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Hi, I'm Kasia.
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Welcome to Oxford Online English.
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In this lesson, you can learn about the modal
verbs must, have to and should.
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Do you know the difference between 'must',
'have to' and 'should'?
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English learners often mix up these three
verbs.
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In this lesson, you can learn how to use must,
have to and should correctly in English.
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Must and have to are both used to talk about
obligations: things you cannot choose not
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to do.
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For example:
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We must talk to her before she leaves.
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I have to go into work early tomorrow.
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If you say, We must talk to her before she
leaves, you mean that you think this is very
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important, and you need to do it.
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When you say, I have to go into work early
tomorrow, you mean that you have no choice.
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These are both obligations, but they’re
slightly different.
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Can you see how they’re different?
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The first obligation is more personal, which
is why you use must.
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You feel that it’s necessary and important
to talk to her before she leaves.
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The obligation comes from you and your feelings.
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What about have to?
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The second obligation is more situational,
which is why you use have to.
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It’s necessary to go into work early tomorrow,
maybe because you have to meet a client, or
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you have some important work to finish.
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The obligation comes from the situation, not
from you.
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Let’s see some more examples:
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I must pay him back like I promised.
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--> You made a promise, and now it’s important
to you personally to keep your promise and
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pay him back.
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He has to do a lot of homework every week.
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--> He needs to do a lot of homework because
the school gives him a lot of homework.
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It’s rare to use must to talk about obligations
in spoken English.
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Native English speakers use have to much more
in conversation.
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However, you can use must to talk about obligations
in formal or written English.
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For example:
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All passengers must have a valid ticket.
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Candidates must arrive no later than five
minutes before the scheduled start time.
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Want an easy answer to this?
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Here’s an easy answer: use have to when
you speak.
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Using must to talk about obligations can sound
very formal and strange in spoken English.
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If you use have to when you speak, you’ll
never be wrong!
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You can use must to talk about obligations
in your written English if you’re writing
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something more formal.
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This doesn’t mean that you won’t hear
must in conversation; actually, you’ll hear
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it a lot.
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Why is this?
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Didn’t we just tell you not to use must
in spoken English?
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It’s because must has many other meanings,
too.
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Using must to talk about obligations is rare
in spoken English, but you can use it for
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many other things.
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Okay, you’ve seen how must and have to are
different.
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What about mustn’t and don’t have to?
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Wait, what?
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We just talked about must and have to.
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Isn’t this the same?
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Not at all.
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Must and have to aren’t exactly the same,
but they are quite similar.
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However, the negatives—mustn’t and don’t
have to—are completely different.
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Look at two sentences:
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Visitors must not touch the paintings.
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You don’t have to be here before ten.
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Can you tell the difference?
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Must not means that something is forbidden.
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You are not allowed to do this.
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If you’re in a museum, and the sign says
Visitors must not touch the paintings, then
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don’t touch the paintings!
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Don’t have to means that something is not
necessary.
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You can choose to do something or not.
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If we have plans, and I tell you, You don’t
have to be here before ten, then you can be
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here before ten if you want.
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You can come at nine, at eight, or whenever
you want.
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It’s your choice.
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Let’s see some more examples:
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Passengers must not talk to the driver while
the bus is moving.
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--> It’s forbidden to talk to the driver
while the bus is moving; you aren’t allowed
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to do this.
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You don’t have to finish it today.
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--> You can finish it today if you want to,
but you can also leave it until later if you
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want.
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It’s your choice.
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Like must, must not is more common in formal
or written English.
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In spoken English, it’s more common to use
can’t.
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For example, you might see a sign saying:
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Mobile phones must not be used while driving.
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But, if you were talking, you’d probably
say:
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You can’t use your phone while you’re
driving.
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On the other hand, don’t have to is common
in both spoken and written English.
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So now you’ve seen the difference between
must and have to, but what about should?
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Remember that must and have to can be used
to talk about obligations.
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Should is different.
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You use should to give advice or express your
opinion.
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For example:
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You should go to bed earlier.
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Then you wouldn’t feel so tired all the
time.
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--> This is my advice.
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I think it’s better for you to do this,
but it isn’t necessary.
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It’s not an obligation, so you still have
a choice.
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He should do more work if he wants to get
promoted.
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--> This is my opinion.
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I don’t think he needs to do it, and I don’t
necessarily care if he does this or not.
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You can’t use should to talk about obligations
or rules.
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When you say,
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You should…
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You mean that the person has a choice.
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You’re giving your opinion or some advice.
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However, must can also be used to give advice.
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For example:
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You must try the fish.
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It’s delicious!
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Actually, you can also use have to to give
advice.
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You could also say:
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You have to try the fish.
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It’s delicious!
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Can you tell the difference between using
should to give advice, and using must or have
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to?
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Giving advice with must or have to is stronger
and more emphatic than giving advice with
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should.
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If you say:
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You should try the fish.
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This sounds quite neutral, but if you say:
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You must try the fish!
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Or, You have to try the fish!
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These sound much stronger.
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You’re more excited about what you’re
saying.
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You really like that fish!
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So, you can use must, have to or should to
give advice or express opinions.
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Using must or have to expresses stronger feelings
than just using should.
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However, if you want to give negative advice,
only shouldn’t is possible.
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For example:
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You shouldn’t eat so much chocolate at once—you’ll
make yourself sick!
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You shouldn’t take the job unless you’re
sure it’s what you want.
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In negative sentences, you can only use shouldn’t
to give advice or express your opinion.
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You can’t use mustn’t or don’t have
to with this meaning.
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At this point, you’ve seen how to use must,
have to and should to talk about obligations
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or advice.
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Let’s put everything together by comparing
all three verbs.
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Use must for:
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Obligations you feel strongly about: I must
remember to send him a birthday card.
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Obligations in formal, written English: All
employees must wash hands.
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Strong advice: You must read it—it’s an
amazing story!
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Saying something is forbidden, if you use
mustn’t: Children must not be left unattended.
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Remember that mustn’t or must not are more
formal, and in spoken English it’s more
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common to say can’t.
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Next, what about have to?
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You use have to for:
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Obligations which depend on rules or circumstances:
I have to wear glasses because I can’t see
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so clearly.
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Most obligations in spoken English: Do you
have to work tomorrow?
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Saying something is not necessary: You don’t
have to do this if you don’t want to.
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Strong advice: You have to try this ice cream!
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Using have to for strong advice sounds more
conversational than using must.
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Finally, should.
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You can use should for:
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Giving advice: You should try once more—I’m
sure you can get it.
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Giving negative advice: You shouldn’t work
so hard.
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Take a break sometimes!
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Giving your opinion: If they make us work
overtime, they should pay us for it.
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One last point: these three verbs can also
be used to talk about probability and certainty.
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In this video, we focused on talking about
obligations and giving advice, but these verbs
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can also be used in other ways.
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So now you’ve seen how to use must, have
to and should in different ways.
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Want more practice with this topic?
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Check out the full lesson on our website:
Oxford Online English.com.
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You can read the script and practice with
a quiz.
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Thanks for watching!
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See you next time!13757
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