down on muddy tracks they

could travel easily on paved roads

people would lived in wooden huts moved

into stone houses some even had

underfloor heating in the cold north it

made life a lot easier for many Roman

rule meant the coming of the good life

and the Romans laid on entertainment in

large amphitheaters remnants of Roman

civilization can be seen wherever the

Roman writ ran there are the Magnificent

baths

and the multi-level aqueducts stretching

for hundreds of kilometers there were

the countryside amphitheaters and the

huge arenas in the cities

the Romans carved their culture in stone

they left their mark not only in Europe

but in North Africa as well

there were many advantages to being a

Roman province there for tire tread upon

Edison bar in parks women are aware of

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memory system given freedom Aveda ago

fill affiliates in Tujunga the large

current yet

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status with a vital and rated the

highest Deloitte organization provided

and accept an in-demand Alicia notice

rushed went in Sweden the go-to really

long test writers salon all fleece less

Vasa the Goethe technique good from

sunny under Spartan would honor oddly

chef of Ultron demands a shorter in

luncheon or vocational and none in

unavenged

and yet the Roman Empire collapsed

despite having the best army in the

ancient world and despite the plentiful

supplies and the many freedoms enjoyed

by Roman citizens

the Empire gradually declined its fall

has often been blamed on moral decay but

this was not the main cause internal

rivalry weakened the Empire because

there was no system for an orderly

transfer of power from one Emperor to

another from the 3rd century on this

became a chronic problem as would the

Emperor's fought it out they were no

longer fighting external enemies but

their own countrymen

on top of the crisis at home came

pressure from outside the borders came

under siege from the migration of whole

peoples in the 4th century Huns vandals

and Goths flooded into the Imperial

territory often they were only looking

for a better life but their influx

sealed the fate of the superpower

in the 5th century the Roman Empire

ceased to exist but it's legacy is

enormous for it is not only stadiums

expertly designed for mass spectacles

that the modern world holds to Rome

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we also owe to the Romans the whole idea

that a functional infrastructure is the

necessary underpinning of a successful

society

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the memory of the Roman piece as the

world once knew it still shapes Western

policy today

our understanding of law injustice

manifested today in the International

Court of Justice dates back to the

Romans finally and not least it was a

Roman Emperor who elevated Christianity

as the state religion in Rome the

foundations were laid for Christianity

to write the history of the world

after the Roman Empire

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you

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