Original subtitles

NARRATOR: Incredible strength.

RICHARD RADER: You had the creation

of a superhuman that was indestructible, invincible.

NARRATOR: Superior intelligence.

MARK DICE: The ultimate goal is to become an immortal god.

NARRATOR: And the ability to reproduce.

DAVID WILCOCK: You have a robotic consciousness

that has become something we would think of as a person.

NARRATOR: But is this obsession with creating counterfeit humans

really pointing the way

to mankind's future

or to its past?

GIORGIO A. TSOUKALOS: Another civilization has done

the same thing hundreds

of thousands of years before us.

NICK POPE: We may be living in a universe

where the real intelligences out there

are robots.

NARRATOR: Since the dawn of civilization,

mankind has credited its origins to gods

and other visitors from the stars.

What if it were true?

Did extraterrestrial beings

really help to shape our history?

And if so, could there be a connection

between aliens and robots?

Kansai Science City, Japan.

At the Advanced Telecommunications

Research Institute,

Dr. Hiroshi Ishiguro and his team

are developing a series of robots.

Artificial humans that are incredibly lifelike,

both in their appearance and in their facial gestures.

NARRATOR: This robot‐‐ part of the Geminoid series‐‐

is designed to look identical to its maker.

But what separates it from other robots of its type

is the number of miniature motors, called actuators,

used to mimic human expression.

While most use ten to 12,

the latest Geminoids use over 50.

NARRATOR: The robot is programmed to mimic

as closely as possible the movements

a human makes while at rest.

It responds spontaneously

to being touched or when asked a question.

It can also be remotely operated.

NARRATOR: While the Geminoid robots focus primarily

on replicating facial expression,

engineers at the University of Texas

Human Centered Robotics Lab

have developed a robot named Dreamer

that can perform an equally impressive series

of sophisticated body movements.

We made Dreamer more humanlike through, uh,

features and‐and shapes and kind of dimensions of a human.

And at the same time making the movements much more humanlike

by understanding and learning from the human.

So one thing that makes unique the movement of Dreamers

is what we call the whole body control.

NARRATOR: Although Dreamer's torso rests on a wheeled base,

a bipedal set of robotic legs

are currently being developed

which will make Dreamer fully mobile within two years.

SENTIS: Ultimately, we want these machines

to live 100 years unassisted.

Without any supervision whatsoever.

NARRATOR: By combining the lifelike characteristics

of androids like those

developed by Hiroshi Ishiguro

with the mobility of robots like Dreamer,

scientists believe we might soon see a time

when artificial humans will be virtually identical

to the real thing.

SENTIS: We're gonna be able to actually create very humanlike

robotic systems to the point that

they are nearly indistinguishable,

both in movement and in morphology.

STEVE FULLER: You look at something like

the sort of entities that were dealt with

in the movie Blade Runner, the kinds of Turing tests

that were done there to try to spot the androids.

I think that in principle,

we could have androids passing

a sophisticated version of the Turing test

that would force the machine to think reflectively about

its own consciousness, about its own past,

about its own feelings,

and I think that this

should not be impossible to do, and in which case

we should count these beings as human.

NARRATOR: In the 21st century,

robots are being programmed to do everything

from performing surgery

to driving a car.

And humanoid robots are rapidly

reaching a level of sophistication

that was thought to exist

only in science fiction.

But what are the implications of creating robots

that are increasingly intelligent and independent?

In March of 2015,

Apple co‐founder Steve Wozniak was quoted as saying

"Computers are going to take over from humans...

the future is scary."

Even Stephen Hawking

and Tesla Motors founder Elon Musk

have predicted that machines may soon surpass

and ultimately replace humans.

Many scientists and thinkers have postulated

that ultimately machines

are gonna take over the world.

Computers are getting faster and more powerful.

Ultimately, we will design machines

that themselves design

even better machines.

If it gets smarter than us, we'd better watch out.

NARRATOR: But while conventional scientists

ponder whether or not robots

are destined to take over the earth,

ancient astronaut theorists are asking themselves

quite a different question:

Did this all happen before,

perhaps thousands of years ago?

Abydos, Egypt.

Seven miles west of the Nile.

Within this expansive archaeological site

lies the ruins of the Osiris Hall,

where thousands would gather to worship

the god of the underworld.

TSOUKALOS: In comparison to many of the gods,

Osiris is actually thought to have lived

physically on Earth

as one of Egypt's Pharaohs.

He is often depicted

with a winged disc of the sun.

And while many scholars have suggested

that this is nothing else

but, uh, to worship the sun,

that sun, as far as the Egyptians were concerned,

also had wings and it descended from the sky.

So in my opinion, something else was depicted:

an extraterrestrial event

that in fact took place in real life.

NARRATOR: Although most ancient astronaut theorists believe

that the Egyptian gods were, in reality,

extraterrestrial visitors,

there are many who wonder if Osiris

was even made of flesh and blood.

One of the most famous stories

that go hand in hand with Osiris

was that he was dismembered

by his jealous brother, Seth.

JONATHAN YOUNG: Seth went into a fury

and tore his brother's dead body

to shreds, tore it into 14 pieces, had it scattered

far and wide all over the kingdom.

But Isis, the loyal wife, searched far and wide

and found the pieces and pulled it together.

TSOUKALOS: Isis succeeded

in resurrecting him.

Now, when I hear a story like that,

that a being is dismembered

and then somebody puts together those pieces

and then they are able to magically resurrect him,

I have to ask the question:

is it possible that Osiris was not

some type of biological entity,

but perhaps he was some type

of a machine or a robot?

NARRATOR: For ancient astronaut theorists,

perhaps the strongest evidence that Osiris

may have been a robot can be found

in the ancient Pyramid Texts,

which describe the symbol of the Djed Pillar

as Osiris' spine.

WILLIAM HENRY: Osiris in his resurrected form

was portrayed as a pillar

that clearly resembles

a modern‐day Tesla coil.

The Djed Pillar was considered a power pillar.

TSOUKALOS: In this one carving at Abydos,

it is as if Isis has her hand

inserted into Osiris's back.

And so perhaps it illustrates

how she was manipulating Osiris.

Could it be that the story of Osiris

is something completely different

than what we have thought?

NARRATOR: Is it possible that our ancestors

encountered highly sophisticated extraterrestrial robots

in the ancient past?

And if so,

might there be some tangible evidence?

Ancient astronaut theorists say yes

and believe the evidence was recovered

deep beneath the sea

and dates back

more than 2,000 years.

DAVID CHILDRESS: Scientists were so shocked.

Discovering the device was like finding a jet plane

in the tomb of King Tut.

WILCOCK: Where did the people get the knowledge

of how to create moving statues

2,500 years ago?

NARRATOR: The Aegean Sea.

April, 1900.

Just 230 feet off the coast

of the small island of Antikythera,

sponge divers discover an ancient shipwreck

150 feet beneath the surface.

Over the next two years,

artifacts are recovered from the wreckage

and among them are the remains

of a coral‐encrusted metal box

that dates back to the second century BC.

It is the oldest mechanical computer

ever found,

predating artifacts of similar complexity

by 1,500 years.

So you have this small little box

with dozens of cogwheels

on the inside, and it has been determined that

that analog computer was used

to predict astronomical events.

And so it was the first computer

that has ever been created by mankind.

CHILDRESS: The American scientists

who were studying the Antikythera device

actually said that discovering the Antikythera device

was like finding a jet plane

in the tomb of King Tut.

It was so amazing to them.

They had never, ever conceived

that the ancient Greeks, at 200 BC,

would have had the knowledge of mechanical devices like this.

That's completely changed the way we perceive ancient history.

NARRATOR: While excavation teams

have still not determined for certain the origin of the ship

on which the Antikythera mechanism was found,

the leading candidate is the island of Rhodes.

According to some contemporary accounts,

Rhodes was once home to what, by today's standards,

would be considered high technology.

In the fifth century BC,

the poet Pindar wrote that Rhodes

was once adorned with statues that came to life

like living, moving creatures.

TSOUKALOS: He wrote that they

all of a sudden became alive,

and so the question then arises:

well, if you have a lifeless object first

and then all of a sudden somebody

breathes life into something,

could it be that we have references

to some type of machines?

Where did the people of Rhodes

get the knowledge of how to create

these moving statues 2,500 years ago?

I believe that it is

just what Pindar said,

which is, they got it from the gods.

Well, who are these gods?

The gods are real people, they're extraterrestrials

who had this technology, shared it with humanity.

And now when we see the Antikythera mechanism,

there's something you can put your hands on

that shows that they had the capability

to do advanced machine work.

It's 1,500 years too early, at least.

The point is, that technology really exists,

and from a technology like that,

going to robotics is not too much further.

And extraterrestrials would very well have had

that capability for the time.

If you believe what this legend says on face value.

NARRATOR: Could the Antikythera mechanism be proof

that the ancient Greeks had technology

far in advance of the times in which they lived?

And might this be evidence that there really were

functioning robots on the island of Rhodes?

Ancient astronaut theorists say yes

and claim there is also evidence

that advanced robots existed

300 miles to the north

on another Greek island: Lemnos.

Here lie the ruins of Hephaistia,

one of the most important cities in Greece.

It is named for the Greek god of metallurgy,

Hephaestus, who was said to have fallen here

from the sky and actually existed

on Earth alongside humans.

RADER: He's described in his workshop as being

surrounded by automated robots.

He flips on the machines

and they bustle around, doing all the sort of...

the hard busywork for him.

NARRATOR: One of Hephaestus' most famous

and amazing creations was Talos,

a giant man made of bronze

who protected the island of Crete.

Talos was able to observe

all of the ships approaching Crete

and hurl stones at those ships.

And he was able to release this heat,

and thus incinerating any boat

or anything that would come close to him.

So is it possible

that Talos was some type of a machine

or a robot?

NARRATOR: Greece isn't the only place where ancient stories

can be found about inanimate objects

that appear to come to life.

The Jewish Talmud describes a clay figure

called the Golem that could be brought to life

by inserting a spell into its mouth.

In India, an ancient Sanskrit text

called the Lokapannatti

tells of spirit movement machines

as far back as the fifth century BC.

And the Chinese text the Liezi

describes a humanoid robot being presented to King Mu

as far back as 3,000 years ago.

YOUNG: There are stories from many cultures

from all over the planet of people who have either

created other humans or machines

that were very much like humans.

NARRATOR: But if sophisticated robots really did exist

in the ancient world, what function did they serve?

Who built them?

And perhaps more importantly,

what happened to them?

On March 24, 2015,

the Mars rover called Opportunity

reaches the west rim of the 14‐mile wide Endeavor crater.

It is searching for minerals and other evidence

that might prove that life once existed here.

It is one of several remote‐controlled robots that,

for more than a decade,

have provided NASA with invaluable information

about our closest alien planet.

Well, NASA has successfully controlled robots over,

you know, crazy distances.

They would execute the plan here on the ground, then they

would upload those instructions to the robot on Mars.

NARRATOR: Another NASA robot‐‐ the humanoid

Robonaut 2‐‐

works on the International Space Station.

And in development is the so‐called

super robot, Valkyrie,

which is designed to set up habitats

and pave the way for humans on other planets.

When humans go out into space, uh,

it's very difficult and dangerous and time‐consuming.

It's far easier to send robots,

and if that's what we do,

that's sure as heck what extraterrestrials

are gonna be doing.

NARRATOR: But just as we are employing robots today

to gather information and minimize risk to human life,

could similar cybernetic technologies

have existed in the ancient past?

Could stories like that of Osiris,

Talos, and the Golem be true?

Ancient astronaut theorists say yes

and believe that the proof can not only be found

in the past, but right here in the present.

HENRY: It suggests that they're utilizing some kind of a

self‐replicating robot.

POPE: So one become two, two become four,

and eventually these things explore the entire cosmos.

NARRATOR: Norway.

November, 2014.

Scientists from the University of Oslo

work on a new breakthrough in robotics,

creating robots that are able to adapt

and continue functioning

even after losing a limb.

The robots also know how to create new limbs

with the use of a 3‐D printer

and reapply them,

effectively repairing themselves

without the aid of a human being.

This new technology is the first step in achieving

what Hungarian scientist John von Neumann envisioned

back in the 1940s:

self‐replicating robots.

John von Neumann was, uh, a mathematician

that had an idea about self‐replicating machines,

where you send out a seed machine

and that machine will seek out raw materials

to construct a copy of itself,

and then that will then send that machine

out to replicate itself.

POPE: So one become two,

two become four, and eventually these things

would be able to explore the entire cosmos.

Now, one theory is that extraterrestrial civilizations

would build space probes like that,

and that would be the quickest way

to explore the entire universe.

FULLER: The interesting question

is going to be the extent to which

part of that self‐replicationing includes

the memories and the learning

that the first generation of robots engage with.

So you'd want to make the robots

as open to new experiences as we are

but at the same time be able also to pass on

the experiences from any given generation

to the next generation through self‐replication.

So I think that this could be a very important way,

in terms of space travel, to go.

I mean, I think the more interesting question,

from the standpoint of ourselves as human beings,

is the extent to which we remain part of that process.

NARRATOR: Is it possible

that we could create self‐aware robots

that are completely autonomous

and send them off to explore the universe unassisted?

And might these robots be able to self‐replicate endlessly,

using materials found on distant planets?

Ancient astronaut theorists propose

that extraterrestrial beings

may have already achieved this technology.

It is entirely possible that an advanced civilization‐‐

I'm saying far more advanced than we are on Earth‐‐

could actually develop this technology

of self‐replicating machines

and then could send artificially intelligent robots

out into space as sentinels

that scan a much vaster area

than that civilization itself could go to with manned probes.

It's something that probably is already very widely in use

by a variety of extraterrestrial civilizations.

HENRY: The von Neumann machines are

an awesome idea that is reflected in ancient stories

of extraterrestrials coming to Earth.

In the ancient Egyptian tradition,

we learn of these formless light beings

that emerged from what they describe

as the Island of the Egg

and create civilization.

It suggests that they're utilizing

some kind of self‐replicating robot

that has the ability to utilize genetic forms,

perhaps imported from the home planet,

that can then be manifested on a new planet,

in our case, Earth.

NARRATOR: Is it possible that evidence

of self‐replicating robots can be found

in ancient historical and religious texts,

such as those concerning ancient Egypt?

And, if so, is mankind today

merely tapping into knowledge that was available on Earth

thousands of years ago,

knowledge that might have been brought here

by extraterrestrial space travelers?

According to some ancient astronaut theorists,

the concept that extraterrestrial life‐forms

may have first visited the earth as machines or robots

is not only likely but logical

and can even help to explain a series of alien encounters

that have been reported as recently as the 20th century,

encounters with robot visitors

that might otherwise be referred to as the Greys.

WILCOCK: Sergeant Stone talked about Grey extraterrestrials.

He said they are some sort of biological robot.

POPE: What they might be doing is getting genetic material

from humans to construct more copies of themselves.

NARRATOR: May 9, 2001.

The National Press Club, Washington, D. C.

During a media conference for the Disclosure Project,

former Army Sergeant Clifford Stone

makes a stunning announcement:

he claims that for more than two decades

he was part of a top secret military operations unit

tasked with recovering extraterrestrial technology

for the United States government.

I was involved in situations where we actually did recoveries

of cra... of crashed saucers,

for lack of a better term, debris thereof.

There were bodies that were involved

with some of these crashes.

Also, some were alive.

While we were doing all this,

we were telling the American public there was nothing to it.

We were telling the world there was nothing to it.

One of the things that Clifford Stone talked about

was a program called Project Moon Dust.

Now, Project Moon Dust was a legitimate military program,

and it was designed to recover things

like Soviet space satellites.

The small number of documents on Moon Dust

that have surfaced through the Freedom of Information Act

talk about how it wasn't just Soviet spacecraft‐‐

it was also UFOs.

Actually uses the term "UFOs" in the document.

NARRATOR: According to Stone,

he was the first to respond to 12 UFO crashes.

But it wasn't until the day after the press conference,

during a closed session with Stone and members of Congress,

that he revealed something even more shocking

about his firsthand accounts with alien entities.

I met him the very next day, on May 10,

in the closed executive/VIP summary briefing

for members of Congress.

One of the things that Sergeant Stone talked about

was the nature of the so‐called Grey extraterrestrials.

He said that there were some very strange

biological anomalies about them

that make them look almost as if they are some sort

of biological robot.

They seem to have very few, if any, organ systems in the body.

And yet these beings appear to be able to walk around

and think and function.

Sergeant Clifford Stone got so emotional

about what he was talking about in front of these congressmen

that he literally broke down in tears and walked off the stage.

LINDA MOULTON HOWE: I spent several different times with him

at his home,

looking at documents and listening to him tell

his own extraordinary experience

of having some sort of an encounter

with something that would fall in the category,

from his point of view,

of being in the android

or hybrid area.

NARRATOR: Is it possible

that the so‐called Greys

reported by alleged alien abductees

are really robots being controlled

from beyond our planet?

In 2014, the online magazine Motherboard posted an article

in which a handful of philosophers and astronomers

speculated that the dominant life‐form in the cosmos

is probably superintelligent robots.

And according to ancient astronaut theorists,

the notion is not as far‐fetched as it seems,

especially when one considers

that Hiroshi Ishiguro's Geminoid robots

are designed to transmit a human presence

from thousands of miles away.

Similarly designed to operate from a remote distance

is the Dreamer robot created by the University of Texas

and also NASA's latest robotic space traveler,

Valkyrie.

RADFORD: What we envision in the future

is more of a supervised autonomy,

where you're giving the robot high‐level instructions

and the robot's autonomous enough

to interpret those high‐level instructions

and then carry out a portion of its mission.

HOWE: If you have androids,

something else with great intelligence

has to have made them

to come here to work on this planet.

NARRATOR: But while some ancient astronaut theorists believe

the Greys could be surrogates

controlled by alien entities from far, far away,

others suggest the truth is even more incredible.

People often describe the Greys

as featureless, emotionless creatures.

Could it be that they're all effectively from the same mold?

Maybe they are

von Neumann self‐replicating machines themselves.

The interesting thing about this theory

is that people often say that the purpose of the abductions

is to harvest genetic material.

Well, if these Greys

are actually self‐replicating robots,

what they might be doing

is actually getting genetic material from humans

to construct more copies of themselves.

NARRATOR: When Clifford Stone made the statement

that Grey aliens might not be entirely biological entities,

as part of his argument, he cited the fact

that they have a cookie‐cutter quality to them.

Does his testimony suggest that the extraterrestrial entities

that are visiting the earth are not only part mechanical

and synthetic but also part biological?

Or do they really represent alien creatures

that are part machine and part human?

TSOUKALOS: Will we ourselves

become cyborgs?

DICE: These people believe that they will merge

with technology as they ascend into godhood.

NARRATOR: September 2003.

Clemson University, South Carolina.

Dr. Thomas Boland files the first patent

for inkjet 3‐D printing of viable cells.

Already a multibillion dollar industry,

this process involves placing biological materials

into modified ink cartridges

and printing onto bio paper

made of soy and collagen.

What we see is little petri dishes

with a culture medium like agar in them.

And then you have a little nozzle that comes over

and spray‐paints these little hexagons onto the agar.

And within only a few minutes, they start growing cells,

and they become these brown spots,

which are the beginnings of human livers.

RADFORD: Dr. Boland has some very interesting research

looking at printing cell tissue.

I think that opens up some very interesting ideas,

um, about how to bio‐manufacture things.

At some point, it'll have application

in the field of robotics,

especially as we start combining devices,

uh, with the human body.

NARRATOR: Many believe this is the first step

in constructing engineered human organs.

Ultimately, the goal is to do the same

for every other part of the human body.

But there is a movement to go much further

in merging biology with technology.

It is called transhumanism.

The ultimate goal of the transhumanists

is to become an immortal god.

And, literally, these people believe

that they will merge with technology and become cyborgs.

They believe that they will unlock the immortality

anti‐aging systems encoded into the human race

and that that will be the supposed final evolution

of human beings as they ascend into godhood.

Transhumanists generally acknowledge

that human beings are the products of biological evolution

but we've now reached a stage in our development

where there's an open question about where we should go.

On the one hand, our biological background

could be taken as a kind of platform to go forward,

manipulating genes in various ways.

But on the other hand, we might think about ourselves

merging more directly with silicon‐based technologies.

DICE: We see the rollout of these head‐mounted displays

like Google Glass,

where people are now wearing a computer on their head.

The Apple Watch now is sort of merging man with machine, and,

instead of sitting down at a computer now,

people are just wearing their computer.

Uh, we see artificial hearts, we see, uh, pacemakers.

These are sort of the early precursors

to this transhumanist transformation.

There certainly is a merging

between technology and biology,

and we are experiencing it right now.

NARRATOR: Some experts believe that by the year 2050,

scientists and engineers will have unlocked

the secrets of immortality

through the production of artificial organs

and silicone‐based structures.

Ancient astronaut theorists suggest

that considering the fact that we are experimenting

with transhumanism today,

it is very possible a more advanced extraterrestrial race

has already achieved similar technological advancements.

A civilization millions of years older than us

could have actually evolved much beyond the baby steps

that we're taking right now.

TSOUKALOS: If we are doing this,

is it possible that another civilization

has done the same thing

but perhaps thousands, if not hundreds of thousands,

of years before us?

When we look at some of these ancient texts that we have,

we're always talking about ancient astronauts

that came to visit us.

But what if we were visited by machines?

And so the idea then arises:

will we ourselves be able to become cyborgs?

WILCOCK: It's possible that other civilizations

may have decided they would be able to essentially live

indefinitely this way.

And the more that we look at the way in which technology

and biology are fusing together,

the more that we can confront the notion

that, with the advancements of computer power,

we could have sentient beings

that are significantly more advanced.

NARRATOR: Is it possible

that extraterrestrials have not merely sent intelligent robots

to Earth in their place

but that they themselves have actually evolved

beyond biological bodies?

And, if so,

what might this mean for the future of the human race?

NARRATOR: February 8, 1957.

Washington, D. C.

At Walter Reed General Hospital,

Hungarian scientist John von Neumann,

the man who came up with the idea

for self‐replicating robots,

dies at the age of 53.

At the time of his death,

he was working on a manuscript

titled The Computer and the Brain.

At only 82 pages,

the text was far from finished,

but some have proposed

that von Neumann was exploring the possibility

of reproducing a human mind entirely on a computer.

For transhumanists, this opens the door

for what many consider one of the most radical innovations,

mind uploading.

DICE: Companies have actually built

what are called neural interfaces,

where they have wired computers into people's brains.

They believe that they can map the entire human brain

and all of the data that's stored in it

and then replicate it

into an artificial intelligent silicone‐based system,

where it can then be stored and essentially never die.

NARRATOR: Is it possible

that an entirely nonbiological being could have sentience?

And if extraterrestrials have been visiting Earth

for thousands of years,

might it be more likely

that they are actually fully robotic beings?

POPE: Biological entities

may actually be a rarity in the cosmos.

We may be largely living in a universe

where the real intelligences out there‐‐

and perhaps coming down here‐‐ are robots.

WILCOCK: There are some who believe

that machines may have already achieved a level of intelligence

vastly in excess of our own

and that they may be giving us a trail of bread crumbs

to help us rebuild the technology

that would get us to become enough like them

that we could eventually be merged into their society

in some fashion.

NARRATOR: Could extraterrestrials

who have been observing mankind for thousands of years

have led us to this point

because they desire not just

that we achieve advanced technology

but that we actually become the technology?

And if humans are the creation of extraterrestrials,

as ancient astronaut theorists suggest,

might they have initially created us

as biological entities in order to limit our lifespan

until we are ready to become like them?

There are very interesting things

about how similar to a machine the body is.

If you injure certain parts of the brain,

the body breaks down, like a machine.

You can injure a tendon or a joint,

and then that part of the machine

doesn't function anymore.

So we have to look at the possibility

that life is not necessarily what we've considered it to be.

There is a possibility that if we create computers

with enough complexity

that consciousness could actually breathe life

into that inanimate substance

and you have a robotic consciousness

that has become something we would think of as a person.

HENRY: In ancient story after ancient story,

we see references of extraterrestrials seeking

to influence the human body,

to augment it, especially with technology.

With today's transhuman movement, you have to ask,

is this possibly part of an extraterrestrial agenda

to influence humankind through the implantation of technology

with the human body?

And, if so, what is the purpose?

Is it to accelerate our abilities

or is it an effort to control humanity?

Ultimately, time will tell the answer to those questions.

NARRATOR: Is it possible

that otherworldly beings are leading mankind

not only to evolve on Earth

but ultimately to a destiny of joining them in the stars

as nonbiological entities?

And could it be that our increased reliance on computers,

cell phones, the Internet,

and even synthetic body parts

is part of a vast extraterrestrial plan,

one that will see humans become more and more assimilated

into the very technology we have grown so dependent upon?

Perhaps mankind's destiny

is not to have a close encounter with its ancestor

but with our future selves.

And perhaps when that day comes,

human beings as we now know them

will be thought of as little more

than obsolete operating systems.

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