All language subtitles for Building a Marsbase is a Horrible Idea Let’s do it!

From hostile deserts,
to lonely islands and the highest mountains,

wherever there is space
to expand into humans do so.

So, it's hardly surprising
that we're already making preparations

to set foot on Mars,

and to create the first
permanent colony outside of Earth --

maybe even terraform another planet
and turn it into a second blue home.

But wait,

before we can get to the nice future stuff,

we first have to complete
the second phase of colonization;

creating a semi-permanent outpost

to prepare the ground for a larger human presence.

But doing so will be gruesome.

Even for an expansionist species like us,
Mars is extreme.

At first glance,
Mars seems familiar --

polar ice caps,
large valleys,

liquid water under its surface,

and a day barely longer than Earth's.

The ideal place for us to go.

Unfortunately, Mars
is actually a cold, radioactive desert

where the ground is poisonous
and breathing is impossible.

Mars is awful.

You almost certainly don't want to go there.

The pioneers doing the hard work on Mars
will have an intensely stressful life,

filled with incredibly challenging problems

never encountered before.

But there are plenty of people
willing to do that work

and we have the technology
to enable them to do it.

For this video, we will assume
there have been prior missions to Mars

to scout out a good place for an outpost,

store resources and equipment,

and that there's already a moon base

that serves as a hub for Mars missions.

The first major challenge for our outpost,

is the fact that Mars is very energy poor.

Because of its distance from the Sun,

solar power is only 40% as effective as on Earth.

But even this weakened sunlight
is often obscured for days

by enormous dust storms.

Solar power alone
will probably not be enough.

Alternatives, such as wind power,
and geothermal energy are also unfeasible

as there's hardly any atmosphere
and Mars' interior is much too cold.

Initially, nuclear technology
might be the only option.

Since Mars doesn't have
easily accessible radioactive elements,

the nuclear fuel needs to come
from Earth along with the reactor.

If we do set it up, it could power
our small outpost for the first few years.

Unfortunately, all that energy
won't be very useful if we can't breathe.

Mars' atmosphere is only 1% as dense as Earth's,

and mostly made up of CO2.

So, now habitats need to be pressurized
and filled with an artificial atmosphere

made of nitrogen and oxygen --

Which comes with more problems.

Corners and flat walls are weak points

so the habitats will have rounded and smooth shapes

to handle the stress of great pressure differences
between the interior and exterior.

The airlocks need to be very airtight
and work perfectly every time.

Without an extensive magnetosphere, or a dense atmosphere,

half of all radiation coming from space reaches the ground.

A person on the surface would be subjected
to 50 times the radiation that they would be on Earth.

Three years on the surface of Mars
exceeds the radiation dose limits

imposed on NASA astronauts for their entire career.

This increases cancer risks significantly.

To prevent that, we could shield our habitats
with a thick layer of frozen CO2,

that can be harvested directly from the atmosphere.

Covering the dry ice with a meter of dirt,
would further increase the level of protection.

Sadly, this means almost no windows.

From the inside,
most living spaces will be windowless tunnels.

From the outside,
they'll look like burial mounds.

All of this would still not hold back all the radiation,

but reduce it just enough
to be survivable for long periods of time.

It won't, however, protect anyone who ventures outside.

So, remote-controlled robots
will be used for routine work on the surface,

while our crew stays inside.

Staying inside is a good idea for another reason:

Mars dust.

It's much finer than dust on Earth,

so it could find its way
into the gears or electronics of our machines.

Because it's also very dry, it's electro-statically charged;

sticking to everything, like spacesuits.

It will be impossible to avoid carrying
lots of Mars dust into our habitat,

and into the lungs of our crew.

To make this even worse, Mars' soil
is filled with very toxic perchlorate salts.

Constant exposure could be deadly.

This problem can still be overcome though.

Space suits, for example, could be made in a way
that they never truly enter the base,

but stay attached to the outside of the habitats.

Okay, great.

Now we've safely isolated humans in terms of energy and air,

and protected them from cancer,
we just need to feed them.

Water is easy to come by if a settlement
is positioned near the Martian poles

with their thick layers of ice.

Growing food is a different kind of challenge though.

Mars' soils are alkaline

and lack the vital nitrogen compounds
that plants need to grow.

Before we can grow anything,
we will have to decontaminate the soil

which is difficult and expensive.

Then, the soil can be fertilized using recycled biological waste.

All of this will take a lot of time,
and is very energy-intensive.

So, we might use aquaponics
to raise fish and plants together --

Making the astronauts' diets
more varied and tasty at the same time.

This will be an important
psychological boost for our overworked crew.

All of these things don't solve one fundamental problem though:

Mars has only 38 percent of Earth's surface gravity,

which could cause muscle-wasting,
bone loss, and cardiovascular problems.

While this might be solved in the future
by setting up rotating living spaces,

for now, our crew has to live with low gravity

and exercise a lot to slow the degradation down.

The crews will probably have to rotate every few years,

after being stuck indoors
in tight spaces without windows.

With the same people,
performing the same routines day-in day-out

with little contact from the outside world,

and a lot to worry about.

Like Antarctic scientists or submarine staff,

they will undergo intense psychological screening

to make sure they're mentally resilient enough
to handle this lifestyle for several years.

Establishing the first real infrastructure
on Mars will be extremely taxing work

that only a group of very determined,
and competent, people can do.

Luckily, we have enough of these on Earth.

And there you have it!

A small Mars base that will survive
for at least a few decades --

as long as it's getting a constant supply of resources,

parts, nuclear fuel, and crews from Earth.

Unfortunately, Mars and Earth
are separated by millions of kilometers

and orbital periods that leave
only a narrow travel window every two years.

If there's an emergency in the colony,

Earth wouldn't be able to help
until the next travel window opens.

Helpers may arrive on a planet
filled with corpses.

Settling Mars will be the toughest challenge we have ever faced.

It will be gruesome work to establish
the infrastructure we need.

But we're stubborn,
and we like extreme challenges.

If we push through Phase Two of colonization,
anything is possible.

Cities illuminating the dark Martian night,

a hub for travel between the planets,

industries setting foot in orbit

terraforming a true multi-planetary future.

Going to Mars is hard but worth it.

And if we're lucky, we might be around
long enough to see it happening

and cheer on the people who take on these challenges

for the benefit of us all.

Figuring out complex stuff
is one of the best feelings ever.

Especially if you don't have
to do it all by yourself.

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With Brilliant, you finish your day a little bit smarter.

And, no Mars dust to deal with.

We promise!

Can't get enough of Mars?

We've also made a poster about it.

You can learn some more
about the hardships of Mars colonization,

or just look at the pretty colors.

Go get it here!