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1
00:00:05,005 --> 00:00:07,007
The Bahamas...
2
00:00:09,176 --> 00:00:13,547
3,000 stunning islands, islets
and cays...
3
00:00:16,416 --> 00:00:19,453
Scattered in the clear waters
of the Atlantic Ocean
4
00:00:19,453 --> 00:00:21,121
and the Caribbean Sea.
5
00:00:23,457 --> 00:00:27,261
From deep and mysterious
blue holes
6
00:00:27,261 --> 00:00:29,429
to towering pine forests...
7
00:00:30,797 --> 00:00:34,368
It is one of North America's
last great wild lands.
8
00:00:35,435 --> 00:00:38,906
>> There's no place like
the Bahamas in the world.
9
00:00:38,906 --> 00:00:42,676
>> A hidden network
of underground caverns.
10
00:00:42,676 --> 00:00:46,613
>> Andros is one massive
labyrinth of cave systems.
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00:00:46,613 --> 00:00:48,916
It is totally unexplored.
12
00:00:48,916 --> 00:00:52,219
>> A place
where wild ocean waves
13
00:00:52,219 --> 00:00:54,955
collide with calm,
shallow seas.
14
00:00:56,723 --> 00:01:01,194
A lush oasis
rich with wildlife.
15
00:01:01,194 --> 00:01:04,965
>> The Bahamas has such
a variety of ecosystems
and species
16
00:01:04,965 --> 00:01:07,901
that you don't find
anywhere else.
17
00:01:07,901 --> 00:01:10,871
>> The Bahamas
are one of the world's
18
00:01:10,871 --> 00:01:13,907
most spectacular island wonders.
19
00:01:13,907 --> 00:01:23,951
(♪♪♪)
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00:01:23,951 --> 00:01:33,927
(♪♪♪)
21
00:01:33,927 --> 00:01:43,971
(♪♪♪)
22
00:01:43,971 --> 00:01:49,509
(♪♪♪)
23
00:01:53,246 --> 00:02:04,224
(♪♪♪)
24
00:02:04,224 --> 00:02:06,927
As early as 900 AD
25
00:02:06,927 --> 00:02:10,697
the original inhabitants
of the Bahamas, the Lucayan
26
00:02:10,697 --> 00:02:14,368
settled on the islands.
27
00:02:14,368 --> 00:02:16,737
They were the first people
of the Americas
28
00:02:16,737 --> 00:02:20,374
to encounter
Christopher Columbus in 1492.
29
00:02:24,211 --> 00:02:26,713
The Bahamas are believed
to be the site
30
00:02:26,713 --> 00:02:30,784
of Columbus's first landfall
in the "New World."
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00:02:33,020 --> 00:02:35,455
He was fascinated
by the shallow waters
32
00:02:35,455 --> 00:02:38,358
that surround the archipelago
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00:02:38,358 --> 00:02:41,728
and called the region
" baja mar ."
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00:02:41,728 --> 00:02:43,830
Spanish for shallow sea.
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00:02:46,533 --> 00:02:49,002
For centuries
the Bahamas were visited
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00:02:49,002 --> 00:02:53,373
by settlers, traders,
and even pirates.
37
00:02:55,742 --> 00:02:59,579
To this day
there are stories of treasure
38
00:02:59,579 --> 00:03:01,415
hidden in the islands.
39
00:03:02,983 --> 00:03:05,585
Today's visitors come
to stroll along
40
00:03:05,585 --> 00:03:08,688
beautiful sand beaches
41
00:03:08,688 --> 00:03:11,491
and swim
in some of the clearest waters
42
00:03:11,491 --> 00:03:13,226
on the planet
43
00:03:13,226 --> 00:03:17,297
along the world's third largest
barrier reef.
44
00:03:17,297 --> 00:03:18,432
>> We typically think
of the Bahamas
45
00:03:18,432 --> 00:03:20,067
and we just think about
the beach,
46
00:03:20,067 --> 00:03:21,802
and granted
we have some of the most
47
00:03:21,802 --> 00:03:24,538
phenomenal beaches
in the world,
48
00:03:24,538 --> 00:03:26,073
but we are more than beaches.
49
00:03:29,509 --> 00:03:33,146
>> The Bahamas' 700 islands
are spread across
50
00:03:33,146 --> 00:03:37,184
more than 100,000 square miles
51
00:03:37,184 --> 00:03:42,189
of the Atlantic Ocean's
deep, blue waters
52
00:03:42,189 --> 00:03:46,059
about 150 miles
from Florida's southeast coast.
53
00:03:47,894 --> 00:03:52,065
It is a land of boundless
white sand beaches,
54
00:03:52,065 --> 00:03:54,868
emerald seas,
55
00:03:54,868 --> 00:03:59,473
and rugged limestone lairs
eroded by time
56
00:03:59,473 --> 00:04:02,142
and the savage waves
of the Atlantic.
57
00:04:03,844 --> 00:04:05,846
>> You have caves,
you have blue holes,
58
00:04:05,846 --> 00:04:08,682
you have reefs,
and you have this experience
59
00:04:08,682 --> 00:04:10,484
in 700 different islands.
60
00:04:14,421 --> 00:04:18,625
It is a landscape carved
from limestone.
61
00:04:18,625 --> 00:04:24,264
The archipelago sits atop
three giant limestone platforms
62
00:04:24,264 --> 00:04:26,566
that rise abruptly
from the deep.
63
00:04:27,901 --> 00:04:31,004
They were once the bottom
of a shallow sea.
64
00:04:33,507 --> 00:04:36,309
Sediments collected
on the ancient seabed
65
00:04:36,309 --> 00:04:37,978
over millions of years.
66
00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:45,585
Debris from corals,
shellfish, algae,
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00:04:45,585 --> 00:04:48,121
and other marine life
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00:04:48,121 --> 00:04:52,592
produced a vast amount
of calcium carbonate
69
00:04:52,592 --> 00:04:55,328
which is the key ingredient
of limestone.
70
00:04:57,998 --> 00:05:01,134
These massive
limestone platforms
71
00:05:01,134 --> 00:05:05,172
submerged in the Atlantic
create the foundation
72
00:05:05,172 --> 00:05:06,840
of the Bahama Banks.
73
00:05:11,411 --> 00:05:13,847
When sea levels were much lower
74
00:05:13,847 --> 00:05:17,851
hundreds of feet of rock
were exposed to the elements.
75
00:05:20,954 --> 00:05:25,525
Now, on average, only 9-feet
poke above the waves.
76
00:05:27,561 --> 00:05:31,298
The Bahamian islands are like
the tips of an iceberg
77
00:05:31,298 --> 00:05:34,568
less than 40%
of the total landmass
78
00:05:34,568 --> 00:05:36,770
peeks out
of the turquoise waters.
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00:05:39,539 --> 00:05:43,143
50,000 square miles
of the banks
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00:05:43,143 --> 00:05:44,611
lie hidden below.
81
00:05:48,481 --> 00:05:53,119
The largest of the platforms,
the Great Bahama Bank
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00:05:53,119 --> 00:05:57,290
rises more than 14,000-feet
from the deep sea floor.
83
00:06:00,327 --> 00:06:04,631
At the surface, the waters
covering the Bahama Banks
84
00:06:04,631 --> 00:06:07,067
are extremely shallow.
85
00:06:07,067 --> 00:06:12,138
The deepest point
is just 80-feet.
86
00:06:12,138 --> 00:06:16,176
Satellite images
tell this story.
87
00:06:16,176 --> 00:06:19,346
The bright aquamarine waters
of the banks
88
00:06:19,346 --> 00:06:24,217
typically 30-feet deep
stand in stark contrast
89
00:06:24,217 --> 00:06:29,589
to the dark blue open ocean
where the sea floor plunges
90
00:06:29,589 --> 00:06:33,159
more than 13,000-feet
below the surface.
91
00:06:35,428 --> 00:06:38,531
These two bodies of water
come head to head
92
00:06:38,531 --> 00:06:41,201
at the island of Eleuthera
93
00:06:41,201 --> 00:06:44,137
separated by a single strip
of rock
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00:06:44,137 --> 00:06:46,039
just 30-feet across.
95
00:06:48,875 --> 00:06:52,445
This is Glass Window Bridge
96
00:06:52,445 --> 00:06:55,382
known as
"the narrowest place on earth".
97
00:06:56,483 --> 00:07:01,054
The bridge links the northern
and southern points of Eleuthera
98
00:07:01,054 --> 00:07:04,357
and is one of the only places
on the planet
99
00:07:04,357 --> 00:07:07,327
where the stormy blue waters
of the Atlantic
100
00:07:07,327 --> 00:07:10,497
clash with the still,
turquoise calm
101
00:07:10,497 --> 00:07:12,532
of the Caribbean Sea.
102
00:07:12,532 --> 00:07:14,267
>> You're at that intersection.
103
00:07:14,267 --> 00:07:17,570
You look at it and literally
a few feet to one side
104
00:07:17,570 --> 00:07:19,339
you're in deep water
and a few feet to the other side
105
00:07:19,339 --> 00:07:21,408
you're in shallow water
and you have this contrast
106
00:07:21,408 --> 00:07:23,410
between very dark blues
and very light blues
107
00:07:23,410 --> 00:07:25,745
and it's just a very visually
appealing location.
108
00:07:28,114 --> 00:07:31,618
>> For centuries,
this narrow strip of land
109
00:07:31,618 --> 00:07:33,420
was a natural bridge.
110
00:07:36,389 --> 00:07:38,124
In the 1940s
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00:07:38,124 --> 00:07:41,161
powerful hurricanes
washed away the land.
112
00:07:44,364 --> 00:07:47,600
Islanders built a paved road
in its place.
113
00:07:51,037 --> 00:07:55,275
The Bahamas border
the Caribbean Hurricane Belt,
114
00:07:55,275 --> 00:07:58,678
a storm-prone area
in the Atlantic Ocean
115
00:07:58,678 --> 00:08:01,081
that reaches
from the Gulf of Mexico
116
00:08:01,081 --> 00:08:02,582
to the Caribbean Sea.
117
00:08:06,019 --> 00:08:09,522
Though most of the storms
don't reach the Bahamas
118
00:08:09,522 --> 00:08:12,892
passing hurricanes
whip up wild winds.
119
00:08:14,961 --> 00:08:18,031
The island of Eleuthera
has no reef
120
00:08:18,031 --> 00:08:21,101
to absorb the impact
of passing storms.
121
00:08:22,602 --> 00:08:26,506
High and powerful waves
that pound the bridge
122
00:08:26,506 --> 00:08:30,377
have washed vehicles
and people out into the ocean.
123
00:08:30,377 --> 00:08:36,349
(♪♪♪)
124
00:08:36,349 --> 00:08:39,753
Two giant boulders
sit high atop a cliff
125
00:08:39,753 --> 00:08:42,188
just south
of the Glass Window Bridge.
126
00:08:45,825 --> 00:08:49,362
They are a testament
to the raw power of the ocean.
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00:08:51,498 --> 00:08:53,666
The mighty waves
of the Atlantic
128
00:08:53,666 --> 00:08:55,935
flung these massive rocks
ashore.
129
00:08:59,072 --> 00:09:03,276
Locals say strong winds
gusting off the water
130
00:09:03,276 --> 00:09:06,913
pass through these rocks
with a loud rumble
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00:09:06,913 --> 00:09:08,581
like the roar of a bull.
132
00:09:12,886 --> 00:09:16,990
Earning these boulders
their names,
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00:09:16,990 --> 00:09:19,325
The Cow and The Bull.
134
00:09:23,863 --> 00:09:26,566
The rocky shoreline
takes its shape
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00:09:26,566 --> 00:09:28,368
from every passing wave.
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00:09:31,738 --> 00:09:35,608
Limestone walls are
sculpted by the sea
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00:09:35,608 --> 00:09:41,414
to create a network of troughs,
caves and coves.
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Warm and shallow pools
nestle in the rock
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like nature's private hot tubs.
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00:09:50,023 --> 00:09:53,293
This is Queen's Bath.
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00:09:53,293 --> 00:09:56,396
A series of emerald
tidal pools
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00:09:56,396 --> 00:09:58,698
burrowed in the rugged coast
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00:09:58,698 --> 00:10:01,601
and ringed
by battered limestone walls.
144
00:10:03,102 --> 00:10:08,908
Heated by the sun,
refreshed by ocean spray,
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00:10:08,908 --> 00:10:12,979
these soothing pools
offer a cool respite.
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00:10:16,816 --> 00:10:20,253
Waves whip against
the jagged rock face
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00:10:20,253 --> 00:10:24,090
and seep through the pores
slowly widening
148
00:10:24,090 --> 00:10:26,526
each crack and ridge.
149
00:10:26,526 --> 00:10:30,163
>> Over the course of years,
this erosion is continuing
150
00:10:30,163 --> 00:10:33,132
as you can see the seawater
smashing into the rocks
151
00:10:33,132 --> 00:10:35,134
and you can see,
we call it honeycomb.
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00:10:35,134 --> 00:10:38,905
It's caused by seawater actually
crashing into the rock platform
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00:10:38,905 --> 00:10:40,240
and eroding it slowly.
154
00:10:42,108 --> 00:10:45,345
>> Eventually,
these small openings connect
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00:10:45,345 --> 00:10:49,482
and larger hollows form.
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00:10:49,482 --> 00:10:52,685
Water, swept in by ocean waves
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00:10:52,685 --> 00:10:55,688
collects
in these natural basins
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00:10:55,688 --> 00:10:59,726
creating the magnificent
tidal pools of Queen's Bath.
159
00:11:04,864 --> 00:11:09,736
Along the rugged shoreline
small caverns called notches
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00:11:09,736 --> 00:11:13,039
hide beneath
limestone overhangs
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00:11:13,039 --> 00:11:16,376
worn away by the beating waves
of the Atlantic.
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00:11:17,944 --> 00:11:20,914
These crevices
are an ideal habitat
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00:11:20,914 --> 00:11:23,850
for marine creatures
164
00:11:23,850 --> 00:11:28,922
offering protection from waves
and predators.
165
00:11:32,592 --> 00:11:37,196
Molluscs burrow several inches
inside the rock
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00:11:37,196 --> 00:11:40,667
creating small, deep holes
along the shoreline.
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00:11:42,268 --> 00:11:45,939
A process geologists call
bio-erosion.
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00:11:47,874 --> 00:11:50,710
Eventually,
the entire rock surface
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00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:52,078
is pitted with holes.
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00:11:55,682 --> 00:11:59,886
For thousands of years
these wild waves have chiseled
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00:11:59,886 --> 00:12:02,789
the sea caves of the Bahamas
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00:12:02,789 --> 00:12:06,025
with some help
from burrowing marine creatures.
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00:12:08,428 --> 00:12:10,863
The slender island
of Eleuthera
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00:12:10,863 --> 00:12:15,835
stretches more than
110 miles long.
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00:12:15,835 --> 00:12:21,140
Its caverns and sea caves
reveal the turbulent history
176
00:12:21,140 --> 00:12:23,176
of the settlers of the Bahamas'.
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00:12:25,979 --> 00:12:28,481
The mid-17th century
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00:12:28,481 --> 00:12:32,085
was a period
of religious strife in England
179
00:12:32,085 --> 00:12:35,121
and in continental Europe.
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00:12:35,121 --> 00:12:37,790
The Puritans
were English Protestants
181
00:12:37,790 --> 00:12:40,526
who wanted to 'purify'
the Church of England
182
00:12:40,526 --> 00:12:42,996
from Roman-Catholic practice.
183
00:12:42,996 --> 00:12:44,030
They sought a place
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00:12:44,030 --> 00:12:45,665
where they could practice
their faith
185
00:12:45,665 --> 00:12:48,601
free from persecution.
186
00:12:48,601 --> 00:12:52,672
But they were forced out
of the British colony of Bermuda
187
00:12:52,672 --> 00:12:56,576
for refusing to swear allegiance
to the Crown.
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00:12:56,576 --> 00:13:01,047
A group of 70 Puritans
then set out for the Bahamas.
189
00:13:06,519 --> 00:13:09,622
They encountered stormy waters
and shipwrecked
190
00:13:09,622 --> 00:13:13,826
in the northern tip
of the Bahamas.
191
00:13:13,826 --> 00:13:17,163
With food and supplies
lost at sea
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00:13:17,163 --> 00:13:19,866
the Puritans sought shelter
on an island.
193
00:13:23,903 --> 00:13:26,239
They called it Eleuthera,
194
00:13:26,239 --> 00:13:29,242
derived from the Greek
meaning freedom.
195
00:13:31,244 --> 00:13:35,915
The group known today
as "The Eleutherian Adventurers"
196
00:13:35,915 --> 00:13:39,052
walked inland
and found their new home
197
00:13:39,052 --> 00:13:41,754
and their new place of worship.
198
00:13:41,754 --> 00:13:44,123
They called it Preacher's Cave.
199
00:13:46,492 --> 00:13:49,062
Ringed by lush, green forest,
200
00:13:49,062 --> 00:13:54,233
the grand entrance to the cave
stands 50-feet tall
201
00:13:54,233 --> 00:13:57,336
and once faced punishing
ocean waves
202
00:13:57,336 --> 00:13:59,205
that formed this grotto.
203
00:14:02,809 --> 00:14:05,178
When sea levels
were much higher
204
00:14:05,178 --> 00:14:07,814
Preacher's Cave
was just a notch
205
00:14:07,814 --> 00:14:09,582
along a rocky shoreline.
206
00:14:12,885 --> 00:14:16,255
The ocean eroded weaker sections
of the cliff
207
00:14:16,255 --> 00:14:17,623
to create the cave.
208
00:14:20,426 --> 00:14:23,830
As pressure from waves
built up inside
209
00:14:23,830 --> 00:14:26,966
a blowhole formed
in the roof of the cavern
210
00:14:26,966 --> 00:14:30,403
to release the surging water
through a jet spray.
211
00:14:33,139 --> 00:14:37,810
Today, the tropic sun beams
through this skylight
212
00:14:37,810 --> 00:14:42,749
illuminating the dark corners
of Preacher's Cave,
213
00:14:42,749 --> 00:14:46,385
one of the most important
historical sites in the Bahamas.
214
00:14:48,755 --> 00:14:52,458
Preacher's cave saw
100 years of religious service.
215
00:14:54,660 --> 00:14:57,897
It is believed
the Eleutherian Adventurers
216
00:14:57,897 --> 00:14:59,999
held a yearly service
217
00:14:59,999 --> 00:15:02,702
to commemorate the day
God led them
218
00:15:02,702 --> 00:15:06,339
to the safety of Preacher's Cave
on Eleuthera,
219
00:15:06,339 --> 00:15:09,308
an island they called
"the promised land."
220
00:15:11,077 --> 00:15:14,113
Long before the arrival
of the Puritans,
221
00:15:14,113 --> 00:15:18,084
the original inhabitants
of the Bahamas, the Lucayan
222
00:15:18,084 --> 00:15:21,587
believed that caves
were sacred places.
223
00:15:21,587 --> 00:15:25,324
They saw the many caverns
of the island as gateways
224
00:15:25,324 --> 00:15:29,195
between life on Earth
and the spirit world.
225
00:15:29,195 --> 00:15:32,498
The Lucayan buried their dead
in these caves
226
00:15:32,498 --> 00:15:35,668
to ensure safe passage
to the afterlife.
227
00:15:37,603 --> 00:15:40,439
To this day
centuries-old remains
228
00:15:40,439 --> 00:15:41,941
of the Lucayan
229
00:15:41,941 --> 00:15:44,110
are found
in the remote caverns
230
00:15:44,110 --> 00:15:45,378
of the Bahamas.
231
00:15:50,283 --> 00:15:54,420
Caves are one of the only
ecosystems on the planet
232
00:15:54,420 --> 00:15:56,689
that are not dependent
on the sun.
233
00:15:59,058 --> 00:16:00,526
Without sunlight
234
00:16:00,526 --> 00:16:03,830
there are no plants
inside the cave
235
00:16:03,830 --> 00:16:08,134
and the food chain hinges
on a surprising source,
236
00:16:08,134 --> 00:16:13,272
a continuous supply of guano,
bat droppings.
237
00:16:15,474 --> 00:16:20,379
Hundreds of bats roost inside
these limestone caves.
238
00:16:20,379 --> 00:16:23,182
They are nocturnal
and spend their days
239
00:16:23,182 --> 00:16:24,884
resting in the darkness.
240
00:16:28,387 --> 00:16:31,290
Here, they are sheltered
from hurricanes
241
00:16:31,290 --> 00:16:33,125
and protected from predators.
242
00:16:34,727 --> 00:16:40,166
Bats roost upside down
along the towering cave ceiling,
243
00:16:40,166 --> 00:16:42,335
an ideal position for take-off.
244
00:16:44,637 --> 00:16:48,541
They are the only mammals
on Earth capable of flying.
245
00:16:50,676 --> 00:16:53,880
Unlike birds
bats do not launch themselves
246
00:16:53,880 --> 00:16:55,781
into the air.
247
00:16:55,781 --> 00:16:58,351
Instead they fall into flight.
248
00:16:59,819 --> 00:17:02,488
For bats
hanging upside down
249
00:17:02,488 --> 00:17:05,224
is the equivalent of lying down
for humans.
250
00:17:06,559 --> 00:17:08,928
They are most relaxed
in this position.
251
00:17:11,664 --> 00:17:15,101
Bats dangle upside down
by their hooked feet.
252
00:17:16,669 --> 00:17:19,805
These claws are not connected
to a muscle
253
00:17:19,805 --> 00:17:22,475
instead, the weight
of their upper body
254
00:17:22,475 --> 00:17:27,113
pulls down on tendons
attached to their curved feet
255
00:17:27,113 --> 00:17:31,984
causing them to clasp together
and lock around a cusp of rock.
256
00:17:31,984 --> 00:17:39,125
(♪♪♪)
257
00:17:39,125 --> 00:17:43,129
There are more than
1,000 bat species in the world
258
00:17:43,129 --> 00:17:47,700
making up almost 25%
of all mammals on the planet.
259
00:17:49,735 --> 00:17:51,837
The caves of the Bahamas
are home
260
00:17:51,837 --> 00:17:53,806
to eleven different species.
261
00:17:53,806 --> 00:17:59,245
(♪♪♪)
262
00:17:59,245 --> 00:18:02,515
These male Buffy Flower Bats
have collected
263
00:18:02,515 --> 00:18:07,353
for an extravagant
and rarely seen display
264
00:18:07,353 --> 00:18:10,756
of rapid shaking
and vigorous wing beating
265
00:18:10,756 --> 00:18:13,025
designed to attract females.
266
00:18:13,025 --> 00:18:20,166
(♪♪♪)
267
00:18:20,166 --> 00:18:22,601
Most bats roost in groups
268
00:18:22,601 --> 00:18:26,038
especially those
who require extra protection.
269
00:18:29,475 --> 00:18:32,812
In early summer
large clusters of bats
270
00:18:32,812 --> 00:18:37,750
gather in the safety of a cave
to give birth.
271
00:18:37,750 --> 00:18:41,053
These gatherings are called
maternity roosts.
272
00:18:43,055 --> 00:18:46,525
Bat pregnancies
can last 6-9 weeks
273
00:18:46,525 --> 00:18:47,994
depending on the species.
274
00:18:50,763 --> 00:18:53,432
These Big Brown Bats
huddle together
275
00:18:53,432 --> 00:18:55,468
to stay warm.
276
00:18:55,468 --> 00:18:59,005
This is a priority
for new mothers.
277
00:18:59,005 --> 00:19:02,775
Spending less energy
on maintaining body heat
278
00:19:02,775 --> 00:19:05,878
means saving it
for something more important,
279
00:19:05,878 --> 00:19:07,513
like looking after their young.
280
00:19:09,281 --> 00:19:13,552
Most bats give birth
to just one baby called a pup
281
00:19:13,552 --> 00:19:16,188
each year.
282
00:19:16,188 --> 00:19:19,425
A mother keeps
her young one close,
283
00:19:19,425 --> 00:19:22,161
born blind and with no fur
284
00:19:22,161 --> 00:19:25,765
the pup is completely dependent
on its mother
285
00:19:25,765 --> 00:19:28,434
suckling on milk
for nourishment
286
00:19:28,434 --> 00:19:30,369
for at least four weeks
287
00:19:30,369 --> 00:19:33,205
until it is old enough
to leave the roost
288
00:19:33,205 --> 00:19:35,474
and fly in search of food.
289
00:19:38,744 --> 00:19:43,849
The bats of the Bahamas
feed mostly on insects, fruits
290
00:19:43,849 --> 00:19:47,653
and small vertebrates and fish.
291
00:19:47,653 --> 00:19:50,790
These nocturnal creatures
can find their prey
292
00:19:50,790 --> 00:19:54,794
in complete darkness
using echolocation,
293
00:19:54,794 --> 00:19:58,664
a series of high-pitched sounds
that reverberate off
294
00:19:58,664 --> 00:20:02,802
the surrounding walls
and objects.
295
00:20:02,802 --> 00:20:08,641
Bats send 10-20 of these sounds
each second.
296
00:20:08,641 --> 00:20:11,510
The speeds at which
the echoes travel back
297
00:20:11,510 --> 00:20:15,581
determine how far away
surrounding objects are
298
00:20:15,581 --> 00:20:17,049
including prey.
299
00:20:18,951 --> 00:20:22,621
Bats can eat as many
as 1,200 mosquitoes
300
00:20:22,621 --> 00:20:25,324
in just one hour.
301
00:20:25,324 --> 00:20:28,694
Overnight, they devour
their entire body weight
302
00:20:28,694 --> 00:20:29,929
in insects.
303
00:20:31,497 --> 00:20:37,403
Bats digest food very quickly
producing large volumes of guano
304
00:20:37,403 --> 00:20:39,772
that can pile up
several feet high.
305
00:20:42,374 --> 00:20:45,678
Leaves and plants washed up
by rainwater
306
00:20:45,678 --> 00:20:49,381
fruits dropped by bats,
and guano
307
00:20:49,381 --> 00:20:51,717
coat the floors of the cave
308
00:20:51,717 --> 00:20:55,588
creating a sludge
of organic compost,
309
00:20:55,588 --> 00:20:59,558
an ideal habitat
for bacteria and fungi
310
00:20:59,558 --> 00:21:02,394
that underpin
the entire food chain
311
00:21:02,394 --> 00:21:03,562
of the cave.
312
00:21:05,664 --> 00:21:08,000
Millipedes
and small crustaceans
313
00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:10,936
feed on these microorganisms
314
00:21:10,936 --> 00:21:14,440
while larger insects
such as beetles and spiders
315
00:21:14,440 --> 00:21:16,108
eat the smaller creatures.
316
00:21:18,777 --> 00:21:21,514
Frogs and toads
residing in the nooks
317
00:21:21,514 --> 00:21:24,917
and hollows of the cave
come out of hiding
318
00:21:24,917 --> 00:21:26,318
to feed on insects.
319
00:21:29,588 --> 00:21:33,025
While other creatures
go directly to the source.
320
00:21:35,561 --> 00:21:39,565
A Caribbean hermit crab
slowly makes its way down
321
00:21:39,565 --> 00:21:44,970
to the cave floor
to feast on bat guano.
322
00:21:44,970 --> 00:21:48,240
The crab carefully climbs
down the branch
323
00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:50,376
using its left claw
for balance.
324
00:21:52,545 --> 00:21:56,182
The smaller right claw
is an eating utensil
325
00:21:56,182 --> 00:22:00,319
while a short pair of antennae
enable the crab to smell
326
00:22:00,319 --> 00:22:03,856
and taste the food.
327
00:22:03,856 --> 00:22:08,060
Sharp eyesight and a second,
longer pair of antennae
328
00:22:08,060 --> 00:22:11,564
keep the hermit crab alert
to potential dangers.
329
00:22:13,999 --> 00:22:18,904
A spiraled shell large enough
to conceal its entire body
330
00:22:18,904 --> 00:22:22,174
shields the crab's soft belly
from predators.
331
00:22:24,276 --> 00:22:27,780
The hard left claw
offers additional protection
332
00:22:27,780 --> 00:22:31,684
by blocking the entrance
to the shell.
333
00:22:31,684 --> 00:22:35,788
Hermit crabs are not born
with these protective shelters
334
00:22:35,788 --> 00:22:39,425
they search for shells
abandoned by marine snails
335
00:22:39,425 --> 00:22:41,427
in a competitive housing market.
336
00:22:43,362 --> 00:22:46,432
Hermit crabs are one of the most
common crustaceans
337
00:22:46,432 --> 00:22:48,467
on the planet.
338
00:22:48,467 --> 00:22:52,204
There are more than
500 known species
339
00:22:52,204 --> 00:22:56,242
some are smaller than a coin
340
00:22:56,242 --> 00:22:58,777
others as large
as a coconut.
341
00:22:58,777 --> 00:23:06,118
(♪♪♪)
342
00:23:06,118 --> 00:23:09,655
Tucked away,
at the base of a rugged cliff
343
00:23:09,655 --> 00:23:13,525
a small opening
overgrown with vines
344
00:23:13,525 --> 00:23:15,761
leads inside a cave
345
00:23:15,761 --> 00:23:17,896
believed to have been
the hide out
346
00:23:17,896 --> 00:23:22,268
of one of the Caribbean's
most powerful pirates.
347
00:23:22,268 --> 00:23:24,703
This is Morgan's Cave.
348
00:23:26,038 --> 00:23:28,173
According to local folklore
349
00:23:28,173 --> 00:23:32,011
this cave was once home
to Henry Morgan,
350
00:23:32,011 --> 00:23:34,913
an infamous 17th century pirate.
351
00:23:37,316 --> 00:23:38,951
>> Morgan's cave was his home
352
00:23:38,951 --> 00:23:41,587
where he said he hid
his treasures there.
353
00:23:41,587 --> 00:23:44,023
Henry Morgan
was actually a privateer
354
00:23:44,023 --> 00:23:46,158
that resided in the Bahamas.
355
00:23:46,158 --> 00:23:48,661
He was hired
by the British government
356
00:23:48,661 --> 00:23:49,862
to protect the islands
357
00:23:49,862 --> 00:23:52,898
and also to seize
any Spanish galleon ship
358
00:23:52,898 --> 00:23:55,034
headed back to Spain
to carry gold.
359
00:23:55,034 --> 00:23:58,203
So he put one
of his headquarters in Andros.
360
00:23:58,203 --> 00:24:00,372
And this was because
at Morgan's Bluff
361
00:24:00,372 --> 00:24:03,375
you were able to see
the ships going past.
362
00:24:03,375 --> 00:24:05,311
So most of the Spanish ships
what they would do
363
00:24:05,311 --> 00:24:07,212
They would cut
across the Bahamas
364
00:24:07,212 --> 00:24:08,847
and head into the Atlantic.
365
00:24:08,847 --> 00:24:11,850
So Morgan was able to
scout out there with his guys
366
00:24:11,850 --> 00:24:13,385
and attack when he needed to.
367
00:24:17,656 --> 00:24:19,658
>> This is Morgan's Bluff.
368
00:24:22,161 --> 00:24:26,498
A rugged cliff line
boldly facing the wild waves
369
00:24:26,498 --> 00:24:27,766
of the Atlantic.
370
00:24:29,301 --> 00:24:33,072
Beaten by seawater
and weathered by erosion
371
00:24:33,072 --> 00:24:37,743
the bluff is pitted with holes
and bound by jagged ridges.
372
00:24:39,211 --> 00:24:42,481
It is the highest point
on Andros,
373
00:24:42,481 --> 00:24:45,617
the largest island
of the Bahamian Archipelago.
374
00:24:47,419 --> 00:24:51,924
>> Andros has a world of
wildlife for you to explore.
375
00:24:57,463 --> 00:25:02,368
>> Andros stretches across
104 miles
376
00:25:02,368 --> 00:25:08,407
of lush vegetation,
towering pine forests
377
00:25:08,407 --> 00:25:10,642
and tangled mangrove swamps.
378
00:25:13,846 --> 00:25:16,081
Its landmass is larger
379
00:25:16,081 --> 00:25:19,451
than all of the other
Bahamian islands combined.
380
00:25:21,420 --> 00:25:24,656
The shallow waters
of the Great Bahama Bank
381
00:25:24,656 --> 00:25:27,025
stretch along the western side.
382
00:25:29,461 --> 00:25:34,900
Along the eastern shore
lies a 6,000-foot abyss
383
00:25:34,900 --> 00:25:37,136
called the Tongue of the Ocean.
384
00:25:39,938 --> 00:25:42,975
This marine trench
separates the islands
385
00:25:42,975 --> 00:25:45,511
of Andros and New Providence.
386
00:25:47,980 --> 00:25:51,984
It is lined by the world's
third largest barrier reef.
387
00:25:55,320 --> 00:25:58,190
Deep below the surface
of the island
388
00:25:58,190 --> 00:26:02,194
lies one of the earth's
final frontiers,
389
00:26:02,194 --> 00:26:06,799
the dark and mysterious caves
known as blue holes.
390
00:26:08,700 --> 00:26:12,104
Andros is home to more
than 200 blue holes.
391
00:26:14,106 --> 00:26:17,543
The highest concentration
in the Western Hemisphere.
392
00:26:19,044 --> 00:26:22,948
>> Andros is one massive
labyrinth of cave systems
393
00:26:22,948 --> 00:26:25,451
and these blue holes
are just portholes
394
00:26:25,451 --> 00:26:26,585
to this cave system.
395
00:26:31,323 --> 00:26:33,425
>> Like the rest of the Bahamas
396
00:26:33,425 --> 00:26:36,161
the limestone landscape
of Andros
397
00:26:36,161 --> 00:26:37,830
has been eroded by water.
398
00:26:40,032 --> 00:26:44,770
More than 300,000 years ago
during the last ice age
399
00:26:44,770 --> 00:26:48,807
sea levels dropped
by as much as 400-feet
400
00:26:48,807 --> 00:26:51,810
leaving the islands unprotected
from the elements.
401
00:26:53,579 --> 00:26:56,448
Rainwater eroded the limestone
402
00:26:56,448 --> 00:26:59,985
forming hundreds of miles
of underground caverns.
403
00:27:05,057 --> 00:27:09,361
Falling rain absorbs
atmospheric carbon dioxide
404
00:27:09,361 --> 00:27:12,264
and forms a weak acid.
405
00:27:12,264 --> 00:27:13,665
With every drop
406
00:27:13,665 --> 00:27:17,569
this acid eats away
at limestone.
407
00:27:17,569 --> 00:27:23,141
While draining through the rock
acidic waters slowly widen pores
408
00:27:23,141 --> 00:27:26,044
and pry cracks open.
409
00:27:26,044 --> 00:27:28,413
>> You have these large
pockets being developed
410
00:27:28,413 --> 00:27:29,982
over thousands of years.
411
00:27:29,982 --> 00:27:31,116
And finally
412
00:27:31,116 --> 00:27:34,219
you had the top of these holes
that were being formed
413
00:27:34,219 --> 00:27:37,122
under the earth collapsing in.
414
00:27:39,124 --> 00:27:43,395
>> As sea levels rose
the caves filled up.
415
00:27:43,395 --> 00:27:47,332
These deep, vertical caverns
descend to depths
416
00:27:47,332 --> 00:27:50,903
of more than 1,000-feet.
417
00:27:50,903 --> 00:27:53,038
The Ocean's salty waters
418
00:27:53,038 --> 00:27:55,807
settle at the bottom
of blue holes
419
00:27:55,807 --> 00:27:58,143
while freshwater collects
on top.
420
00:27:59,645 --> 00:28:04,349
The deepest layer
contains no oxygen at all.
421
00:28:04,349 --> 00:28:07,819
Geologists call
this an anoxic environment.
422
00:28:10,689 --> 00:28:12,991
These underwater caves
423
00:28:12,991 --> 00:28:16,428
are one of the least explored
places on Earth.
424
00:28:20,065 --> 00:28:23,969
Diving through the Bahamas'
intricate labyrinth of caves
425
00:28:23,969 --> 00:28:26,505
is extremely dangerous
426
00:28:26,505 --> 00:28:29,107
even for the most
experienced diver.
427
00:28:30,943 --> 00:28:32,878
In some blue holes
428
00:28:32,878 --> 00:28:35,681
divers swim
through poisonous gas
429
00:28:35,681 --> 00:28:39,284
that causes dizziness,
skin irritation,
430
00:28:39,284 --> 00:28:42,287
and in high concentrations,
even death.
431
00:28:44,990 --> 00:28:47,626
More people have died
cave diving
432
00:28:47,626 --> 00:28:49,428
than climbing Mount Everest.
433
00:28:50,963 --> 00:28:55,701
Down here there is no air,
no light.
434
00:28:55,701 --> 00:28:58,470
This is one
of the harshest environments
435
00:28:58,470 --> 00:28:59,504
on the planet.
436
00:29:00,572 --> 00:29:04,109
Yet these waters
teem with microorganisms
437
00:29:04,109 --> 00:29:07,079
that have adapted
to the extreme conditions.
438
00:29:09,247 --> 00:29:13,185
Studying the life forms
that thrive in this environment
439
00:29:13,185 --> 00:29:17,623
gives scientists a glimpse
into the Earth's past
440
00:29:17,623 --> 00:29:22,294
more than 3 billion years ago
when there was no oxygen
441
00:29:22,294 --> 00:29:24,329
on our planet.
442
00:29:24,329 --> 00:29:29,768
These studies also shed light on
how life might possibly survive
443
00:29:29,768 --> 00:29:32,404
on distant, oxygen-free planets.
444
00:29:36,842 --> 00:29:39,778
The underwater caverns
of the Bahamas
445
00:29:39,778 --> 00:29:42,981
are decorated
with geological ornaments
446
00:29:42,981 --> 00:29:46,985
hanging from the ceiling
and sprouting from the ground.
447
00:29:48,387 --> 00:29:52,691
Millions of years ago
when these caves were dry
448
00:29:52,691 --> 00:29:55,427
rainwater seeping
through the cracks
449
00:29:55,427 --> 00:29:58,096
trickled down
into the hollowed caverns.
450
00:29:59,364 --> 00:30:02,934
The dissolved limestone carried
by the water
451
00:30:02,934 --> 00:30:08,840
met the air inside these caves
and a mineral called calcite
452
00:30:08,840 --> 00:30:11,009
was deposited along the cracks.
453
00:30:12,444 --> 00:30:17,282
As water continued to drip
the calcite grew in size
454
00:30:17,282 --> 00:30:21,086
each drop leaving a tiny amount
of mineral behind.
455
00:30:22,621 --> 00:30:24,222
It takes a century
456
00:30:24,222 --> 00:30:27,426
for just one quarter of an inch
to grow.
457
00:30:27,426 --> 00:30:30,929
But over time
these beautiful formations
458
00:30:30,929 --> 00:30:33,065
called stalactites
459
00:30:33,065 --> 00:30:36,001
suspend from the ceilings
of the caves
460
00:30:36,001 --> 00:30:39,237
like an enchanted
crystal forest.
461
00:30:39,237 --> 00:30:43,842
Quicker drips of water
rolling off the stalactites
462
00:30:43,842 --> 00:30:49,715
deposit calcite on the floor
creating stalagmites.
463
00:30:49,715 --> 00:30:53,485
When a stalagmite
and stalactite join together
464
00:30:53,485 --> 00:30:54,920
they form a column.
465
00:30:57,622 --> 00:31:01,126
These structures take
thousands of years to grow
466
00:31:01,126 --> 00:31:04,062
and can reach heights
of more than 30-feet.
467
00:31:07,132 --> 00:31:09,601
The depths
of these underwater caves
468
00:31:09,601 --> 00:31:14,172
may reveal the secrets
of the past
469
00:31:14,172 --> 00:31:16,808
but the surface
of these blue holes
470
00:31:16,808 --> 00:31:19,511
holds the key to survival
for the residents
471
00:31:19,511 --> 00:31:20,779
of the Bahamas.
472
00:31:22,280 --> 00:31:25,383
These islands are surrounded
by salt water
473
00:31:25,383 --> 00:31:28,420
and receive very little rain.
474
00:31:28,420 --> 00:31:32,924
In the Bahamas
freshwater is hard to come by.
475
00:31:32,924 --> 00:31:34,493
>> You get freshwater
in two ways.
476
00:31:34,493 --> 00:31:38,597
One; you can catch it
in a cistern and hold it there
477
00:31:38,597 --> 00:31:39,798
and then hopefully
you have enough
478
00:31:39,798 --> 00:31:41,032
to survive the year.
479
00:31:41,032 --> 00:31:43,568
But there's also very shallow
fresh water lenses.
480
00:31:45,437 --> 00:31:50,342
>> A thin lens of fresh water
collected during rainfall
481
00:31:50,342 --> 00:31:54,045
floats on top of a dense,
salt-water layer
482
00:31:54,045 --> 00:31:57,549
along the surface
of these blue holes.
483
00:31:57,549 --> 00:32:02,187
On some islands these lenses
are only a few feet deep.
484
00:32:03,455 --> 00:32:06,958
This shallow layer
was the only source of water
485
00:32:06,958 --> 00:32:09,628
sustaining life
on smaller islands
486
00:32:09,628 --> 00:32:10,962
like Eleuthera
487
00:32:10,962 --> 00:32:13,932
until salt water filters
were developed.
488
00:32:13,932 --> 00:32:16,868
>> You go to places like Andros,
which are very large islands,
489
00:32:16,868 --> 00:32:19,104
they can have very thick
freshwater lenses.
490
00:32:19,104 --> 00:32:22,440
They get lenses 50-feet thick.
491
00:32:22,440 --> 00:32:25,043
>> Inland blue holes in Andros
492
00:32:25,043 --> 00:32:28,280
provide as much
as 6 million gallons
493
00:32:28,280 --> 00:32:30,448
of freshwater daily.
494
00:32:30,448 --> 00:32:34,085
The most plentiful are those
at the center of the island
495
00:32:34,085 --> 00:32:38,456
surrounded by the soaring
Caribbean pines.
496
00:32:38,456 --> 00:32:41,459
>> The rock land pine forest
is important as well
497
00:32:41,459 --> 00:32:44,029
because they are like
osmosis pump
498
00:32:44,029 --> 00:32:47,132
each one of those pine trees
keeps the freshwater lens
499
00:32:47,132 --> 00:32:48,533
close to the surface.
500
00:32:48,533 --> 00:32:50,435
The lens is like
a freshwater bubble
501
00:32:50,435 --> 00:32:52,671
that sits
in the big limestone plateau.
502
00:32:52,671 --> 00:32:54,773
And if the trees'
osmosis pressure's
503
00:32:54,773 --> 00:32:57,742
not holding the lens in place,
you remove the trees,
504
00:32:57,742 --> 00:32:59,044
the water just drains away.
505
00:33:00,579 --> 00:33:03,014
The pine forest
by Blue Hole National Park
506
00:33:03,014 --> 00:33:07,052
is the largest one
of those species of pine
507
00:33:07,052 --> 00:33:08,186
left in the world.
508
00:33:09,955 --> 00:33:13,391
>> Caribbean pines flourish
near freshwater
509
00:33:13,391 --> 00:33:15,327
found only
on the northern islands
510
00:33:15,327 --> 00:33:18,330
of the Bahamas.
511
00:33:18,330 --> 00:33:22,734
In Andros
pines grow as tall as 150-feet
512
00:33:22,734 --> 00:33:26,705
providing homes
to a vast array of wildlife.
513
00:33:28,106 --> 00:33:32,878
Caribbean pines require sunlight
and open space to grow
514
00:33:32,878 --> 00:33:35,881
away from coppice vegetation,
515
00:33:35,881 --> 00:33:39,718
a mixture of shrubs that share
the forest with these pines.
516
00:33:41,486 --> 00:33:43,255
During dry seasons
517
00:33:43,255 --> 00:33:46,625
natural fires
set this brush ablaze
518
00:33:46,625 --> 00:33:49,294
removing competition
for the sunlight.
519
00:33:51,496 --> 00:33:55,133
As these shading,
broad-leafed plants burn down
520
00:33:55,133 --> 00:33:58,536
juvenile pines receive
enough light to grow.
521
00:34:00,639 --> 00:34:04,109
Botanists call
these Caribbean pinelands
522
00:34:04,109 --> 00:34:07,679
"Fire climax communities."
523
00:34:07,679 --> 00:34:12,183
Without these wild fires
the pine forests of the Bahamas
524
00:34:12,183 --> 00:34:13,652
would not survive.
525
00:34:16,655 --> 00:34:19,591
>> The reason pines
don't get destroyed during fires
526
00:34:19,591 --> 00:34:21,493
is because
they have a resin in it
527
00:34:21,493 --> 00:34:24,696
and when it becomes overheated
the resin explodes
528
00:34:24,696 --> 00:34:28,199
putting out any fire that
can potentially damage the pine.
529
00:34:32,337 --> 00:34:38,710
>> The pine forest of Andros
is a bird-watcher's paradise.
530
00:34:38,710 --> 00:34:42,414
>> You're surrounded by
these birds and so that's
really intriguing
531
00:34:42,414 --> 00:34:45,951
having that, you know,
being surrounded by wildlife
532
00:34:45,951 --> 00:34:47,953
and hearing this beautiful sound
as you walk through.
533
00:34:49,120 --> 00:34:52,524
>> Yellow-bellied bananaquits
feed on pine needles...
534
00:34:55,260 --> 00:34:58,463
while American kestrels
hunt for insects
535
00:34:58,463 --> 00:35:00,865
and small rodents in the forest.
536
00:35:03,168 --> 00:35:07,205
A red-legged thrush
sits up in the trees
537
00:35:07,205 --> 00:35:11,309
assuming a high vantage point
to find its next meal.
538
00:35:12,811 --> 00:35:15,814
Turkey vultures
are the most common species
539
00:35:15,814 --> 00:35:17,048
in this forest.
540
00:35:18,450 --> 00:35:20,785
>> Now these birds
are normally known as pests
541
00:35:20,785 --> 00:35:23,655
in the Bahamian society
because they're everywhere.
542
00:35:23,655 --> 00:35:25,523
However,
they play a pivotal role
543
00:35:25,523 --> 00:35:27,826
in the ecosystem.
544
00:35:27,826 --> 00:35:29,694
They work
as sanitation workers.
545
00:35:29,694 --> 00:35:32,630
They clean the ecosystem
from pine forest
546
00:35:32,630 --> 00:35:35,600
to the coppice vegetation
to the sides of the roads.
547
00:35:35,600 --> 00:35:39,237
They help remove any debris
that would be a potential hazard
548
00:35:39,237 --> 00:35:40,472
to mankind.
549
00:35:41,940 --> 00:35:46,378
>> From towering pine forests
to lush coppice vegetation
550
00:35:46,378 --> 00:35:47,946
the Bahamas bloom
551
00:35:47,946 --> 00:35:52,083
with more than 1,400 species
of plants.
552
00:35:52,083 --> 00:35:54,019
>> The plants here have had
a tremendous influence
553
00:35:54,019 --> 00:35:56,988
on the people and culture
of the Bahamas.
554
00:35:56,988 --> 00:35:58,890
These islands
were extremely isolated
555
00:35:58,890 --> 00:36:02,027
for long periods of time
starting with the loyalists
556
00:36:02,027 --> 00:36:04,429
in the 1600s,
557
00:36:04,429 --> 00:36:07,032
through the slave
and plantation trade
558
00:36:07,032 --> 00:36:08,500
and then into independence.
559
00:36:08,500 --> 00:36:09,534
And in these islands
560
00:36:09,534 --> 00:36:11,002
you didn't have access
to doctors,
561
00:36:11,002 --> 00:36:12,537
you didn't have access
to pharmacies.
562
00:36:13,671 --> 00:36:16,274
>> People took matters
into their own hands
563
00:36:16,274 --> 00:36:20,011
discovering medicinal uses
for a diversity of plants
564
00:36:20,011 --> 00:36:21,713
that grow in the Bahamas.
565
00:36:23,281 --> 00:36:27,018
A practice locals call
Bahamian bush medicine.
566
00:36:28,653 --> 00:36:30,955
>> Bahamian bush medicine
is a tradition
567
00:36:30,955 --> 00:36:33,858
that was passed on
by our African ancestors.
568
00:36:33,858 --> 00:36:36,327
By boiling leaves and barks
of certain plants
569
00:36:36,327 --> 00:36:38,630
as a tea or tonic.
570
00:36:38,630 --> 00:36:40,298
In that time
there was no clinics,
571
00:36:40,298 --> 00:36:41,266
no hospitals,
572
00:36:41,266 --> 00:36:43,601
so our mothers
had to be the doctors
573
00:36:43,601 --> 00:36:45,703
and our fathers
had to be the doctors.
574
00:36:45,703 --> 00:36:48,840
Going out into the coppice
and bringing in certain plants
575
00:36:48,840 --> 00:36:51,109
and medicinal stuff
to heal ourselves
576
00:36:51,109 --> 00:36:52,177
from certain illnesses
577
00:36:52,177 --> 00:36:53,945
we would catch like colds
and flus,
578
00:36:53,945 --> 00:36:57,215
upset stomachs
and all kinds of other illness.
579
00:37:00,118 --> 00:37:03,321
>> The lush, coppice forests
of the Bahamas
580
00:37:03,321 --> 00:37:07,292
are a living pharmacy
where every plant has a purpose.
581
00:37:08,393 --> 00:37:11,629
The bark and leaves
of a five finger plant
582
00:37:11,629 --> 00:37:13,598
when brewed as a tea
583
00:37:13,598 --> 00:37:16,468
can strengthen
a weakened bladder.
584
00:37:16,468 --> 00:37:21,239
While plants, like Gammalamme
also known as gumbo limbo
585
00:37:21,239 --> 00:37:25,443
are rubbed directly on the skin
to rid the body of toxins
586
00:37:25,443 --> 00:37:28,179
caused by contact
with poisonous shrubs.
587
00:37:30,181 --> 00:37:33,618
Some locals eat the leaves
of the blue flower
588
00:37:33,618 --> 00:37:37,722
also known as rat tail
to treat colds and flu.
589
00:37:39,224 --> 00:37:40,792
>> Once you go to nature,
590
00:37:40,792 --> 00:37:42,894
all your questions
kind of get answered.
591
00:37:47,832 --> 00:37:50,301
>> An amazing diversity
of plant life
592
00:37:50,301 --> 00:37:54,639
carpets the forest floor
creating shaded habitat
593
00:37:54,639 --> 00:37:56,174
for the island's creatures.
594
00:38:00,011 --> 00:38:01,880
Roaming in the brush
595
00:38:01,880 --> 00:38:04,716
is the largest
land crab population
596
00:38:04,716 --> 00:38:05,917
in the Bahamas.
597
00:38:07,752 --> 00:38:10,955
>> Only in Andros
we celebrate land crabs.
598
00:38:10,955 --> 00:38:12,657
They're part of our heritage.
599
00:38:12,657 --> 00:38:14,893
Androsians are known
to the world
600
00:38:14,893 --> 00:38:17,295
and to the Bahamas
as crab catchers.
601
00:38:17,295 --> 00:38:19,197
So it's a delicacy
throughout the country.
602
00:38:20,899 --> 00:38:24,469
>> These land crabs can get
as large as one foot
603
00:38:24,469 --> 00:38:25,937
from claw to claw.
604
00:38:27,672 --> 00:38:30,408
They grow by shedding
their hard shell
605
00:38:30,408 --> 00:38:31,943
and absorbing water
606
00:38:31,943 --> 00:38:36,247
before growing
a new larger shell.
607
00:38:36,247 --> 00:38:38,950
Land crabs migrate
from the forest
608
00:38:38,950 --> 00:38:41,819
toward the sea
to release their eggs
609
00:38:41,819 --> 00:38:43,354
in coastal environments.
610
00:38:49,928 --> 00:38:54,365
Along the shoreline
a dense tangle of roots
611
00:38:54,365 --> 00:38:56,935
lines the emerald waters
of the Caribbean.
612
00:38:59,437 --> 00:39:02,140
These are mangroves.
613
00:39:02,140 --> 00:39:05,243
They act as a refuge
for juvenile fish
614
00:39:05,243 --> 00:39:07,679
and a shield that defends
the shoreline
615
00:39:07,679 --> 00:39:09,180
from tropical storms.
616
00:39:10,381 --> 00:39:14,786
These twisting swamps are vital
to the ecology of the Bahamas.
617
00:39:16,221 --> 00:39:17,589
>> A Bahamas without mangroves
618
00:39:17,589 --> 00:39:19,757
would be
a very different Bahamas.
619
00:39:19,757 --> 00:39:23,661
You'd lose so many species
and our coastline,
620
00:39:23,661 --> 00:39:25,897
which most of the Bahamas
is coastal,
621
00:39:25,897 --> 00:39:27,165
would change dramatically.
622
00:39:29,100 --> 00:39:33,938
>> Mangroves are a buffer zone
between land and water.
623
00:39:33,938 --> 00:39:37,442
Their tangled, woven roots
protect the shoreline
624
00:39:37,442 --> 00:39:40,345
from erosion
and soften the harsh waves
625
00:39:40,345 --> 00:39:42,680
of passing storms.
626
00:39:42,680 --> 00:39:45,116
>> They have really funky
root systems.
627
00:39:45,116 --> 00:39:47,418
Some people will call them
the "walking trees"
628
00:39:47,418 --> 00:39:49,487
because they look like
they have stilts.
629
00:39:51,389 --> 00:39:55,793
>> The roots of most trees
are firmly planted in the ground
630
00:39:55,793 --> 00:39:58,963
or entirely submerged in water.
631
00:39:58,963 --> 00:40:01,799
Mangroves,
grow only in the tropics
632
00:40:01,799 --> 00:40:05,270
in the salty coastal waters
of seas and oceans.
633
00:40:07,272 --> 00:40:09,641
>> So along the coastline
they have to deal with things
634
00:40:09,641 --> 00:40:13,144
like salt stress
and water stress in their soils.
635
00:40:13,144 --> 00:40:15,747
So they have
really cool characteristics,
636
00:40:15,747 --> 00:40:19,317
really interesting root systems
and ways to deal with dispersal
637
00:40:19,317 --> 00:40:20,785
in a watery environment.
638
00:40:22,553 --> 00:40:26,090
>> The roots of mangroves
come up into the air
639
00:40:26,090 --> 00:40:29,027
to absorb oxygen directly
through their skin.
640
00:40:30,595 --> 00:40:35,700
These trees are well adapted
to surviving in saltwater.
641
00:40:35,700 --> 00:40:38,636
The roots have tiny filters
in their cells
642
00:40:38,636 --> 00:40:44,175
designed to soak up water
and reject the salt.
643
00:40:44,175 --> 00:40:47,378
But they invariably
absorb some salt,
644
00:40:47,378 --> 00:40:48,880
and have to get rid of it.
645
00:40:50,381 --> 00:40:54,118
Some mangroves excrete this salt
through their leaves
646
00:40:54,118 --> 00:40:55,820
forming little crystals
647
00:40:55,820 --> 00:40:59,023
that are later rinsed away
by rain.
648
00:40:59,023 --> 00:41:02,193
Others channel salts
into the older leaves
649
00:41:02,193 --> 00:41:05,863
that become yellow
eventually fall off
650
00:41:05,863 --> 00:41:07,298
and decompose
651
00:41:07,298 --> 00:41:09,701
creating a foundation
for the food chain
652
00:41:09,701 --> 00:41:12,003
of this ecosystem.
653
00:41:12,003 --> 00:41:14,706
>> The mangrove leaves
drop into the sea.
654
00:41:14,706 --> 00:41:17,608
It then becomes a food chain
for the larvae,
655
00:41:17,608 --> 00:41:19,711
all the little crustaceans
that live there.
656
00:41:19,711 --> 00:41:21,546
The little baby fish
start to live there.
657
00:41:23,715 --> 00:41:27,352
>> The twisting roots of
mangroves serve as a refuge
658
00:41:27,352 --> 00:41:30,455
for the diverse marine life
of the Bahamas.
659
00:41:34,392 --> 00:41:36,928
Often referred to as nurseries
660
00:41:36,928 --> 00:41:40,465
the calm and shallow waters
of the mangroves
661
00:41:40,465 --> 00:41:44,202
offer juvenile fish
and invertebrates protection
662
00:41:44,202 --> 00:41:47,705
in this tangled labyrinth
of roots.
663
00:41:47,705 --> 00:41:49,407
>> And that's why it's important
to keep them.
664
00:41:49,407 --> 00:41:51,542
You remove the mangroves
and your reef is finished.
665
00:41:54,178 --> 00:41:57,115
>> It is a training ground
for many species
666
00:41:57,115 --> 00:42:00,318
before they graduate to life
on the coral reef.
667
00:42:04,355 --> 00:42:07,525
A group of rare
Bahamian rock iguanas
668
00:42:07,525 --> 00:42:10,294
bask in the tropical sun
669
00:42:10,294 --> 00:42:13,564
on the white sand beaches
of Exuma Island.
670
00:42:13,564 --> 00:42:22,240
(♪♪♪)
671
00:42:22,240 --> 00:42:24,008
>> The way they move
through the sand,
672
00:42:24,008 --> 00:42:26,878
the color of them,
they're just magical creatures.
673
00:42:28,312 --> 00:42:31,682
>> A serrated ridge
that runs along their spine
674
00:42:31,682 --> 00:42:34,085
helps release excess heat
675
00:42:34,085 --> 00:42:36,554
and makes the iguana
appear larger
676
00:42:36,554 --> 00:42:38,656
during disputes over territory.
677
00:42:40,792 --> 00:42:44,629
These rock iguanas
can grow as long as six feet.
678
00:42:47,398 --> 00:42:51,002
Mating season begins
in the spring.
679
00:42:51,002 --> 00:42:54,439
Females produce two to nine eggs
each year.
680
00:42:56,073 --> 00:43:00,178
They use termite mounds
or dig their nests in the sand
681
00:43:00,178 --> 00:43:01,913
to incubate the eggs
682
00:43:01,913 --> 00:43:04,582
a process that takes
about 90 days.
683
00:43:07,018 --> 00:43:09,687
Defensive mothers
guard the burrows
684
00:43:09,687 --> 00:43:11,155
until the eggs hatch.
685
00:43:13,558 --> 00:43:16,961
>> At the beginning of life
they eat small insects,
686
00:43:16,961 --> 00:43:20,131
however, as they grow older
they almost become vegetarians.
687
00:43:23,167 --> 00:43:26,471
>> Adult iguanas feed
on the succulent leaves,
688
00:43:26,471 --> 00:43:30,508
fruits and flowers
of the coastal coppice forest
689
00:43:30,508 --> 00:43:35,780
to hydrate themselves
in this dry Bahamian climate.
690
00:43:35,780 --> 00:43:38,816
They will climb trees
to retrieve food
691
00:43:38,816 --> 00:43:41,319
or simply take a rest
in the shade.
692
00:43:46,324 --> 00:43:51,162
Rock iguanas in the Bahamas
are an endangered species:
693
00:43:51,162 --> 00:43:55,733
They are harvested for food
and for the pet trade
694
00:43:55,733 --> 00:44:00,238
and fall prey to dogs
and feral cats.
695
00:44:00,238 --> 00:44:04,408
These ancient creatures
are now protected in the Bahamas
696
00:44:04,408 --> 00:44:08,312
and it is illegal to harm
or capture a rock iguana.
697
00:44:10,615 --> 00:44:12,917
As the day comes to a close
698
00:44:12,917 --> 00:44:16,921
iguanas retreat into the cracks
and ridges of the limestone
699
00:44:16,921 --> 00:44:19,724
that shapes these beautiful
and diverse islands.
700
00:44:19,724 --> 00:44:33,337
(♪♪♪)
701
00:44:33,337 --> 00:44:35,506
From twisting
mangrove nurseries...
702
00:44:37,341 --> 00:44:39,277
to flooded inland caves...
703
00:44:42,013 --> 00:44:45,950
the Bahamas
offer a diversity of ecosystems
704
00:44:45,950 --> 00:44:48,386
for the wildlife that inhabit
the islands.
705
00:44:50,221 --> 00:44:53,291
The blue holes of Andros
offer entrance
706
00:44:53,291 --> 00:44:57,194
to a mysterious,
underwater world.
707
00:44:57,194 --> 00:44:59,764
>> The entire limestone
plateau of Andros
708
00:44:59,764 --> 00:45:03,034
is one massive labyrinth
of cave systems
709
00:45:03,034 --> 00:45:05,536
and these blue holes
are just portholes
710
00:45:05,536 --> 00:45:06,837
to this cave system.
711
00:45:08,239 --> 00:45:12,610
>> It is a wild land brimming
with lush coppice forests
712
00:45:12,610 --> 00:45:15,780
and towering pines.
713
00:45:15,780 --> 00:45:17,582
>> The Bahamas is a special
place if you're a nature lover
714
00:45:17,582 --> 00:45:21,252
because of so much habitat
both land and sea.
715
00:45:22,920 --> 00:45:26,424
>> A place where jagged
limestone cliffs
716
00:45:26,424 --> 00:45:30,661
meet boundless
white sand beaches.
717
00:45:30,661 --> 00:45:36,233
>> You can find steep cliffs,
fantastic caves,
718
00:45:36,233 --> 00:45:40,504
mangrove ecosystems and species
that are unique to the Bahamas.
719
00:45:42,173 --> 00:45:47,411
>> The islands of the Bahamas
are a stunning natural treasure
720
00:45:47,411 --> 00:45:50,481
rising from the clear,
blue waters
721
00:45:50,481 --> 00:45:52,083
of the Atlantic Ocean.
722
00:45:52,083 --> 00:46:02,126
(♪♪♪)
723
00:46:02,126 --> 00:46:12,169
(♪♪♪)
724
00:46:12,169 --> 00:46:22,580
(♪♪♪)
56945
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