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Narrator: Mysterious ruins
in the heart of iraq,
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00:00:06,207 --> 00:00:10,743
Could clues here reveal evidence
of the lost city of babylon
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00:00:10,745 --> 00:00:13,512
And its legendary
tower of babel?
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00:00:13,514 --> 00:00:15,280
Allen: There is no doubt
that we are standing
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00:00:15,282 --> 00:00:18,884
In one of the most
important places on earth.
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00:00:18,886 --> 00:00:21,754
Narrator:
The bible says that the tower
of babel is tall enough
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To reach the heavens,
a plan so audacious,
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It enrages god.
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00:00:29,196 --> 00:00:31,864
It's such a statement.
It's such a legacy.
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00:00:31,866 --> 00:00:34,466
Narrator: But did the tower
actually exist?
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00:00:36,470 --> 00:00:40,572
Could the ancient babylonians
really construct a skyscraper?
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00:00:43,511 --> 00:00:45,144
Today, investigators
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00:00:45,146 --> 00:00:49,014
Use pioneering
drone-scanning technology
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00:00:49,016 --> 00:00:52,718
To investigate
the biblical story.
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00:00:52,720 --> 00:00:55,087
This is what we're looking for,
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00:00:55,089 --> 00:00:59,425
The foundations for something
that looks like this.
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00:00:59,427 --> 00:01:01,794
Narrator:
With unprecedented access
to a country
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00:01:01,796 --> 00:01:08,567
Which still bears the scars
of war, we'll unearth the truth.
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00:01:08,569 --> 00:01:12,337
We'll blow apart
the fabled city of babylon.
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We'll reconstruct the lost
tower of babel
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And reveal
ancient engineering genius
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00:01:20,948 --> 00:01:24,917
To discover the secrets
of this mysterious lost world.
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-- Captions by vitac --
www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
discovery communications
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Iraq...
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For decades, this country
has been torn apart by war.
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But in ancient times,
this land is once home
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To a thriving civilization
we call mesopotamia.
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It's the place where
humankind first begins to write,
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Read, and live in cities.
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Its most famous city is babylon,
home to spectacular monuments,
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00:02:06,393 --> 00:02:09,361
Including the legendary
hanging gardens.
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00:02:12,366 --> 00:02:16,068
Today, the surviving fragments
of this lost world
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00:02:16,070 --> 00:02:21,640
Fascinate archaeologists,
but years of conflict
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Means the area
has barely been investigated.
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Now our cameras have been
granted unique access
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To follow archaeologists
as they venture into this
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Rarely seen country.
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00:02:35,656 --> 00:02:40,592
[ speaking foreign language ]
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00:02:43,597 --> 00:02:46,231
Narrator:
In this dusty desert landscape
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Is said to lie
the fabled tower of babel.
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00:02:50,905 --> 00:02:54,339
Its mighty terraces make it
a monument so immense,
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It marks the center
of the world.
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The bible describes how
the tower rises so high,
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00:03:04,351 --> 00:03:06,218
It touches the heavens...
46
00:03:08,789 --> 00:03:12,991
...An example of human pride
that enrages god.
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00:03:15,196 --> 00:03:18,497
But could a tower
so tall truly exist,
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And if so, where does it stand?
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00:03:21,268 --> 00:03:27,439
♪
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00:03:27,441 --> 00:03:29,841
Jeff allen investigates
ancient sites
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In the world's
most war-torn regions.
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In times of turmoil, what seems
often most important
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Is the present.
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It's my job to take care
of the past
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And make sure
that it is protected.
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00:03:51,332 --> 00:03:53,065
Narrator:
Today, jeff is on a mission
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To find one of iraq's
most famous monuments.
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We know that babel
is a real place.
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It's the hebrew word
for babylon.
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00:04:06,680 --> 00:04:11,383
Narrator:
Babel means babylon, the largest
city in the ancient world,
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00:04:11,385 --> 00:04:15,687
Fabled for its
awe-inspiring beauty.
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The tower of babel has been
imagined by artists
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For centuries.
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Here is a classical depiction
of tower.
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It's actually kind of like
a giant wedding cake,
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A large circular tower that
reaches up through the heavens.
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00:04:32,139 --> 00:04:34,506
This is what we're looking for,
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00:04:34,508 --> 00:04:38,110
The foundations for something
that looks like this.
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Narrator:
The remains
of ancient babylon lie
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On the banks of the river
euphrates
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00:04:44,685 --> 00:04:50,589
Near iraq's capital,
baghdad.
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00:04:50,591 --> 00:04:53,792
The former dictator
saddam hussein
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00:04:53,794 --> 00:04:56,528
Inaccurately reconstructs
much of babylon
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00:04:56,530 --> 00:04:59,364
Directly on top
of its ancient ruins.
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00:05:02,036 --> 00:05:07,506
He even builds this modern
palace for himself,
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00:05:07,508 --> 00:05:11,677
Making the task of unearthing
the real babylon even harder.
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Babylon has a long and well
attested description
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Of its wonders
through history.
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Today, after neglect and periods
of turmoil,
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It's difficult to see
that quite often,
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But if the tower really existed,
it would've been here.
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Narrator:
Over 2,000 years ago,
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A stunning spectacle rises
out of this landscape.
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The main entrance to babylon
is through the magnificent
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Ishtar gate
clad in dazzling blue
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And decorated with ornate
animals marching into the city.
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00:05:57,224 --> 00:06:00,025
And inside the gate
is the most glorious city
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00:06:00,027 --> 00:06:01,727
In the ancient world...
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00:06:04,098 --> 00:06:07,766
...Home to the fabled
hanging gardens,
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00:06:07,768 --> 00:06:10,502
Legend says,
created for a queen.
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And in the center of it all
stands a stairway to the sky,
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00:06:18,212 --> 00:06:22,047
But did this tower
really exist here,
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And if so, in what form?
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00:06:23,984 --> 00:06:29,254
♪
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Jeff works with an iraqi
antiquities team
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To investigate
this mystery.
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It makes perfect sense
that something here inspired
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The biblical story
of the great tower.
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Narrator:
When the tower is built,
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Babylon is home
to thousands of enslaved jews.
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They are held in captivity
following
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The babylonian conquest
of ancient israel,
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And it's here in babylon
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That the jews write
the first books of the bible.
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00:06:59,052 --> 00:07:02,154
They write about the tower
in the book of genesis.
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00:07:04,625 --> 00:07:09,094
Allen: What they were doing
was describing what they saw,
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00:07:09,096 --> 00:07:11,763
And what they saw
must have been right here.
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Narrator:
The city covers over
2,000 acres...
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♪
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...Yet decades of war
mean only a tiny fraction
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Of its original buildings
have been excavated.
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00:07:36,056 --> 00:07:37,823
Allen:
There is no doubt that we are
standing
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00:07:37,825 --> 00:07:41,193
In one of the most
important places on earth.
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Narrator:
Babylon at the peak of its fame
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Is the work of a great
warrior king, nebuchadnezzar.
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[ speaking foreign language ]
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00:07:52,072 --> 00:07:55,373
Narrator:
Iraqi archaeologist ammar mohsin
aboud finds evidence
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That nebuchadnezzar built the
city.
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00:07:59,847 --> 00:08:02,614
So, jeff, as you know,
there is...
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00:08:12,759 --> 00:08:15,861
[ speaking foreign language ]
121
00:08:18,165 --> 00:08:20,599
[ speaking foreign language ]
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Narrator:
Astonishingly, the bricks
of the ancient city
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Are still stamped with its
builder's name, nebuchadnezzar.
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The city of babylon is founded
around 2200 b.C.
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00:08:40,053 --> 00:08:43,855
It grows to become the capital
of the mighty babylonian empire.
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00:08:47,094 --> 00:08:50,462
It attracts a string
of conquerors
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00:08:50,464 --> 00:08:54,199
Who destroy and rebuild the city
over the centuries.
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00:08:54,201 --> 00:08:59,204
♪
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But it's in nebuchadnezzar's
reign in the 6th century b.C.
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00:09:02,876 --> 00:09:04,843
That babylon
reaches its peak.
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00:09:09,583 --> 00:09:14,920
He builds the hanging gardens
and the ishtar gate.
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00:09:14,922 --> 00:09:17,923
It's now the largest city
in the world.
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00:09:21,428 --> 00:09:25,864
But does he build
the tower of babel?
134
00:09:25,866 --> 00:09:29,000
This is a sensitive
military zone,
135
00:09:29,002 --> 00:09:30,769
But to search for the tower,
136
00:09:30,771 --> 00:09:32,671
Jeff has been granted
special permission
137
00:09:32,673 --> 00:09:33,939
To take to the air.
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00:09:33,941 --> 00:09:39,744
[ drone buzzing ]
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00:09:39,746 --> 00:09:45,283
♪
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00:09:45,285 --> 00:09:47,886
The team uses a high-resolution
drone
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00:09:47,888 --> 00:09:51,289
To capture an extraordinary view
of ancient babylon.
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00:09:51,291 --> 00:09:58,129
♪
143
00:10:01,702 --> 00:10:03,168
Processional way.
144
00:10:03,170 --> 00:10:04,669
Yes.
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00:10:04,671 --> 00:10:05,870
Bit of landmark.
146
00:10:07,074 --> 00:10:08,440
Yes, yes, yes.
147
00:10:08,442 --> 00:10:10,742
Perfect.
-Perfect.
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00:10:10,744 --> 00:10:15,180
Narrator:
From the air, the vast scale of
the city starts to become clear.
149
00:10:19,119 --> 00:10:24,589
The drone takes over 200
high-resolution photos
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00:10:24,591 --> 00:10:27,192
As it soars over
the sprawling site.
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00:10:35,769 --> 00:10:39,638
Narrator:
From high above the modern-day
reconstruction of babylon,
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00:10:39,640 --> 00:10:43,074
The drone reveals the remains
of the legendary city,
153
00:10:45,245 --> 00:10:47,879
Mysterious shapes now
covered in millennia
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00:10:47,881 --> 00:10:50,181
Of desert sand
and vegetation.
155
00:10:53,220 --> 00:10:55,186
-That's our team right there.
-Yes.
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00:10:55,188 --> 00:10:57,455
I see.
I see.
157
00:10:57,457 --> 00:10:59,958
Narrator:
Jeff looks for the remains
of the tower,
158
00:10:59,960 --> 00:11:04,863
Hunting for signs
of giant circular foundations,
159
00:11:04,865 --> 00:11:09,467
But the images reveal
something unexpected.
160
00:11:09,469 --> 00:11:12,037
Allen: Babylonian's built
straight walls.
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00:11:12,039 --> 00:11:15,707
We don't find many curved walls,
162
00:11:15,709 --> 00:11:20,512
So it's highly unlikely
that the tower of babylon
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00:11:20,514 --> 00:11:24,082
Was round in form.
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00:11:24,084 --> 00:11:28,253
Narrator:
It may not look like
the old paintings,
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00:11:28,255 --> 00:11:31,256
But the drone detects
something unusual here.
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00:11:31,258 --> 00:11:37,762
♪
167
00:11:37,764 --> 00:11:42,967
A huge square mound rises up
from the undergrowth
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00:11:42,969 --> 00:11:44,669
Beyond the walled city.
169
00:11:46,840 --> 00:11:50,175
Could this be the remains
of the tower of babel?
170
00:11:50,177 --> 00:11:57,115
♪
171
00:12:03,657 --> 00:12:08,993
♪
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Narrator:
Babylon, iraq...
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00:12:11,631 --> 00:12:13,732
After years
of restricted access
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00:12:13,734 --> 00:12:16,101
To this former war zone,
175
00:12:16,103 --> 00:12:18,269
Investigators searching
for the tower of babel
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00:12:18,271 --> 00:12:22,440
Find a mysterious mound
enormous in size.
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00:12:24,678 --> 00:12:27,946
Could this be evidence
of the tower?
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00:12:27,948 --> 00:12:31,816
Right here stood something
so immense
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00:12:31,818 --> 00:12:34,853
And probably one
of the largest structures
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00:12:34,855 --> 00:12:36,755
Of its kind in its day.
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♪
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It measures exactly 300 feet,
183
00:12:44,297 --> 00:12:48,600
Which is the size
of a football field.
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00:12:48,602 --> 00:12:50,802
It must have been an
immense building.
185
00:12:54,574 --> 00:12:58,443
The size of these foundations
clearly say
186
00:12:58,445 --> 00:13:01,079
That this could be
the tower of babylon.
187
00:13:04,985 --> 00:13:06,417
Narrator:
At the edge of the site,
188
00:13:06,419 --> 00:13:10,321
Archaeologists unearth
a cylindrical tablet
189
00:13:10,323 --> 00:13:14,325
Inscribed in an ancient language
that tells of a great tower
190
00:13:14,327 --> 00:13:19,531
Called etemenanki
that's so tall,
191
00:13:19,533 --> 00:13:22,534
It reaches the heavens,
192
00:13:22,536 --> 00:13:24,669
And hidden deeper
in the foundations
193
00:13:24,671 --> 00:13:31,976
Are hundreds of ancient bricks,
each exactly 12 inches square...
194
00:13:34,181 --> 00:13:37,515
...And stamped with the name
king nebuchadnezzar.
195
00:13:41,054 --> 00:13:44,122
Is etemenanki really
the tower of babel?
196
00:13:49,062 --> 00:13:50,762
Jeff needs proof.
197
00:13:52,766 --> 00:13:55,400
The inscription on the tablet
says the tower that once
198
00:13:55,402 --> 00:13:59,871
Stands here is so colossal,
it reaches the heavens.
199
00:13:59,873 --> 00:14:01,873
This matches the description
of the tower
200
00:14:01,875 --> 00:14:05,944
In the bible's book of genesis.
201
00:14:05,946 --> 00:14:10,114
But if the tower stands so tall,
where's the rest of it?
202
00:14:12,853 --> 00:14:16,020
Jeff works with archaeologist
ammar mohsin aboud
203
00:14:16,022 --> 00:14:17,755
To search for clues.
204
00:14:17,757 --> 00:14:19,057
Allen: We've heard rumors
205
00:14:19,059 --> 00:14:21,326
That something
really interesting exists
206
00:14:21,328 --> 00:14:23,328
In a nearby town
of al-hillah.
207
00:14:26,600 --> 00:14:28,633
Narrator:
The bustling city of al-hillah
208
00:14:28,635 --> 00:14:32,170
Is once a battleground
in the iraq war
209
00:14:32,172 --> 00:14:37,008
And more recently the site
of isis insurgency.
210
00:14:37,010 --> 00:14:39,110
Ammar has been granted
special access
211
00:14:39,112 --> 00:14:42,914
To this old, abandoned
synagogue in al-hillah.
212
00:14:42,916 --> 00:14:44,582
He believes the site
may provide
213
00:14:44,584 --> 00:14:47,085
Further evidence
for the tower's existence.
214
00:15:06,006 --> 00:15:08,640
Narrator: They do not have
nebuchadnezzar's name on them,
215
00:15:08,642 --> 00:15:13,444
But their unique size
is the same as found at babylon.
216
00:15:13,446 --> 00:15:16,080
These distinctive bricks
are embedded in buildings
217
00:15:16,082 --> 00:15:17,982
All over the old town.
218
00:15:29,863 --> 00:15:32,764
Narrator:
Established in
the 11th century a.D.,
219
00:15:32,766 --> 00:15:36,834
Al-hillah is a thriving city
on the banks of the euphrates,
220
00:15:36,836 --> 00:15:38,937
Just miles from
ancient babylon.
221
00:15:41,808 --> 00:15:43,074
People from al-hillah
222
00:15:43,076 --> 00:15:46,544
Take bricks
from the ruins of babylon,
223
00:15:46,546 --> 00:15:48,947
Then use them
to build their own city.
224
00:15:51,952 --> 00:15:55,086
Over many centuries,
people travel from far and wide
225
00:15:55,088 --> 00:15:56,955
To gather the bricks,
226
00:15:56,957 --> 00:16:00,491
Repurposing them into homes
and even a huge dam.
227
00:16:04,497 --> 00:16:07,165
Allen: The potential to be used
and reused again
228
00:16:07,167 --> 00:16:09,734
And again obviously
was important to people,
229
00:16:09,736 --> 00:16:13,137
And that's why today we see very
little left of a standing tower,
230
00:16:13,139 --> 00:16:15,373
A mound of broken
bricks and rubble.
231
00:16:20,013 --> 00:16:24,816
Narrator:
The bricks that once make
the tower have long gone,
232
00:16:24,818 --> 00:16:28,019
But nearly 3,000 years ago,
233
00:16:28,021 --> 00:16:32,023
Could the ancient babylonians
really construct a skyscraper?
234
00:16:32,025 --> 00:16:37,795
♪
235
00:16:44,604 --> 00:16:48,740
♪
236
00:16:48,742 --> 00:16:51,509
Narrator:
Archaeologists believe they have
identified the site
237
00:16:51,511 --> 00:16:58,683
Of the legendary tower of babel
here in babylon, iraq.
238
00:16:58,685 --> 00:17:03,454
The bible tells us we once
all speak the same language,
239
00:17:03,456 --> 00:17:07,725
But our arrogance in building
a huge tower angers god.
240
00:17:07,727 --> 00:17:13,264
He punishes us by making us
all speak different languages.
241
00:17:13,266 --> 00:17:16,234
But can the ancient babylonians
really build so high
242
00:17:16,236 --> 00:17:18,169
That it enrages god?
243
00:17:21,574 --> 00:17:24,242
The ancient bricks that survive
provide clues
244
00:17:24,244 --> 00:17:26,544
To the tower's structure?
245
00:17:26,546 --> 00:17:28,880
In the center of the foundations
are bricks made
246
00:17:28,882 --> 00:17:31,082
Of compacted mud and straw.
247
00:17:33,553 --> 00:17:36,587
Millions of them
form the tower's core.
248
00:17:39,192 --> 00:17:44,328
All around them are rows and
rows of another layer of bricks.
249
00:17:44,330 --> 00:17:49,867
Together, they create a base
the size of 30 tennis courts.
250
00:17:49,869 --> 00:17:55,573
On top, more bricks stack up
to create a hollow tower.
251
00:17:55,575 --> 00:17:59,444
But are mud bricks strong enough
to build a tower so high,
252
00:17:59,446 --> 00:18:02,146
The ancients believe
it touches the sky?
253
00:18:02,148 --> 00:18:09,987
♪
254
00:18:09,989 --> 00:18:13,291
Much of ancient babylon is built
using bricks made of mud
255
00:18:13,293 --> 00:18:16,060
Taken from the euphrates river.
256
00:18:16,062 --> 00:18:19,997
It's pressed into molds,
strengthened by adding straw,
257
00:18:19,999 --> 00:18:22,100
Then dried in the sun.
258
00:18:22,102 --> 00:18:25,036
This traditional method
is still widely used.
259
00:18:28,741 --> 00:18:31,843
Dr. Ezzeldin yazeed
is a professor of construction
260
00:18:31,845 --> 00:18:35,079
Engineering at the american
university in cairo.
261
00:18:37,784 --> 00:18:41,252
Ez wants to find out how tall
you can build using the same
262
00:18:41,254 --> 00:18:43,754
Sort of bricks available
to nebuchadnezzar.
263
00:18:47,994 --> 00:18:49,627
Okay?
264
00:18:57,704 --> 00:19:01,539
♪
265
00:19:01,541 --> 00:19:03,975
Narrator: Ez wants to find out
the exact strength
266
00:19:03,977 --> 00:19:06,677
Of this
mud-and-straw-reinforced brick.
267
00:19:06,679 --> 00:19:13,384
♪
268
00:19:30,703 --> 00:19:39,177
♪
269
00:19:47,554 --> 00:19:50,354
Narrator:
So how high can the ancient
babylonians build
270
00:19:50,356 --> 00:19:51,956
With these bricks?
271
00:20:01,901 --> 00:20:04,268
Narrator:
That's only 65 feet.
272
00:20:09,075 --> 00:20:11,776
So what is the babylonian
secret?
273
00:20:11,778 --> 00:20:18,049
♪
274
00:20:25,959 --> 00:20:29,894
Narrator:
This mud brick is shaped
and then placed into a kiln.
275
00:20:29,896 --> 00:20:36,200
It's fired at over 350 degrees
fahrenheit for 3 days.
276
00:20:36,202 --> 00:20:38,569
The remains of ancient kilns
like this
277
00:20:38,571 --> 00:20:42,406
Are found across the region.
278
00:20:42,408 --> 00:20:44,342
But does this fired mud
brick allow
279
00:20:44,344 --> 00:20:46,644
The king
to build a taller tower?
280
00:20:49,849 --> 00:20:53,150
Ez conducts the stress test
on the brick fired in the kiln,
281
00:20:53,152 --> 00:20:55,286
Gradually increasing
the pressure.
282
00:20:55,288 --> 00:21:04,228
♪
283
00:21:24,250 --> 00:21:26,984
Narrator:
Ez now calculates how
high nebuchadnezzar
284
00:21:26,986 --> 00:21:29,287
Can build with his fired bricks.
285
00:21:38,231 --> 00:21:41,799
Narrator:
That's nearly the height
of three lincoln memorials.
286
00:21:46,139 --> 00:21:49,240
With bricks fired in the kiln,
the ancient babylonians
287
00:21:49,242 --> 00:21:53,611
Can build over four times higher
than with mud-and-straw bricks.
288
00:21:56,582 --> 00:21:59,483
But there is a way of building
even higher.
289
00:22:01,821 --> 00:22:03,654
Ez believes a very large clue
290
00:22:03,656 --> 00:22:06,457
Lies close to the university
in cairo.
291
00:22:15,268 --> 00:22:18,803
♪
292
00:22:18,805 --> 00:22:20,838
Narrator:
The egyptians start building
pyramids
293
00:22:20,840 --> 00:22:24,675
In the third millennium b.C.
As tombs for royalty.
294
00:22:27,313 --> 00:22:30,681
The babylonians have their own
version stepped into tiers
295
00:22:30,683 --> 00:22:33,384
Called a ziggurat,
296
00:22:33,386 --> 00:22:38,689
Not a tomb but a statement
of power built by a king.
297
00:22:38,691 --> 00:22:43,127
Ez believes the tower of babel
is a ziggurat.
298
00:22:43,129 --> 00:22:45,363
This shape allows the
ancient babylonians
299
00:22:45,365 --> 00:22:47,598
To build taller
than ever before.
300
00:22:49,969 --> 00:22:53,404
Now ez wants to know,
"how tall is that?"
301
00:22:58,010 --> 00:23:03,247
Ez uses the data from the stress
test to create a computer model.
302
00:23:03,249 --> 00:23:05,716
It simulates a ziggurat
303
00:23:05,718 --> 00:23:09,086
Built with
king nebuchadnezzar's bricks.
304
00:23:09,088 --> 00:23:10,955
No, no, no, same thing,
so remove that.
305
00:23:12,725 --> 00:23:16,093
Ninety meters.
306
00:23:16,095 --> 00:23:19,697
Narrator:
It's almost 300 feet high,
307
00:23:19,699 --> 00:23:22,600
Nearly the same height
as the statue of liberty.
308
00:23:26,205 --> 00:23:28,038
Narrator:
It's an astonishing
demonstration
309
00:23:28,040 --> 00:23:31,242
Of babylonian know-how.
310
00:23:31,244 --> 00:23:33,477
But bricks alone do
not guarantee
311
00:23:33,479 --> 00:23:37,581
This megastructure will last.
312
00:23:37,583 --> 00:23:39,150
Ancient jewish texts say
313
00:23:39,152 --> 00:23:44,355
That a great wind sent
by god destroys the tower.
314
00:23:44,357 --> 00:23:49,794
Can the real tower weather
this region's many storms?
315
00:24:03,009 --> 00:24:05,109
Narrator:
The tower of babel,
316
00:24:05,111 --> 00:24:10,147
A stepped pyramid that soars
300 feet into the skies,
317
00:24:10,149 --> 00:24:12,917
How does this magnificent
ancient wonder survive
318
00:24:12,919 --> 00:24:16,720
In a region of extreme heat,
floods, and earthquakes?
319
00:24:21,561 --> 00:24:23,727
The tower of babel is
an incredible feat
320
00:24:23,729 --> 00:24:25,429
Of ancient engineering.
321
00:24:28,801 --> 00:24:30,734
Millions of hard baked mud
322
00:24:30,736 --> 00:24:35,539
Bricks make up
the terraces' exterior walls,
323
00:24:35,541 --> 00:24:37,274
And in between the bricks,
324
00:24:37,276 --> 00:24:40,311
Builders use a type of mortar
described in the bible
325
00:24:40,313 --> 00:24:46,617
As slime -- a thick black glue,
to cement them together.
326
00:24:50,056 --> 00:24:54,825
So what exactly is this
mysterious slime,
327
00:24:54,827 --> 00:24:57,495
And how does it help
the babylonians build structures
328
00:24:57,497 --> 00:24:59,096
That last?
329
00:24:59,098 --> 00:25:06,003
♪
330
00:25:06,005 --> 00:25:08,839
Today, archaeologists are
returning to babylon
331
00:25:08,841 --> 00:25:12,276
In a region long scarred by war.
332
00:25:12,278 --> 00:25:14,979
Jeff allen thinks a clue
explaining the mysterious
333
00:25:14,981 --> 00:25:17,448
Slime lies
in the remains of ancient
334
00:25:17,450 --> 00:25:19,917
Babylon's walled city.
335
00:25:19,919 --> 00:25:23,521
The bible describes
babel's construction.
336
00:25:23,523 --> 00:25:27,925
It says the builders
use a slime and mortar,
337
00:25:27,927 --> 00:25:31,929
And if you look at this,
you can see a black substance
338
00:25:31,931 --> 00:25:34,665
That's similar to as described
in the bible
339
00:25:34,667 --> 00:25:38,502
Used as a mortar between
the bricks at ishtar gate.
340
00:25:41,641 --> 00:25:44,174
Narrator:
In egypt, dr. Ezzeldin yazeed
341
00:25:44,176 --> 00:25:49,246
Believes he knows
what the black slime is --
342
00:25:49,248 --> 00:25:53,417
A sticky,
semisolid oil called bitumen.
343
00:25:53,419 --> 00:25:56,720
It seeps naturally from
the ground in oil-rich iraq.
344
00:26:03,729 --> 00:26:07,998
Narrator:
But does bitumen do more
than hold the bricks in place?
345
00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:13,037
To find out, ez and his team
build a model ziggurat.
346
00:26:13,039 --> 00:26:16,373
The inner core is made
from bricks dried in the sun.
347
00:26:16,375 --> 00:26:20,077
The outside is made from bricks
fired in the kiln
348
00:26:20,079 --> 00:26:23,881
Just like the tower of babel.
349
00:26:23,883 --> 00:26:26,650
They coat the exterior
with a layer of bitumen.
350
00:26:30,156 --> 00:26:34,725
Then they build a
second ziggurat without bitumen.
351
00:26:42,301 --> 00:26:46,003
Narrator:
This rig is designed to simulate
the heavy spring rainfall
352
00:26:46,005 --> 00:26:47,638
In iraq.
353
00:26:49,675 --> 00:26:52,009
Both ziggurats get a soaking.
354
00:26:52,011 --> 00:26:57,281
♪
355
00:27:03,522 --> 00:27:07,558
Narrator:
The water soon permeates
the uncoated ziggurat.
356
00:27:07,560 --> 00:27:11,261
It soaks the structure's
dried mud core,
357
00:27:11,263 --> 00:27:14,331
But the bitumen-coated ziggurat
seems to be fine.
358
00:27:22,408 --> 00:27:25,976
Narrator:
As the mud inside the bare-brick
model erodes away,
359
00:27:25,978 --> 00:27:27,911
Its walls lose their support.
360
00:27:32,284 --> 00:27:36,153
Narrator:
The uncoated ziggurat is no
match for the forces of nature.
361
00:27:37,923 --> 00:27:39,223
[ applause ]
362
00:27:39,225 --> 00:27:42,292
[ laughs ]
363
00:27:56,341 --> 00:27:59,410
Narrator: It's another story for
the ziggurat coated in bitumen.
364
00:28:05,985 --> 00:28:08,719
Narrator:
The biblical account seems true.
365
00:28:08,721 --> 00:28:12,222
The so-called slime really does
hold the tower together
366
00:28:12,224 --> 00:28:15,292
And allow the babylonians
to build a skyscraper.
367
00:28:24,904 --> 00:28:29,506
Narrator:
But what does this ancient
wonder look like when complete,
368
00:28:29,508 --> 00:28:35,212
And why did the ancient
babylonians build it?
369
00:28:48,661 --> 00:28:50,060
Narrator:
Ancient babylon...
370
00:28:50,062 --> 00:28:53,764
Home to the tower of babel,
371
00:28:53,766 --> 00:28:56,467
Constructed from mud
and bitumen,
372
00:28:56,469 --> 00:29:00,504
One of the largest buildings
in the ancient world,
373
00:29:00,506 --> 00:29:04,274
But what does it look like
when complete?
374
00:29:04,276 --> 00:29:05,609
The book of genesis says,
375
00:29:05,611 --> 00:29:08,378
"it's so tall,
it reaches the heavens."
376
00:29:08,380 --> 00:29:14,351
♪
377
00:29:14,353 --> 00:29:16,820
Ancient tablets in babylon
describe
378
00:29:16,822 --> 00:29:19,089
The tower's magnificent summit.
379
00:29:22,027 --> 00:29:28,899
It gleams a brilliant blue
and molded into the brickwork
380
00:29:28,901 --> 00:29:32,903
Intricate depictions
of a strange animal,
381
00:29:32,905 --> 00:29:36,340
A mythical hybrid,
part snake, part dragon.
382
00:29:38,577 --> 00:29:43,280
Shimmering spectacularly
in the hot sun,
383
00:29:43,282 --> 00:29:47,017
This celestial skyscraper towers
above babylon.
384
00:29:49,722 --> 00:29:51,455
How do the babylonians create
385
00:29:51,457 --> 00:29:56,460
Such a spectacular masterpiece
clad in a brilliant blue?
386
00:29:56,462 --> 00:30:03,200
♪
387
00:30:03,202 --> 00:30:04,635
King nebuchadnezzar plans
388
00:30:04,637 --> 00:30:08,705
To build the most
magnificent tower ever seen.
389
00:30:08,707 --> 00:30:12,442
He wants its blue summit
to dominate the horizon,
390
00:30:12,444 --> 00:30:16,113
But that gives
the king a problem.
391
00:30:16,115 --> 00:30:18,549
Allen:
Looking around at the landscape,
392
00:30:18,551 --> 00:30:23,353
Lots of greens, lots of browns
but no blue, so question is,
393
00:30:23,355 --> 00:30:30,961
How did the ancient babylonians
get such brilliant blue glazes?
394
00:30:30,963 --> 00:30:33,096
Narrator:
Archaeologist zahed taj-eddin
395
00:30:33,098 --> 00:30:36,099
Investigates what
makes the tower so blue.
396
00:30:38,204 --> 00:30:44,708
Zahed specializes in the glazes
on ancient artifacts and tiles.
397
00:30:44,710 --> 00:30:47,010
He begins by examining
nebuchadnezzar's
398
00:30:47,012 --> 00:30:52,149
Own description of the tower
found on a tablet in babylon.
399
00:30:52,151 --> 00:30:55,786
"I built etemenanki,
the ziggurat of babylon,
400
00:30:55,788 --> 00:31:00,224
And brought it to completion
and raised high its top
401
00:31:00,226 --> 00:31:05,195
With a pure tile
glazed with lapis lazuli."
402
00:31:05,197 --> 00:31:09,833
So lapis lazuli, here it is.
403
00:31:09,835 --> 00:31:13,270
Narrator: Lapis lazuli is
a semiprecious stone.
404
00:31:13,272 --> 00:31:18,475
Its intense blue color makes it
prized across the ancient world.
405
00:31:18,477 --> 00:31:22,713
It's mentioned several times
in the bible.
406
00:31:22,715 --> 00:31:25,449
Zahed investigates how the king
can possibly cover
407
00:31:25,451 --> 00:31:28,619
The top of the tower
with a semiprecious stone.
408
00:31:30,656 --> 00:31:33,590
He makes a glaze by mixing
lapis lazuli
409
00:31:33,592 --> 00:31:37,361
With a natural glue
called gum arabic.
410
00:31:37,363 --> 00:31:40,530
Taj-eddin:
Now the lapis lazuli powder
is fixed with gum arabic,
411
00:31:40,532 --> 00:31:42,666
And it's kind of,
like, semipermanent,
412
00:31:42,668 --> 00:31:44,768
So they would use it
on decorating
413
00:31:44,770 --> 00:31:49,439
Maybe frescos or later
in decorating manuscripts.
414
00:31:51,610 --> 00:31:56,013
Narrator:
But this glaze also needs
to be weatherproof.
415
00:31:56,015 --> 00:31:58,715
Taj-eddin:
They might thought if they
put it in the kiln,
416
00:31:58,717 --> 00:32:01,585
They might have, like,
a permanent result,
417
00:32:01,587 --> 00:32:03,954
And then they can use it
on the bricks.
418
00:32:03,956 --> 00:32:09,059
♪
419
00:32:09,061 --> 00:32:14,031
Narrator:
To fix the glaze, zahed bakes
the tile in his kiln.
420
00:32:14,033 --> 00:32:16,199
Here it is after firing.
421
00:32:16,201 --> 00:32:19,703
It's no longer beautiful
and blue and dazzling,
422
00:32:19,705 --> 00:32:23,440
So, yeah, it's failure.
423
00:32:23,442 --> 00:32:26,777
Narrator: The vivid blue glaze
has disappeared,
424
00:32:26,779 --> 00:32:30,213
Yet nebuchadnezzar says
he uses tiles of lapis lazuli
425
00:32:30,215 --> 00:32:33,216
On his tower.
426
00:32:33,218 --> 00:32:36,653
Zahed thinks he knows
how he does it.
427
00:32:36,655 --> 00:32:39,856
It starts with the art
of glassmaking.
428
00:32:39,858 --> 00:32:42,192
Taj-eddin:
They already were experiencing
with the glass,
429
00:32:42,194 --> 00:32:44,494
Which is silica pebbles.
430
00:32:44,496 --> 00:32:46,163
If you grind it and heat it,
431
00:32:46,165 --> 00:32:51,034
You need about 1,700 degrees
for it to melt.
432
00:32:51,036 --> 00:32:54,638
Narrator: Craftsmen make glass
by heating silica,
433
00:32:54,640 --> 00:33:00,010
Which comes from sand
or rocks, until it melts.
434
00:33:00,012 --> 00:33:03,347
Liquid glass can also be used
to produce shiny glazes
435
00:33:03,349 --> 00:33:04,982
For pottery.
436
00:33:09,488 --> 00:33:13,223
Nebuchadnezzar now has a new
challenge for his workmen.
437
00:33:13,225 --> 00:33:16,793
He wanted lapis lazuli color.
438
00:33:16,795 --> 00:33:18,996
Narrator:'to create
different-colored
glazes,
439
00:33:18,998 --> 00:33:23,633
They add minerals to
the ground-up silica pebbles.
440
00:33:23,635 --> 00:33:26,536
Zahed paints on a glaze
containing two minerals
441
00:33:26,538 --> 00:33:30,607
Readily available
to the ancient babylonians --
442
00:33:30,609 --> 00:33:34,845
Copper oxide, which looks
dark green, and blue cobalt.
443
00:33:34,847 --> 00:33:43,653
♪
444
00:33:43,655 --> 00:33:47,758
Taj-eddin: So here we are,
the moment of truth.
445
00:33:47,760 --> 00:33:49,393
Lapis lazuli blue.
446
00:33:52,164 --> 00:33:54,598
So that addition transformed
the glaze
447
00:33:54,600 --> 00:33:57,000
Into this kind of deep blue,
448
00:33:57,002 --> 00:34:01,138
And now we know why
in ancient mesopotamia
449
00:34:01,140 --> 00:34:05,742
They would refer to this bricks
as lapis lazuli.
450
00:34:05,744 --> 00:34:08,812
Narrator:
The tower of babel's builders
create an ingenious way
451
00:34:08,814 --> 00:34:14,051
To cheaply mimic
the blue color of lapis lazuli.
452
00:34:14,053 --> 00:34:17,854
Taj-eddin:
And that was great alchemy,
great secret.
453
00:34:17,856 --> 00:34:20,524
All of the sudden
have this glass
454
00:34:20,526 --> 00:34:24,294
That substitute semiprecious
stones right at hand.
455
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:29,933
It's such a statement.
456
00:34:29,935 --> 00:34:31,268
It's such a legacy.
457
00:34:31,270 --> 00:34:35,739
It's there to stay
and still impress us today.
458
00:34:35,741 --> 00:34:38,241
Narrator: And the striking color
it creates gives a clue
459
00:34:38,243 --> 00:34:39,976
To the purpose of the tower.
460
00:34:44,116 --> 00:34:47,050
The babylonians worshipped
the god marduk.
461
00:34:49,254 --> 00:34:53,423
He wears an elaborate horned
crown of gold and lapis lazuli.
462
00:34:56,095 --> 00:34:58,829
Marduk's shrines
and temples throughout babylon
463
00:34:58,831 --> 00:35:01,932
Are decorated lavishly
with the rich blue color,
464
00:35:04,736 --> 00:35:08,238
And the city's processional way
is clad in lapis blue
465
00:35:08,240 --> 00:35:11,808
Ready for the annual
new-year parade
466
00:35:11,810 --> 00:35:13,810
They hold in marduk's honor.
467
00:35:17,616 --> 00:35:22,752
The tower was a shrine
dedicated to the god marduk.
468
00:35:22,754 --> 00:35:26,990
The sides most likely
were decorated with dragons.
469
00:35:26,992 --> 00:35:30,127
This was marduk's sacred animal.
470
00:35:33,599 --> 00:35:37,467
Narrator:
The immense tower is built
to honor the babylonians' god.
471
00:35:40,706 --> 00:35:44,007
But why does the bible claim
the tower is so tall,
472
00:35:44,009 --> 00:35:45,876
It reaches the heavens?
473
00:35:45,878 --> 00:35:51,148
♪
474
00:36:01,059 --> 00:36:03,660
Narrator:
The legendary tower of babel,
475
00:36:03,662 --> 00:36:07,664
Its story is recorded
in the bible.
476
00:36:07,666 --> 00:36:10,033
With unique access to babylon,
477
00:36:10,035 --> 00:36:12,702
Archaeologists believe
they've found the site of this
478
00:36:12,704 --> 00:36:14,337
Fabled ancient wonder.
479
00:36:17,242 --> 00:36:20,210
The tower is an ancient
300-foot-high ziggurat
480
00:36:20,212 --> 00:36:23,346
Known to the babylonians
as etemenanki.
481
00:36:25,817 --> 00:36:31,054
The bible says it's so tall,
it touches the heavens.
482
00:36:31,056 --> 00:36:33,290
Medieval paintings show
the summit of the tower
483
00:36:33,292 --> 00:36:35,158
Shrouded in clouds.
484
00:36:35,160 --> 00:36:40,263
♪
485
00:36:40,265 --> 00:36:43,934
This is a typical depiction
of the tower of babel.
486
00:36:43,936 --> 00:36:46,203
The one thing they all have
in common
487
00:36:46,205 --> 00:36:51,374
Is a structure
that reached into the clouds.
488
00:36:51,376 --> 00:36:54,678
Narrator: But does the tower
really stretch that high,
489
00:36:54,680 --> 00:36:58,648
Or is this an exaggeration made
by the enslaved jews of babylon
490
00:36:58,650 --> 00:37:02,052
Who write the bible story?
491
00:37:02,054 --> 00:37:05,121
Jeff once again turns
to his eye in the sky.
492
00:37:08,493 --> 00:37:11,494
Allen: Up it goes!
493
00:37:11,496 --> 00:37:15,031
Narrator: They take the drone up
to an altitude of 300 feet...
494
00:37:17,402 --> 00:37:21,905
...The same height
as the top of the tower.
495
00:37:21,907 --> 00:37:24,741
It allows jeff to imagine
what babylonians standing
496
00:37:24,743 --> 00:37:26,676
On its summit could once see.
497
00:37:29,481 --> 00:37:33,516
The spectacular city
stretches out beneath,
498
00:37:33,518 --> 00:37:36,987
But the tower is a long way
from reaching the clouds.
499
00:37:36,989 --> 00:37:42,492
♪
500
00:37:42,494 --> 00:37:48,031
♪
501
00:37:48,033 --> 00:37:50,700
Jeff thinks he has a more
likely explanation
502
00:37:50,702 --> 00:37:53,603
For the tower's
fabled mist-covered pinnacle.
503
00:37:56,074 --> 00:37:58,675
Allen:
Excavations when they were
done here previously,
504
00:37:58,677 --> 00:38:00,744
They could not go lower
than a few meters
505
00:38:00,746 --> 00:38:03,046
Because of the high
water table.
506
00:38:03,048 --> 00:38:05,615
Babylon of course
is next to the river.
507
00:38:08,020 --> 00:38:11,621
Narrator:
Over time, the euphrates
has changed course,
508
00:38:11,623 --> 00:38:17,727
And 2,500 years ago, the river
runs close to the tower.
509
00:38:17,729 --> 00:38:20,830
Allen:
Historically it was much closer,
510
00:38:20,832 --> 00:38:24,868
So the tower would've stood
there right next to the river.
511
00:38:29,308 --> 00:38:30,974
Narrator:
A few hundred miles
from babylon,
512
00:38:30,976 --> 00:38:35,712
There are vast mountain ranges
with snowcapped peaks
513
00:38:35,714 --> 00:38:40,083
Which help to feed
the nearby rivers.
514
00:38:40,085 --> 00:38:42,485
In the spring,
the mountain snow melts,
515
00:38:42,487 --> 00:38:45,655
Swelling the euphrates
and tigris rivers
516
00:38:45,657 --> 00:38:48,258
And flooding babylon
and the plains below.
517
00:38:51,029 --> 00:38:53,129
Allen:
It meant that, in the spring,
518
00:38:53,131 --> 00:38:55,965
The ground
surrounding the ziggurat
519
00:38:55,967 --> 00:38:59,269
Was more waterlogged
than it is today,
520
00:38:59,271 --> 00:39:02,005
And after a cold desert night,
521
00:39:02,007 --> 00:39:04,874
The morning sun
would heat the ground,
522
00:39:04,876 --> 00:39:08,878
Creating this kind of mist.
523
00:39:08,880 --> 00:39:11,481
Narrator: The babylon ziggurat
right next to the river
524
00:39:11,483 --> 00:39:15,919
Is engulfed in this mist
as if it's touching the clouds.
525
00:39:17,989 --> 00:39:22,625
We know that the same effect
exists at other places,
526
00:39:22,627 --> 00:39:25,328
For example, the taj mahal,
527
00:39:25,330 --> 00:39:30,166
But at babylon,
imagine a 300-foot tower
528
00:39:30,168 --> 00:39:35,772
Surrounded by a sea of clouds,
a mist,
529
00:39:35,774 --> 00:39:40,543
And resting on top of it
this brilliant blue shrine,
530
00:39:40,545 --> 00:39:43,513
It must have been amazing.
531
00:39:43,515 --> 00:39:46,916
Narrator:
This atmospheric phenomenon
may explain why the tower
532
00:39:46,918 --> 00:39:49,319
Is believed
to touch the heavens.
533
00:39:53,592 --> 00:39:56,459
But according to ancient
jewish text,
534
00:39:56,461 --> 00:39:59,729
God is so angered
by this ambitious project
535
00:39:59,731 --> 00:40:02,766
That he sends a great wind
and destroys it.
536
00:40:04,803 --> 00:40:06,936
Today, investigators
piece together
537
00:40:06,938 --> 00:40:08,972
The true fate of the tower.
538
00:40:12,144 --> 00:40:14,244
Babylon is conquered
by the persians
539
00:40:14,246 --> 00:40:17,447
After nebuchadnezzar's death.
540
00:40:17,449 --> 00:40:20,083
They prohibit the worship
of the god marduk
541
00:40:20,085 --> 00:40:23,319
And smash a hole
in the tower.
542
00:40:23,321 --> 00:40:25,321
The greek king,
alexander the great,
543
00:40:25,323 --> 00:40:28,258
Captures babylon
from the persians
544
00:40:28,260 --> 00:40:31,828
And tears down the damaged tower
with plans to rebuild it.
545
00:40:34,366 --> 00:40:39,903
But in 323 b.C., alexander dies,
leaving the tower of babel
546
00:40:39,905 --> 00:40:43,006
As a pile of bricks ripe
for looting
547
00:40:43,008 --> 00:40:46,276
Over the coming millennia.
548
00:40:46,278 --> 00:40:49,946
Centuries
of war keep babylon in ruins
549
00:40:49,948 --> 00:40:53,450
Until saddam hussein
builds a palace on the site.
550
00:40:55,587 --> 00:40:58,521
Today, jeff and
the world monuments fund
551
00:40:58,523 --> 00:41:01,658
Work with local conservationists
to safeguard
552
00:41:01,660 --> 00:41:03,960
The once-magnificent city
of babylon
553
00:41:03,962 --> 00:41:06,496
For future generations.
554
00:41:06,498 --> 00:41:10,266
Allen:
It is of immense significance
and important to us
555
00:41:10,268 --> 00:41:12,469
That we've been asked
to participate
556
00:41:12,471 --> 00:41:17,740
With our iraqi friends
in preserving their history
557
00:41:17,742 --> 00:41:19,342
Not just for the people
of iraq
558
00:41:19,344 --> 00:41:21,277
To only see
but for the whole world
559
00:41:21,279 --> 00:41:26,049
To experience
their great accomplishments.
560
00:41:26,051 --> 00:41:28,885
Narrator: The tower of babel is
an extraordinary triumph
561
00:41:28,887 --> 00:41:31,754
Of engineering.
562
00:41:31,756 --> 00:41:34,824
Using just mud,
straw, and bitumen,
563
00:41:34,826 --> 00:41:37,560
The babylonians build a tower
more magnificent
564
00:41:37,562 --> 00:41:39,195
Than any seen before.
565
00:41:43,502 --> 00:41:49,572
Shining a brilliant blue,
it soars into the skies
566
00:41:49,574 --> 00:41:53,276
A spectacular monument
to human ingenuity.
567
00:41:53,278 --> 00:42:02,218
♪
568
00:42:02,220 --> 00:42:11,060
♪
569
00:42:11,062 --> 00:42:19,903
♪
570
00:42:19,905 --> 00:42:28,745
♪
51823
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