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Narrator: Dynamic.
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In your face.
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00:00:13,948 --> 00:00:16,882
And always moving forward.
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00:00:17,568 --> 00:00:19,935
Watson: No city looks more to
the future than new york city.
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00:00:20,638 --> 00:00:23,272
Narrator: The big apple
grew out of water.
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00:00:25,276 --> 00:00:29,044
The secret story of
its success lies hidden
under its two rivers...
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00:00:30,047 --> 00:00:32,281
And its mighty harbor...
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00:00:35,603 --> 00:00:38,904
Delgado: This is one
of the most notorious
stretches of water on
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00:00:38,939 --> 00:00:40,873
The new york waterfront.
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00:00:43,444 --> 00:00:46,078
Narrator: Imagine if
we could empty the oceans.
11
00:00:48,015 --> 00:00:50,432
Letting the
water drain away...
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00:00:51,001 --> 00:00:53,736
To reveal the
secrets of the sea floor.
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00:00:54,638 --> 00:00:57,106
Now we can.
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00:00:57,641 --> 00:01:01,210
Using accurate data and
astonishing technology
15
00:01:03,948 --> 00:01:08,067
To bring light once
again to a lost world.
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00:01:14,041 --> 00:01:18,811
How does the horror
of 911 lead to an
extraordinary discovery
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00:01:18,846 --> 00:01:21,513
From the birth of america?
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Watson: The most grizzly
and bloodiest event of
the entire revolutionary war.
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00:01:26,504 --> 00:01:28,537
Narrator: What does
this off-shore wreck
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00:01:28,572 --> 00:01:31,373
Reveal about the
city's explosive growth?
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00:01:32,076 --> 00:01:34,409
Jaffe: People talked
about a forest of masts.
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00:01:35,846 --> 00:01:38,781
Narrator: And what
sank this huge us warship,
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00:01:39,316 --> 00:01:41,667
Just miles from new york?
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00:01:44,171 --> 00:01:49,842
(theme music plays).
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The largest city in america...
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300 square miles.
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00:02:09,947 --> 00:02:12,614
Eight and a half
million people.
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00:02:16,804 --> 00:02:18,637
Tenacious.
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Powerful.
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Confident.
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00:02:24,211 --> 00:02:26,678
All of it built
from scratch...
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In just 400 years.
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00:02:30,467 --> 00:02:33,335
And the secret
to its success:
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00:02:33,571 --> 00:02:36,405
Its rivers and harbor.
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00:02:37,074 --> 00:02:39,474
In the waters
around new york,
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00:02:39,510 --> 00:02:42,544
Archaeologists have
located thousands of wrecks.
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00:02:43,848 --> 00:02:45,214
Time capsules...
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That can reveal this
city's incredible
story in a new light.
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One in particular...
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What is this strange wreck?
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And why is it here?
42
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(explosion)
43
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(screams)
44
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(siren and horn)
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As new yorkers recover
from the shock of 9/11.
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The ruins of the
twin towers reveal a secret...
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From the very start
of their city's story.
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Riess: Little did we
know that from this
terrible tragedy,
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There would be
a major discovery.
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A secret from the past.
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00:03:48,012 --> 00:03:52,414
Narrator:
By 2010 1.8 million tons
of debris have been removed.
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00:03:55,569 --> 00:03:58,637
The construction of
a high-security parking
garage is underway.
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00:04:00,774 --> 00:04:03,275
Riess: They decided to make
that entrance underground,
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00:04:03,310 --> 00:04:05,510
So they dug down deeper
than they had before.
55
00:04:07,047 --> 00:04:09,348
Narrator: 22 feet
beneath the tarmac.
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00:04:12,369 --> 00:04:14,770
In the shadow of
the twin towers...
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The remnants of
an ancient ship.
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00:04:20,577 --> 00:04:22,711
Reporter (over tv):
At the construction
site at ground zero,
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00:04:22,746 --> 00:04:24,346
A rare find.
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00:04:24,381 --> 00:04:26,965
What we can
see is believed to
be half of a ship.
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00:04:31,005 --> 00:04:32,838
Narrator: Construction halts.
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00:04:32,873 --> 00:04:36,475
And a team
of archaeologists
rush to ground zero.
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00:04:37,511 --> 00:04:40,612
The principle
investigator: Warren riess.
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Riess: It was right there.
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00:04:43,767 --> 00:04:47,235
Right where the security
area is for parking at
the world trade center.
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00:04:48,872 --> 00:04:51,606
Narrator: When warren
arrives only part of
the ship is exposed.
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Its secrets still
hidden under the mud.
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00:04:56,380 --> 00:05:01,066
Riess: The history of this
particular vessel might fill
in tremendous gaps in our
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Knowledge about the history
of new york city itself.
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00:05:06,507 --> 00:05:10,809
Narrator: To find out
more, warren's team scan
the excavated site with
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00:05:10,844 --> 00:05:12,911
High-accuracy
laser technology.
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00:05:15,115 --> 00:05:17,566
Combining the
high-resolution 3-d data,
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00:05:18,102 --> 00:05:20,202
With cutting-edge
computer-imaging...
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00:05:20,904 --> 00:05:24,639
We can turn back time
and drain ground zero...
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00:05:36,203 --> 00:05:40,639
To reveal an astonishing
subterranean secret.
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Layers of earth crumble away.
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22 feet underground,
in the heart of manhattan...
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00:05:59,009 --> 00:06:02,010
The flattened wreck
of a wooden ship.
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It's 30-foot-long
and its wooden structure
is roughly-hewn.
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Riess: We'd never seen
a vessel just like this one.
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It was not only rare
it's one of a kind.
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Narrator:
What is this ship?
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00:06:22,082 --> 00:06:25,033
And what's
it doing beneath the
heart of manhattan?
84
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More than 500 yards
from the shoreline.
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To find out,
riess and his team
need to learn its age.
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00:06:37,848 --> 00:06:43,001
Taking a closer look
inside the wood they find
well preserved tree rings.
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00:06:47,007 --> 00:06:51,643
They reveal that the
timber was felled in
1773 or soon after.
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Riess: It was like
a time capsule, a
secret time capsule.
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Narrator: In america the
1770s mean only one thing...
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Revolution.
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Riess: What we have is a,
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A vessel that's been
hiding underneath new york city
93
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That's from the
revolutionary period.
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00:07:13,283 --> 00:07:17,803
Narrator: Back then,
new york is home to
just 25,000 people.
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00:07:17,838 --> 00:07:21,673
But the quality of
its harbor has already
made it one of america's
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00:07:21,708 --> 00:07:24,276
Most successful ports.
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Its strategic importance
puts new york firmly
in the cross hairs of
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Britain's king george...
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When the american
revolution begins in 1775.
100
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Just a year later a
huge british invasion force
drives george washington's
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Army out of the city.
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(gunfire)
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Could this ship have
been part of the battle?
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00:07:58,111 --> 00:08:02,180
Going back to the drained
wreckage, clues emerge...
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Beneath the decking,
327 pieces of artillery.
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00:08:10,574 --> 00:08:14,543
Including a cannonball
and 56 musket balls.
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Soldiers from one side
or another have clearly
been on board this ship.
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Then, in the
center of the wreck,
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Warren riess's
team discover the
smallest of clues.
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Riess: This button was found,
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In the midships
area on the vessel,
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Between some frames
and some planks and
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Because of that we
know it was on the ship
before it was buried.
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Narrator: The pewter
button is stamped with
the number fifty-two.
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It's fallen from the
uniform of a soldier from
the fifty second regiment
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Of the british army.
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Riess: They were grenadiers
which means they were very
aggressive assault troops.
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00:09:04,378 --> 00:09:09,614
Pretty exciting to find
this because this ties the
ship to a british soldier,
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00:09:10,968 --> 00:09:13,501
In new york
during the revolution.
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00:09:13,537 --> 00:09:16,171
A common soldier who's
lost their button.
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00:09:18,008 --> 00:09:21,276
Narrator: If this
ship was used by some of
the most fearsome troops in
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The british army,
what were they using it for?
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00:09:27,367 --> 00:09:31,202
Combining the scanning
data with new research
by texas a&m university,
124
00:09:33,840 --> 00:09:35,874
We can resurrect the ship.
125
00:09:39,546 --> 00:09:44,566
As her original
form rises from the dirt,
her full size becomes clear
126
00:09:46,003 --> 00:09:48,503
And her striking features.
127
00:09:49,740 --> 00:09:51,506
50-feet-long...
128
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Her beam, eighteen feet.
129
00:09:54,144 --> 00:09:56,745
With the hull of
a river craft.
130
00:09:57,014 --> 00:10:00,548
Just four feet deep
and a small keel.
131
00:10:01,401 --> 00:10:04,502
This is not an
ocean-going vessel...
132
00:10:05,238 --> 00:10:08,940
It's specifically
designed for use in
sheltered coastal waters.
133
00:10:11,278 --> 00:10:13,678
Riess: It was able to
get into shallow water,
134
00:10:14,414 --> 00:10:17,082
Into little coves,
up alongside ships.
135
00:10:21,238 --> 00:10:25,006
Narrator: A ship that's
perfect for operating
within new york harbor,
136
00:10:25,275 --> 00:10:27,942
And crewed by
british grenadiers.
137
00:10:27,978 --> 00:10:32,047
Evidence that she could
be part of a little
known but brutal story.
138
00:10:35,535 --> 00:10:39,437
During the war british
forces ferried many
thousands of americans...
139
00:10:39,806 --> 00:10:42,073
To a horrifying destination.
140
00:10:42,476 --> 00:10:44,242
Just two miles away...
141
00:10:44,277 --> 00:10:46,711
Off the shores of brooklyn.
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00:10:47,514 --> 00:10:49,080
Riess: During the
american revolution.
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00:10:49,116 --> 00:10:54,469
This was known
as wallabout bay and it was
the most lethal place during
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00:10:55,439 --> 00:10:57,672
The whole revolution
for the americans.
145
00:11:00,143 --> 00:11:03,278
Watson: New york city
still has its secrets,
its dark past.
146
00:11:04,481 --> 00:11:06,614
Including the most
grisly and bloody,
147
00:11:06,650 --> 00:11:09,567
Bloodiest event of the
entire revolutionary war.
148
00:11:11,571 --> 00:11:14,205
Narrator: As the british
try to quell the uprising,
149
00:11:14,241 --> 00:11:17,042
They capture thousands
of prisoners and ferry them
150
00:11:17,077 --> 00:11:23,481
Out onto the waters of
wallabout bay to a place
known as 'hell afloat'.
151
00:11:27,637 --> 00:11:30,739
A flotilla of
festering british ships.
152
00:11:30,974 --> 00:11:36,361
Overcrowded, freezing
cold, poorly supplied
and run by brutal guards.
153
00:11:38,982 --> 00:11:42,267
Watson: The diseases
that swept through just
terrorized the men on board.
154
00:11:44,271 --> 00:11:48,440
Narrator: Most notorious
of all, the hms jersey.
155
00:11:49,976 --> 00:11:54,379
Watson: She would serve as
potentially the worst prison
ship, floating dungeon,
156
00:11:55,148 --> 00:11:57,532
In human history.
157
00:11:57,901 --> 00:12:01,236
Narrator: Warren riess
believes that the world
trade center ship may
158
00:12:01,271 --> 00:12:05,206
Play a role in this dark
chapter of new york's history.
159
00:12:07,344 --> 00:12:11,045
Riess: They needed
boats to go back and forth
and to bring prisoners out and
160
00:12:11,081 --> 00:12:13,782
This would have been
a perfect vessel for that.
161
00:12:14,601 --> 00:12:17,702
They would have just
stuffed them in there even
if they had to pack them in,
162
00:12:18,071 --> 00:12:20,004
Sitting down.
163
00:12:20,040 --> 00:12:22,807
It might carry
100 people on board.
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00:12:25,746 --> 00:12:28,279
Narrator: The casualty
figures are staggering.
165
00:12:29,316 --> 00:12:32,033
Far worse than 9/11.
166
00:12:33,270 --> 00:12:38,973
Historians estimate
that 11,000 men die
on hms jersey alone...
167
00:12:40,377 --> 00:12:45,313
Watson: Twice as many
men died aboard the jersey
as were lost in combat during
168
00:12:45,715 --> 00:12:49,134
The entirety of the
revolutionary war.
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00:12:49,402 --> 00:12:51,536
It's unimaginable.
170
00:12:54,074 --> 00:12:56,641
Riess: It was a very dark
chapter of american history.
171
00:13:04,701 --> 00:13:08,136
Narrator: One last
mystery remains about
the british ferryboat.
172
00:13:09,372 --> 00:13:13,408
Why was it found under
the heart of manhattan?
173
00:13:29,543 --> 00:13:32,610
Narrator: America
finally wins independence.
174
00:13:33,814 --> 00:13:36,181
And new york changes fast.
175
00:13:39,970 --> 00:13:42,337
Jaffe: In the years after
the american revolution,
176
00:13:42,372 --> 00:13:44,973
New york very much
uh is like a phoenix
177
00:13:45,008 --> 00:13:48,243
Rising from the ashes
politically and economically.
178
00:13:49,145 --> 00:13:52,213
Narrator: At its heart,
a thriving dock...
179
00:13:52,582 --> 00:13:56,401
That looks very different
to the city of today.
180
00:13:57,370 --> 00:13:59,370
Riess: We're in the middle
of a modern city here,
181
00:13:59,406 --> 00:14:02,240
In the lower districts
of manhattan and about
182
00:14:02,275 --> 00:14:05,059
Halfway down that block
was the original shoreline.
183
00:14:06,713 --> 00:14:10,932
Narrator: Eager to
improve their harbor new
yorkers build new wharves.
184
00:14:12,035 --> 00:14:15,136
Extending the island of
manhattan out into the bay...
185
00:14:16,439 --> 00:14:18,406
Abandoned in the docks,
186
00:14:18,441 --> 00:14:20,475
Half sunk in the mud,
187
00:14:20,510 --> 00:14:24,078
The old british ferry is
simply built around and over.
188
00:14:28,134 --> 00:14:29,567
Centuries later,
189
00:14:29,636 --> 00:14:34,539
The world trade center
rises on top of the old
dockland and the ships
190
00:14:35,041 --> 00:14:37,859
That had witnessed
america's bloody birth.
191
00:14:40,513 --> 00:14:45,333
Commerce drives the city's
expansion and for commerce,
location is everything.
192
00:14:48,638 --> 00:14:50,705
Facing the roaring atlantic,
193
00:14:50,740 --> 00:14:53,041
At the mouth
of the hudson river,
194
00:14:54,044 --> 00:14:56,110
New york's
huge natural harbor
195
00:14:56,146 --> 00:14:58,880
Is the perfect place
for an international port.
196
00:15:01,668 --> 00:15:04,335
Miles of shoreline
in a protected bay.
197
00:15:05,171 --> 00:15:08,706
From which an
independent america can
trade with the world.
198
00:15:10,176 --> 00:15:11,776
In the 1800s,
199
00:15:11,811 --> 00:15:15,680
More passengers
and cargo flow through
new york than all other
200
00:15:15,715 --> 00:15:17,765
Us ports combined.
201
00:15:18,635 --> 00:15:22,537
Jaffe: There were so many
sailing vessels, coming
and going and docking here,
202
00:15:23,139 --> 00:15:26,507
That observers would describe
it as a forest of masts.
203
00:15:29,846 --> 00:15:33,081
Narrator: But the
city's ambition soon
outgrows the fabulous
204
00:15:33,116 --> 00:15:35,600
Harbor provided by nature.
205
00:15:37,404 --> 00:15:39,904
Just yards from bustling
uptown manhattan...
206
00:15:44,544 --> 00:15:48,713
Evidence of an
earth-shattering event
that reshaped this city.
207
00:15:51,801 --> 00:15:57,372
Just how far would new
yorkers go to make their
port the greatest on earth?
208
00:16:05,749 --> 00:16:09,300
New york harbor's
main entrance is the
verrazano narrows.
209
00:16:14,774 --> 00:16:17,208
But there's a second
gateway to the atlantic...
210
00:16:18,011 --> 00:16:20,311
Long island sound.
211
00:16:22,816 --> 00:16:26,034
Crucial to sustaining the
frenzied flow of commerce.
212
00:16:29,339 --> 00:16:32,907
But it's obstructed
by a perilous stretch
of the east river.
213
00:16:35,845 --> 00:16:37,979
Hell gate.
214
00:16:38,682 --> 00:16:42,400
In the 1850s, one in fifty
ships are devoured here.
215
00:16:43,536 --> 00:16:45,336
A terrifying statistic.
216
00:16:48,975 --> 00:16:50,742
James delgado,
217
00:16:50,777 --> 00:16:55,380
Maritime archaeologist
from search incorporated,
wants to learn more about the
218
00:16:55,415 --> 00:16:57,181
Dangers of hell gate.
219
00:16:59,302 --> 00:17:01,035
Delgado: This early
map is particularly
220
00:17:01,071 --> 00:17:03,571
Remarkable because
it shows us hell gate...
221
00:17:05,141 --> 00:17:07,542
With the positions of
a number of rocks marked.
222
00:17:10,613 --> 00:17:14,148
Narrator: Islands and hidden
reefs choke the shipping lane.
223
00:17:15,502 --> 00:17:18,069
Churning the water
into a maelstrom.
224
00:17:19,739 --> 00:17:21,672
Delgado:
This is a challenging,
if not dangerous,
225
00:17:21,708 --> 00:17:23,574
Area to navigate...
226
00:17:24,344 --> 00:17:26,377
A gauntlet to be run.
227
00:17:27,847 --> 00:17:30,681
Narrator: Among the
many perils of hell gate,
228
00:17:30,717 --> 00:17:33,134
One monster looms
large and deadly...
229
00:17:34,971 --> 00:17:36,738
Flood rock.
230
00:17:39,242 --> 00:17:43,444
Nine acres
of stone lurking just
beneath the surface.
231
00:17:46,316 --> 00:17:48,800
Right at the
heart of hell gate.
232
00:17:55,475 --> 00:17:58,376
Today, the channel
is still dangerous...
233
00:18:00,847 --> 00:18:02,847
Delgado: The major
obstacle was basically right
234
00:18:02,882 --> 00:18:04,866
In the middle of the road,
right off of here.
235
00:18:06,503 --> 00:18:10,571
Narrator:
But there's no sign of
flood rock above the water.
236
00:18:11,808 --> 00:18:16,110
Does the
ship-devouring monster
lie beneath the surface?
237
00:18:19,182 --> 00:18:22,100
James takes to the water.
238
00:18:23,937 --> 00:18:26,104
Man (over radio):
Alright, sounds good.
239
00:18:32,245 --> 00:18:35,346
Delgado: This is one
of the most notorious
stretches of water on
240
00:18:35,398 --> 00:18:37,515
The new york waterfront.
241
00:18:42,038 --> 00:18:45,573
What you would have
been faced with is all
this fast-moving water,
242
00:18:45,608 --> 00:18:46,974
And it's not just
243
00:18:47,010 --> 00:18:48,743
Moving in one direction
it's going back and forth,
244
00:18:48,778 --> 00:18:51,012
It's swirling around rocks.
245
00:18:51,681 --> 00:18:54,832
You'd sail through,
you lose the wind and
suddenly that movement of
246
00:18:54,868 --> 00:18:57,835
Water drags you
right into the teeth.
247
00:18:58,571 --> 00:19:01,706
Narrator:
In search of flood rock,
the team from noaa scans
248
00:19:01,741 --> 00:19:05,109
Hell gate with
multi-beam sonar...
249
00:19:05,445 --> 00:19:07,979
Firing sound waves
into the murky depths...
250
00:19:09,182 --> 00:19:12,166
The return signal
records the shape of
the features beneath.
251
00:19:14,170 --> 00:19:17,605
Man: This is a real
time image of the bottom.
You can see all the rubble.
252
00:19:18,374 --> 00:19:20,491
Delgado: Wow.
253
00:19:20,810 --> 00:19:23,744
Narrator: Using
the 3-d multi-beam
data and the latest
254
00:19:23,780 --> 00:19:26,447
Computer visualization
technology...
255
00:19:26,749 --> 00:19:30,535
It's now possible
to pull the plug
on the entire harbor.
256
00:19:33,206 --> 00:19:36,774
To reveal a
jaw-dropping sight...
257
00:19:41,247 --> 00:19:44,182
Icons of the city,
as never seen before...
258
00:19:51,841 --> 00:19:54,742
As the water recedes
from the east river,
259
00:19:54,777 --> 00:19:57,612
The remains of flood rock
should come into view...
260
00:20:01,217 --> 00:20:05,136
But there's not a
trace of the beast that is
shown in the old charts.
261
00:20:08,675 --> 00:20:12,009
Nine acres of
rock have vanished.
262
00:20:14,914 --> 00:20:16,914
How?
263
00:20:20,570 --> 00:20:23,237
Buried in the archives...
264
00:20:23,573 --> 00:20:27,875
An incredible story
of new york self-confidence
and ambition.
265
00:20:30,847 --> 00:20:33,814
Delgado: This 1848 chart
by the us coast survey
is actually a working
266
00:20:34,317 --> 00:20:36,534
Document it
was never published.
267
00:20:36,569 --> 00:20:39,704
This is for an engineer
to figure out how best to
start dealing with this.
268
00:20:40,873 --> 00:20:44,208
How do we pull these
teeth to make this a
smoother ride through?
269
00:20:46,246 --> 00:20:48,679
Narrator: Backed by
wealthy new york merchants,
270
00:20:48,715 --> 00:20:51,615
The city fathers
make a decision.
271
00:20:51,901 --> 00:20:54,702
The future of the
city is at stake.
272
00:20:54,704 --> 00:20:57,371
Flood rock has got to go.
273
00:20:58,308 --> 00:21:02,710
Delgado: It is the
beginning of an age in which
nothing was deemed impossible,
274
00:21:03,513 --> 00:21:05,613
If enough ingenuity,
275
00:21:05,648 --> 00:21:10,601
Engineering and perhaps
money was put behind it
as human beings worked to
276
00:21:11,004 --> 00:21:13,437
Reshape the planet
to their purposes.
277
00:21:14,941 --> 00:21:18,776
Narrator: James
discovers how the city's
engineers planned to do it.
278
00:21:20,213 --> 00:21:22,146
By attacking the problem....
279
00:21:22,181 --> 00:21:23,948
From beneath.
280
00:21:25,735 --> 00:21:29,403
First, they sink
a 70-foot shaft into
the heart of the island.
281
00:21:31,557 --> 00:21:33,908
Over nine long years,
282
00:21:33,943 --> 00:21:36,410
Miners dig four
miles of tunnels...
283
00:21:37,814 --> 00:21:43,851
And drill 15,000
bore-holes and in them
they place a staggering
284
00:21:43,886 --> 00:21:47,538
150 tons of explosives.
285
00:21:50,243 --> 00:21:54,312
Delgado: The hell gate
work is an epic moment in the
history of civil engineering...
286
00:21:55,848 --> 00:22:00,201
This is a moment in
which technology will
triumph over nature.
287
00:22:08,678 --> 00:22:13,381
Flock to
288
00:22:13,416 --> 00:22:16,200
New york's east river.
289
00:22:16,235 --> 00:22:18,903
Delgado: Everybody is
waiting for the big show.
290
00:22:19,438 --> 00:22:21,772
Narrator: Flood rock is
primed with explosives...
291
00:22:23,743 --> 00:22:26,277
And the detonator is pushed.
292
00:22:26,979 --> 00:22:30,581
(explosions)
293
00:22:33,069 --> 00:22:38,706
Seven million cubic feet of
pulverized rock flies up into
the skies over new york city.
294
00:22:41,144 --> 00:22:43,811
Delgado: The greatest
explosion, not only
that new york has seen,
295
00:22:43,846 --> 00:22:46,547
But that the world
has seen up to that time.
296
00:22:49,302 --> 00:22:51,402
Narrator: And
when the spray clears,
297
00:22:51,437 --> 00:22:54,205
Flood rock is history.
298
00:22:56,876 --> 00:23:00,077
Leaving the riverbed
looking like a gravel pit.
299
00:23:01,914 --> 00:23:06,100
Jaffe: If you really wanna
think about how new yorkers
have reconfigured and
300
00:23:06,536 --> 00:23:10,237
Reshaped their entire
environment both on land and
301
00:23:10,273 --> 00:23:13,574
In water I think the word
chutzpah is perfect for that.
302
00:23:17,413 --> 00:23:20,081
Narrator: With its second
entrance now secure,
303
00:23:20,116 --> 00:23:22,400
New york's shipping
business increases at an
304
00:23:22,435 --> 00:23:24,402
Ever-faster rate.
305
00:23:26,272 --> 00:23:28,472
Cargo ships move sugar,
306
00:23:28,508 --> 00:23:32,343
Spices, cotton, machinery
and construction materials...
307
00:23:36,582 --> 00:23:39,533
All to feed america's
booming economy.
308
00:23:43,372 --> 00:23:46,440
Delgado: New york
expands dramatically
in the 19th century...
309
00:23:47,643 --> 00:23:50,377
It's becoming the
industrial and commercial
heart of the united states.
310
00:23:52,548 --> 00:23:56,967
Narrator: By the 1880s
the city's population
is more than a million.
311
00:23:58,304 --> 00:24:01,138
And its waters are
getting crowded...
312
00:24:01,707 --> 00:24:03,307
Dangerously so.
313
00:24:04,343 --> 00:24:08,179
In the wild atlantic,
just a few miles beyond
new york harbor...
314
00:24:08,948 --> 00:24:14,084
What can one strange
offshore wreck tell us
of the pace of trade through
315
00:24:14,120 --> 00:24:16,570
The waters of new york?
316
00:24:17,640 --> 00:24:21,075
And the peril facing those
pursuing the american dream.
317
00:24:25,348 --> 00:24:28,632
Before daybreak,
on March the 14th, 1886...
318
00:24:29,836 --> 00:24:34,472
The ss oregon is nearing
the end of a 3,000-mile
voyage from England.
319
00:24:36,676 --> 00:24:41,445
Transporting her cargo
and over 600 passengers
through the dark approach to
320
00:24:41,481 --> 00:24:43,614
New york harbor.
321
00:24:45,735 --> 00:24:47,935
It's a calm night.
322
00:24:48,237 --> 00:24:52,173
Just 60 miles stand between
her and her final destination.
323
00:24:56,145 --> 00:24:58,112
But at first light,
324
00:24:58,147 --> 00:25:01,899
A look-out from fire
island signal station
reports her masts
325
00:25:01,934 --> 00:25:04,235
Drifting off course.
326
00:25:07,373 --> 00:25:11,709
Moments later the
oregon disappears.
327
00:25:14,914 --> 00:25:18,182
And never arrives in new york.
328
00:25:18,634 --> 00:25:22,469
What happens to her and
all the people onboard,
329
00:25:23,839 --> 00:25:25,839
Out in the darkness?
330
00:25:32,682 --> 00:25:35,900
Delgado: As flat as this
seems, this is a dangerous
section of ocean.
331
00:25:38,504 --> 00:25:43,474
There are many disasters
that happen within the reach
of this light's beams but every
332
00:25:43,876 --> 00:25:45,309
Once in a while,
333
00:25:45,344 --> 00:25:48,295
There comes a big disaster
in which a large ship is lost.
334
00:25:51,667 --> 00:25:54,368
Narrator: For over 130 years,
335
00:25:54,403 --> 00:25:57,705
Oregon has lain
shrouded by the atlantic.
336
00:26:00,243 --> 00:26:02,843
Delgado: The waters off
the new york coast are dark,
337
00:26:02,878 --> 00:26:05,212
Cold and often murky.
338
00:26:05,248 --> 00:26:08,933
Narrator: The ocean has
concealed her secrets.
339
00:26:09,502 --> 00:26:11,535
But now that's changing.
340
00:26:14,874 --> 00:26:17,241
Off the southern
shore of fire island,
341
00:26:17,276 --> 00:26:20,177
The ferdinand r. Hassler
goes in search of wreckage.
342
00:26:21,781 --> 00:26:24,648
Kidd: You are clear to turn
around and make another pass.
343
00:26:25,101 --> 00:26:29,703
Narrator: For hundreds of
years the national oceanic and
atmospheric administration's
344
00:26:29,739 --> 00:26:33,374
Coast survey has been charting
and re-charting these waters.
345
00:26:34,644 --> 00:26:38,078
Kidd: We're about
12 nautical miles south
of fire island and we're
346
00:26:38,114 --> 00:26:40,581
About to go right
on top of her now.
347
00:26:40,816 --> 00:26:45,402
Narrator: Multi-beam
scanners in the ship's
hull emit sonar pulses.
348
00:26:45,938 --> 00:26:49,306
Kidd: We use
this technology to very
accurately and precisely
349
00:26:49,342 --> 00:26:51,709
Map features
on the ocean floor.
350
00:26:53,379 --> 00:26:56,013
Oh, wow there it is!
351
00:26:56,949 --> 00:26:58,715
Look at that, that's awesome!
352
00:27:01,270 --> 00:27:04,605
Narrator: Based
upon this detailed
three-dimensional data,
353
00:27:04,640 --> 00:27:06,206
We can bring the oregon,
354
00:27:06,242 --> 00:27:09,410
And her story,
back into the light....
355
00:27:18,237 --> 00:27:21,939
First, a towering
structure of tangled metal.
356
00:27:27,947 --> 00:27:30,147
The water receding further...
357
00:27:32,435 --> 00:27:35,969
The oregon as
never seen before.
358
00:27:38,741 --> 00:27:41,175
She's taken a
beating from the ocean;
359
00:27:41,210 --> 00:27:44,978
Her insides are exposed to
the elements allowing us to
360
00:27:45,014 --> 00:27:47,414
Examine what
type of ship she is.
361
00:27:49,135 --> 00:27:51,835
Though her masts
were seen from ashore,
362
00:27:51,871 --> 00:27:54,438
They must have
been supplementary.
363
00:27:55,174 --> 00:27:57,408
Oregon isn't a sail ship.
364
00:27:57,443 --> 00:28:01,011
In fact, she represents
a revolution in shipping.
365
00:28:02,048 --> 00:28:04,815
She is a steamer.
366
00:28:05,801 --> 00:28:08,635
Beneath her four-story
high steam engine,
367
00:28:08,671 --> 00:28:11,071
The remains
of nine boilers...
368
00:28:11,107 --> 00:28:13,474
Each 16-feet wide.
369
00:28:14,310 --> 00:28:16,076
Delgado: This thing
is a behemoth.
370
00:28:16,112 --> 00:28:18,379
With so many fires going,
371
00:28:18,414 --> 00:28:21,582
That it's consuming
massive amounts of coal.
372
00:28:23,502 --> 00:28:25,102
Narrator:
And towards her stern,
373
00:28:25,137 --> 00:28:28,572
A huge screw propeller,
24 feet wide.
374
00:28:31,977 --> 00:28:34,611
This is the corpse
of an athlete...
375
00:28:35,448 --> 00:28:38,348
A ship built with
one thing in mind...
376
00:28:39,535 --> 00:28:41,568
Speed.
377
00:28:41,804 --> 00:28:43,837
But why?
378
00:28:46,075 --> 00:28:50,110
The answer is part of the
dna of new york city itself...
379
00:28:52,181 --> 00:28:53,781
Immigrants.
380
00:28:55,735 --> 00:28:58,235
Watson: Folks from
all around the world came
for opportunity and for
381
00:28:58,270 --> 00:29:01,171
This dream that
new york city was.
382
00:29:01,774 --> 00:29:05,309
Narrator: More than
70% of immigrants bound
for america arrive
383
00:29:05,344 --> 00:29:06,944
In new york.
384
00:29:07,513 --> 00:29:11,582
Jaffe: New york is the
gateway, as lincoln said,
it was the front door.
385
00:29:13,102 --> 00:29:18,272
Narrator: By the late 1800s
650,000 immigrants arrive,
386
00:29:18,307 --> 00:29:21,775
Every year and up
to 20,000 boats a year
387
00:29:21,811 --> 00:29:24,111
Maneuver through
the harbor,
388
00:29:24,146 --> 00:29:26,680
And everyone is in a hurry.
389
00:29:27,349 --> 00:29:29,600
Delgado: It's a time
of rampant capitalism.
390
00:29:29,635 --> 00:29:31,902
Great fortunes are being made.
391
00:29:31,937 --> 00:29:34,037
Profit is everything!
392
00:29:35,307 --> 00:29:37,875
Jaffe: The waters are
just alive with vessels.
393
00:29:40,212 --> 00:29:43,614
Narrator: Faster ships mean
more trade and bigger profits.
394
00:29:46,035 --> 00:29:48,168
Time is money.
395
00:29:55,444 --> 00:29:59,213
The quest for profit
leads to an extraordinary
technological race to
396
00:29:59,248 --> 00:30:02,666
Build ships that
will cross the atlantic
faster and faster.
397
00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:11,542
Delgado: The early days of
ocean steam are cut-throat.
398
00:30:12,077 --> 00:30:14,945
You have entrepreneurs
who are battling
it out on the ocean.
399
00:30:18,184 --> 00:30:20,868
By the 1870s
and into the 1880s,
400
00:30:21,370 --> 00:30:23,971
That's when you begin
to see the birth of truly
401
00:30:24,006 --> 00:30:26,173
Magnificent ocean steamers.
402
00:30:26,208 --> 00:30:27,674
Greyhounds of the sea.
403
00:30:27,710 --> 00:30:29,776
Leviathans.
404
00:30:31,180 --> 00:30:33,580
Narrator: The
british-operated 'guion line'
405
00:30:33,616 --> 00:30:37,901
Builds the oregon
in 1881 to boost its
new york express service.
406
00:30:41,006 --> 00:30:42,706
And she's cutting-edge.
407
00:30:44,610 --> 00:30:47,444
Delgado: It has the largest
steam engine yet put
into one of these ships.
408
00:30:49,481 --> 00:30:52,633
Narrator:
Consuming over 200
tons of coal a day,
409
00:30:53,102 --> 00:30:56,904
Her boilers generate
upwards of 12,000 horsepower...
410
00:30:57,740 --> 00:31:02,075
Driving the huge screw
propeller that thrusts
oregon forward at an
411
00:31:02,111 --> 00:31:04,177
Astonishing eighteen knots.
412
00:31:05,814 --> 00:31:10,601
In April 1884 she
crosses the atlantic in
under 6 and a half days.
413
00:31:11,670 --> 00:31:14,404
Slashing 13 hours
off the record.
414
00:31:15,107 --> 00:31:17,674
Delgado: It's something
that nobody had
thought could be done.
415
00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:25,332
Narrator: Oregon claims the
prize and earns the nickname
greyhound of the atlantic.
416
00:31:30,105 --> 00:31:33,840
So, what took down
such a powerful machine?
417
00:31:36,412 --> 00:31:39,413
Returning to the drained
wreck there's a clue.
418
00:31:39,682 --> 00:31:42,699
Disguised by decades of decay.
419
00:31:45,271 --> 00:31:49,539
On her port side a
section of the hull is more
crumpled than anywhere else.
420
00:31:55,514 --> 00:31:58,482
Something must have
ripped a hole right here.
421
00:32:02,404 --> 00:32:04,471
But what?
422
00:32:04,773 --> 00:32:08,308
The degradation means
it's impossible to tell
from the wreckage alone.
423
00:32:13,015 --> 00:32:16,099
An article from the new
york times holds the answer.
424
00:32:20,339 --> 00:32:24,341
Oregon is a victim of new
york's heaving waterways.
425
00:32:27,379 --> 00:32:31,548
Jaffe: The risk of getting
into a collision is
actually shockingly high.
426
00:32:35,537 --> 00:32:38,905
Narrator: Combining this
research with the evidence
from the drained wreck,
427
00:32:38,941 --> 00:32:42,175
We can piece together
the final moments.
428
00:32:45,414 --> 00:32:48,899
At 4:30 in the morning
oregon is bound for new york.
429
00:32:49,435 --> 00:32:51,835
Under a full head of steam.
430
00:32:52,104 --> 00:32:53,770
Delgado: It's a dark night,
431
00:32:53,806 --> 00:32:56,073
They're lining up and
heading towards the port.
432
00:32:56,108 --> 00:32:59,977
They can see the lights
along the long island shore,
433
00:33:00,012 --> 00:33:03,313
The fire island light
is brilliantly lit.
434
00:33:06,235 --> 00:33:08,869
Narrator: A light
appears on her port side.
435
00:33:09,538 --> 00:33:10,971
Delgado: It's another ship,
436
00:33:11,006 --> 00:33:14,007
Heading right for
them and it strikes them
dramatically on the side.
437
00:33:18,580 --> 00:33:20,914
Then the other ship
backs off and disappears.
438
00:33:23,035 --> 00:33:25,502
The ocean is pouring
into the heart of oregon.
439
00:33:31,577 --> 00:33:35,779
Narrator: Over eight
frantic hours nearby boats
rescue every passenger
440
00:33:35,814 --> 00:33:37,781
On board the oregon.
441
00:33:39,535 --> 00:33:42,569
Their dreams of a new life
in america still intact.
442
00:33:46,642 --> 00:33:49,943
But the mighty oregon has
suffered a fatal blow.
443
00:33:53,449 --> 00:33:57,701
Delgado: This greyhound
of the atlantic has been
gored and sunk just off the
444
00:33:58,070 --> 00:33:59,603
Entrance to the city.
445
00:34:01,040 --> 00:34:05,475
Narrator: While oregon
never makes it to port
thousands more liners do.
446
00:34:07,780 --> 00:34:10,414
Ellis island opens in 1892.
447
00:34:11,950 --> 00:34:16,036
Twelve million new americans
pour through its halls.
448
00:34:19,608 --> 00:34:23,076
Ocean liners flood
the harbor, beckoning
a golden age...
449
00:34:25,314 --> 00:34:29,866
In just a century
new york's population grows
from 60,000 to
450
00:34:30,402 --> 00:34:32,619
Three and a half million.
451
00:34:34,073 --> 00:34:38,175
By 1900 it's
the largest city in
the western hemisphere.
452
00:34:39,111 --> 00:34:42,079
Drawing the eyes
of the world.
453
00:34:42,548 --> 00:34:46,099
Including those who
would try and take her down.
454
00:34:48,337 --> 00:34:50,203
40 miles from new york,
455
00:34:50,906 --> 00:34:53,406
Off the shores
of long island.
456
00:34:53,442 --> 00:34:55,976
What sank this giant?
457
00:34:56,411 --> 00:35:00,413
And how does her
sinking reveal new york's
vulnerability at the
458
00:35:00,449 --> 00:35:02,666
Dawn of the 20th century?
459
00:35:12,878 --> 00:35:15,779
America is at war.
460
00:35:16,181 --> 00:35:17,747
Trans-atlantic convoys,
461
00:35:17,783 --> 00:35:20,200
Carrying troops and
supplies to europe,
462
00:35:20,235 --> 00:35:22,702
Are key to the allies
hopes of success.
463
00:35:24,306 --> 00:35:25,972
Protected by warships...
464
00:35:26,008 --> 00:35:28,575
Like the uss san diego.
465
00:35:30,279 --> 00:35:33,847
500-feet-long,
over 13,000 tons...
466
00:35:34,883 --> 00:35:38,535
Armor-plated, with 40
guns of up to eight inches.
467
00:35:39,872 --> 00:35:43,473
And multiple
watertight bulkheads
to make her unsinkable.
468
00:35:48,780 --> 00:35:54,668
On July 19th, 1918,
she's approaching new
york to pick up a convoy.
469
00:35:58,574 --> 00:36:01,775
At 11:05 am,
just outside the harbor,
470
00:36:03,912 --> 00:36:06,680
She is rocked
by a huge explosion.
471
00:36:07,716 --> 00:36:11,001
Catsambis: Within 20
minutes the ship had sunk.
472
00:36:13,939 --> 00:36:17,474
San diego was the only
major us navy warship
lost in the great war...
473
00:36:18,377 --> 00:36:21,144
It happens to lie
just a few miles from
the coast of new york.
474
00:36:23,148 --> 00:36:25,182
Narrator: So, what happened?
475
00:36:27,736 --> 00:36:30,637
A team from the us navy
has reopened the case.
476
00:36:32,057 --> 00:36:34,941
Led by archaeologist
alexis catsambis.
477
00:36:35,878 --> 00:36:38,678
Catsambis: The question has
lingered for over a century...
478
00:36:38,714 --> 00:36:40,814
What sank san diego?
479
00:36:42,901 --> 00:36:44,201
Narrator: To find out,
480
00:36:44,236 --> 00:36:47,204
Navy divers
explore the wreckage
of this sunken warrior.
481
00:36:50,042 --> 00:36:54,277
But it's impossible
to see the whole picture
through the murky waters.
482
00:36:58,116 --> 00:37:01,234
Working with the
university of delaware,
483
00:37:01,570 --> 00:37:04,037
Alexis deploys
three-dimensional scanning
484
00:37:04,072 --> 00:37:07,307
Equipment to map san diego's
structure on the seafloor.
485
00:37:09,444 --> 00:37:12,178
Catsambis: This project
is the first time we're
getting comprehensive
486
00:37:12,214 --> 00:37:14,447
Remote sensing data.
487
00:37:14,883 --> 00:37:18,501
Narrator: Combining this
new data with the latest
computer imaging technology
488
00:37:19,638 --> 00:37:22,739
We can do something
impossible before now...
489
00:37:25,877 --> 00:37:28,612
Reveal, in perfect detail,
490
00:37:29,014 --> 00:37:32,899
The wreck of a us
casualty of the great war.
491
00:37:38,740 --> 00:37:43,777
The san diego comes
into the light for the
first time in 100 years.
492
00:37:47,849 --> 00:37:52,035
It's the beautiful sleek
shape of her 500-foot
hull that appears first.
493
00:37:55,874 --> 00:37:59,309
The steel structure
is in remarkable
condition for her age.
494
00:38:02,614 --> 00:38:05,348
Apart from this...
495
00:38:05,584 --> 00:38:09,336
Towards her stern, a section
of the hull that's damaged.
496
00:38:10,372 --> 00:38:14,424
This is the blast site....
Eroded by decades of decay.
497
00:38:16,478 --> 00:38:18,912
But it appears to be
below the waterline.
498
00:38:22,284 --> 00:38:25,869
If something hit the ship,
it was beneath the surface.
499
00:38:35,280 --> 00:38:37,714
The team studies
the historical records.
500
00:38:38,950 --> 00:38:44,204
There's no suggestion that
engine malfunction or onboard
ordnance caused the blast.
501
00:38:45,073 --> 00:38:49,275
Reinforcing the view
that it could been caused
by something more sinister.
502
00:38:59,671 --> 00:39:03,907
Advances in technology
mean german u-boats can
now cross the atlantic.
503
00:39:06,044 --> 00:39:08,578
Catsambis:
This is a, a new era
where submarine warfare
504
00:39:08,613 --> 00:39:10,180
Is taking over.
505
00:39:10,215 --> 00:39:12,815
Jaffe: The war was
brought to new york shores.
506
00:39:14,169 --> 00:39:18,238
Narrator: By the
1900s new york is the
planet's busiest port.
507
00:39:20,475 --> 00:39:24,577
An irresistible target
for the imperial german navy.
508
00:39:28,150 --> 00:39:30,200
Watson: If you're an
enemy of the united states,
509
00:39:30,235 --> 00:39:33,436
What is a more symbolic
target than new york city?
510
00:39:36,575 --> 00:39:39,342
Narrator: The team wonders
if a torpedo from a u-boat
511
00:39:39,378 --> 00:39:42,078
Could have caused
the explosion?
512
00:39:42,948 --> 00:39:44,447
To answer the question,
513
00:39:44,483 --> 00:39:46,800
They calculate
the original size
of the blast hole.
514
00:39:49,004 --> 00:39:51,037
Catsambis:
What damage is related to
that original point of impact
515
00:39:51,740 --> 00:39:54,207
And that original explosion?
516
00:39:54,443 --> 00:39:58,845
Narrator: They find a
report from a navy diver who
visited the wreck in 1918.
517
00:40:00,248 --> 00:40:03,800
Cheser: He says he was along
the bottom on the port side
around no 4 smoke stack.
518
00:40:05,303 --> 00:40:08,338
Narrator: He estimates the
cavity to be just 5 feet wide.
519
00:40:09,741 --> 00:40:13,309
Nahshon: That corresponds
to being right below the
armor belt which make sense.
520
00:40:14,579 --> 00:40:15,912
Narrator:
Using this data,
521
00:40:15,947 --> 00:40:18,915
We can reconstruct
the original blast hole...
522
00:40:22,337 --> 00:40:25,338
Could it have been
caused by a torpedo?
523
00:40:30,445 --> 00:40:33,346
The team models the
damage that world war I
524
00:40:33,381 --> 00:40:36,566
Torpedo payloads
cause and get a surprise.
525
00:40:38,036 --> 00:40:40,270
Catsambis: It became
rather evident that
the torpedoes were simply
526
00:40:40,305 --> 00:40:41,888
Too large of a weapon.
527
00:40:41,923 --> 00:40:45,008
They carried too large
of a charge and would have
resulted in a hole that was
528
00:40:45,043 --> 00:40:47,444
Far larger than 5 or 6 feet.
529
00:40:48,880 --> 00:40:51,448
Narrator: They
wonder if it was a min
530
00:40:51,716 --> 00:40:56,202
Incredibly, archives
from the german government
reveal u-boats were ordered
531
00:40:56,238 --> 00:40:58,738
To lay mines outside
new york harbor.
532
00:41:00,408 --> 00:41:02,775
Cheser: They knew
that it was an important
area for shipping for the
533
00:41:02,811 --> 00:41:04,744
United states and allies.
534
00:41:06,281 --> 00:41:08,548
Narrator: But they discover
standard german mines,
535
00:41:08,583 --> 00:41:10,733
Known as type 4,
536
00:41:10,769 --> 00:41:13,937
Also inflict a blast hole
larger than five feet.
537
00:41:17,542 --> 00:41:19,843
Then, a key insight.
538
00:41:26,067 --> 00:41:29,769
By 1918, germany is running
short of explosives.
539
00:41:32,841 --> 00:41:34,274
Catsambis: The germans,
by the end of the war,
540
00:41:34,309 --> 00:41:36,409
Were using
diminished charges.
541
00:41:37,846 --> 00:41:40,847
Narrator: And allowing
for the reduced charge
in a 'type four' mine...
542
00:41:41,750 --> 00:41:44,667
It produces a blast hole
close to five feet wide.
543
00:41:47,305 --> 00:41:50,039
It appears to be a match.
544
00:41:50,509 --> 00:41:54,844
San diego was
almost certainly hit
by a small german mine.
545
00:41:57,115 --> 00:42:00,133
But there's
another question...
546
00:42:01,203 --> 00:42:04,103
The hole is still tiny.
547
00:42:04,139 --> 00:42:07,373
How could it sink
a 500-foot long ship
548
00:42:08,043 --> 00:42:12,679
In just 20 minutes
and flip her upside down?
549
00:42:26,678 --> 00:42:29,646
The drained wreck of the
san diego reveals another
550
00:42:29,681 --> 00:42:31,481
Piece of the puzzle.
551
00:42:33,568 --> 00:42:36,736
Catsambis: Understanding
the weapon is only one
part of a larger picture.
552
00:42:37,205 --> 00:42:41,007
We want to understand the
whole sequence of events
and how the ship sank.
553
00:42:43,878 --> 00:42:46,246
Narrator: Watertight
bulkheads and doors are
554
00:42:46,281 --> 00:42:51,034
Specifically designed to
stop the spread of water and
keep this warship upright.
555
00:42:52,437 --> 00:42:56,039
But somehow san diego
turned upside down.
556
00:42:58,143 --> 00:43:01,110
She sank through
just 100 feet of water;
557
00:43:01,546 --> 00:43:04,097
Not enough for her
to roll on the descent.
558
00:43:04,583 --> 00:43:07,300
She must have capsized
at the surface.
559
00:43:09,971 --> 00:43:14,474
How did a small hole
in a watertight section of
this ship leave her lying
560
00:43:14,509 --> 00:43:16,392
Prone on the seafloor?
561
00:43:19,247 --> 00:43:22,832
Alexis and his
colleagues are sure that
water must have penetrated
562
00:43:22,867 --> 00:43:24,934
Further into her hull.
563
00:43:26,104 --> 00:43:28,705
Catsambis:
We needed to understand
how this happened...
564
00:43:28,740 --> 00:43:32,241
How did we get to
the point where instead
of simply sinking,
565
00:43:32,444 --> 00:43:34,944
The ship turned in on herself.
566
00:43:35,547 --> 00:43:40,933
Narrator: Analysis shows that
even with substantial flooding
san diego wouldn't capsize.
567
00:43:44,572 --> 00:43:48,141
Baffled, the team studies
san diego's structure,
568
00:43:48,176 --> 00:43:50,276
Looking for
signs of weakness.
569
00:43:50,578 --> 00:43:55,181
Nahshon: So here we can
see a plan of the of the gun
deck of the uss san diego.
570
00:43:57,102 --> 00:44:00,737
Narrator: But plans are
no match for inspecting
a real warship.
571
00:44:03,875 --> 00:44:07,076
A contemporary
of the san diego,
although a few years older,
572
00:44:08,013 --> 00:44:09,628
Is the cruiser:
573
00:44:09,631 --> 00:44:11,814
Uss olympia.
574
00:44:13,168 --> 00:44:16,035
The oldest steel
warship still afloat.
575
00:44:21,409 --> 00:44:25,244
Examining her internal
structure, the team
makes a breakthrough.
576
00:44:26,681 --> 00:44:29,899
Catsambis: Then we realized
that the fact that she was
coal powered was critical and
577
00:44:29,934 --> 00:44:32,402
Crucial to our determination
of how she capsized.
578
00:44:33,204 --> 00:44:37,173
Narrator: Coal, stored on
deck, has to be delivered
to the engine rooms below.
579
00:44:38,476 --> 00:44:40,743
Catsambis: So, this
chute would have been
somewhat like the one we would
580
00:44:40,779 --> 00:44:42,412
Find on san diego,
581
00:44:42,447 --> 00:44:45,348
It would have allowed
coal to be deposited all the
way through the coal bunkers
582
00:44:45,383 --> 00:44:48,201
And even though you can close
it, it's still not watertight.
583
00:44:49,003 --> 00:44:52,372
Narrator: This weakness
hadn't been clear on
the san diego's plans.
584
00:44:53,174 --> 00:44:55,341
Catsambis: There were
additional entry points
we were not factoring in.
585
00:44:57,679 --> 00:45:01,514
Narrator: The watertight
bulkheads prevent seawater
from flooding the entire hull,
586
00:45:02,917 --> 00:45:06,953
But these chutes
and a network of vents
gave it another route.
587
00:45:09,541 --> 00:45:12,775
Catsambis: And so, water
coming in through the gun deck
would have permeated through
588
00:45:12,811 --> 00:45:16,546
These chutes into the
coal bunkers and from there
on to the engine rooms and
589
00:45:16,581 --> 00:45:18,981
The boiler rooms and
throughout the vessel.
590
00:45:22,837 --> 00:45:25,304
Narrator: By examining
san diego's wreckage,
591
00:45:25,340 --> 00:45:27,423
And piecing
together the clues,
592
00:45:27,709 --> 00:45:31,677
We're able to
tell her complete story
for the very first time.
593
00:45:37,068 --> 00:45:40,069
The uss san diego is
headed for new york.
594
00:45:41,306 --> 00:45:43,439
The horizon is clear.
595
00:45:43,742 --> 00:45:46,776
But there's danger
lurking beneath the water.
596
00:45:50,615 --> 00:45:53,299
A german u-boat has
laid a minefield.
597
00:45:55,303 --> 00:45:57,937
San diego brushes against one.
598
00:46:01,309 --> 00:46:05,111
Catsambis: Water spewed
into the air and it
started then flooding the
599
00:46:05,647 --> 00:46:07,547
Engineering and
boiler room spaces.
600
00:46:10,135 --> 00:46:11,701
Narrator: As she lists,
601
00:46:11,736 --> 00:46:14,537
Water pours onto the
gundeck from the port side.
602
00:46:19,677 --> 00:46:22,712
Rapidly penetrating
the ship via the coal
chutes and vents...
603
00:46:23,615 --> 00:46:26,199
Tipping her further.
604
00:46:27,769 --> 00:46:30,203
Catsambis: Within a few
moments she had capsized
and, and was on her
605
00:46:30,238 --> 00:46:32,238
Way to the bottom.
606
00:46:33,174 --> 00:46:37,643
Narrator:
All but six of her 1,100
strong crew survived.
607
00:46:38,580 --> 00:46:41,814
But san diego sinks
to her watery grave...
608
00:46:41,850 --> 00:46:44,267
Just miles from the
heart of new york city.
609
00:46:46,938 --> 00:46:49,872
A heavyweight victim
of a calculated attack.
610
00:46:57,348 --> 00:47:00,733
Draining new york city
reveals stories of conflict,
611
00:47:03,037 --> 00:47:06,439
Immigration and
ruthless ambition.
612
00:47:08,409 --> 00:47:12,512
Today the spirit
and success of this
remarkable city...
613
00:47:12,547 --> 00:47:14,981
Still invites enemy attack.
614
00:47:15,383 --> 00:47:19,335
To which new york
gives a familiar reply.
615
00:47:19,871 --> 00:47:20,970
Captioned by cotter
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