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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,536 --> 00:00:07,715 ♪ 2 00:00:07,791 --> 00:00:10,134 (narrator) the largest land predator on earth 3 00:00:10,210 --> 00:00:13,462 Faces a fearsome enemy. 4 00:00:13,472 --> 00:00:17,549 Climate change threatens polar bears throughout the arctic. 5 00:00:17,560 --> 00:00:21,061 ♪ 6 00:00:21,272 --> 00:00:24,556 A world once frozen for much of the year 7 00:00:24,567 --> 00:00:28,819 Is increasingly free of snow and ice. 8 00:00:28,896 --> 00:00:31,739 And the sea takes weeks longer to freeze. 9 00:00:31,815 --> 00:00:39,663 ♪ 10 00:00:39,740 --> 00:00:45,160 While some residents of the north are forced to adapt... 11 00:00:45,171 --> 00:00:47,755 Others thrive in this changing habitat. 12 00:00:47,831 --> 00:00:55,095 ♪ 13 00:00:55,222 --> 00:01:00,425 Young bears gather knowledge from their mothers. 14 00:01:00,436 --> 00:01:04,596 Learning how to stay alive in times of famine. 15 00:01:04,607 --> 00:01:07,349 And how to avoid deadly encounters. 16 00:01:07,359 --> 00:01:13,947 ♪ 17 00:01:14,024 --> 00:01:19,119 Today, polar bears are under unprecedented stress... 18 00:01:19,288 --> 00:01:23,448 And need to find new ways to survive in a warming world. 19 00:01:23,459 --> 00:01:33,467 ♪ 20 00:01:33,544 --> 00:01:43,560 ♪ 21 00:01:43,562 --> 00:01:53,779 ♪ 22 00:01:59,829 --> 00:02:04,832 ♪ 23 00:02:04,908 --> 00:02:07,492 It's November in western hudson bay. 24 00:02:07,503 --> 00:02:10,754 ♪ 25 00:02:10,831 --> 00:02:14,591 And this young male polar bear has a problem. 26 00:02:14,668 --> 00:02:19,179 ♪ 27 00:02:19,306 --> 00:02:21,923 The ice, which should be forming by now 28 00:02:21,934 --> 00:02:24,009 Is nowhere to be seen. 29 00:02:24,019 --> 00:02:28,772 ♪ 30 00:02:28,849 --> 00:02:31,859 Cape tatnam, on the shore of hudson bay, 31 00:02:31,935 --> 00:02:34,278 Is the summer home of part of the world's most 32 00:02:34,354 --> 00:02:38,440 Southerly polar bear population. 33 00:02:38,450 --> 00:02:42,202 The bay is normally frozen from November to June, 34 00:02:42,279 --> 00:02:44,446 And the bears live out on the ice, 35 00:02:44,456 --> 00:02:46,290 Hunting mostly ringed seals - 36 00:02:46,366 --> 00:02:48,542 One of their favorite foods. 37 00:02:48,619 --> 00:02:53,288 ♪ 38 00:02:53,299 --> 00:02:57,792 In the summer, some seal species move north seeking ice, 39 00:02:57,803 --> 00:03:01,221 While others disperse to areas along the shore 40 00:03:01,390 --> 00:03:06,727 Where they're difficult to hunt. 41 00:03:06,803 --> 00:03:09,471 At cape tatnam, the main food source of 42 00:03:09,481 --> 00:03:13,984 Polar bears vanishes, until the ice returns. 43 00:03:18,991 --> 00:03:30,075 ♪ 44 00:03:30,085 --> 00:03:33,328 The long, ice-free season has been an especially 45 00:03:33,339 --> 00:03:37,591 Tough time for this young male. 46 00:03:37,668 --> 00:03:42,095 This is his first year without his mother. 47 00:03:42,172 --> 00:03:44,923 Last winter he would have traveled with her across 48 00:03:44,934 --> 00:03:48,101 The vast, frozen surface of hudson bay, 49 00:03:48,178 --> 00:03:51,271 Learning how to hunt. 50 00:03:51,398 --> 00:03:55,275 This spring, two years old and able to fend for himself, 51 00:03:55,352 --> 00:03:56,935 She chased him away, 52 00:03:56,946 --> 00:04:02,282 So she could mate again. 53 00:04:02,359 --> 00:04:04,776 Since then, he's had to find food the way 54 00:04:04,787 --> 00:04:08,705 All adult polar bears do - alone. 55 00:04:08,782 --> 00:04:17,297 ♪ 56 00:04:17,424 --> 00:04:20,634 He still has a lot to learn... 57 00:04:20,711 --> 00:04:26,464 Like how to navigate thin ice. 58 00:04:26,475 --> 00:04:31,311 He's been born into a dangerous time. 59 00:04:31,438 --> 00:04:36,975 2016 is the warmest year on record. 60 00:04:36,986 --> 00:04:43,490 Climate change is wreaking havoc across the north. 61 00:04:43,567 --> 00:04:45,409 It's now late November, 62 00:04:45,485 --> 00:04:47,744 And the temperature in western hudson bay is 63 00:04:47,821 --> 00:04:53,583 About 18 degrees fahrenheit warmer than normal. 64 00:04:53,660 --> 00:04:58,163 It needs to be colder for seawater to freeze. 65 00:04:58,173 --> 00:05:01,416 And this year in November, the extent of the sea ice 66 00:05:01,427 --> 00:05:05,679 Is the lowest it's ever been since 1978. 67 00:05:11,511 --> 00:05:14,429 More ice-free days mean this young bear's 68 00:05:14,440 --> 00:05:20,360 First solo seal hunt is perilously delayed. 69 00:05:20,487 --> 00:05:23,363 If hudson bay doesn't freeze over soon, 70 00:05:23,574 --> 00:05:26,024 He's in danger of starving to death. 71 00:05:26,035 --> 00:05:30,612 ♪ 72 00:05:30,622 --> 00:05:32,789 While mostly dependent on their own fat reserves 73 00:05:32,866 --> 00:05:36,376 During the summer and fall, polar bears in this region 74 00:05:36,545 --> 00:05:39,379 Have adapted to eating less nutritious food, 75 00:05:39,506 --> 00:05:44,718 Like grass, seaweed or bird eggs. 76 00:05:44,795 --> 00:05:47,212 But they're not born with this knowledge, 77 00:05:47,222 --> 00:05:50,131 And must learn this behavior from their mothers. 78 00:05:50,142 --> 00:05:58,148 ♪ 79 00:05:58,225 --> 00:06:01,401 The young bear picks up some kelp to sate his hunger, 80 00:06:01,478 --> 00:06:04,404 As he probably watched his mother do. 81 00:06:04,615 --> 00:06:14,414 ♪ 82 00:06:14,491 --> 00:06:21,671 ♪ 83 00:06:21,748 --> 00:06:24,424 He has to be careful... 84 00:06:24,501 --> 00:06:27,502 Because he's not alone. 85 00:06:27,513 --> 00:06:29,838 These willow patches along the shore 86 00:06:29,848 --> 00:06:32,841 Are hotspots for adult males. 87 00:06:32,851 --> 00:06:37,437 ♪ 88 00:06:37,564 --> 00:06:39,597 Adult males are cannibals. 89 00:06:39,608 --> 00:06:44,936 They're known to prey on juvenile bears. 90 00:06:44,947 --> 00:06:47,447 Bears from hundreds of miles away 91 00:06:47,616 --> 00:06:50,024 Have converged on the area. 92 00:06:50,035 --> 00:06:59,284 ♪ 93 00:06:59,294 --> 00:07:00,961 During the winter, 94 00:07:01,037 --> 00:07:04,548 About 4,300 polar bears spread out 95 00:07:04,624 --> 00:07:08,042 Across the vast ice of hudson bay. 96 00:07:08,053 --> 00:07:10,295 But during the summer and fall, 97 00:07:10,305 --> 00:07:14,716 About 1,000 cram into this relatively small area 98 00:07:14,726 --> 00:07:18,052 In western hudson bay... 99 00:07:18,063 --> 00:07:24,151 Averaging almost eight bears per square mile. 100 00:07:24,227 --> 00:07:26,820 It's an extremely tight arrangement that's 101 00:07:26,897 --> 00:07:33,735 Especially difficult for juvenile bears. 102 00:07:33,745 --> 00:07:37,080 It's the first time the young male has interacted 103 00:07:37,157 --> 00:07:40,500 With the much larger adults in the willow patch. 104 00:07:40,627 --> 00:07:52,512 ♪ 105 00:07:52,681 --> 00:07:57,175 Polar bears have distinct personalities. 106 00:07:57,186 --> 00:07:59,677 One might be more timid... 107 00:07:59,688 --> 00:08:02,355 While another is outgoing. 108 00:08:02,432 --> 00:08:06,610 Some may be moody... 109 00:08:06,686 --> 00:08:09,687 While others are more playful. 110 00:08:09,698 --> 00:08:12,690 And they form complex relationships with each other. 111 00:08:12,701 --> 00:08:15,693 ♪ 112 00:08:15,704 --> 00:08:20,198 Play is a vital part of polar bear life... 113 00:08:20,209 --> 00:08:24,961 Especially for the males. 114 00:08:25,038 --> 00:08:27,622 Among this unique group of bears, 115 00:08:27,633 --> 00:08:30,217 Who come together here every summer, 116 00:08:30,293 --> 00:08:33,220 It creates bonds that can last a lifetime. 117 00:08:33,296 --> 00:08:43,304 ♪ 118 00:08:43,315 --> 00:08:53,365 ♪ 119 00:08:53,367 --> 00:09:05,835 ♪ 120 00:09:05,912 --> 00:09:09,839 Bears can play for hours. 121 00:09:09,916 --> 00:09:13,176 But this friendly skirmish is over before midday. 122 00:09:13,253 --> 00:09:17,931 ♪ 123 00:09:18,008 --> 00:09:20,600 The bears have wasted enough precious energy and 124 00:09:20,677 --> 00:09:24,429 Settle down for a nap. 125 00:09:24,439 --> 00:09:26,439 During these lean months, 126 00:09:26,516 --> 00:09:30,268 They have to conserve their strength. 127 00:09:30,279 --> 00:09:33,187 With no seals to eat, bears can lose up to 128 00:09:33,198 --> 00:09:36,190 Two pounds of body weight every day. 129 00:09:36,201 --> 00:09:39,703 ♪ 130 00:09:39,779 --> 00:09:43,039 In the summer, the bears in western hudson bay are 131 00:09:43,116 --> 00:09:49,045 Unable to hunt seals for about 150 days each year. 132 00:09:49,122 --> 00:09:53,633 If that threshold is pushed by just thirty more ice-free days, 133 00:09:53,760 --> 00:09:59,797 Up to fifty percent of young bears could die of starvation. 134 00:09:59,808 --> 00:10:02,475 The western hudson bay population has dropped 135 00:10:02,552 --> 00:10:06,646 Nearly a quarter, from 1,200 to 900 bears 136 00:10:06,723 --> 00:10:10,808 In the last three decades. 137 00:10:10,819 --> 00:10:16,740 Mothers and their nursing young are hit the hardest. 138 00:10:16,816 --> 00:10:19,826 Two thirds of litters are twins. 139 00:10:19,903 --> 00:10:24,322 And protecting two cubs at once is a very tough task. 140 00:10:24,333 --> 00:10:29,077 ♪ 141 00:10:29,087 --> 00:10:30,837 This mother has done an impressive job 142 00:10:30,914 --> 00:10:35,750 Keeping both her cubs alive. 143 00:10:35,761 --> 00:10:38,419 But she's exhausted. 144 00:10:38,430 --> 00:10:44,092 ♪ 145 00:10:44,102 --> 00:10:46,436 For the first three or four months, 146 00:10:46,513 --> 00:10:50,273 Her cubs nursed up to six times a day. 147 00:10:50,350 --> 00:10:52,108 Now, almost a year old, 148 00:10:52,185 --> 00:10:55,278 She nurses them less regularly. 149 00:10:55,355 --> 00:10:59,524 ♪ 150 00:10:59,534 --> 00:11:01,451 It's been over four months 151 00:11:01,528 --> 00:11:05,705 Since mum's eaten a fatty seal. 152 00:11:05,832 --> 00:11:08,708 The nutrition in her milk is depleted. 153 00:11:08,877 --> 00:11:13,037 ♪ 154 00:11:13,048 --> 00:11:16,383 The cubs' scruffy appearance is a sign that they are 155 00:11:16,459 --> 00:11:18,543 Spending too much time on land 156 00:11:18,553 --> 00:11:20,970 Waiting for the ice to come. 157 00:11:27,887 --> 00:11:31,055 The mother would normally keep them clean. 158 00:11:31,066 --> 00:11:33,141 But along these muddy shores, 159 00:11:33,151 --> 00:11:36,444 It's a near-impossible task. 160 00:11:49,251 --> 00:11:51,167 A year ago, the young male 161 00:11:51,244 --> 00:11:55,329 Had his mother to protect him. 162 00:11:55,340 --> 00:12:00,260 Alone, he could be in danger. 163 00:12:00,336 --> 00:12:03,087 Even at 550 pounds, 164 00:12:03,098 --> 00:12:07,175 He's still not too big for the adult males to kill him. 165 00:12:07,185 --> 00:12:18,352 ♪ 166 00:12:18,363 --> 00:12:21,030 The average life expectancy of these bears is about 167 00:12:21,107 --> 00:12:24,784 18 years, though some live even longer. 168 00:12:24,995 --> 00:12:34,794 ♪ 169 00:12:34,871 --> 00:12:44,888 ♪ 170 00:12:44,890 --> 00:12:52,479 ♪ 171 00:12:52,555 --> 00:12:54,981 They sleep in the willow brush with the supreme 172 00:12:55,058 --> 00:12:58,067 Confidence of an apex predator. 173 00:12:58,144 --> 00:13:08,236 ♪ 174 00:13:08,246 --> 00:13:10,997 The young bear warily lays down among them, 175 00:13:11,074 --> 00:13:13,416 Keeping an eye out... 176 00:13:13,493 --> 00:13:17,837 ♪ 177 00:13:18,048 --> 00:13:20,581 But he's chosen a dangerous neighbor. 178 00:13:20,592 --> 00:13:25,845 ♪ 179 00:13:26,056 --> 00:13:29,257 The much bigger male approaches him. 180 00:13:29,267 --> 00:13:34,020 ♪ 181 00:13:34,097 --> 00:13:39,433 He hangs his huge head low and hisses and snorts... 182 00:13:39,444 --> 00:13:43,521 Clear signs of aggression to the young bear. 183 00:13:43,532 --> 00:13:52,539 ♪ 184 00:13:52,615 --> 00:13:55,625 Polar bears tend to avoid confrontation, 185 00:13:55,702 --> 00:13:58,962 But adult males are notoriously volatile. 186 00:13:59,038 --> 00:14:03,883 ♪ 187 00:14:04,010 --> 00:14:05,960 The situation for this juvenile 188 00:14:05,971 --> 00:14:10,965 Could suddenly turn deadly. 189 00:14:10,976 --> 00:14:13,226 He retreats... 190 00:14:13,303 --> 00:14:15,687 To where the big male can't follow. 191 00:14:19,025 --> 00:14:21,058 Onto thin ice. 192 00:14:21,069 --> 00:14:27,740 ♪ 193 00:14:27,817 --> 00:14:30,994 It's been so warm, even shallow lakes and ponds 194 00:14:31,070 --> 00:14:33,237 Are barely frozen over. 195 00:14:33,248 --> 00:14:41,329 ♪ 196 00:14:41,339 --> 00:14:44,332 He's already an expert ice walker, 197 00:14:44,342 --> 00:14:47,927 With huge paws, up to 12 inches across. 198 00:14:48,054 --> 00:14:53,758 ♪ 199 00:14:53,768 --> 00:14:56,352 His black footpads are covered with small, 200 00:14:56,429 --> 00:15:02,609 Soft bumps that grip the ice and keep him from slipping. 201 00:15:02,685 --> 00:15:06,279 Tufts of fur between his toes and long claws 202 00:15:06,356 --> 00:15:11,951 Also help him with traction. 203 00:15:12,162 --> 00:15:14,954 Spreading his legs, the young bear attempts to 204 00:15:15,165 --> 00:15:17,957 Distribute his weight more evenly. 205 00:15:18,084 --> 00:15:28,793 ♪ 206 00:15:28,803 --> 00:15:30,711 He tests the ice, 207 00:15:30,722 --> 00:15:33,640 Something he probably learned from his mother. 208 00:15:33,716 --> 00:15:43,724 ♪ 209 00:15:43,735 --> 00:15:53,785 ♪ 210 00:15:53,787 --> 00:16:03,744 ♪ 211 00:16:03,755 --> 00:16:12,512 ♪ 212 00:16:12,588 --> 00:16:18,259 The big male decides not to follow. 213 00:16:18,269 --> 00:16:23,180 This late in the year, conserving energy is crucial. 214 00:16:23,191 --> 00:16:25,358 Just walking expends 215 00:16:25,435 --> 00:16:28,194 13 times more energy than resting. 216 00:16:32,701 --> 00:16:36,494 Instead, he dedicates some time to personal grooming. 217 00:16:43,378 --> 00:16:48,122 Polar bears take extremely good care of their coats. 218 00:16:48,133 --> 00:16:50,299 Matted, dirty, and wet fur 219 00:16:50,376 --> 00:16:52,343 Is a poor insulator. 220 00:17:02,397 --> 00:17:05,732 The prickly willows are a natural hairbrush and 221 00:17:05,808 --> 00:17:07,817 After some determined scrubbing, 222 00:17:07,894 --> 00:17:10,394 He's good as new. 223 00:17:10,405 --> 00:17:20,413 ♪ 224 00:17:20,490 --> 00:17:30,164 ♪ 225 00:17:30,175 --> 00:17:36,095 This mother and her cub have been walking all day. 226 00:17:36,264 --> 00:17:37,847 As most litters are twins, 227 00:17:37,924 --> 00:17:41,342 She likely had another cub that died - 228 00:17:41,352 --> 00:17:44,353 Possibly killed by an adult male bear, 229 00:17:44,430 --> 00:17:47,765 Or through starvation, or even by wolves. 230 00:17:47,776 --> 00:17:52,195 ♪ 231 00:17:52,271 --> 00:17:55,198 Almost half of the cubs in western hudson bay 232 00:17:55,274 --> 00:17:57,691 Don't survive their first summer. 233 00:17:57,702 --> 00:18:02,121 ♪ 234 00:18:02,248 --> 00:18:05,208 Now this mother and cub are looking for something to eat 235 00:18:05,284 --> 00:18:08,127 And for a safe place to rest. 236 00:18:08,254 --> 00:18:16,552 ♪ 237 00:18:16,629 --> 00:18:19,722 She approaches the willow patch with caution. 238 00:18:19,799 --> 00:18:25,302 ♪ 239 00:18:25,313 --> 00:18:28,147 She carefully weighs her options - 240 00:18:28,224 --> 00:18:31,984 A potential resting place versus dangerous males. 241 00:18:32,061 --> 00:18:42,820 ♪ 242 00:18:42,831 --> 00:18:46,916 Her cub doesn't understand the seriousness of the situation. 243 00:18:46,993 --> 00:18:51,587 She's busy imitating mum. 244 00:18:51,664 --> 00:18:55,591 Balancing on two legs is still a bit of a challenge. 245 00:18:55,668 --> 00:19:00,847 ♪ 246 00:19:00,923 --> 00:19:05,017 Cubs in hudson bay spend about two years with their mothers, 247 00:19:05,094 --> 00:19:07,344 Who pass on knowledge for survival, 248 00:19:07,355 --> 00:19:10,273 Both on and off the ice. 249 00:19:14,353 --> 00:19:18,364 Polar bears have exceptional memories. 250 00:19:18,441 --> 00:19:20,941 They can recall landmarks in places that are 251 00:19:20,952 --> 00:19:25,613 Under snow and ice half the year. 252 00:19:25,623 --> 00:19:29,033 Anything the mother teaches will be critical for the cub 253 00:19:29,043 --> 00:19:31,169 Once she is on her own. 254 00:19:36,709 --> 00:19:42,463 As the mother's attention is focused on the males... 255 00:19:42,473 --> 00:19:45,466 Danger approaches from behind. 256 00:19:45,476 --> 00:19:50,888 ♪ 257 00:19:50,899 --> 00:19:54,650 A lone timber wolf has been tracking the two bears all day. 258 00:20:00,399 --> 00:20:05,069 She's trailed them through the willows... 259 00:20:05,079 --> 00:20:07,905 Perhaps hoping the mother might be too exhausted 260 00:20:07,916 --> 00:20:09,990 To defend her cub. 261 00:20:10,001 --> 00:20:17,089 ♪ 262 00:20:17,166 --> 00:20:21,260 She would never be able to overpower the mother. 263 00:20:21,387 --> 00:20:24,838 But she could outsmart her with stealth and cunning, 264 00:20:24,849 --> 00:20:30,603 And kill the cub. 265 00:20:30,680 --> 00:20:34,515 Sneaking by, she seems to weigh her chances. 266 00:20:34,525 --> 00:20:44,533 ♪ 267 00:20:44,610 --> 00:20:54,368 ♪ 268 00:20:54,379 --> 00:20:57,255 But any aspirations are futile... 269 00:20:59,968 --> 00:21:05,629 Both mother and cub are healthy and alert. 270 00:21:05,640 --> 00:21:08,549 Clearly not threatened, the mother gives her 271 00:21:08,559 --> 00:21:10,601 But a passing glance. 272 00:21:23,157 --> 00:21:26,701 Finally, they can settle in for a nap. 273 00:21:34,752 --> 00:21:37,920 The wolf moves on, looking for easier prey. 274 00:21:45,847 --> 00:21:50,174 Wolves are opportunists, hunting alone or together, 275 00:21:50,184 --> 00:21:53,177 To kill any prey they encounter. 276 00:21:53,187 --> 00:21:56,022 Even though they're considered highly intelligent, 277 00:21:56,098 --> 00:21:59,516 They still sometimes go days without success. 278 00:21:59,527 --> 00:22:03,687 ♪ 279 00:22:03,698 --> 00:22:06,523 As winter approaches, the wolves are in a race 280 00:22:06,534 --> 00:22:09,201 Against time to build up fat reserves. 281 00:22:09,278 --> 00:22:15,374 ♪ 282 00:22:15,501 --> 00:22:17,534 Blizzards will soon cover everything here in a 283 00:22:17,545 --> 00:22:20,963 Deep blanket of snow, making hunting difficult. 284 00:22:21,040 --> 00:22:31,048 ♪ 285 00:22:31,059 --> 00:22:41,108 ♪ 286 00:22:41,110 --> 00:22:51,068 ♪ 287 00:22:51,079 --> 00:23:02,830 ♪ 288 00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:05,758 The lone wolf will have much better odds focusing on the 289 00:23:05,835 --> 00:23:08,919 Muskrats living in this marshy pond. 290 00:23:08,930 --> 00:23:12,932 ♪ 291 00:23:13,008 --> 00:23:15,843 Muskrats normally live in groups consisting of a male, 292 00:23:15,853 --> 00:23:20,689 A female and their young, up to eight in each litter. 293 00:23:20,766 --> 00:23:27,446 ♪ 294 00:23:27,573 --> 00:23:30,199 Their carefully constructed lodges are made of mud and 295 00:23:30,276 --> 00:23:37,781 Vegetation, and can be up to 3 feet high. 296 00:23:37,792 --> 00:23:40,117 Their entrances are under water, 297 00:23:40,128 --> 00:23:42,044 So land predators can't get in 298 00:23:42,121 --> 00:23:46,215 When the marsh is fully frozen. 299 00:23:46,292 --> 00:23:48,968 Now, the muskrats take advantage of the 300 00:23:49,044 --> 00:23:51,470 Prolonged warmth and partially open water 301 00:23:51,639 --> 00:23:53,806 By doing some home renovations. 302 00:23:53,883 --> 00:23:59,303 ♪ 303 00:23:59,313 --> 00:24:02,481 Staying downwind, the wolf sneaks up 304 00:24:02,608 --> 00:24:05,309 To pounce on the unsuspecting rodent. 305 00:24:05,319 --> 00:24:15,494 ♪ 306 00:24:15,580 --> 00:24:27,080 ♪ 307 00:24:29,919 --> 00:24:31,594 A muskrat can stay underwater 308 00:24:31,670 --> 00:24:34,346 For up to 15 minutes... 309 00:24:34,423 --> 00:24:36,757 And with multiple push-ups and holes in the ice 310 00:24:36,767 --> 00:24:40,519 To choose from, the wolf has no way of knowing 311 00:24:40,646 --> 00:24:45,357 Where or when it will surface again. 312 00:24:45,434 --> 00:24:48,110 Today has not been her day. 313 00:24:48,187 --> 00:24:58,195 ♪ 314 00:24:58,206 --> 00:25:11,208 ♪ 315 00:25:11,219 --> 00:25:24,355 (howling) 316 00:25:30,396 --> 00:25:34,398 But tonight, her pack hunts again. 317 00:25:34,408 --> 00:25:48,587 (barking & yipping) 318 00:25:48,756 --> 00:25:59,423 ♪ 319 00:25:59,433 --> 00:26:04,761 Morning reveals the mauled remains of their kill... 320 00:26:04,772 --> 00:26:10,851 A moose, and there's little left. 321 00:26:10,861 --> 00:26:15,856 Wolves can eat up to 20 pounds of meat in a single meal. 322 00:26:15,866 --> 00:26:18,275 This female moose is small, 323 00:26:18,286 --> 00:26:22,362 And weighed about 330 pounds. 324 00:26:22,373 --> 00:26:25,624 The pack must have been ravenous. 325 00:26:25,701 --> 00:26:39,138 ♪ 326 00:26:39,214 --> 00:26:44,810 The mother polar bear wakes from her slumber. 327 00:26:44,887 --> 00:26:51,150 Her sensitive nose has caught a dangerous scent. 328 00:26:51,226 --> 00:26:55,395 This time, she immediately knows it's serious. 329 00:26:55,406 --> 00:26:58,482 ♪ 330 00:26:58,492 --> 00:27:00,400 She and her cub need to leave... 331 00:27:00,411 --> 00:27:02,661 Now. 332 00:27:02,830 --> 00:27:13,672 ♪ 333 00:27:13,799 --> 00:27:17,334 A big male is interested in the duo. 334 00:27:17,345 --> 00:27:25,684 ♪ 335 00:27:25,811 --> 00:27:27,686 Heading out onto the tidal flats, 336 00:27:27,897 --> 00:27:29,688 The mother aims to put some distance 337 00:27:29,857 --> 00:27:32,691 Between them and the male. 338 00:27:32,818 --> 00:27:42,701 ♪ 339 00:27:42,870 --> 00:27:51,043 ♪ 340 00:27:51,120 --> 00:27:55,122 She shields her cub behind her body. 341 00:27:55,132 --> 00:27:58,375 To the male, her body language is clear: 342 00:27:58,386 --> 00:28:05,057 "if you want my cub, you'll have to go through me." 343 00:28:05,134 --> 00:28:09,803 The male appears undecided. 344 00:28:09,814 --> 00:28:16,059 He examines the place where the pair was resting more closely. 345 00:28:16,070 --> 00:28:18,478 He sniffs and rolls in the spot, 346 00:28:18,489 --> 00:28:22,825 Saturating himself in the scent of the female and her cub. 347 00:28:22,901 --> 00:28:31,417 ♪ 348 00:28:31,493 --> 00:28:34,336 The mother watches his every action, 349 00:28:34,413 --> 00:28:37,423 Trying to anticipate his next move. 350 00:28:37,499 --> 00:28:43,846 ♪ 351 00:29:08,956 --> 00:29:12,791 Suddenly, the male goes into pursuit. 352 00:29:12,960 --> 00:29:15,627 ♪ 353 00:29:15,704 --> 00:29:18,380 Mother and cub panic. 354 00:29:18,457 --> 00:29:21,800 And the race is on. 355 00:29:22,011 --> 00:29:25,045 It is a battle of stamina and determination. 356 00:29:25,055 --> 00:29:27,881 His hunger pitted against her resolve 357 00:29:27,892 --> 00:29:30,467 To keep her cub alive. 358 00:29:30,478 --> 00:29:38,650 ♪ 359 00:29:38,727 --> 00:29:42,821 The chase continues all day across the muddy tidal flats. 360 00:29:42,990 --> 00:29:48,318 ♪ 361 00:29:48,329 --> 00:29:51,238 Survival comes down to one thing: 362 00:29:51,248 --> 00:29:53,990 How long her cub can run. 363 00:29:54,001 --> 00:30:01,173 ♪ 364 00:30:01,250 --> 00:30:04,167 The male's in no hurry. 365 00:30:04,178 --> 00:30:06,261 He's bigger, stronger, 366 00:30:06,338 --> 00:30:08,922 And he should be able to outrun them. 367 00:30:08,933 --> 00:30:13,176 ♪ 368 00:30:13,187 --> 00:30:15,679 The mother refuses to give up, 369 00:30:15,689 --> 00:30:18,607 And her cub seems to share her tenacity. 370 00:30:18,684 --> 00:30:25,864 ♪ 371 00:30:25,941 --> 00:30:29,025 By evening, the male falls back. 372 00:30:29,036 --> 00:30:34,039 ♪ 373 00:30:34,116 --> 00:30:37,626 Whatever swayed his decision... 374 00:30:37,703 --> 00:30:40,879 Mother and cub are safe... 375 00:30:40,956 --> 00:30:42,956 For now. 376 00:30:42,967 --> 00:30:52,975 ♪ 377 00:30:59,975 --> 00:31:03,318 A "supermoon" looms large. 378 00:31:03,395 --> 00:31:06,396 It's when the full moon orbits closest to the earth. 379 00:31:06,407 --> 00:31:11,985 ♪ 380 00:31:11,996 --> 00:31:16,239 It hasn't been this close in almost seventy years, 381 00:31:16,250 --> 00:31:21,753 Resulting in higher than normal tides. 382 00:31:21,830 --> 00:31:26,750 The ocean is in upheaval... 383 00:31:26,760 --> 00:31:29,085 And it's still not freezing. 384 00:31:29,096 --> 00:31:39,104 ♪ 385 00:31:39,181 --> 00:31:50,949 ♪ 386 00:31:51,118 --> 00:31:52,951 The following morning, the young male from 387 00:31:53,028 --> 00:31:56,705 The willow thicket seems wary and restless. 388 00:31:56,782 --> 00:32:10,126 ♪ 389 00:32:10,137 --> 00:32:13,129 Last year, when the sea didn't freeze, 390 00:32:13,140 --> 00:32:16,308 His mother most likely took him along the coastline... 391 00:32:16,385 --> 00:32:19,636 Further north, where they finally found ice, 392 00:32:19,647 --> 00:32:23,056 And could venture out to hunt seals on hudson bay. 393 00:32:23,067 --> 00:32:31,648 ♪ 394 00:32:31,659 --> 00:32:34,567 Now, he sets off on his own, 395 00:32:34,578 --> 00:32:37,496 With only his memory to guide him. 396 00:32:37,572 --> 00:32:44,169 ♪ 397 00:32:47,132 --> 00:32:51,176 ♪ 398 00:32:51,253 --> 00:32:54,170 While the bears wait for the ice to arrive, 399 00:32:54,181 --> 00:32:57,516 And the lean times to end... 400 00:32:57,592 --> 00:33:00,427 This red fox has had a banner summer, 401 00:33:00,437 --> 00:33:05,515 Gorging on lemmings, eggs, and young birds. 402 00:33:05,526 --> 00:33:08,026 But in the coming brutally cold winter, 403 00:33:08,237 --> 00:33:11,354 Most of his prey migrates, hibernates, 404 00:33:11,365 --> 00:33:15,283 Or is blanketed in snow. 405 00:33:15,360 --> 00:33:20,372 In preparation, he's stashing supplies everywhere. 406 00:33:20,449 --> 00:33:23,041 Burying food in numerous holes, 407 00:33:23,168 --> 00:33:28,046 2-4 inches deep, to last all winter. 408 00:33:28,215 --> 00:33:30,048 If another animal finds a cache, 409 00:33:30,259 --> 00:33:33,209 At least he won't lose his entire supply. 410 00:33:33,220 --> 00:33:39,474 ♪ 411 00:33:39,551 --> 00:33:42,385 There's a lemming colony nearby. 412 00:33:42,396 --> 00:33:46,064 It's hard to catch what he can't see. 413 00:33:46,191 --> 00:33:49,067 But the fox, unlike most mammals, 414 00:33:49,194 --> 00:33:52,729 Can hear low-frequency sounds extremely well. 415 00:33:52,740 --> 00:33:56,316 ♪ 416 00:33:56,326 --> 00:34:00,162 He listens intently, and picks up on tiny noises, 417 00:34:00,238 --> 00:34:02,572 Including lemmings scampering three feet 418 00:34:02,583 --> 00:34:05,083 Under earth and snow. 419 00:34:05,252 --> 00:34:15,093 ♪ 420 00:34:15,304 --> 00:34:24,519 ♪ 421 00:34:24,596 --> 00:34:28,932 But today, the lemmings elude their adversary. 422 00:34:28,942 --> 00:34:32,569 ♪ 423 00:34:37,284 --> 00:34:51,955 ♪ 424 00:34:51,965 --> 00:34:54,374 After escaping the male pursuer, 425 00:34:54,384 --> 00:34:58,136 The mother bear relaxes and cleans her fur. 426 00:34:58,263 --> 00:35:04,309 ♪ 427 00:35:04,386 --> 00:35:07,303 Her young cub mimics her every move; 428 00:35:07,314 --> 00:35:09,815 It's a critical lesson. 429 00:35:09,891 --> 00:35:12,725 ♪ 430 00:35:12,736 --> 00:35:15,153 A clean coat is vital to keeping warm 431 00:35:15,322 --> 00:35:17,730 In the winter months. 432 00:35:17,741 --> 00:35:23,987 ♪ 433 00:35:23,997 --> 00:35:27,165 But for the young cub, it's mostly fun. 434 00:35:27,292 --> 00:35:37,175 ♪ 435 00:35:37,344 --> 00:35:46,434 ♪ 436 00:35:46,511 --> 00:35:50,263 A blizzard zeroes in on western hudson bay. 437 00:35:50,274 --> 00:35:53,016 ♪ 438 00:35:53,026 --> 00:35:56,361 Winter conditions are finally on the way. 439 00:35:56,438 --> 00:36:07,947 ♪ 440 00:36:07,958 --> 00:36:11,784 On his long journey north, the young male seeks shelter. 441 00:36:11,795 --> 00:36:21,803 ♪ 442 00:36:21,880 --> 00:36:31,897 ♪ 443 00:36:31,899 --> 00:36:41,823 ♪ 444 00:36:41,900 --> 00:36:51,249 ♪ 445 00:36:51,326 --> 00:36:55,253 He digs a bed in the lee of a ridge. 446 00:36:55,330 --> 00:36:57,589 Any snow piling up on top of him 447 00:36:57,666 --> 00:37:03,503 Provides an insulating blanket. 448 00:37:03,513 --> 00:37:06,005 He could stay here for days, 449 00:37:06,016 --> 00:37:09,592 Snoozing right through the worst of storms. 450 00:37:09,603 --> 00:37:18,276 ♪ 451 00:37:18,445 --> 00:37:20,520 But this blizzard passes quickly... 452 00:37:20,530 --> 00:37:22,405 Too quickly. 453 00:37:29,498 --> 00:37:30,956 The temperature still doesn't fall enough 454 00:37:31,032 --> 00:37:35,126 To begin freezing hudson bay. 455 00:37:35,203 --> 00:37:38,046 No ice means no seal hunt. 456 00:37:42,970 --> 00:37:57,315 ♪ 457 00:38:05,150 --> 00:38:07,492 Against the ticking clock of starvation, 458 00:38:07,569 --> 00:38:11,788 The young bear continues on his quest. 459 00:38:14,993 --> 00:38:21,464 ♪ 460 00:38:25,512 --> 00:38:27,670 While polar bears spend the majority of their life 461 00:38:27,681 --> 00:38:33,426 On the move, ruffed grouse don't venture far from home. 462 00:38:33,437 --> 00:38:36,187 Summer or winter, they spend their lives 463 00:38:36,264 --> 00:38:42,110 Within just a few acres. 464 00:38:42,187 --> 00:38:44,696 While the bears go hungry, these birds take 465 00:38:44,773 --> 00:38:51,778 Full advantage of the late arrival of winter. 466 00:38:51,788 --> 00:38:54,122 Dense stands of young willow, 467 00:38:54,199 --> 00:39:00,712 Alder and poplar are a grouse's favorite. 468 00:39:00,789 --> 00:39:04,382 Their buds are its staple winter food. 469 00:39:04,509 --> 00:39:09,054 ♪ 470 00:39:09,130 --> 00:39:11,222 This grouse got lucky: 471 00:39:11,299 --> 00:39:14,392 It's found some leftover cranberries. 472 00:39:14,519 --> 00:39:22,817 ♪ 473 00:39:22,894 --> 00:39:25,153 When it comes to winter adaptations, 474 00:39:25,230 --> 00:39:29,649 It's tough to beat the ruffed grouse. 475 00:39:29,659 --> 00:39:32,735 Fleshy projections grow on the sides of their toes 476 00:39:32,746 --> 00:39:37,156 In the fall, like natural snowshoes... 477 00:39:37,167 --> 00:39:40,877 Giving the grouse a firm grip on icy branches. 478 00:39:45,550 --> 00:39:48,593 They can easily withstand the bitter cold. 479 00:39:53,258 --> 00:39:57,260 Puffing up their feathers, they sit almost motionless - 480 00:39:57,270 --> 00:40:02,598 Unseen to predators. 481 00:40:02,609 --> 00:40:04,692 When the weather gets too severe, 482 00:40:04,769 --> 00:40:07,028 They burrow in the snow, and can wait out 483 00:40:07,105 --> 00:40:10,240 The entire winter in this cozy huddle. 484 00:40:24,539 --> 00:40:27,707 Early December, as the days become shorter, 485 00:40:27,717 --> 00:40:31,210 The temperature finally starts to drop. 486 00:40:31,221 --> 00:40:39,477 ♪ 487 00:40:39,604 --> 00:40:43,148 The ocean water begins to freeze... 488 00:40:43,224 --> 00:40:46,809 Forming small needle-like ice crystals called "frazil." 489 00:40:46,820 --> 00:40:50,730 ♪ 490 00:40:50,740 --> 00:40:52,565 These crystals are tiny, 491 00:40:52,576 --> 00:40:55,493 Only an eighth to a quarter inch. 492 00:40:55,662 --> 00:40:58,571 But when they accumulate in the thousands at the surface, 493 00:40:58,582 --> 00:41:02,667 They have the power to turn the ocean into ice. 494 00:41:02,744 --> 00:41:13,669 ♪ 495 00:41:13,680 --> 00:41:16,923 This morning, the incoming waves are transformed 496 00:41:16,933 --> 00:41:19,675 Into what's called grease ice. 497 00:41:19,686 --> 00:41:25,523 ♪ 498 00:41:25,734 --> 00:41:29,944 The ocean is roiling as if fighting itself. 499 00:41:30,021 --> 00:41:40,029 ♪ 500 00:41:40,040 --> 00:41:50,089 ♪ 501 00:41:50,091 --> 00:42:01,384 ♪ 502 00:42:01,394 --> 00:42:03,561 Out in the rougher waters, 503 00:42:03,638 --> 00:42:08,307 Grease ice can't fuse into a continuous blanket. 504 00:42:08,318 --> 00:42:13,655 This slush forms circular disks. 505 00:42:13,731 --> 00:42:17,742 The first pancake ice of the season rides the surf. 506 00:42:17,819 --> 00:42:21,404 ♪ 507 00:42:21,414 --> 00:42:24,582 In smaller inlets, grease and pancake ice 508 00:42:24,793 --> 00:42:27,335 Near the shore begin to consolidate and 509 00:42:27,412 --> 00:42:32,999 Bond into larger sheets. 510 00:42:33,009 --> 00:42:35,167 If the temperature continues to drop, 511 00:42:35,178 --> 00:42:40,265 It will be only days now until western hudson bay freezes. 512 00:42:46,356 --> 00:42:53,686 ♪ 513 00:42:53,697 --> 00:42:55,280 For the mother with two cubs, 514 00:42:55,356 --> 00:42:59,442 It won't come a moment too soon. 515 00:42:59,452 --> 00:43:03,112 She's grown more gaunt with each passing day. 516 00:43:03,123 --> 00:43:09,794 Even through her thick coat, her hip bones jut out. 517 00:43:09,871 --> 00:43:12,046 The family has taken advantage of 518 00:43:12,123 --> 00:43:14,206 The freshly fallen snow, 519 00:43:14,217 --> 00:43:19,712 And the cubs have cleaned up nicely. 520 00:43:19,848 --> 00:43:23,466 As they grow, they become more independent. 521 00:43:23,476 --> 00:43:26,894 ♪ 522 00:43:26,971 --> 00:43:29,480 Each has a mind of its own, 523 00:43:29,557 --> 00:43:36,738 And their distinct personalities are beginning to show. 524 00:43:36,814 --> 00:43:40,658 While one is more cautious, sticking close to mum... 525 00:43:40,869 --> 00:43:43,661 The other walks ahead, undeterred. 526 00:43:43,872 --> 00:43:58,259 ♪ 527 00:43:58,336 --> 00:44:00,836 Mom remains on constant watch, 528 00:44:00,847 --> 00:44:04,015 And eventually convinces her adventurous youngster 529 00:44:04,092 --> 00:44:07,101 To rejoin her for protection. 530 00:44:07,178 --> 00:44:15,693 ♪ 531 00:44:15,820 --> 00:44:19,280 Five months have passed since the family tasted seal meat. 532 00:44:19,357 --> 00:44:27,029 ♪ 533 00:44:27,040 --> 00:44:31,209 Their mother's milk is depleted. 534 00:44:31,285 --> 00:44:35,797 Their need for nutrition is now a matter of life and death. 535 00:44:35,873 --> 00:44:45,881 ♪ 536 00:44:45,892 --> 00:44:53,564 ♪ 537 00:44:53,641 --> 00:44:58,894 She leads them to the rocky shore. 538 00:44:58,905 --> 00:45:01,572 They'd much prefer seal over seaweed, 539 00:45:01,649 --> 00:45:04,909 But they don't have a choice. 540 00:45:04,986 --> 00:45:16,996 ♪ 541 00:45:17,006 --> 00:45:18,998 With a longer ice-free period, 542 00:45:19,008 --> 00:45:22,093 The sight of one of the world's fiercest predators 543 00:45:22,170 --> 00:45:25,596 Grazing on seaweed is becoming more common. 544 00:45:25,673 --> 00:45:34,856 ♪ 545 00:45:35,024 --> 00:45:36,932 If the climate trend continues, 546 00:45:36,943 --> 00:45:39,861 These young polar bears will have to do much more 547 00:45:39,937 --> 00:45:42,780 Foraging than their mother ever did. 548 00:45:42,857 --> 00:45:52,206 ♪ 549 00:45:52,283 --> 00:45:55,451 Finally, the temperature plummets. 550 00:45:55,503 --> 00:46:06,304 ♪ 551 00:46:06,380 --> 00:46:11,467 Overnight, the sea locks into a solid sheet of ice. 552 00:46:11,478 --> 00:46:21,486 ♪ 553 00:46:21,562 --> 00:46:31,987 ♪ 554 00:46:31,998 --> 00:46:35,324 The freeze-up is about three weeks late. 555 00:46:35,335 --> 00:46:42,006 ♪ 556 00:46:42,083 --> 00:46:47,002 The young male made the right decision to walk north. 557 00:46:47,180 --> 00:46:49,931 His gamble has paid off. 558 00:46:50,007 --> 00:46:56,854 ♪ 559 00:46:57,065 --> 00:47:01,183 Soon, the seals will be returning with the ice. 560 00:47:01,194 --> 00:47:04,862 He's made it through his first summer alone. 561 00:47:05,031 --> 00:47:09,942 ♪ 562 00:47:09,953 --> 00:47:11,360 Now, he ventures out on 563 00:47:11,371 --> 00:47:16,123 The start of a new phase of life... 564 00:47:16,200 --> 00:47:21,379 His first winter alone, hunting seals... 565 00:47:21,455 --> 00:47:24,715 On the frozen expanse of hudson bay. 566 00:47:24,792 --> 00:47:34,717 ♪ 567 00:47:34,727 --> 00:47:44,902 ♪ 568 00:47:44,988 --> 00:47:55,872 ♪ 44808

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