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ROLLING.

JELANI INTERVIEW, TAKE 2. MARK.

ALL HUMAN BEINGS HAVE THE CAPACITY TO HATE.

BUT WHAT PROVOKES FEELINGS OF HATE

OR PUSHES US TO COMMIT ACTS OF VIOLENCE?

I WANT TO UNDERSTAND THE TOOLS

THAT INCITE, AMPLIFY, AND SPREAD HATE.

AS A HISTORIAN AND A JOURNALIST, I'M ALWAYS THINKING ABOUT

THE WAY THAT THE PAST INFORMS THE PRESENT.

THERE'S THIS IDEA THAT YOU SHOULD WRITE

ABOUT THE THINGS THAT MAKE YOU ANGRY,

AND THAT IS HOW I FOUND MYSELF WRITING SO MUCH

ABOUT INTOLERANCE AND BIGOTRY AND HATRED

AND UNFAIRNESS, DISCRIMINATION,

THE WAYS IN WHICH WE HAVE ILL-TREATED OTHER HUMAN BEINGS.

IT SEEMS AS IF THERE ARE TOOLS THAT MAKE IT EASIER

TO GET PEOPLE TO BEHAVE IN WAYS THAT ARE INHUMANE,

THAT ARE HATEFUL,

THAT ARE VIOLENT TOWARD OTHER HUMAN BEINGS.

THERE ARE CHARISMATIC LEADERS

WHO CAN USE THOSE TOOLS AND TACTICS

TO CONVINCE PEOPLE TO DO THINGS THAT ARE CONTRARY

TO HOW THEY MIGHT HAVE ACTED UNDER OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES.

THEY'RE BRINGING DRUGS.

THEY'RE BRINGING CRIME. THEY'RE RAPISTS.

AND ALSO THERE'S MEDIA

THAT WE CAN RECEIVE A KIND OF SLANTED,

PROPAGANDISTIC VIEW OF THE WORLD.

DONALD TRUMP'S NOT GONNA LET ILLEGAL ALIENS

COME TO THE COUNTRY AND MURDER OUR WOMEN.

'CAUSE IT HAPPENS ALL THE TIME,

AND SADLY, PEOPLE ARE MURDERED ALL OF THE TIME BY ILLEGALS.

DONALD TRUMP IS TURNING THIS NATION INTO NAZI GERMANY.

THERE WAS A TIME WHEN WE THOUGHT OF THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA

AS BEING KIND OF A NEUTRAL DISPENSER OF FACTS,

AND THAT HAS CHANGED.

WE'VE SEEN OUR MEDIA BECOME MORE PARTISAN AND POLARIZED,

SPEAKING TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER.

EXTREME POSITIONS HAVE BECOME THE NORM.

RUMORS AND CONSPIRACY THEORIES REINFORCE OUR DIVISIONS

AND STOKE OUR DEEPEST FEARS.

HOW MANY MORE AMERICANS MUST DIE OR BE MAIMED

IN THE NAME OF POLITICAL CORRECTNESS?

WHY DO WE HAVE A GOVERNMENT IN THE FIRST PLACE?

ITS MAIN JOB IS TO PROTECT US FROM FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC THUGS.

THIS GUY IS THE MOST DEEPLY RACIST GUY

THAT WE'VE HAD OUT IN THE OPEN

WITH THE EXCEPTION OF ACTUAL GRAND WIZARDS OF THE KKK

AND NEO-NAZIS, ET CETERA, AND HE'S THE PRESIDENT.

THE POWER OF PROPAGANDA IS INSIDIOUS.

IT DOESN'T JUST AFFECT HOW WE THINK.

IT CAN PUSH US TO ACTIONS AS WELL.

ONE OF THE CLEAREST EXAMPLES IN RECENT HISTORY

IS WHAT HAPPENED DURING THE GENOCIDE IN RWANDA.

IN APRIL 1994,

A TRAGEDY ALMOST BEYOND COMPREHENSION BEGAN TO UNFOLD.

MACHETE-WIELDING HUTU MILITIAMEN FELL ON THE TUTSIS,

SLAUGHTERING MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN BY THE THOUSAND.

HOW DOES SOMEONE TRANSFORM FROM BEING YOUR NEIGHBOR

TO SOMEONE WHO BELIEVES THAT IT'S THEIR OBLIGATION

TO KILL YOU?

IN RWANDA, WE COULDN'T REALLY IMAGINE

THAT IT WILL GET AT THE LEVEL

OF KILLING ABOUT A MILLION PEOPLE IN 1994.

WE HAVE SEEN THAT THE PROPAGANDA HAVE BEEN USED EFFECTIVELY HERE

AS A PATHWAY TO GENOCIDE.

THE PROPAGANDA KILLS.

AS SO OFTEN HAPPENS,

THE PROPAGANDA DREW ON TRIBAL DIVISIONS

THAT WERE MANIPULATED MANY YEARS EARLIER.

LONG AGO, IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD,

THE BELGIANS CAME HERE,

AND THEY FIND THAT RWANDA IS A VERY UNITED SOCIETY,

SO THEY HAD TO DIVIDE US.

SO THEY CREATED AN IDENTITY CARD,

WHERE IT WAS CLEARLY MARKED THAT YOU'RE TUTSI OR HUTU AND TWA,

AND THE BASIS WAS VERY SIMPLE --

IF YOU HAVE MORE THAN 10 COWS, YOU ARE TUTSI,

AND IF YOU HAVE LESS THAN 10 COWS, YOU'RE A FARMER,

YOU'RE HUTU, AND THEN YOU REMAIN LIKE THAT FOR GENERATIONS.

SO WE START TO SEE EACH OTHER AS DIFFERENT PEOPLE.

SO THIS CREATED TENSION BETWEEN THE HUTUS AND TUTSIS.

FOR MONTHS, HUTUS IN THE GOVERNMENT

HAVE WAGED A HATE CAMPAIGN

AGAINST THE OUTCAST TUTSI MINORITY IN THE MEDIA.

HUTU POWER!

POWER! POWER! POWER!

IN THE TIME BEFORE GENOCIDE,

MY CHILDHOOD WAS NOT REALLY HAPPY.

I HAD FIVE SISTERS.

WE EXPERIENCED DISCRIMINATION AND HATE.

I WENT TO MY MOTHER AND SAID, "WHY DO WE CHOOSE TO BE TUTSIS,

AND WHY DOES PEOPLE HATE US?"

AND SHE COULDN'T EXPLAIN THAT.

SHE KNEW THAT THIS WILL CONTINUE,

AND SHE HAD TO COMFORT ME, SHE HAD TO HUG ME,

AND SHE SAID THAT "THIS IS THE SITUATION, BUT I LOVE YOU."

THAT CONTINUED, ACTUALLY,

AFTER THE EXTREME TIME OF GENOCIDE, 1994.

PROPAGANDA PLAYED A BIG ROLE

INTO PARTICIPATION IN GENOCIDE --

ANTI-TUTSI PROPAGANDA SPECIFICALLY.

THIS ONE, WE HAVE A DOCTOR AND WE HAVE A PATIENT.

THIS PATIENT IS SAYING THAT "I'M SICK, DOCTOR."

AND THE DOCTOR ASKS, "WHAT IS YOUR SICKNESS?"

AND HIS ANSWER WAS, "TUTSI AND TUTSI, TUTSI."

THEY ARE LIKE A VIRUS IN SOCIETY AND A VIRUS TO PEOPLE,

SO THE DOCTOR NEEDS TO FIND A MEDICINE

FOR THE TUTSI IN THIS COUNTRY,

BECAUSE THESE PEOPLE, THEY ARE VERY DANGEROUS FOR YOU.

WE HAD NEWSPAPERS LIKE KANGURA

SPREADING THESE HATE MESSAGES.

KANGURAWAS FUNDED BY PEOPLE WHO WORKED FOR THE GOVERNMENT,

SO IT WAS CHANNELING THE NARRATIVE

THAT THE POLITICIAN COULDN'T SPEAK UP.

AND IT WAS CHEAP.

EVERYONE WHO WORKED COULD BUY A NEWSPAPER.

WE HAD THIS RADIO, RTLM, WHICH REALLY SPREAD HATRED.

BY 1994,

THEY INCREASED THE COVERAGE OF THIS RADIO

BECAUSE THOSE PEOPLE WHO CANNOT READ,

BECAUSE THEY'RE ILLITERATE, THEY CAN LISTEN.

THEY FIND, ACTUALLY, DIFFERENT WAYS

OF DEHUMANIZING TUTSIS IN THIS COUNTRY --

BY CALLING THEM SNAKES, BY CALLING THEM COCKROACHES.

SO THE TUTSI, THEY WERE NOT A HUMAN BEING ANYMORE

SO THAT KILLING A TUTSI IS NOT A SIN,

IS NOT A BAD THING.

THEY WOULD SAY, "IF WE FIND YOU HIDING A TUTSI,

YOU WILL BE KILLED."

ALSO ECONOMIC GAINS --

THEY SAY, "IF YOU KILL SOMEONE, TAKE THE LAND.

AND THE MORE PEOPLE YOU KILL, THE MORE WEALTHIER YOU'LL BE.

YOU CAN EVEN RAPE THE WOMEN."

RAPE WAS USED AS A WEAPON.

VALéRIE BEMERIKI TOLD ME HOW SHE WAS TAUGHT.

SINCE CHILDHOOD, FROM HER PARENTS,

SHE WAS TAUGHT THAT TUTSIS ARE NOT HUMANS,

THEY'RE VERY BAD PEOPLE...

...THEY WERE CRUEL, THEY WERE BRUTAL,

THEY KILLED SMALL KIDS.

"YOU ARE GOING TO BE SERVANTS OF THE TUTSIS."

SO IT WAS KIND OF INSTILLING FEAR

INTO THE MINDS OF THE HUTU POPULATION,

SAYING, "EVEN A HUTU WHO IS SYMPATHIZING WITH A TUTSI

IS CONTRIBUTING TO THE FALL OF THE HUTU."

I REMEMBER MY MOTHER ASKED ME TO LEAVE HOME

AND ASK FOR REFUGE TO MY NEIGHBOR.

AND SHE SAID THAT

"FREDDY, WE DON'T KNOW WHAT WILL HAPPEN TOMORROW."

SHE SAID THAT "IF YOU SURVIVE, BE A MAN."

THIS WAS THE LAST TIME I SAW HER.

SO SHE LEFT.

AND NEXT MORNING, ON THE 14th OF APRIL,

THEY WERE ALL KILLED.

RWANDA IS NOT THE ONLY PLACE

WHERE PROPAGANDA HAS PLAYED A ROLE IN INCITING MASS MURDER.

HEIL!

SIEG... HEIL!

IT'S BEEN USED THROUGHOUT HISTORY,

INCLUDING IN NAZI GERMANY.

BUT HOW DOES PROPAGANDA ACTUALLY CONVINCE PEOPLE

TO ABANDON THEIR MORALS AND COMMIT VIOLENCE?

TAKE ONE. ABC COMM. AND MARK.

PROPAGANDA CAN BE A POWERFUL AND SUBTLE TOOL,

BUT HOW DOES IT ACTUALLY WORK?

HOW DOES IT CHANGE THE WAY WE THINK?

HOW DOES IT INFLUENCE US TO SEE ENTIRE GROUPS OF PEOPLE

AS FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT THAN OURSELVES,

EVEN AS LESS THAN HUMAN?

THERE ARE LOTS OF REASONS TO THINK

THAT DEHUMANIZATION WOULD HAVE PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE

IN THE GENOCIDE IN RWANDA.

THE IDEA THAT THE TUTSIS WERE FRAMED AS COCKROACHES...

...I MEAN, PART OF WHAT THAT DOES, THAT IMAGERY,

IT CALLS TO MIND WHAT WE DO WITH COCKROACHES.

WE EXTERMINATE COCKROACHES.

YOU KNOW, WHEN WE THINK ABOUT WHAT IT MEANS TO BE HUMAN,

A LOT GOES INTO THAT.

HUMANS, AS COMPARED TO OTHER ANIMALS IN GENERAL,

WE TEND TO THINK OF OURSELVES

AS HAVING MORE COMPLEX MENTAL CAPACITIES.

SO WHEN WE STRIP ANOTHER GROUP OF HUMANITY,

WHAT WE'RE DOING IS OVERLOOKING OR SIMPLY OUTRIGHT DENYING THEM

THESE MORE COMPLEX MENTAL STATES

AS WELL AS THEIR CAPACITY TO EXPERIENCE THINGS LIKE PAIN.

WE'RE ESSENTIALLY NOT ONLY JUST SAYING THEY'RE NOT LIKE US,

BUT THEY'RE ALSO BENEATH US.

OTHER TIMES, OUR DEHUMANIZATION CAN BE

EVEN MORE INTENTIONAL, TO STOKE FEAR

ABOUT THE GROUP THAT'S BEING DEHUMANIZED.

WE SEE THEM AS OUTSIDE THE BOUNDARY OF PEOPLE

TO WHOM NORMAL MORAL RULES WOULD APPLY.

THEY ARE SEEN TO POSE A SIGNIFICANT THREAT

TO THE SOCIETY IN QUESTION.

AND SO IT BECOMES MORE OKAY TO AGGRESS AGAINST THEM,

TO EVEN KILL THEM...

...TO ENGAGE IN GENOCIDE TOWARDS THEM.

HOW DOES DEHUMANIZING PROPAGANDA CONVINCE US

TO OVERLOOK OUR MORALS AND OUR PERCEPTIONS?

WELL, IT DOESN'T JUST FLIP A SWITCH IN OUR BRAIN.

IT SETS IN MOTION A GRADUAL AND INSIDIOUS PROCESS

THAT CHANGES HOW WE SEE OTHERS.

SCIENCE CAN'T TELL US

EXACTLY HOW THESE INFLUENCES WORK ON OUR BRAINS,

BUT WE'RE TRYING TO UNDERSTAND IT BETTER.

SOME WORK SUGGESTS THAT DEHUMANIZATION

CAN TURN OFF PARTS OF OUR BRAIN

THAT ALLOW US TO THINK ABOUT AND EMPATHIZE WITH OTHER PEOPLE.

NORMALLY, WHEN WE THINK ABOUT OTHER GROUPS OF PEOPLE

AND EMPATHIZE WITH THEM

OR SEE THEM AS BEING ESSENTIALLY LIKE US,

WE USE A PART OF THE BRAIN

THAT'S CALLED THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX,

WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR OUR SOCIAL COGNITION.

AND THAT BRAIN ACTIVITY IS VISIBLE TO RESEARCHERS.

BUT WHEN PEOPLE WERE THINKING ABOUT GROUPS

THAT ARE DEHUMANIZED,

THE RESEARCHERS IN THESE STUDIES ACTUALLY SAW LESS ACTIVITY

IN THAT REGION.

AND WHAT THAT SUGGESTS IS THAT WE DON'T THINK

ABOUT THESE GROUPS THAT ARE DEHUMANIZED

IN THE SAME WAY THAT WE WOULD THINK ABOUT OTHER PEOPLE.

THE TYPE OF DEHUMANIZATION

THAT WE HAVE BEEN MEASURING MOST RECENTLY IN THE LAB

IS THE PARTICULARLY BLATANT FORM OF DEHUMANIZATION.

THE WAY WE HAVE PARTICIPANTS COMPLETE THE SCALE

IS ESSENTIALLY TO JUST SHOW THEM THIS IMAGE

TO INDICATE HOW EVOLVED THEY CONSIDER

THE AVERAGE MEMBER OF ANY NUMBER OF GROUPS TO BE.

AND THEN WE ASSIGN THEM A SCORE FROM 0 TO 100 ON THAT BASIS.

AND WHAT YOU CAN SEE HERE IS THIS SAMPLE OF 342 AMERICANS.

LIKE PRETTY MUCH ALL GROUPS DO,

AMERICANS RATE THEMSELVES AT NEARLY 100, OR FULLY HUMAN,

ON THE 0-TO-100 "ASCENT OF MAN" SCALE.

BUT WHEN WE'RE LOOKING AT THEIR AVERAGE RATING

OF MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS ON THAT SAME SCALE,

WE SEE THAT THEY RATE MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS AT ONLY AROUND 75.

WE HAVE A NUMBER OF SAMPLES

LOOKING AT PERCEPTIONS OF MUSLIMS IN EUROPE.

WE SEE THAT THEY RATE MUSLIMS RIGHT ABOUT IN THE MID-60s.

AND WHAT WE FIND IS THAT THE LOWER PEOPLE ARE RATING MUSLIMS,

THE MORE LIKELY THEY ARE TO ALSO SEE MUSLIMS AS BARBARIC,

AS SAVAGE, AS LACKING A SERIES OF QUALITIES

THAT WE WOULD THINK OF AS CENTRAL TO FULL HUMANITY.

DEHUMANIZATION PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE

IN THE EXPLOITATION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

IN THE UNITED STATES...

...IN THE ENSLAVEMENT OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS...

...ITS ROLE IN THE JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS

AT THE TIME OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR...

...EVEN TODAY.

THESE AREN'T PEOPLE. THESE ARE ANIMALS.

DEHUMANIZING PROPAGANDA

WORKS BY AMPLIFYING OUR FEARS AND HATRED.

AND IN THE AGE OF THE INTERNET,

WE'RE BOMBARDED BY SO MUCH INFORMATION.

IT'S HARDER THAN EVER TO KNOW WHAT'S TRUE AND WHAT'S FALSE.

THE SUSPECT DESCRIBED HOW HE CAME TO EMBRACE RACISM

THROUGH ONLINE FORUMS.

VIEWPOINTS THAT WERE NOT TOLERABLE IN POLITE SOCIETY

CAN FIND AN OPEN FORUM ON THE INTERNET,

AND LIKE-MINDED PEOPLE

WHO MIGHT HAVE BEEN SEPARATED BY GEOGRAPHY

ARE NOW JUST A COUPLE OF CLICKS AWAY FROM EACH OTHER.

ON JUNE 17, 2015,

DYLANN ROOF, A 21-YEAR-OLD WHITE MAN FROM SOUTH CAROLINA,

ENTERED THE SANCTUARY OF THE EMANUEL A.M.E. CHURCH

IN CHARLESTON.

A HATE-CRIME INVESTIGATION

INTO A DEADLY SHOOTING

AT THE HISTORICALLY BLACK EMANUEL A.M.E. CHURCH

IN CHARLESTON.

THE CHURCH WAS HOLDING THEIR WEEKLY BIBLE STUDY.

ROOF JOINED THE BIBLE STUDY, PRAYED WITH THEM,

AND THEN SHOT NINE MEMBERS OF THE CONGREGATION.

HE IS SOMEONE WHO SEEMED TO CELEBRATE THE CONFEDERACY.

ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WAS INTERESTING

WAS THAT THERE WAS A HUGE DEAL OF INQUIRY

AROUND HOW HE BECAME RADICALIZED

AND, YOU KNOW, WHAT LED HIM TO TAKE THESE ACTIONS.

SAFIYA NOBLE WROTE A REALLY FASCINATING BOOK

CALLED "ALGORITHMS OF OPPRESSION."

THESE ARE THE IMAGES DIRECTLY FROM THE BOOK.

I ASKED HER FOR THE SPECIFIC WAYS

THAT HATE GROUPS AND BIGOTRY FLOURISH ON THE INTERNET

AND HOW DYLANN ROOF,

WHEN HE BEGAN SEARCHING ABOUT BLACK-ON-WHITE CRIME,

FOUND THE PARTICULAR RESULTS -- THE INACCURATE RESULTS --

THAT HE SAID DROVE HIM TO BELIEVE HE HAD TO COMMIT

THE ACT OF VIOLENCE THAT HE DID.

ONE PARTICULAR INCIDENT THAT YOU EXAMINED IN THE BOOK,

DYLANN ROOF, YOU TALK ABOUT HOW THERE IS A CONNECTION

BETWEEN HIS UNDERSTANDING OF RACE

AND WHAT'S HAPPENING ON THE INTERNET.

HE TALKS ABOUT HOW HE'S TRYING TO MAKE SENSE

OF THE NEWS COVERAGE

OF TRAYVON MARTIN AND GEORGE ZIMMERMAN.

AND HE DOES A GOOGLE SEARCH

ON THE KEY WORDS "BLACK-ON-WHITE CRIME."

HE WAS LED TO ALL OF THESE WEBSITES

THAT LOOK LIKE THEY MIGHT BE CREDIBLE INFORMATION SITES.

WHAT HE FOUND WAS THE COUNCIL OF CONSERVATIVE CITIZENS

COMES UP AS THE FIRST WEBSITE.

NOW, THIS WEBSITE,

IT'S WHAT SCHOLARS CALL CLOAKED WEBSITES.

THESE ARE WEBSITES THAT LOOK LIKE

THEY MIGHT BE CREDIBLE INFORMATION,

BUT YOU JUST SCRATCH THE SURFACE,

AND IT'S A WHITE-SUPREMACIST, WHITE-POWER PROPAGANDA SITE.

MM-HMM.

YOU DON'T GET, FOR EXAMPLE, FBI STATISTICS

THAT SHOW YOU THAT VIOLENT CRIME IS AN INTRARACIAL PHENOMENON.

MOST OFTEN, PEOPLE ARE KILLED

BY MEMBERS OF THEIR OWN SOCIAL OR ETHNIC GROUP.

THAT'S RIGHT.

WHY DO THOSE WEBSITES COME UP FIRST?

GOOGLE IS AN ADVERTISING PLATFORM.

YOU CAN PAY TO OUTBID THE NEXT COMPANY

TO OPTIMIZE CERTAIN WORDS IN RELATIONSHIP TO YOUR CONTENT.

SO PEOPLE ARE GOING TO AN ADVERTISING PLATFORM

AND BELIEVING THEY'RE GOING TO SOMETHING LIKE A LIBRARY.

YEAH.

THE CHALLENGE IS THAT THE SEARCH ENGINES

REALLY HOLD AN AUTHORITATIVE PLACE IN OUR CULTURE.

WHAT HAPPENS IS YOU GO TO SOMETHING LIKE A SEARCH ENGINE,

AND YOU TRY TO FIND OUT WHAT'S THE WEATHER

OR SOMETHING BANAL.

AND IT GIVES YOU THE ANSWER, AND IT'S USUALLY PRETTY ACCURATE.

AND THAT REINFORCES OUR TRUST

THAT IF WE LOOK FOR SOMETHING MORE COMPLEX,

LIKE BLACK-ON-WHITE CRIME, IT'S ALSO GONNA BE AUTHORITATIVE

AND GIVE US THE EXACT RIGHT ANSWER.

AND SO NOW YOU HAVE, I THINK, THIS KIND OF LOW-GRADE WARFARE

THAT'S HAPPENING IN OUR INFORMATION LANDSCAPE

OF DISINFORMATION AND PROPAGANDA AROUND FOMENTING HATE.

AND DYLANN ROOF SAYS HE LEARNS

ABOUT ALL OF THESE TREACHEROUS MURDERS OF WHITE PEOPLE

COMMITTED BY BLACK PEOPLE AND THE MEDIA'S COVER-UP.

SO DYLANN ROOF, HE BECOMES RADICALIZED.

THERE'S A FALSE NARRATIVE ON THESE WHITE-SUPREMACIST SITES

THAT WHITES, NOT BLACKS,

ARE THE MAIN VICTIMS OF OPPRESSION IN THIS COUNTRY...

...AND THEY ARE GENERALLY IN SOME FORM OF PHYSICAL PERIL

AND ALL THESE THINGS ARE CONSEQUENCE

OF THE BEHAVIORS OF BLACK PEOPLE.

IT'S NEVER BEEN EASIER TO INFORM PEOPLE,

AND IT'S NEVER BEEN EASIER TO MISINFORM PEOPLE.

ALGORITHM-BASED INTERNET PLATFORMS,

LIKE GOOGLE SEARCH, DON'T MANUFACTURE HATE,

BUT THEY HELP HATE SPREAD MORE QUICKLY AND EFFICIENTLY

THAN IT MIGHT OTHERWISE.

ON THESE EFFECTIVE ONLINE PLATFORMS,

ANY GROUP OR INDIVIDUAL WHO WANTS TO STOKE HATE AND FEAR

CAN EMPLOY A HUGE ARRAY OF TOOLS,

INCLUDING CODED LANGUAGE, IMAGES, AND SYMBOLS.

ALL RIGHT, MR. ROOF.

YES, SIR.HOW DO YOU WISH TO PLEAD?

ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WAS REALLY STRIKING TO ME

ABOUT OBSERVING THE TRIAL

WAS THAT EVERYONE SEEMED TO BE GRAPPLING WITH THE QUESTION

OF HOW SOMEONE COULD DO THIS.

THERE WAS THIS IDEA THAT ROOF WAS AN ABERRATION.

AND IN MY WRITING, I PUSHED BACK ON THAT.

I SAID, "HE DIDN'T COME FROM NOWHERE.

HE'S PART OF A LONG TRADITION."

WHITE SUPREMACISTS AND KLANSMEN MOVED OPENLY

IN THE TENSE SOUTH.

WHY? WHY? WHY WOULD IT HAPPEN TO US?

I JUST COULDN'T -- IT WAS UNBELIEVABLE.

THERE ARE NEW REPORTS SUGGESTING THAT HATE CRIMES

DID IN FACT RISE AFTER DONALD TRUMP'S ELECTION.

THERE ARE CURRENTLY 784 ACTIVE HATE GROUPS OPERATING

ACROSS THE COUNTRY, A NUMBER THAT IS GROWING.

FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE BLACK, PEOPLE WHO ARE WHITE,

PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS --

HAVE WE ALL COLLECTIVELY DECIDED TO DENY THE PARTS OF THE PAST

THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO THINK ABOUT

AND THEREFORE IGNORED THE POTENTIAL WARNINGS?

ABOUT WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN IN THE PRESENT?

SHANI GILCHRIST IS A COLUMNIST FOR THE CHARLESTON CITY PAPER.

SHE LIVED A HALF-BLOCK AWAY FROM EMANUEL A.M.E.

DURING THE TRIAL,

IT WAS APPARENT THAT THERE WAS MUCH MORE TO THIS STORY

THAN SIMPLY A SINGLE HATE-FILLED INDIVIDUAL.

I WONDERED IF YOU COULD TELL ME WHAT IT WAS LIKE

FOR YOU TO BE IN THE COURTROOM,

IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO DYLANN ROOF.

I NEVER GOT USED TO IT. THAT'S FOR SURE.

THERE WAS NO WAY TO SEPARATE JOURNALIST SHANI

FROM BLACK WOMAN FROM SOUTH CAROLINA SHANI.

WHAT DID YOU MAKE OF DYLANN ROOF'S FIXATION

WITH SYMBOLS OF THE CONFEDERACY?

THE CONFEDERATE FLAG WAS USED BY ROOF TO JUSTIFY HIS ACTIONS,

BECAUSE PEOPLE WHO ARE LOOKING FOR SOMETHING TO CLING TO

AND THEY DON'T KNOW WHERE TO TURN,

AND IT'S HATE-BASED AND IGNORANCE-BASED,

ALL THEY HAVE ARE SYMBOLS.

THE TANGIBLE THINGS AREN'T GONNA JUSTIFY THAT LEVEL OF HATE.

SO AFTER THE MURDERS,

PEOPLE WANTED TO JUMP IN AND GET RID OF THAT SYMBOL.

THIS VERY FLAG IS NOW THE FOCUS OF AMERICA'S ATTENTION.

THERE'S HUGE MOMENTUM BEHIND A MOVEMENT TO HAVE IT TAKEN DOWN

ON THE GROUNDS IT'S SEEN AS A SYMBOL OF RACISM

AND OF THE DEFENSE OF SLAVERY.

THERE WERE PEOPLE I NEVER WOULD'VE EXPECTED

STANDING UP, POUNDING THEIR DESKS --

YOU KNOW, THIS WAS 1:30 IN THE MORNING --

SAYING, "WE HAVE TO TAKE THIS FLAG DOWN."

I CANNOT BELIEVE THAT WE DO NOT HAVE THE HEART

TO TAKE A SYMBOL OF HATE OFF THESE GROUNDS ON FRIDAY!

BUT THERE WERE SEVERAL LEGISLATORS

WHO WERE NOT IN FAVOR OF BRINGING THE FLAG DOWN.

ALL WE'RE GONNA DO IS WE'RE GONNA DISRESPECT

THESE 20,000-PLUS MEN, BLACK AND WHITE,

THAT FOUGHT TO DEFEND YOUR STATE.

PUT OUR FLAG BACK!

PUT OUR FLAG BACK!

I'M FROM THE SOUTH AND PROUD OF THE SOUTH

AND, YOU KNOW, PROUD OF THIS FLAG.

♪ AND I WISH I WAS IN DIXIE ♪

♪ HOORAY! ♪

I DON'T HATE ANYONE. I LOVE ALL PEOPLE.

MY DAUGHTER-IN-LAW IS BLACK, AND I LOVE HER,

AND I LOVE HER FAMILY, SO IT'S NOT A BLACK/WHITE ISSUE.

IT'S A HERITAGE ISSUE.

WHAT MOST PEOPLE DON'T REALIZE

IS THAT THE CONFEDERATE FLAG HADN'T FLOWN

OVER THE STATE CAPITOL FOR ALL THAT LONG.

IN THE 1960s, AS A RESPONSE TO THE MOMENTUM

OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT,

THEY SEIZE UPON THE SYMBOLISM OF THE CONFEDERATE FLAG

AND THEN BEGIN HOISTING IT AT STATE CAPITOLS

IN ORDER TO SYMBOLIZE THEIR RESISTANCE

AND WHITE SUPERIORITY IN THE SOUTH.

ONE OF THE THINGS I FIND MOST STRIKING

ABOUT THE CONFEDERATE SYMBOL

IS THAT IT'S USUALLY THE SIDE THAT WINS A WAR

THAT GETS MONUMENTS.

BUT HERE IT'S THE OPPOSITE.

IT'S THE IDEA

THAT THE CONFEDERACY STOOD FOR SOUTHERN PRIDE,

THAT SLAVERY WAS ONLY TANGENTIALLY CONNECTED

TO THE CAUSE OF THE CONFEDERACY, IN ORDER TO MAKE IT

A KIND OF USER-FRIENDLY VERSION OF SOUTHERN HISTORY.

JAMES BESSENGER IS A MEMBER

OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA SECESSIONIST PARTY.

I WAS REALLY CURIOUS ABOUT WHAT SOMEONE WOULD SAY

IN DEFENSE OF THE CONFEDERATE CAUSE.

HOW DOES THE CONFEDERATE FLAG APPEAR TO HIM?

WHAT DOES THIS MONUMENT STAND FOR?

TO ME, IT REPRESENTS THE 260,000 SOUTHERN MEN AND WOMEN

WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN DEFENSE OF THIS STATE

AGAINST WHAT THEY SAW AS A FOREIGN INVASION.

WHAT DO YOU MAKE OF THE ARGUMENT THAT THIS IS COMMEMORATING

AN UGLY PART OF AMERICAN HISTORY

AND THIS INFLICTS PAIN ON AFRICAN-AMERICANS

WHO HAVE TO SEE THE REGIME THAT WANTED TO HOLD THEM IN SLAVERY

GLORIFIED ON PUBLIC GROUND?

IN THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES, THE NORTH WON,

SO THE NORTH HAS DRIVEN THE NARRATIVE SINCE THEN.

BUT IN THE SOUTH, IT WAS A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT SITUATION

AFTER THE WAR.

SOUTHERNERS CAME HOME.

THEIR CITIES, THEIR HOMES, THEIR FAMILIES WERE GONE.

WE DON'T EXPECT PEOPLE FROM OUTSIDE OF THE SOUTH

TO SEE THE MONUMENTS AND TO SEE THE FLAG

AND TO SEE CONFEDERATE HISTORY THE WAY WE DO

BECAUSE THEY'RE NOT FROM HERE.

THEY DON'T HAVE THE SAME HISTORY AS WE DO.

BUT 40% OF SOUTHERNERS WERE BLACK.

SO IT'S NOT LIKE THEY'RE BLACK OR SOUTHERN.

YOU CAN CHOOSE TO LOOK AT THE CIVIL WAR

AS A POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT

OR YOU CAN CHOOSE TO LOOK AT IT FROM THE SOLDIERS' PERSPECTIVE.

THAT'S THE WAY I LOOK AT IT.

YOU'LL NEVER CONVINCE ME THAT POOR, DIRT-FLOOR FARMERS

FROM BAMBERG, SOUTH CAROLINA, WENT AND FOUGHT

SO THAT RICH PLANTATION OWNERS IN RICHMOND

COULD KEEP THEIR SLAVES.

YOU RISKED YOUR LIFE BECAUSE YOU WERE FIGHTING FOR YOUR HOME.

FLAGS CAN MEAN OTHER THINGS TO OTHER PEOPLE.

THE CONFEDERATE FLAG WAS ESTABLISHED BY PEOPLE

WHO SAID IN THEIR ARTICLES OF SECESSION

THAT THEY WERE DOING THIS IN ORDER TO PRESERVE SLAVERY.

THAT FLAG WASN'T A POLITICIAN'S FLAG.

IT WASN'T A FLAG OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF THE CONFEDERACY.

IT WAS A SOLDIER'S FLAG.

IN TALKING TO JAMES BESSENGER,

THERE WAS NOT A GREAT DEAL THAT WE AGREED ON.

AS A MATTER OF FACT, THE ONE THING THAT WE COULD AGREE ON

WAS THE FACT THAT PEOPLE SEE THESE SYMBOLS VERY DIFFERENTLY.

THE CONFEDERATE FLAG IS COMING OFF THE GROUNDS

OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA STATE HOUSE.

IN THE AFTERMATH

OF THE MASSACRE AT EMANUEL A.M.E.,

SOUTH CAROLINA WAS FINALLY REALIZING

THAT THE CONFEDERATE FLAG

WAS NOT SIMPLY A SYMBOL OF SOUTHERN HERITAGE

BUT A SYMBOL OF A POLITICAL MOVEMENT

DEDICATED TO DESTROYING THE UNITED STATES

AND PRESERVING SLAVERY.

I KNOW MY MOM IS SMILING DOWN FROM HEAVEN

WITH THE OTHER VICTIMS.

THIS IS AN IMPORTANT DATE. THIS IS HISTORY.

SOME GOOD IS COMING OUT OF IT.

WE'RE SURROUNDED BY SYMBOLS.

THEY SERVE AS A KIND OF VISUAL SHORTHAND,

A WAY OF CONVEYING COMPLEX MESSAGES

QUICKLY AND EFFICIENTLY.

BUT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THOSE SYMBOLS CONNOTE DARKER IDEAS

AND CONVEY MORE DANGEROUS MESSAGES?

I OBVIOUSLY CAN'T READ DYLANN ROOF'S MIND.

I DON'T KNOW HIS MOTIVATIONS.

BUT WHO I DO KNOW IS THAT HATE SYMBOLS

HAD A WHOLE LOT TO DO WITH WHAT HE DID.

HATE SYMBOLS ARE PIECES OF ICONOGRAPHY

THAT SIGNIFY TO ONE GROUP THAT YOU DO NOT BELONG,

AND THEY SIMULTANEOUSLY SIGNAL TO ANOTHER GROUP

THAT YOU AREONE OF US, THAT YOU DOBELONG.

THE OTHER THING THEY DO IS THEY DEHUMANIZE,

THEY DENIGRATE.

THERE'S A POWER ELEMENT WHERE ONE OF THE GROUPS

IS SEEN AS LESS THAN.

INNOCUOUS IMAGES COME TO SIGNIFY HATE

THROUGH PURE SOCIAL CONSENSUS.

THERE'S A COUPLE EXAMPLES FROM SOCIAL MEDIA THAT COME TO MIND.

ONE IS THE "OKAY" SYMBOL

AND THE EMOJI ASSOCIATED WITH IT.

THERE IS A READ ON IT

THAT IT IS A "W" AND A "P" FOR "WHITE POWER."

ANOTHER EXAMPLE IS PEPE THE FROG.

PEOPLE USE IT ON SITES LIKE 4CHAN, ON TUMBLR,

TO CONVEY LOTS OF DIFFERENT EMOTIONS.

BUT WHAT PEOPLE STARTED DOING IS THEY STARTED WORKING PEPE

HEAVILY INTO THEIR HATEFUL, ANTI-SEMITIC,

ANTI-LGBT ICONOGRAPHY.

AND SO IT WAS JUST KIND OF SHEER FORCE OF USE

THAT STARTED SHIFTING THE MESSAGE AROUND PEPE.

BUT IT WAS ALSO THE TRADITIONAL NEWS-MEDIA ATTENTION

THAT CAME TO THIS USE.

DONALD TRUMP JR. PUT THIS IMAGE ON HIS INSTAGRAM

OF PEPE.

AND FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO DON'T KNOW,

PEPE IS A WHITE-NATIONALIST SYMBOL.

AND BOOM, THE ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE

IS DECLARING PEPE A HATE SYMBOL.

THERE'S A KIND OF HUMOR THAT'S SHARED ONLINE

WHERE YOU CAN'T REALLY TELL

IF SOMEONE IS BEING SERIOUS OR NOT.

THERE'S A LOT OF ROOM FOR IRONY, OF PUTTING OUT A MESSAGE

THEN BEING ABLE TO SAY, "HA HA.

JOKE'S ON YOU. I DIDN'T REALLY MEAN THAT."

AND SO IT'S A WAY TO MASK YOUR INTENT.

AND WHEN IT COMES TO HATE SYMBOLS, RACIST MEMES,

AND THE DEHUMANIZING THINGS YOU'RE DOING TO PEPE THE FROG,

ALL OF A SUDDEN, YOU ARE SPREADING A LOT OF HATE

REALLY, REALLY FAR.

WHEN KIDS LIKE DYLANN ROOF GO ONLINE

AND THEY FIND THESE FORUMS

AND THEY START GETTING INTEGRATED

WITH THESE CONVERSATIONS

AND THE SYMBOLOGY ASSOCIATED WITH THESE CONVERSATIONS,

THEN THEY'RE NOT ONLY GETTING A FEELING OF SUPERIORITY

OVER ANOTHER GROUP OF PEOPLE.

THEY'RE GETTING A FEELING OF INCLUSION

WITH A GROUP OF PEOPLE AS WELL.

AND THAT'S JUST AS DANGEROUS.

AND I THINK THOSE SYMBOLS CONVEY THAT

REALLY, REALLY, REALLY STRONGLY.

THAT'S WHY YOU SEE CONFEDERATE-FLAG BUMPER STICKERS

AND PEOPLE FLYING FLAGS OUTSIDE THEIR HOUSES.

IT IS A QUICK WAY TO SAY, "THIS IS WHO I AM,

THIS IS WHO I BELONG TO, AND THIS IS WHY WE'RE WINNING."

WHOO!

YOU CAN'T SAY SYMBOLS ARE VALUE-NEUTRAL.

YOU EITHER FEEL PUSHED AWAY OR YOU FEEL INVITED.

AND DEPENDING ON HOW MUCH OF THAT YOU SEE,

THEN YOUR REACTIONS AMPLIFY.

AND SO ABSOLUTELY THOSE SYMBOLS MATTER

AND THEIR PREVALENCE MATTERS

AND FINDING PEOPLE WHO USE THEM LIKE YOU

MATTERS FOR YOUR ACTIONS AND YOUR BEHAVIOR.

WORDS AND SYMBOLS

CAN PUSH US TO REACT WITHOUT THINKING,

TO PLAY ON OUR DEEPEST ANXIETIES AND FEARS.

MOST OF HUNGARY'S PRIVATE MEDIA

IS NOW IN THE HANDS OF BUSINESSMEN

ALLIED TO THE PRIME MINISTER AND HIS PARTY.

BUT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THESE POWERFUL TOOLS

ARE IN THE HANDS OF A POLITICAL LEADER

WHO CAN USE THEM THROUGHOUT AN ENTIRE NATION?

JUST EVERYBODY SETTLE, PLEASE.

PROPAGANDA CAN SPREAD ON THE INTERNET

QUICKLY AND EFFECTIVELY.

BUT LEADERS WITH AN AGENDA HAVE ALWAYS FOUND A WAY

TO MANIPULATE THEIR FOLLOWERS.

THERE'S A STORY ABOUT GEORGE WALLACE,

THE GOVERNOR OF ALABAMA

AND A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE IN 1968,

AND HOW HE LOST HIS FIRST BID FOR GOVERNOR.

WALLACE, WHO HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN FAIRLY MODERATE ON RACE ISSUES,

REPORTEDLY SAID THAT HAVING LOST THAT ELECTION,

HE WOULD NOT BE "OUT... AGAIN."

AND I SAY SEGREGATION NOW, SEGREGATION TOMORROW,

AND SEGREGATION FOREVER.

HE KNEW THAT IT WAS EASIER

TO APPEAL TO PEOPLE'S PRIMAL FEARS

AND THEIR ANTAGONISMS

AND THAT YOU COULD REALLY PROFIT POLITICALLY

BY STIRRING PEOPLE UP IN THOSE WAYS.

THEY ARE PROMOTING AN INVASION TO EUROPE --

AN INVASION THAT, BY TIME,

WILL REPLACE THE INDIGENOUS EUROPEANS HERE

WITH PEOPLE FROM THE NON-WESTERN WORLD.

THE DEMAGOGUE PLAYBOOK IS ALWAYS, "DEFINE AN ENEMY

AND THEN CAST YOURSELF AS THE PERSON

WHO IS WILLING TO PROTECT PEOPLE FROM THAT ENEMY."

THERE IS A LOT OF MOROCCAN SCUM IN HOLLAND

WHO MAKES THE STREETS UNSAFE.

WE HAVE NO IDEA WHO THESE PEOPLE ARE,

WHERE THEY COME FROM.

I ALWAYS SAY "TROJAN HORSE."

WATCH WHAT'S GONNA HAPPEN, FOLKS.

IT'S NOT GONNA BE PRETTY.

THESE POLITICIANS PROMOTE A NIGHTMARE SCENARIO --

HORDES OF FOREIGN INVADERS -- TO EVOKE HATRED AND FEARFULNESS.

THEY IGNORE THE COMPLEXITIES OF THE GLOBAL REFUGEE CRISIS.

THEY DON'T LET FACTS GET IN THEIR WAY.

WHEN VIKTOR ORBAN, HUNGARY'S PRIME MINISTER,

RAN FOR RE-ELECTION IN APRIL OF 2018,

SUPPORT FOR HIS PARTY SEEMED TO BE DECLINING.

IN WHAT MANY SAW AS A CYNICAL MOVE TO GARNER VOTES,

HE BEGAN AMPING UP XENOPHOBIA WITH EXTREME RHETORIC

AND A FULL ARSENAL OF PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES.

THE CURRENT GOVERNMENT IS TRYING TO WIN THE ELECTION.

THEY HAVE ONE MESSAGE -- "THIS PARTY KEEPS MIGRANTS OUT."

BUT THE PROBLEMS CAUSED BY MIGRATION ARE NOT REAL.

THERE WAS AN ARTICLE

ABOUT HOW MANY REFUGEES WE CAUGHT IN MARCH.

IT WAS LIKE FIVE PEOPLE, IF I'M RIGHT.

NO ONE WANTS TO COME TO HUNGARY. CASE CLOSED.

THE CORE THE FIDESZ IS TRADITIONALLY CONSERVATIVE,

RIGHT-WING PEOPLE.

BUT SINCE THIS NEW ULTRA-RIGHT POLITICS,

FIDESZ HAS TOTALLY, YOU KNOW, CHANGED.

YES!

THE MAIN MESSAGE NOW IS IT'S ONLY ABOUT FEAR.

"VOTE FOR US TO PROTECT EUROPE, PROTECT THE HUNGARIAN HERITAGE,

PROTECT THE HUNGARIAN CUSTOMS, PROTECT THE HUNGARIAN WOMEN."

IT'S A HUGE HATE FACTORY

AGAINST ANYTHING WHAT IS NOT HUNGARIAN.

YOU KNOW, I GREW UP IN THE '90s, AND MY GENERATION,

WE GREW UP LIKE, "WE CAN BE ANYTHING."

I GREW UP WITH WESTERN MUSIC.

I GREW UP WITH SCHWARZENEGGER AND STALLONE MOVIES.

SO -- I GREW UP WITHOUT SOCIALISM.

AND IN THE LAST EIGHT YEARS,

NOW I CAN IMAGINE WHAT WAS IT LIKE

TO LIVE IN THE SOCIALIST ERA, WHEN THERE WERE NO FREE PRESS

AND THE OPPOSITION OPINIONS WERE OPPRESSED.

AND I THINK THE LAST EIGHT YEARS WAS A HUGE BACKSTEP FOR HUNGARY.

MY ARTICLE IS ABOUT THIS INTERVIEW

WITH THE PRIME MINISTER, VIKTOR ORBAN.

AND AS YOU CAN SEE, THIS IS THE FRONT PAGE,

AND HERE IS A HUGE BANNER TO VOTE FOR FIDESZ.

MOST OF THE RADIOS ARE IN FIDESZ HANDS.

THE SECOND-BIGGEST TV SHOW IS IN FIDESZ HANDS.

MOST OF THE PRINT DAILY NEWSPAPER IS IN FIDESZ HANDS.

THIS IS A POST ON FACEBOOK BY ONE OF THE MEDIA OUTLETS,

BY FIDESZ PEOPLE, ABOUT FOUR PEOPLE ATTACKING A WOMAN.

AND THE SENTENCE IS,

"THIS IS EVERYDAY STUFF

WHAT'S HAPPENING IN EUROPE BECAUSE OF THE IMMIGRANTS."

BUT IF YOU GOOGLE IT, YOU CAN SEE

THIS ACTUALLY HAPPENED IN BRAZIL THREE YEARS AGO,

AND THIS SITE'S ACTUALLY SPREADING FAKE NEWS.

THEY DON'T NEED FACTS.

THEY JUST NEED BASIC EMOTIONS

LIKE, "IF YOU DON'T VOTE FOR FIDESZ,

WELL, THAT'S WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN TO YOU, TO HUNGARY."

AND MANY OF THE ARTICLES THEY PUBLISH,

HE DOES AUTHOR.

THEY ACTUALLY -- THEY CAN DO ANYTHING.

THEIR MEDIA AUTHORITY JUST DOESN'T EVEN CARE.

THIS IS WHAT THE UKIP USE IN THE BREXIT CAMPAIGN IN THE U.K.

OF IMMIGRANTS TRYING TO GET INTO EUROPE.

IT IS THE SAME OF WHAT FIDESZ USES NOW

WITH THE STOP-SIGN BILLBOARDS.

FOR THE SAME GOAL -- TO CREATE FEAR AGAINST IMMIGRANTS.

IT IS JUST "STOP" --

STOP THESE BLACK AND ARABIAN PEOPLE AT THE BORDERS.

SIX WEEKS LEADING UP TO THE ELECTIONS,

THERE WAS A VOTE FOR A MAYOR IN A TOWN

WHICH IS VERY MUCH CONTROLLED BY THE CURRENT GOVERNING PARTY,

AND THEY LOST.

IT WAS A HUGE UPSET,

LIKE LOSING A RED STATE FOR THE REPUBLICANS.

AND I DON'T KNOW HOW IT ENDS,

BUT IT MIGHT END THAT THERE'S HOPE.

WHEN I TALK WITH PEOPLE, THEY ARE ALL TALKING ABOUT,

LIKE, "I DON'T KNOW WHO TO VOTE TO,

BUT I'M NOT GOING TO VOTE FIDESZ."

SO I DON'T KNOW WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN.

I'M EXCITED. I'M VERY EXCITED.

THIS IS GOING TO BE REALLY EXCITING ELECTIONS.

WE ARE AT THE POINT WHERE MR. ORBAN

IS THE MOST POWERFUL.

HE WAS THE ONE WHO DECIDED THERE IS NO LIE BIG ENOUGH,

THERE IS NO FAKE NEWS RIDICULOUS ENOUGH

NOT TO BE SENT OUT TO THE PUBLIC.

IT WAS MADE WORSE, I THINK, BY TRUMP.

VIKTOR ORBAN, I THINK, IS A HERO.

HE'S A HERO TO THE POPULIST NATIONALIST MOVEMENT

THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.

BY THE WAY, I THINK PRESIDENT TRUMP,

UH, YOU KNOW, VERY MUCH GOES ALONG THE LINES

OF WHAT VIKTOR ORBAN IS DOING.

THE FACT THAT HATE WAS SUCH AN EASY TOOL,

IT'S SOMETHING REALLY HARD TO SWALLOW TODAY.

IF YOU CREATE AN ATMOSPHERE THAT CREATES HATE,

IT'S GOING TO BE REALLY HARD TO REVERSE.

THIS COUNTRY IS MORE BITTER,

MORE DIVIDED, AND MORE HATEFUL TODAY THAN IT WAS YESTERDAY.

ALL OVER THE WORLD,

THESE POLITICIANS ARE HARNESSING THE MEDIA,

USING THE INTERNET

TO PROVOKE DIVISIVENESS AND INTOLERANCE.

DO YOU THINK ISLAM IS AT WAR WITH THE WEST?

I THINK ISLAM HATES US.

OUR HOPES FOR PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE

AND THE FUTURE OF OUR COMMUNITIES

DEPENDS ON OUR WILLINGNESS

TO TAKE THESE THREATS SERIOUSLY...

...AND, ABOVE ALL,

OUR WILLINGNESS TO THINK CRITICALLY.

DEEP POLARIZATION, DIVISION --

HOW DO WE DEAL WITH THIS IN SOCIETY?

I THINK WE'RE FACING A PERFECT STORM.

WHITE PRIDE! THERE'S NOTHING WRONG WITH BEING PROUD OF WHO YOU ARE.

THIS COMMUNITY IN PARTICULAR, THERE IS A CAMPAIGN OF TERROR.

WHAT MAKES ONE PERSON GO TO THE MONSTROUS SIDE

OF THEIR BEING

AND THE OTHER, LIVING AMONG MONSTERS, REMAINS HUMAN?