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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,800 --> 00:00:04,630 [MUSIC PLAYING] 2 00:00:05,600 --> 00:00:09,360 >> In many places on our planet, men and women have left 3 00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:12,150 mysterious traces behind them. 4 00:00:12,150 --> 00:00:14,820 These are geoglyphs, designs left 5 00:00:14,820 --> 00:00:19,920 on hillsides or the ground made by the hand of man. 6 00:00:19,920 --> 00:00:23,240 Most of these designs have been erased by passing time, 7 00:00:23,240 --> 00:00:26,100 but some have passed through history to reach us. 8 00:00:26,100 --> 00:00:28,650 It's a miracle that we can still admire some of them. 9 00:00:35,770 --> 00:00:38,530 While no one knows the name of their creators, 10 00:00:38,530 --> 00:00:42,900 all the geoglyphs are shrouded in mystery and legend. 11 00:00:42,900 --> 00:00:45,741 What was it that led people to conceive these enormous shapes 12 00:00:45,741 --> 00:00:47,740 and to leave a message in the ground which would 13 00:00:47,740 --> 00:00:49,630 last throughout the millennia? 14 00:00:49,630 --> 00:00:53,320 >> We know that gods and goddesses were very important 15 00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:54,295 way back in the past. 16 00:00:55,910 --> 00:00:58,790 >> Really, making shapes, carving them into the ground, 17 00:00:58,790 --> 00:01:01,300 that's not too difficult. On the other hand, 18 00:01:01,300 --> 00:01:03,800 planning on such a big scale, that's impressive work. 19 00:01:06,420 --> 00:01:10,060 >> The Nazca civilization, which is mainly known for its lines, 20 00:01:10,060 --> 00:01:11,520 didn't just produce that. 21 00:01:16,830 --> 00:01:18,420 >> He's iconic. 22 00:01:18,420 --> 00:01:20,290 He's unique. 23 00:01:20,290 --> 00:01:22,700 He attracts a lot of interest. 24 00:01:22,700 --> 00:01:25,024 And he generates a lot of storytelling. 25 00:01:27,810 --> 00:01:30,060 >> It's an enigmatic shape. 26 00:01:30,060 --> 00:01:32,460 No one knows when it dates from or who made it. 27 00:01:36,810 --> 00:01:41,340 >> We can't be sure why it was made in the first place. 28 00:01:41,340 --> 00:01:44,100 So these things are mysterious fundamentally. 29 00:01:44,100 --> 00:01:48,020 [MUSIC PLAYING] 30 00:02:03,700 --> 00:02:06,610 >> We will go to England, where many geoglyphs can be found. 31 00:02:10,940 --> 00:02:14,330 We will also visit South America, in the Atacama Desert, 32 00:02:14,330 --> 00:02:16,940 where different peoples at different moments in history 33 00:02:16,940 --> 00:02:19,090 have left these mysterious designs in the ground. 34 00:02:22,260 --> 00:02:26,410 Let us begin with the most enigmatic, the Nazca Lines. 35 00:02:26,410 --> 00:02:30,370 [MUSIC PLAYING] 36 00:02:39,290 --> 00:02:41,360 Every year, thousands of tourists 37 00:02:41,360 --> 00:02:44,180 cross the Atacama Desert in Peru to come face 38 00:02:44,180 --> 00:02:46,940 to face with one of the greatest mysteries of humanity's 39 00:02:46,940 --> 00:02:48,610 history. 40 00:02:48,610 --> 00:02:50,470 Of all the geoglyphs in the world, 41 00:02:50,470 --> 00:02:53,330 the Nazca Lines are certainly the most famous. 42 00:02:53,330 --> 00:02:55,960 However, upon arrival, there is just a desert 43 00:02:55,960 --> 00:02:59,050 plain to be found, a jumble of stones and dust 44 00:02:59,050 --> 00:03:01,360 with nothing at all growing and no sign 45 00:03:01,360 --> 00:03:03,670 of any archaeological treasure. 46 00:03:03,670 --> 00:03:05,510 Only by getting up onto a platform 47 00:03:05,510 --> 00:03:07,690 can a small part of the puzzle here be seen. 48 00:03:12,150 --> 00:03:15,270 Two figures are visible, a tree and a hand. 49 00:03:15,270 --> 00:03:16,890 As well, there are long straight lines 50 00:03:16,890 --> 00:03:19,440 stretching out towards the horizon. 51 00:03:19,440 --> 00:03:21,060 But to fully comprehend the beauty 52 00:03:21,060 --> 00:03:23,930 of the geoglyphs of Nazca, they must be seen from above. 53 00:03:31,890 --> 00:03:35,250 Since the only way to see the lines properly is from a plane, 54 00:03:35,250 --> 00:03:36,900 flights are in great demand. 55 00:03:36,900 --> 00:03:39,200 Nazca Airport is the second biggest in Peru. 56 00:03:44,360 --> 00:03:47,130 >> The lines can be seen from raised ground, 57 00:03:47,130 --> 00:03:49,860 but in my opinion the clearest view of the lines is surely 58 00:03:49,860 --> 00:03:51,630 to see them from a plane. 59 00:03:51,630 --> 00:03:54,570 From the sky, you can best see the true shapes of the lines. 60 00:03:57,990 --> 00:03:59,490 >> We came from Korea. 61 00:03:59,490 --> 00:04:01,710 Now, after waiting for 45 minutes, 62 00:04:01,710 --> 00:04:04,950 we'll be able to see the lines from a plane. 63 00:04:04,950 --> 00:04:07,560 >> I've seen so many reports on this and photos. 64 00:04:07,560 --> 00:04:09,060 There's a lot of mystery surrounding 65 00:04:09,060 --> 00:04:13,530 this, where it came from, who made it, how they made it. 66 00:04:13,530 --> 00:04:16,990 >> Since no one can explain scientifically what they are, 67 00:04:16,990 --> 00:04:20,040 what they mean, or why they were made, 68 00:04:20,040 --> 00:04:22,920 we've come here ourselves to get an idea of what these lines 69 00:04:22,920 --> 00:04:23,916 represent. 70 00:04:25,374 --> 00:04:29,262 [MUSIC PLAYING] 71 00:04:34,140 --> 00:04:36,890 >> But a sandstorm rises over the town. 72 00:04:36,890 --> 00:04:38,520 All flights are canceled. 73 00:04:38,520 --> 00:04:40,760 Our pilot, Eduardo Herran, offers 74 00:04:40,760 --> 00:04:45,080 to take us as close as possible to the lines. 75 00:04:45,080 --> 00:04:46,730 Eduardo isn't just a pilot. 76 00:04:46,730 --> 00:04:49,070 He's fascinated by the Nazca Lines. 77 00:04:49,070 --> 00:04:51,785 Aboard his microlight plane, he has discovered hundreds. 78 00:04:54,780 --> 00:04:56,860 He takes us to the edge of town. 79 00:04:56,860 --> 00:05:00,420 This is where El Tela, the weaving loom, is to be found. 80 00:05:00,420 --> 00:05:04,560 It's one of the rare geoglyphs that can be closely approached, 81 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:06,300 and which allows us to understand 82 00:05:06,300 --> 00:05:07,530 how these lines were traced. 83 00:05:14,890 --> 00:05:18,070 >> In reality, it's very simple. 84 00:05:18,070 --> 00:05:22,720 The stones are pushed to the sides and the center is swept. 85 00:05:22,720 --> 00:05:25,150 This means that a layer which has more white clay in it 86 00:05:25,150 --> 00:05:27,490 stands out against the dark surface. 87 00:05:27,490 --> 00:05:29,830 This is how the lines were made. 88 00:05:29,830 --> 00:05:32,990 It's really not very complicated. 89 00:05:32,990 --> 00:05:36,070 >> Most of the lines could have been made with simple tools 90 00:05:36,070 --> 00:05:38,290 such as stakes of wood and ropes. 91 00:05:38,290 --> 00:05:41,320 But their precision proves that the Nazca civilization 92 00:05:41,320 --> 00:05:43,270 understood mathematics. 93 00:05:43,270 --> 00:05:45,490 Many people, like Eduardo, are convinced 94 00:05:45,490 --> 00:05:48,130 that the Nazcas had some way of getting up high so they 95 00:05:48,130 --> 00:05:51,470 could check their work. 96 00:05:51,470 --> 00:05:55,130 >> From the ground, they're not easy to make out. 97 00:05:55,130 --> 00:05:57,820 And what we can see from here is rather shapeless. 98 00:06:00,360 --> 00:06:02,990 But the further up in the sky you are, 99 00:06:02,990 --> 00:06:05,080 the easier it is to see what these people were 100 00:06:05,080 --> 00:06:08,065 trying to say to us. 101 00:06:08,065 --> 00:06:11,500 So if you ask me whether the ancient people could fly, 102 00:06:11,500 --> 00:06:12,490 I would say yes. 103 00:06:15,470 --> 00:06:18,420 I think they used kites made from canvas and feathers 104 00:06:18,420 --> 00:06:19,540 to look at their work. 105 00:06:22,930 --> 00:06:25,450 >> Another of the mysteries of the Nazca Lines is 106 00:06:25,450 --> 00:06:27,520 their incredible longevity. 107 00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:29,950 They can still be seen after 2,000 years 108 00:06:29,950 --> 00:06:32,890 without anyone looking after them. 109 00:06:32,890 --> 00:06:35,130 The first reason for that is geographic. 110 00:06:35,130 --> 00:06:37,660 The lines are in the most arid desert on the planet, 111 00:06:37,660 --> 00:06:40,720 where it never rains and where vegetation is rare. 112 00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:43,420 The absence of humidity means there is very little erosion. 113 00:06:46,540 --> 00:06:48,840 But sandstorms can also play a part in this. 114 00:06:58,040 --> 00:07:01,790 >> All the surface dust is pulled off as if the lines were 115 00:07:01,790 --> 00:07:04,725 being swept. 116 00:07:04,725 --> 00:07:07,820 So after one of these storms, I like 117 00:07:07,820 --> 00:07:10,505 to fly my microlight because it's possible 118 00:07:10,505 --> 00:07:14,600 that the winds have made new marks visible. 119 00:07:14,600 --> 00:07:19,320 I think the ancient people knew about this effect of the wind 120 00:07:19,320 --> 00:07:22,745 and used it as a maintenance system to keep the lines clear. 121 00:07:31,970 --> 00:07:34,820 >> Next morning, the sandstorm has died down. 122 00:07:34,820 --> 00:07:38,972 Flights progressively start again at the airport. 123 00:07:38,972 --> 00:07:42,956 [MUSIC PLAYING] 124 00:08:02,420 --> 00:08:05,320 After a few minutes flying, the great straight lines 125 00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:07,130 are the first that we can see. 126 00:08:07,130 --> 00:08:09,770 They seem to stretch out for kilometers. 127 00:08:09,770 --> 00:08:12,380 Smaller designs can also be seen, some of which 128 00:08:12,380 --> 00:08:14,210 represent animals. 129 00:08:14,210 --> 00:08:16,710 The monkey, the spider, and the hummingbird 130 00:08:16,710 --> 00:08:19,030 are only some of the hundreds of geoglyphs 131 00:08:19,030 --> 00:08:20,170 to be found on the plain. 132 00:08:22,930 --> 00:08:26,540 Anyone flying over these lines is struck by these questions. 133 00:08:26,540 --> 00:08:27,440 Who made this? 134 00:08:27,440 --> 00:08:28,390 Why? 135 00:08:28,390 --> 00:08:31,460 How can these marks be so precise, so straight? 136 00:08:31,460 --> 00:08:33,209 And what was the meaning of these symbols? 137 00:08:35,750 --> 00:08:43,620 Why did this tradition of line tracing last over 1,000 years? 138 00:08:43,620 --> 00:08:46,290 And everyone at Nazca has their own explanation 139 00:08:46,290 --> 00:08:47,934 of the lines' origin. 140 00:08:47,934 --> 00:08:49,350 The straight lines could have been 141 00:08:49,350 --> 00:08:53,437 sacred ways where gatherings or sacrifices took place. 142 00:08:53,437 --> 00:08:55,020 Other people think the lines were part 143 00:08:55,020 --> 00:08:57,290 of a cult of mountain worship. 144 00:08:57,290 --> 00:09:00,240 The zaniest explanation comes from a writer coming up 145 00:09:00,240 --> 00:09:01,950 with the idea that the lines could 146 00:09:01,950 --> 00:09:05,580 have been used as a landing field by extraterrestrials. 147 00:09:05,580 --> 00:09:08,640 This hypothesis is reinforced by a mysterious design 148 00:09:08,640 --> 00:09:11,450 on a mountainside which could be an alien or a man 149 00:09:11,450 --> 00:09:12,450 with the head of an owl. 150 00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:17,560 >> What we can see here is a model of the plane with 151 00:09:17,560 --> 00:09:19,660 the lines. 152 00:09:19,660 --> 00:09:22,350 This is only the commercialized part of the area, 153 00:09:22,350 --> 00:09:26,550 so to speak, where all the flights are made. 154 00:09:26,550 --> 00:09:32,800 Here you can find the monkey, the dog, and the hummingbird. 155 00:09:32,800 --> 00:09:36,190 But this just represents 10% of the lines. 156 00:09:36,190 --> 00:09:38,685 We are confronted here by a monumental document. 157 00:09:43,100 --> 00:09:45,230 >> To better understand the Nazca Lines, 158 00:09:45,230 --> 00:09:48,590 we can try to tour around the other geoglyphs on the planet. 159 00:09:51,130 --> 00:09:53,270 While the Nazca Lines are the most famous, 160 00:09:53,270 --> 00:09:55,300 they're not the only geoglyphs. 161 00:09:55,300 --> 00:09:57,010 Others are to be found in England, 162 00:09:57,010 --> 00:10:01,962 where dozens of what are called Hill Figures can be found. 163 00:10:01,962 --> 00:10:06,444 [MUSIC PLAYING] 164 00:10:25,380 --> 00:10:29,000 The Wilmington Long Man is at least 300 years old. 165 00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:31,730 Neither its makers nor the motives for its making 166 00:10:31,730 --> 00:10:32,660 are known. 167 00:10:32,660 --> 00:10:35,690 The figure was forgotten, then rediscovered one fine day. 168 00:10:35,690 --> 00:10:39,080 >> Up until the 19th century, it had become grown over. 169 00:10:39,080 --> 00:10:41,180 And there was a woman living there 170 00:10:41,180 --> 00:10:44,040 who noticed one day when it had snowed 171 00:10:44,040 --> 00:10:48,020 that the snow was melting to reveal the image of a man, 172 00:10:48,020 --> 00:10:49,160 of a figure. 173 00:10:49,160 --> 00:10:52,220 Just because the snow was melting slightly differently 174 00:10:52,220 --> 00:10:53,870 in the channels. 175 00:10:53,870 --> 00:10:56,150 And so this figure came out of the snow, 176 00:10:56,150 --> 00:10:57,980 and that's how it was discovered. 177 00:10:57,980 --> 00:11:00,230 >> Philip Carr-Gomm is a druid. 178 00:11:00,230 --> 00:11:03,290 His relationship with the giant began 20 years ago. 179 00:11:03,290 --> 00:11:06,740 When one of his friends died, he undertook a pilgrimage on foot 180 00:11:06,740 --> 00:11:09,960 which ended at the Wilmington Long Man. 181 00:11:09,960 --> 00:11:12,990 >> The reason why you have these figures in this particular part 182 00:11:12,990 --> 00:11:16,950 of Britain is because the topsoil is quite thin. 183 00:11:16,950 --> 00:11:18,930 And so you have the white chalk, and then you 184 00:11:18,930 --> 00:11:21,170 have a thin layer of soil. 185 00:11:21,170 --> 00:11:25,500 So it's very easy to cut down with a spade and cut it out, 186 00:11:25,500 --> 00:11:29,500 and then you can see the white chalk. 187 00:11:29,500 --> 00:11:32,380 >> At one time, the chalk could no longer be seen. 188 00:11:32,380 --> 00:11:33,880 The marks were therefore replaced 189 00:11:33,880 --> 00:11:35,710 with cement painted white. 190 00:11:35,710 --> 00:11:37,930 Despite these restorations, the Long Man 191 00:11:37,930 --> 00:11:40,135 remains a special place for the region's druids. 192 00:11:43,140 --> 00:11:46,990 >> In druidism, we treat all of the Earth as sacred. 193 00:11:46,990 --> 00:11:49,320 And there are also special spots that 194 00:11:49,320 --> 00:11:52,750 seem to be especially sacred or very important. 195 00:11:52,750 --> 00:11:54,240 And this is one such spot. 196 00:11:54,240 --> 00:11:57,420 Eight times a year, our local druid group 197 00:11:57,420 --> 00:11:58,886 has a big festivity here. 198 00:11:58,886 --> 00:11:59,685 Eight times a year. 199 00:11:59,685 --> 00:12:02,291 The solstices, the equinoxes, and so on. 200 00:12:02,291 --> 00:12:03,790 If you were in Wiltshire, if we were 201 00:12:03,790 --> 00:12:06,990 in another part of England, we would meet at a stone circle. 202 00:12:06,990 --> 00:12:08,920 But here, we don't have a stone circle. 203 00:12:08,920 --> 00:12:11,396 Instead we meet here. 204 00:12:11,396 --> 00:12:15,520 [MUSIC PLAYING] 205 00:12:15,520 --> 00:12:18,050 >> Many legends surround the giant. 206 00:12:18,050 --> 00:12:21,350 Is it a lover sitting to mourn the loss of his beloved? 207 00:12:21,350 --> 00:12:25,130 A giant wounded by a stone thrown by another giant? 208 00:12:25,130 --> 00:12:27,470 Difficult to know who made it and why. 209 00:12:27,470 --> 00:12:30,620 But beyond the legends that the design inspires, 210 00:12:30,620 --> 00:12:33,740 Philip Carr-Gomm thinks that the main thing is the effect 211 00:12:33,740 --> 00:12:37,750 it has on people now. 212 00:12:37,750 --> 00:12:40,250 >> And so it's a human figure. 213 00:12:40,250 --> 00:12:42,870 And because it's merely the outline, 214 00:12:42,870 --> 00:12:46,930 it somehow symbolizes every man, every woman. 215 00:12:46,930 --> 00:12:51,570 And onto this very simple image, we can project all our feelings 216 00:12:51,570 --> 00:12:55,900 and our thoughts about humanity and what it means to be human. 217 00:12:55,900 --> 00:12:58,980 I think it's important to find places for you 218 00:12:58,980 --> 00:13:01,620 to go when either something difficult has happened 219 00:13:01,620 --> 00:13:05,220 in your life, or perhaps you just need time on your own. 220 00:13:05,220 --> 00:13:08,631 Life has become a little stressful or difficult. 221 00:13:08,631 --> 00:13:12,110 [DRUM MUSIC] 222 00:13:17,090 --> 00:13:21,110 >> Geoglyphs can still play a spiritual role for mankind. 223 00:13:21,110 --> 00:13:23,720 And in Chile, people are fighting to protect this 224 00:13:23,720 --> 00:13:28,900 ancient cult. On the Cerro Unitas Hill, 225 00:13:28,900 --> 00:13:31,930 an 86 meter-long figure has been contemplating 226 00:13:31,930 --> 00:13:34,390 the plain for centuries. 227 00:13:34,390 --> 00:13:37,060 The Atacama Giant was made before the arrival 228 00:13:37,060 --> 00:13:41,650 of the Spanish, between the year 1,000 and 1,400. 229 00:13:41,650 --> 00:13:44,060 The figure is the work of the Aymara people, 230 00:13:44,060 --> 00:13:45,590 and represents a Puma man. 231 00:13:50,160 --> 00:13:53,200 >> The Atacama giant is a very important place 232 00:13:53,200 --> 00:13:57,160 for communication with the cosmos. 233 00:13:57,160 --> 00:14:00,100 It's a convergence point for positive energy. 234 00:14:03,320 --> 00:14:06,610 >> The Atacama Giant isn't the only geoglyph on this hill. 235 00:14:06,610 --> 00:14:09,850 There are also mysterious circles, a feline design, 236 00:14:09,850 --> 00:14:10,820 and human figures. 237 00:14:13,680 --> 00:14:16,630 As at Nazca, the geoglyphs have been drawn simply 238 00:14:16,630 --> 00:14:19,630 by moving stones and have lasted through time thanks 239 00:14:19,630 --> 00:14:23,730 to the special climate of the desert. 240 00:14:23,730 --> 00:14:25,970 The Aymaran culture behind these figures 241 00:14:25,970 --> 00:14:30,470 is a people of 22 million spread out over Chile, Peru, Bolivia, 242 00:14:30,470 --> 00:14:33,710 and Argentina. 243 00:14:33,710 --> 00:14:36,410 The Aymaran culture has a deep respect for nature, 244 00:14:36,410 --> 00:14:38,220 especially Mother Earth, Pachamama. 245 00:14:40,755 --> 00:14:44,710 Javier Vilca is fighting to save and transmit this culture. 246 00:14:48,200 --> 00:14:52,340 >> A long time ago, our ancestors surely made offerings 247 00:14:52,340 --> 00:15:00,430 to nature in this place to bring rain, to demand plenty, 248 00:15:00,430 --> 00:15:05,960 to calm the storms, lessen the earthquakes, 249 00:15:05,960 --> 00:15:10,280 surely because our culture is integrated, 250 00:15:10,280 --> 00:15:17,510 convivial and harmonious, and respectful of nature. 251 00:15:17,510 --> 00:15:20,600 >> For centuries there was open access to the Giant, 252 00:15:20,600 --> 00:15:23,150 and it was possible to walk upon the lines. 253 00:15:23,150 --> 00:15:25,930 But tourism and the irresponsible behavior of some 254 00:15:25,930 --> 00:15:27,800 menaced its protection. 255 00:15:27,800 --> 00:15:30,260 For some years now, access has been prohibited. 256 00:15:35,060 --> 00:15:37,970 >> We can't go up on the hill. 257 00:15:37,970 --> 00:15:41,345 I'd like to go up there and see what's there. 258 00:15:41,345 --> 00:15:44,960 At this distance, we can only see that there's something. 259 00:15:44,960 --> 00:15:47,240 But what is it? 260 00:15:47,240 --> 00:15:51,110 I'd like to see to define that more precisely. 261 00:15:51,110 --> 00:15:54,680 It should be what we call a sacred table, a place where you 262 00:15:54,680 --> 00:15:56,735 can pray and give offerings. 263 00:15:56,735 --> 00:16:00,770 But, well, the day will come when we see these places return 264 00:16:00,770 --> 00:16:04,110 to the indigenous people, the true heirs of this culture. 265 00:16:11,010 --> 00:16:12,720 >> After the arrival of the Spanish, 266 00:16:12,720 --> 00:16:15,780 different political regimes tried to break up the Aymaran 267 00:16:15,780 --> 00:16:17,160 culture. 268 00:16:17,160 --> 00:16:19,650 Javier Vilca battles daily to transmit 269 00:16:19,650 --> 00:16:23,070 the knowledge of that culture to new generations, 270 00:16:23,070 --> 00:16:25,440 but it is difficult to communicate and conserve 271 00:16:25,440 --> 00:16:26,610 these traditions. 272 00:16:26,610 --> 00:16:28,080 It's a different view of the world 273 00:16:28,080 --> 00:16:29,913 which has to be taught anew to the youngest. 274 00:16:33,160 --> 00:16:36,775 >> Our ancestors made their offerings before going fishing 275 00:16:36,775 --> 00:16:40,220 to the water god, [SPANISH]. 276 00:16:40,220 --> 00:16:43,290 They went to sea and brought back their catch. 277 00:16:43,290 --> 00:16:45,967 Why Because they had implored their god 278 00:16:45,967 --> 00:16:47,175 and the sea for its blessing. 279 00:16:50,640 --> 00:16:53,960 The sea is an important source of nutrition. 280 00:16:53,960 --> 00:16:55,970 It feeds us. 281 00:16:55,970 --> 00:16:59,190 It's something tremendous. 282 00:16:59,190 --> 00:17:01,760 And because of that, it must be loved. 283 00:17:01,760 --> 00:17:05,054 It must be preserved, because the sea brings benefits 284 00:17:05,054 --> 00:17:08,420 to every one of us. 285 00:17:08,420 --> 00:17:12,340 [MUSIC PLAYING] 286 00:17:19,690 --> 00:17:22,760 >> Javier Vilca regrets that the elements which would allow us 287 00:17:22,760 --> 00:17:25,970 to decode the geoglyphs have been lost over time. 288 00:17:25,970 --> 00:17:28,250 He goes to the Cerro Pintados site, 289 00:17:28,250 --> 00:17:31,010 a few kilometers away from the Atacama Giant. 290 00:17:31,010 --> 00:17:32,630 Here, the whole side of the mountain 291 00:17:32,630 --> 00:17:34,348 is covered with geoglyphs. 292 00:17:37,072 --> 00:17:40,110 >> There was an important route which went from Altiplano 293 00:17:40,110 --> 00:17:43,170 to the sea and passed by here. 294 00:17:43,170 --> 00:17:45,720 We don't know since when, but we do 295 00:17:45,720 --> 00:17:50,340 know it has been here for several thousand years. 296 00:17:50,340 --> 00:17:53,100 We can't decode all of this precisely 297 00:17:53,100 --> 00:17:55,362 because our wise men, the [SPANISH],, 298 00:17:55,362 --> 00:17:57,810 are no longer with us. 299 00:17:57,810 --> 00:18:02,160 They left when the conquistadors arrived. 300 00:18:02,160 --> 00:18:05,400 So amongst all the signs that are here, there are only four 301 00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:10,280 we can easily recognize and that we still use in our weaving. 302 00:18:10,280 --> 00:18:15,240 Like the water king, which is represented by the toad. 303 00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:18,330 We can also recognize the marriage symbol, these two 304 00:18:18,330 --> 00:18:21,780 little doves, which allow us to see clearly which is the man 305 00:18:21,780 --> 00:18:24,810 and which is the woman. 306 00:18:24,810 --> 00:18:27,930 Then we have the llama, which is a very important animal, part 307 00:18:27,930 --> 00:18:30,150 of life for indigenous Aymaran society. 308 00:18:34,320 --> 00:18:38,550 There is also the sign we call [SPANISH],, which 309 00:18:38,550 --> 00:18:41,730 is a symbol we recognize and preserve because it represents 310 00:18:41,730 --> 00:18:42,900 the direction of life. 311 00:18:48,590 --> 00:18:51,510 >> Geoglyphs still hold a place in various beliefs. 312 00:18:51,510 --> 00:18:54,420 Cults that are still dedicated to them by some people 313 00:18:54,420 --> 00:18:55,980 give us an idea of the link there 314 00:18:55,980 --> 00:18:58,890 could have been in the past between the geoglyphs 315 00:18:58,890 --> 00:19:00,450 and their makers. 316 00:19:00,450 --> 00:19:02,470 The cults devoted to the Nazca Lines 317 00:19:02,470 --> 00:19:04,470 couldn't have been that different to those still 318 00:19:04,470 --> 00:19:06,870 existing today in England and Chile, 319 00:19:06,870 --> 00:19:09,900 but this knowledge has been lost over time. 320 00:19:09,900 --> 00:19:13,320 The Nazca Lines were only rediscovered in 1924, 321 00:19:13,320 --> 00:19:16,700 when planes began to fly over South America. 322 00:19:16,700 --> 00:19:20,100 But after 100 years of research, their exact significance 323 00:19:20,100 --> 00:19:21,850 remains an enigma. 324 00:19:21,850 --> 00:19:24,900 The explanations given remain for the moment just theories. 325 00:19:24,900 --> 00:19:26,925 Like the lines, there are a lot of theories. 326 00:19:32,520 --> 00:19:34,860 It was a woman, Maria Reiche, who 327 00:19:34,860 --> 00:19:36,780 began to really study the geoglyphs 328 00:19:36,780 --> 00:19:38,880 in a scientific fashion. 329 00:19:38,880 --> 00:19:42,180 In the 1940s, this enthusiast devoted her life 330 00:19:42,180 --> 00:19:44,550 to studying and protecting the site. 331 00:19:44,550 --> 00:19:46,530 Without her work and obstination, 332 00:19:46,530 --> 00:19:49,050 the lines would probably have been destroyed. 333 00:19:53,860 --> 00:19:58,060 After many years of study, Maria Reiche ended up with a theory 334 00:19:58,060 --> 00:20:00,520 that the lines are a sort of star calendar, 335 00:20:00,520 --> 00:20:05,000 and their orientation is linked to the stars. 336 00:20:05,000 --> 00:20:07,510 Maria Reiche discovered that some of the lines 337 00:20:07,510 --> 00:20:10,090 pointed to the solstice, like those which crossed 338 00:20:10,090 --> 00:20:11,270 the design of the spider. 339 00:20:17,730 --> 00:20:21,090 So are the Nazca Lines an immense calendar 340 00:20:21,090 --> 00:20:23,775 drawn on the ground? 341 00:20:23,775 --> 00:20:27,735 [MUSIC PLAYING] 342 00:20:30,720 --> 00:20:34,500 Several hundred kilometers from there on the Pacific coast, 343 00:20:34,500 --> 00:20:36,570 another geoglyph can perhaps help 344 00:20:36,570 --> 00:20:40,200 us to understand the mystery of the Nazca Lines. 345 00:20:40,200 --> 00:20:43,050 The Candelabro de Paracas is now in the heart 346 00:20:43,050 --> 00:20:44,680 of a national park. 347 00:20:44,680 --> 00:20:46,650 Land access is impossible, and you 348 00:20:46,650 --> 00:20:49,380 have to get there by boat as thousands of tourists 349 00:20:49,380 --> 00:20:50,795 do each year. 350 00:20:50,795 --> 00:20:54,190 [BOAT ENGINE] 351 00:20:57,870 --> 00:21:00,580 >> Juan Carlos Heaton, the director of the reserve, 352 00:21:00,580 --> 00:21:02,650 takes us to see the famous Candelabra . 353 00:21:06,690 --> 00:21:08,760 >> Many research workers have come here. 354 00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:14,160 One of them was Maria Reiche, who was Peruvian and German. 355 00:21:14,160 --> 00:21:17,040 She undertook astronomical and mathematical research 356 00:21:17,040 --> 00:21:20,510 on the lines and shapes of Nazca. 357 00:21:20,510 --> 00:21:23,430 She tried to make a connection between the symbols 358 00:21:23,430 --> 00:21:25,940 and an astronomical calendar for the civilizations that 359 00:21:25,940 --> 00:21:26,740 lived here. 360 00:21:29,580 --> 00:21:32,370 In that context, this figure is also 361 00:21:32,370 --> 00:21:35,940 associated with the Nazca culture. 362 00:21:35,940 --> 00:21:39,300 The Candelabra has a lot to do with astronomy and the Nazca 363 00:21:39,300 --> 00:21:43,115 Lines, a theory which other scientists have confirmed. 364 00:21:46,710 --> 00:21:49,290 >> The Candelabra has all the qualities of a compass. 365 00:21:54,970 --> 00:21:57,640 >> This could be the Southern Cross seen by day. 366 00:21:57,640 --> 00:21:59,440 It has the same direction with the top 367 00:21:59,440 --> 00:22:01,390 of the Candelabra showing the south, 368 00:22:01,390 --> 00:22:05,650 and the base signifying the north. 369 00:22:05,650 --> 00:22:07,870 It resembles the Southern Cross exactly, 370 00:22:07,870 --> 00:22:09,060 according to Maria Reiche. 371 00:22:12,250 --> 00:22:14,680 So this design could serve as a reference 372 00:22:14,680 --> 00:22:18,790 for daytime navigation. 373 00:22:18,790 --> 00:22:21,070 We could also say that this design functions 374 00:22:21,070 --> 00:22:22,535 in the same way as a marker. 375 00:22:26,734 --> 00:22:29,810 >> This simple trace in the ground is actually visible out 376 00:22:29,810 --> 00:22:32,682 at sea to a distance of 20 kilometers, 377 00:22:32,682 --> 00:22:34,640 but it's impossible to know whether it was made 378 00:22:34,640 --> 00:22:37,865 by navigators of antiquity or by 17th century pirates. 379 00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:45,460 >> We don't know its exact date. 380 00:22:45,460 --> 00:22:51,720 Scientists can't tell if it is 10,000 or 500 years old. 381 00:22:51,720 --> 00:22:54,700 But we do know that the pre-Incan ancestors 382 00:22:54,700 --> 00:22:57,790 of Peruvians, as well as the Incas themselves, 383 00:22:57,790 --> 00:23:01,480 were very good navigators. 384 00:23:01,480 --> 00:23:03,820 The whole coast of Peru and South America 385 00:23:03,820 --> 00:23:06,130 was known to the Peruvians of antiquity. 386 00:23:09,660 --> 00:23:12,580 >> The idea that Nazca is an astronomical calendar is 387 00:23:12,580 --> 00:23:15,430 attractive, but the great majority of lines don't point 388 00:23:15,430 --> 00:23:17,530 to any star or constellation. 389 00:23:17,530 --> 00:23:20,380 Since the geoglyphs are often visible from far off, 390 00:23:20,380 --> 00:23:22,780 they've often been thought of as a kind of sign post, 391 00:23:22,780 --> 00:23:25,406 and not only in the desert. 392 00:23:25,406 --> 00:23:28,822 [MUSIC PLAYING] 393 00:23:38,610 --> 00:23:41,580 English geoglyphs are mostly white horses. 394 00:23:41,580 --> 00:23:44,620 There are nearly 20 across the country. 395 00:23:44,620 --> 00:23:47,380 Amongst the oldest is the Uffington White Horse. 396 00:23:47,380 --> 00:23:49,600 It must be the first in this long tradition, 397 00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:54,280 as it dates from between 1,400 and 1,600 years before our era, 398 00:23:54,280 --> 00:23:57,460 towards the end of the Bronze Age. 399 00:23:57,460 --> 00:24:00,160 There are several mysteries associated with the White 400 00:24:00,160 --> 00:24:02,050 Horse, and there are many theories 401 00:24:02,050 --> 00:24:04,640 as to its significance. 402 00:24:04,640 --> 00:24:06,710 Harriet Vered is a historian. 403 00:24:06,710 --> 00:24:08,540 She knows the White Horse well. 404 00:24:08,540 --> 00:24:13,060 In her opinion, it is above all a geographical marker. 405 00:24:13,060 --> 00:24:15,940 >> We're talking about preliterate people who had no 406 00:24:15,940 --> 00:24:21,040 maps, no GPS, no navigational equipment. 407 00:24:21,040 --> 00:24:23,080 This is the veil of the White Horse. 408 00:24:23,080 --> 00:24:25,600 And of course, from down there you 409 00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:29,350 actually get the best view of the White Horse 410 00:24:29,350 --> 00:24:31,480 because the White Horse isn't really supposed 411 00:24:31,480 --> 00:24:35,140 to be viewed from close. 412 00:24:35,140 --> 00:24:38,080 >> The horse can in fact be seen from the whole valley. 413 00:24:38,080 --> 00:24:41,500 It has impressive dimensions, over 100 meters long 414 00:24:41,500 --> 00:24:43,870 and 35 meters high. 415 00:24:43,870 --> 00:24:45,790 The white chalk stands out so as to make 416 00:24:45,790 --> 00:24:48,760 the design visible from afar. 417 00:24:48,760 --> 00:24:51,580 >> Every now and then, let's say every 10 miles, 418 00:24:51,580 --> 00:24:54,580 something like that, that would be a day's journey, 419 00:24:54,580 --> 00:24:57,670 if you've got flocks of animals for instance. 420 00:24:57,670 --> 00:24:59,470 So you would want junctions. 421 00:24:59,470 --> 00:25:01,660 You would want sign posts saying, 422 00:25:01,660 --> 00:25:05,500 this is where you can stop off and rest, and probably 423 00:25:05,500 --> 00:25:07,240 pay for it too. 424 00:25:07,240 --> 00:25:09,820 But you would have to have somewhere for people 425 00:25:09,820 --> 00:25:14,230 and animals to stay overnight. 426 00:25:14,230 --> 00:25:18,235 So it must've been a sign post. 427 00:25:21,416 --> 00:25:26,762 [MUSIC PLAYING] 428 00:25:33,080 --> 00:25:35,690 >> The horse is such a good reference point that it had 429 00:25:35,690 --> 00:25:38,150 to be covered up during the Second World War. 430 00:25:38,150 --> 00:25:41,420 It was too easy to recognize for enemy aircraft. 431 00:25:41,420 --> 00:25:45,470 And there is a second hypothesis about what it represents. 432 00:25:45,470 --> 00:25:48,620 >> Actually, it's probably not a horse. 433 00:25:48,620 --> 00:25:50,630 It's probably a dragon. 434 00:25:50,630 --> 00:25:51,950 They didn't call it polaris. 435 00:25:51,950 --> 00:25:53,680 They called it draconus. 436 00:25:53,680 --> 00:25:55,550 Draconus meaning dragon. 437 00:25:55,550 --> 00:25:58,770 So we think that from a navigational point of view, 438 00:25:58,770 --> 00:26:01,970 the dragon was a very important symbol. 439 00:26:01,970 --> 00:26:05,180 And this is why we think that it's 440 00:26:05,180 --> 00:26:08,320 a dragon rather than a horse. 441 00:26:08,320 --> 00:26:10,540 >> Andy Foley is the site's curator. 442 00:26:10,540 --> 00:26:13,660 He knows the legend well, and what happened to the dragon 443 00:26:13,660 --> 00:26:16,650 with the arrival of Christianity. 444 00:26:16,650 --> 00:26:21,540 >> Saint George and the dragon had a fight on here. 445 00:26:21,540 --> 00:26:22,530 George won. 446 00:26:22,530 --> 00:26:23,760 He killed the dragon. 447 00:26:23,760 --> 00:26:26,610 The blood came forth, and was so poisonous that it 448 00:26:26,610 --> 00:26:30,450 burnt the grass down here, and that's why we have this mark. 449 00:26:30,450 --> 00:26:33,280 Nothing grows there because of the dragon's blood, OK? 450 00:26:35,830 --> 00:26:38,810 >> Whether the figure is of a horse or a dragon, 451 00:26:38,810 --> 00:26:43,050 its design is striking, very refined, and very modern. 452 00:26:43,050 --> 00:26:46,780 >> The horse is, as you say, very stylized. 453 00:26:46,780 --> 00:26:49,700 It's, as I say, 110 meters long as 454 00:26:49,700 --> 00:26:53,530 if it's always running across these high hills 455 00:26:53,530 --> 00:26:55,492 up here that we have. 456 00:26:55,492 --> 00:26:59,760 This was done in the Bronze Age or the Iron Age, 800 BC, 457 00:26:59,760 --> 00:27:00,910 a long time ago. 458 00:27:00,910 --> 00:27:04,600 But the people then were very artistic, very stylistic. 459 00:27:04,600 --> 00:27:07,690 So yes, they could draw wonderful things like this. 460 00:27:07,690 --> 00:27:11,380 They could make wonderful rings and jewelry. 461 00:27:11,380 --> 00:27:12,850 So they're very stylistic. 462 00:27:12,850 --> 00:27:15,430 But they could be very barbaric as well because 463 00:27:15,430 --> 00:27:18,920 in the hill fort behind us, we found skeletons 464 00:27:18,920 --> 00:27:22,060 with the arms and the legs and the head all chopped off. 465 00:27:22,060 --> 00:27:27,182 So they could be beautiful stylistic but also barbaric. 466 00:27:27,182 --> 00:27:30,990 [MUSIC PLAYING] 467 00:27:35,290 --> 00:27:37,880 >> Geoglyphs are mysterious and have given rise to many 468 00:27:37,880 --> 00:27:38,690 legends. 469 00:27:38,690 --> 00:27:41,150 But it is always difficult to find the truth 470 00:27:41,150 --> 00:27:43,730 amongst the different conflicting theories. 471 00:27:43,730 --> 00:27:45,500 While some seem to have been reference 472 00:27:45,500 --> 00:27:48,080 points for past travelers, this explanation 473 00:27:48,080 --> 00:27:50,210 doesn't fit the Nazca Lines, which are 474 00:27:50,210 --> 00:27:51,410 hard to see from the ground. 475 00:27:54,910 --> 00:27:57,190 However, archaeologists are interested 476 00:27:57,190 --> 00:28:01,330 by the special relation of the Nazca civilization with water. 477 00:28:01,330 --> 00:28:05,148 One theory links the lines to irrigation. 478 00:28:05,148 --> 00:28:09,116 [MUSIC PLAYING] 479 00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:13,820 Alex from the Ministry of Culture 480 00:28:13,820 --> 00:28:16,397 takes us to visit the Cantalloc aqueducts. 481 00:28:23,860 --> 00:28:28,918 >> The ancient Nazca were great hydraulic engineers. 482 00:28:28,918 --> 00:28:32,320 They built irrigation channels, one 483 00:28:32,320 --> 00:28:36,155 of them being the aqueducts of Cantalloc which is still in use 484 00:28:36,155 --> 00:28:36,955 today. 485 00:28:39,860 --> 00:28:42,940 >> The Nazca civilization was in the middle of the desert. 486 00:28:42,940 --> 00:28:45,190 The balance with nature was precarious, 487 00:28:45,190 --> 00:28:48,010 and finding water was a daily worry. 488 00:28:48,010 --> 00:28:51,310 Droughts and climate variations brought about catastrophes 489 00:28:51,310 --> 00:28:53,276 and famines for the population. 490 00:28:56,540 --> 00:28:59,580 The Nazca did everything they could so as not to depend 491 00:28:59,580 --> 00:29:01,150 on rare rainfalls. 492 00:29:01,150 --> 00:29:03,705 Especially, they built complex irrigation systems. 493 00:29:07,950 --> 00:29:10,940 Mastering irrigation allowed the Nazca civilization 494 00:29:10,940 --> 00:29:12,980 to develop agriculture and to have 495 00:29:12,980 --> 00:29:18,330 an impressively large population for such a desert environment. 496 00:29:18,330 --> 00:29:22,630 Thanks to this, thousands of people lived around the city. 497 00:29:22,630 --> 00:29:25,930 Their wells, still visible, are incredible constructions 498 00:29:25,930 --> 00:29:28,490 as much for their design as for their way of working. 499 00:29:36,700 --> 00:29:40,970 >> It has a spiral shape which makes access easier, 500 00:29:40,970 --> 00:29:43,630 which is very useful for periodic cleaning 501 00:29:43,630 --> 00:29:46,120 as the villagers have to work to keep the water clear. 502 00:29:48,910 --> 00:29:53,570 When the earth moves, as it does in earthquakes, for example, 503 00:29:53,570 --> 00:29:56,850 then there are stones that collapse 504 00:29:56,850 --> 00:29:58,860 and there are branches which block the passages. 505 00:30:06,120 --> 00:30:09,000 >> The spiral shape not only means that the underground 506 00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:12,210 channels can be maintained, but also mean that a lot of people 507 00:30:12,210 --> 00:30:16,030 can get into work at the same time. 508 00:30:16,030 --> 00:30:18,520 According to the partisans of the water theory, 509 00:30:18,520 --> 00:30:21,820 some of the marks on the plain follow the underground network. 510 00:30:21,820 --> 00:30:25,480 Others mark out groundwater sites. 511 00:30:25,480 --> 00:30:28,450 Cults would move around on these lines calling for rain, 512 00:30:28,450 --> 00:30:32,176 and leaving offerings to ask for more favorable climate. 513 00:30:32,176 --> 00:30:36,160 [MUSIC PLAYING] 514 00:30:42,640 --> 00:30:45,070 But once again, a recent study shows 515 00:30:45,070 --> 00:30:48,500 that most of the signs and marks are not linked to water. 516 00:30:48,500 --> 00:30:50,950 While water was vital to the Nazca culture, 517 00:30:50,950 --> 00:30:53,430 it was not the main reason for the creation of the lines. 518 00:31:00,320 --> 00:31:04,600 It's incredibly complicated to try and explain the geoglyphs. 519 00:31:04,600 --> 00:31:07,420 The marks have remained, but the memory of their creators 520 00:31:07,420 --> 00:31:08,530 has faded. 521 00:31:08,530 --> 00:31:11,500 In the absence of reliable archaeological data, 522 00:31:11,500 --> 00:31:15,054 it's difficult to resolve their mysteries. 523 00:31:15,054 --> 00:31:18,470 [MUSIC PLAYING] 524 00:31:25,790 --> 00:31:28,460 The little village of Cerne Abbas in England 525 00:31:28,460 --> 00:31:33,740 also has a chalk geoglyph, a giant of 55 meters by 50, 526 00:31:33,740 --> 00:31:37,800 representing a naked man armed with a club. 527 00:31:37,800 --> 00:31:39,700 To distinguish between different theories, 528 00:31:39,700 --> 00:31:44,220 here an original method was tested. 529 00:31:44,220 --> 00:31:46,200 For years, it was thought that this figure 530 00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:47,880 dated from pre-history. 531 00:31:47,880 --> 00:31:50,070 But 30 years ago, it was realized 532 00:31:50,070 --> 00:31:55,720 that there was no indication of its existence before 1694. 533 00:31:55,720 --> 00:31:56,520 >> Yes. 534 00:31:56,520 --> 00:31:58,436 The first reference we have to the Stone Giant 535 00:31:58,436 --> 00:32:01,230 is in the church warden's accounts for 1694, 536 00:32:01,230 --> 00:32:03,810 which was discovered by Vivian Vale here actually in Cerne 537 00:32:03,810 --> 00:32:04,950 Abbas. 538 00:32:04,950 --> 00:32:09,270 "For repairing the giant, three shillings." 539 00:32:09,270 --> 00:32:11,610 >> The absence of historical records aroused 540 00:32:11,610 --> 00:32:13,200 Katherine's curiosity. 541 00:32:13,200 --> 00:32:16,410 She was then working at the University of Bournemouth. 542 00:32:16,410 --> 00:32:19,050 Katherine decided to organize a public trial 543 00:32:19,050 --> 00:32:20,550 where different specialists could 544 00:32:20,550 --> 00:32:23,970 come to defend their opinions about the giant's origins. 545 00:32:23,970 --> 00:32:27,580 Two main hypotheses stood out. 546 00:32:27,580 --> 00:32:30,540 >> The figure looks prehistoric, and so it could belong 547 00:32:30,540 --> 00:32:33,570 to the [INAUDIBLE] pre-Roman period, 548 00:32:33,570 --> 00:32:38,790 as an ancient Celtic warrior god waving his club around. 549 00:32:38,790 --> 00:32:42,630 But it has been suggested by one or two authorities that in fact 550 00:32:42,630 --> 00:32:46,080 it was cut out on the orders of Denzil Holles, 551 00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:48,690 who was lone [? overson ? ] estate in the 1640s, 552 00:32:48,690 --> 00:32:51,790 '50s, during the English Civil War. 553 00:32:51,790 --> 00:32:57,260 And Denzil Holles started off as being much pro Oliver Cromwell, 554 00:32:57,260 --> 00:33:00,480 led the revolution against the king. 555 00:33:00,480 --> 00:33:04,680 He saw the slaughter and the hatred 556 00:33:04,680 --> 00:33:08,070 and the damage and changed sides and decided 557 00:33:08,070 --> 00:33:09,750 to support the king. 558 00:33:09,750 --> 00:33:14,220 When he finally returned home in 1654, 559 00:33:14,220 --> 00:33:17,180 he had commissioned, he had cut on the hillside 560 00:33:17,180 --> 00:33:21,210 this satirical image of Oliver Cromwell, 561 00:33:21,210 --> 00:33:23,850 because Oliver Cromwell was known to his supporters 562 00:33:23,850 --> 00:33:26,790 in the form of the pagan god Hercules, 563 00:33:26,790 --> 00:33:29,700 the god of great strength. 564 00:33:29,700 --> 00:33:32,280 So in that sense, it's a political lampoon. 565 00:33:35,020 --> 00:33:38,430 >> After the debates, a vote was held to decide on the favorite 566 00:33:38,430 --> 00:33:39,330 theory. 567 00:33:39,330 --> 00:33:41,940 The score was close between the two theories. 568 00:33:41,940 --> 00:33:44,190 While some continue to believe the giant is 569 00:33:44,190 --> 00:33:46,320 several thousand years old, the theory 570 00:33:46,320 --> 00:33:49,910 of a gigantic satirical drawing seemed credible to many people. 571 00:33:52,920 --> 00:33:55,530 In England, this design has passed into posterity 572 00:33:55,530 --> 00:33:57,030 for another reason. 573 00:33:57,030 --> 00:33:59,430 This is surely because of the impressive size 574 00:33:59,430 --> 00:34:01,797 of a certain portion of his anatomy. 575 00:34:06,370 --> 00:34:09,420 >> Well, the giant, of course, is a powerful image of male 576 00:34:09,420 --> 00:34:12,320 fertility, of male strength. 577 00:34:12,320 --> 00:34:14,310 Virility, I think, is the right word. 578 00:34:14,310 --> 00:34:16,650 And therefore one does understand 579 00:34:16,650 --> 00:34:19,780 that sometimes courting couples or women who have difficulty 580 00:34:19,780 --> 00:34:24,170 in conceiving come to spend time at the giant, 581 00:34:24,170 --> 00:34:27,100 and they may be fortunate. 582 00:34:27,100 --> 00:34:31,060 [MUSIC PLAYING] 583 00:34:33,040 --> 00:34:35,969 >> The Cerne Abbas Giant, a powerful image which a lot 584 00:34:35,969 --> 00:34:39,438 of adverts have used to sell their brand. 585 00:34:39,438 --> 00:34:43,302 [MUSIC PLAYING] 586 00:34:47,270 --> 00:34:48,780 >> There are a good many of those. 587 00:34:48,780 --> 00:34:49,580 Here's another one. 588 00:34:49,580 --> 00:34:51,056 Here he is. 589 00:34:51,056 --> 00:34:55,000 As an image, he's used quite a lot in all sorts of ways. 590 00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:58,209 As I say, he's said to be the only pornographic material 591 00:34:58,209 --> 00:34:59,750 which is accepted by the post office, 592 00:34:59,750 --> 00:35:02,120 indeed by the tourist authorities. 593 00:35:02,120 --> 00:35:06,001 So yes, he's used quite often for this type of context. 594 00:35:06,001 --> 00:35:10,771 [MUSIC PLAYING] 595 00:35:13,640 --> 00:35:16,270 >> The giant is a geoglyph with many faces, 596 00:35:16,270 --> 00:35:18,560 a satirical and political design, 597 00:35:18,560 --> 00:35:21,950 making prayers come true, being an advertising mascot. 598 00:35:21,950 --> 00:35:24,140 Is it possible that the Nazca Lines also 599 00:35:24,140 --> 00:35:27,096 had multiple functions for the region's inhabitants? 600 00:35:27,096 --> 00:35:30,358 [MUSIC PLAYING] 601 00:35:32,690 --> 00:35:36,140 In the 1980s, a major discovery reshuffled the deck 602 00:35:36,140 --> 00:35:38,030 and opened up new perspectives. 603 00:35:38,030 --> 00:35:40,850 The Citadel of Cahuachi. 604 00:35:40,850 --> 00:35:45,190 What can be seen today is just a tiny part of a vast complex. 605 00:35:45,190 --> 00:35:48,370 Soledad from the Archaeological Service takes us there. 606 00:35:54,370 --> 00:35:58,430 >> Excavations at Cahuachi began in 1982. 607 00:35:58,430 --> 00:36:02,020 But the entire surface was buried. 608 00:36:02,020 --> 00:36:05,740 Now we presume that just 5% of the total archaeological 609 00:36:05,740 --> 00:36:08,770 complex has been brought to light. 610 00:36:08,770 --> 00:36:13,870 So of course, there's a lot more to dig up and discover. 611 00:36:13,870 --> 00:36:16,750 >> Since they lack the means, archaeologists are advancing 612 00:36:16,750 --> 00:36:18,670 very slowly at the site. 613 00:36:18,670 --> 00:36:22,890 But its purpose can already be determined. 614 00:36:22,890 --> 00:36:27,160 Cahuachi isn't a citadel as was thought when it was discovered. 615 00:36:27,160 --> 00:36:30,280 It was a religious center which had incredible importance 616 00:36:30,280 --> 00:36:31,520 in its time. 617 00:36:31,520 --> 00:36:34,420 It stretched over 24 square kilometers 618 00:36:34,420 --> 00:36:37,174 and welcomed thousands of pilgrims each year. 619 00:36:37,174 --> 00:36:38,590 At the time, it was the equivalent 620 00:36:38,590 --> 00:36:41,820 of Mecca or the Vatican. 621 00:36:41,820 --> 00:36:43,840 >> There's a relationship between the lines 622 00:36:43,840 --> 00:36:46,588 and the citadel. 623 00:36:46,588 --> 00:36:49,480 The geoglyphs are found in front of the most important 624 00:36:49,480 --> 00:36:53,880 ceremonial centers on the plain. 625 00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:55,510 But at the back part of the citadel, 626 00:36:55,510 --> 00:37:00,010 we've also found a variety of lines and trapezoids, geoglyphs 627 00:37:00,010 --> 00:37:04,420 which have an important link with Cahuachi. 628 00:37:04,420 --> 00:37:06,880 The same civilization which build the citadel 629 00:37:06,880 --> 00:37:07,860 made the geoglyphs. 630 00:37:12,400 --> 00:37:14,620 As for their impressive size, the people 631 00:37:14,620 --> 00:37:17,080 here must have considered that their gods could 632 00:37:17,080 --> 00:37:18,750 contemplate the geoglyphs. 633 00:37:21,910 --> 00:37:25,360 They were offerings to the gods, made so they could see them. 634 00:37:29,050 --> 00:37:31,660 >> People came from very far away on pilgrimage, 635 00:37:31,660 --> 00:37:34,950 and thousands of people lived here to welcome the visitors. 636 00:37:34,950 --> 00:37:36,810 The key to better understanding of the lines 637 00:37:36,810 --> 00:37:40,380 seems to be to better understand the whole of this civilization, 638 00:37:40,380 --> 00:37:43,940 but the Nazca did not only leave behind their geoglyphs. 639 00:37:43,940 --> 00:37:46,440 The lines are just one of the many means of expression 640 00:37:46,440 --> 00:37:48,902 used by this civilization. 641 00:37:48,902 --> 00:37:51,060 Giuseppe Orefici is one of the region's 642 00:37:51,060 --> 00:37:52,980 principal archaeologists. 643 00:37:55,560 --> 00:37:58,890 >> As we've seen, the Nazca civilization was impressive 644 00:37:58,890 --> 00:38:02,130 because it had many forms of expression ranging from 645 00:38:02,130 --> 00:38:07,170 ceramics to geoglyphs, as well as all the other systems 646 00:38:07,170 --> 00:38:08,215 of expression. 647 00:38:11,690 --> 00:38:15,240 This shows us the grandeur of this civilization which, 648 00:38:15,240 --> 00:38:18,330 based on a theocracy, dominated a very large territory 649 00:38:18,330 --> 00:38:22,710 for over 1,000 years. 650 00:38:22,710 --> 00:38:25,320 >> The Nazca civilization was very advanced from 651 00:38:25,320 --> 00:38:29,160 a technological point of view, not just in irrigation but also 652 00:38:29,160 --> 00:38:32,230 in construction, mathematics, music, agriculture, 653 00:38:32,230 --> 00:38:33,030 and pottery. 654 00:38:36,330 --> 00:38:39,990 >> The iconographic themes which are found in the Nazca Lines 655 00:38:39,990 --> 00:38:42,535 show us that they had a great ability to reproduce scale 656 00:38:42,535 --> 00:38:43,335 drawings. 657 00:38:46,110 --> 00:38:48,360 This was because they managed to succeed 658 00:38:48,360 --> 00:38:52,410 in reproducing using gigantic lines the iconography found 659 00:38:52,410 --> 00:38:53,867 on ceramics. 660 00:38:53,867 --> 00:38:57,346 [MUSIC PLAYING] 661 00:39:05,800 --> 00:39:08,230 >> With such a rich and varied culture, 662 00:39:08,230 --> 00:39:11,590 the diversity and precision of the Nazca design seems a little 663 00:39:11,590 --> 00:39:13,520 less astonishing. 664 00:39:13,520 --> 00:39:15,690 But despite all these discoveries, 665 00:39:15,690 --> 00:39:18,270 the Nazca Lines keep most of their secrets, 666 00:39:18,270 --> 00:39:20,340 and it has to be accepted that some of them 667 00:39:20,340 --> 00:39:23,490 will always remain a mystery. 668 00:39:23,490 --> 00:39:26,280 Doubtless in the years to come, sleeping geoglyphs 669 00:39:26,280 --> 00:39:28,920 will be discovered, especially thanks to the growing 670 00:39:28,920 --> 00:39:31,590 precision of satellite imagery. 671 00:39:31,590 --> 00:39:34,380 So they will continue to feed legend and generate 672 00:39:34,380 --> 00:39:36,890 stories of the supernatural. 673 00:39:36,890 --> 00:39:39,300 But the geoglyphs offer us one last enigma. 674 00:39:39,300 --> 00:39:40,680 What do we do with them now? 675 00:39:46,540 --> 00:39:49,110 At Nazca, some sites are protected, 676 00:39:49,110 --> 00:39:51,330 but there are so many designs spread out 677 00:39:51,330 --> 00:39:54,810 over such a vast surface that some have not even been listed. 678 00:39:57,680 --> 00:40:00,870 And in Chile, on the flanks of Cerros Pintados, 679 00:40:00,870 --> 00:40:05,010 the great vulnerability of the geoglyphs is clear. 680 00:40:05,010 --> 00:40:07,430 The enormous fresco is pierced with holes that 681 00:40:07,430 --> 00:40:09,780 have degraded the geoglyphs. 682 00:40:09,780 --> 00:40:11,700 This is because of mining prospecting, 683 00:40:11,700 --> 00:40:14,700 looking for saltpeter deposits at the end of the 19th century. 684 00:40:19,810 --> 00:40:22,720 >> Here we can see the traces of those which were degraded 685 00:40:22,720 --> 00:40:28,030 and destroyed because people at the time of saltpeter mining 686 00:40:28,030 --> 00:40:30,635 didn't have the slightest idea of the value of this giant 687 00:40:30,635 --> 00:40:31,435 message. 688 00:40:34,170 --> 00:40:37,450 They called these places the Painted Mountains, 689 00:40:37,450 --> 00:40:39,740 but in reality they're not paintings 690 00:40:39,740 --> 00:40:41,900 and this has nothing to do with the original name 691 00:40:41,900 --> 00:40:42,700 of the mountains. 692 00:40:45,465 --> 00:40:48,910 This shows their ignorance of the value of the geoglyphs, 693 00:40:48,910 --> 00:40:50,110 which are so important. 694 00:40:53,050 --> 00:40:56,320 Today, at least the intention is to protect these. 695 00:41:00,070 --> 00:41:03,100 Because these ceremonial sites were sacred, 696 00:41:03,100 --> 00:41:06,340 they need to be given back that value. 697 00:41:06,340 --> 00:41:08,600 As these sites are returned to us, 698 00:41:08,600 --> 00:41:10,630 we'll re-establish the great harmony 699 00:41:10,630 --> 00:41:12,130 with nature that once existed. 700 00:41:21,560 --> 00:41:24,080 >> But protecting them isn't enough. 701 00:41:24,080 --> 00:41:28,837 Most geoglyphs risk disappearing if they are not maintained. 702 00:41:28,837 --> 00:41:32,749 [MUSIC PLAYING] 703 00:41:40,580 --> 00:41:43,670 On the same site as the Nazcas, an even more 704 00:41:43,670 --> 00:41:45,980 ancient civilization had begun to create 705 00:41:45,980 --> 00:41:49,550 geoglyphs, the Paracas. 706 00:41:49,550 --> 00:41:51,410 These designs had almost disappeared 707 00:41:51,410 --> 00:41:54,800 and were very difficult to see, so a restoration campaign 708 00:41:54,800 --> 00:41:56,510 was begun. 709 00:41:56,510 --> 00:41:59,510 Johny Isla, Director of the Archaeological Service, 710 00:41:59,510 --> 00:42:03,890 comes with his team to restore the precious designs. 711 00:42:03,890 --> 00:42:06,380 >> What we're going to do is take some photographs so that 712 00:42:06,380 --> 00:42:08,000 we can get a scale. 713 00:42:08,000 --> 00:42:11,170 After that, the piles of stones weren't there originally, 714 00:42:11,170 --> 00:42:12,539 so we'll take them away. 715 00:42:12,539 --> 00:42:14,330 Practically, that's what we're going to do. 716 00:42:20,200 --> 00:42:23,690 At the Palpa site, we've identified nearly 80 groups 717 00:42:23,690 --> 00:42:26,350 of figures of this type. 718 00:42:26,350 --> 00:42:29,220 They were all disappearing because they 719 00:42:29,220 --> 00:42:31,550 had been made on the mountain slopes 720 00:42:31,550 --> 00:42:35,210 where there's a lot of erosion, sometimes rain, people passing 721 00:42:35,210 --> 00:42:38,130 by, earth movements, and also dust and wind which 722 00:42:38,130 --> 00:42:38,930 caused erosion. 723 00:42:42,530 --> 00:42:47,280 We identified several different groups, such as this one here, 724 00:42:47,280 --> 00:42:49,550 which has been restored by putting the stones back 725 00:42:49,550 --> 00:42:52,280 in place, which makes the figure more visible. 726 00:42:54,870 --> 00:42:57,440 Basically what we're doing is lifting the stones which 727 00:42:57,440 --> 00:43:00,230 have fallen inside the figures and putting them back 728 00:43:00,230 --> 00:43:04,100 on the sides so that the figure keeps its original contours, 729 00:43:04,100 --> 00:43:06,350 and in that way it can be seen from far off. 730 00:43:09,700 --> 00:43:12,040 It's a technique which we use for buildings, 731 00:43:12,040 --> 00:43:14,390 but with geoglyphs it's the first time 732 00:43:14,390 --> 00:43:17,090 that we've used it to bring them back to their original state. 733 00:43:21,170 --> 00:43:23,720 Sometimes we have to clear away the earth that builds up 734 00:43:23,720 --> 00:43:27,830 on the stone with brushes and nothing else, 735 00:43:27,830 --> 00:43:30,320 and in some cases when we're restoring them 736 00:43:30,320 --> 00:43:33,200 we use a little water to clean the stones so as 737 00:43:33,200 --> 00:43:36,540 to make them more visible. 738 00:43:36,540 --> 00:43:38,170 Nothing more. 739 00:43:38,170 --> 00:43:41,730 It's a very simple technique, but it takes a lot of time. 740 00:43:50,055 --> 00:43:54,110 >> We clean them carefully, just enough to be able to visualize 741 00:43:54,110 --> 00:43:58,045 them without altering them. 742 00:43:58,045 --> 00:44:01,496 [MUSIC PLAYING] 743 00:44:22,730 --> 00:44:26,000 >> Maintenance and restoration are also part of daily life 744 00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:28,760 around the Uffington White Horse. 745 00:44:28,760 --> 00:44:33,110 More than 250,000 people come each year to visit the site 746 00:44:33,110 --> 00:44:38,234 and to do all sorts of strange things inspired by the legends. 747 00:44:38,234 --> 00:44:40,230 >> Nice. 748 00:44:40,230 --> 00:44:44,120 One is that if you stand in the eye of the horse and you spin 749 00:44:44,120 --> 00:44:47,660 round three times, it will bring you luck. 750 00:44:47,660 --> 00:44:51,380 But if I see you, I will tell you off. 751 00:44:51,380 --> 00:44:52,430 It's not good. 752 00:44:52,430 --> 00:44:54,430 Erosion is one of our biggest problems. 753 00:44:54,430 --> 00:44:59,465 I mean, all this, this is because of people stepping. 754 00:44:59,465 --> 00:45:02,480 We ask don't step on the horse, so they step here. 755 00:45:02,480 --> 00:45:06,530 And then you multiply this by thousands. 756 00:45:06,530 --> 00:45:09,110 This is why you get marks like this and like that. 757 00:45:09,110 --> 00:45:12,240 It's where people step. 758 00:45:12,240 --> 00:45:13,040 Every time. 759 00:45:13,040 --> 00:45:15,440 That's a step, you see? 760 00:45:15,440 --> 00:45:18,560 And that's the problem. 761 00:45:18,560 --> 00:45:20,670 But it keeps me busy. 762 00:45:20,670 --> 00:45:24,080 There is always work to do here, OK? 763 00:45:24,080 --> 00:45:26,600 >> But there's no question of closing the site. 764 00:45:26,600 --> 00:45:29,870 The powers that be want people to have access to the horse 765 00:45:29,870 --> 00:45:31,170 and to know its history. 766 00:45:34,770 --> 00:45:38,030 So the geoglyph has to be maintained every year. 767 00:45:38,030 --> 00:45:40,640 400 people work in relay over two days 768 00:45:40,640 --> 00:45:43,720 to renew the surface level of chalk. 769 00:45:43,720 --> 00:45:46,390 >> This is how we chalk the horse. 770 00:45:46,390 --> 00:45:49,610 The method hasn't changed in thousands of years. 771 00:45:49,610 --> 00:45:51,020 It's exactly the same. 772 00:45:51,020 --> 00:45:52,270 This is our technology. 773 00:45:55,520 --> 00:46:00,350 We could, if we want, today the men who make the roads, 774 00:46:00,350 --> 00:46:03,600 they have the pneumatic-- 775 00:46:03,600 --> 00:46:04,670 you know? 776 00:46:04,670 --> 00:46:08,540 Yes, you could do that here, but it's not the same, is it? 777 00:46:08,540 --> 00:46:09,920 It's not the story. 778 00:46:09,920 --> 00:46:11,120 We want to do it. 779 00:46:11,120 --> 00:46:13,130 We want to keep tradition alive. 780 00:46:13,130 --> 00:46:14,550 That's what it's all about. 781 00:46:14,550 --> 00:46:17,450 This is our heritage, the heritage of England. 782 00:46:17,450 --> 00:46:19,020 So we want to keep it. 783 00:46:19,020 --> 00:46:20,990 We want to use people, not machines. 784 00:46:23,660 --> 00:46:26,630 >> The Uffington White Horse has thus been looked after from 785 00:46:26,630 --> 00:46:30,410 generation to generation for over 3,000 years. 786 00:46:30,410 --> 00:46:32,570 Elsewhere in the country, other geoglyphs 787 00:46:32,570 --> 00:46:34,790 have been lost for lack of maintenance, 788 00:46:34,790 --> 00:46:38,420 and covered back over by vegetation. 789 00:46:38,420 --> 00:46:40,520 Today, English Hill Figures are mainly 790 00:46:40,520 --> 00:46:46,040 looked after by institutions or groups of local inhabitants. 791 00:46:46,040 --> 00:46:48,610 Some are still made, keeping the tradition alive. 792 00:46:52,330 --> 00:46:54,730 The latest was made in 2006, near 793 00:46:54,730 --> 00:46:56,620 to the Channel Tunnel entrance. 794 00:46:56,620 --> 00:47:00,540 [MUSIC PLAYING] 795 00:47:10,840 --> 00:47:14,310 In 1990, Katherine launched a project with her students. 796 00:47:24,050 --> 00:47:25,890 >> In the months following the trial, 797 00:47:25,890 --> 00:47:29,010 I thought it would be an interesting thing to do 798 00:47:29,010 --> 00:47:33,030 to conduct some exercise in experimental archeology, 799 00:47:33,030 --> 00:47:37,340 and to tape out a giantess, a Hill Figure. 800 00:47:41,010 --> 00:47:41,970 She is the same. 801 00:47:41,970 --> 00:47:44,190 She's much the same height. 802 00:47:44,190 --> 00:47:45,350 She is slimmer. 803 00:47:45,350 --> 00:47:48,120 She is a mirrored version of him, quite literally. 804 00:47:48,120 --> 00:47:50,890 But of course without the same accouterments 805 00:47:50,890 --> 00:47:55,440 that the male has, although she's recognizably female. 806 00:47:55,440 --> 00:47:57,900 >> To respect proportions and guide the design, 807 00:47:57,900 --> 00:48:01,170 Katherine and her team used a grid. 808 00:48:01,170 --> 00:48:03,480 Creating a geoglyph was an intense experience 809 00:48:03,480 --> 00:48:06,390 for several hours, which allowed them to put themselves 810 00:48:06,390 --> 00:48:09,720 into the shoes of and to better understand the creators 811 00:48:09,720 --> 00:48:12,840 of the original work. 812 00:48:12,840 --> 00:48:14,430 >> As we discovered with the giantess, 813 00:48:14,430 --> 00:48:16,480 they're not difficult to lay out. 814 00:48:16,480 --> 00:48:20,950 This is not an exercise which is too difficult. 815 00:48:20,950 --> 00:48:22,800 It doesn't take long to do. 816 00:48:22,800 --> 00:48:24,900 I'm sure the creator, whoever it was, 817 00:48:24,900 --> 00:48:26,750 definitely saw the end result of his work. 818 00:48:26,750 --> 00:48:27,870 Yes, of course he did. 819 00:48:27,870 --> 00:48:30,440 And the people who helped him to dig out the figure. 820 00:48:30,440 --> 00:48:31,490 Yes, of course they did. 821 00:48:31,490 --> 00:48:34,470 Didn't take long. 822 00:48:34,470 --> 00:48:37,290 >> Designing and creating geoglyphs remains a living 823 00:48:37,290 --> 00:48:38,340 tradition. 824 00:48:38,340 --> 00:48:39,840 And although it's the artists who 825 00:48:39,840 --> 00:48:42,030 practice land art who come closest 826 00:48:42,030 --> 00:48:44,280 to the works of our ancestors, we 827 00:48:44,280 --> 00:48:46,890 create geoglyphs all over the planet, 828 00:48:46,890 --> 00:48:49,750 sometimes without realizing it. 829 00:48:49,750 --> 00:48:52,960 Here, it's the grid pattern of streets in a United States 830 00:48:52,960 --> 00:48:54,540 ghost town. 831 00:48:54,540 --> 00:48:57,460 There, a satellite staging marker in the Chinese Gobi 832 00:48:57,460 --> 00:48:58,260 Desert. 833 00:49:02,180 --> 00:49:05,990 Geoglyphs might seem to merely be historical curiosities, 834 00:49:05,990 --> 00:49:08,900 but they are also the last unique vestiges 835 00:49:08,900 --> 00:49:10,384 of some civilizations. 836 00:49:14,700 --> 00:49:19,410 Will what we create today also voyage through history? 837 00:49:19,410 --> 00:49:21,800 What will this teach those who study us 838 00:49:21,800 --> 00:49:26,120 in the thousands of years to come? 839 00:49:26,120 --> 00:49:30,830 Will these be the only traces we leave behind us if we vanish? 840 00:49:30,830 --> 00:50:21,394 [MUSIC PLAYING] 68174

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