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(BIRDS TWEETİNG)
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00:00:43,524 --> 00:00:47,199
FEMALE NARRATOR: İn fhe countless
landscapes of life on Earth,
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00:00:48,277 --> 00:00:51,292
things are not always what they seem.
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00:00:55,951 --> 00:01:00,172
What appears fragile may be fierce.
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00:01:05,294 --> 00:01:09,561
What appears innocent
may be calculating.
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00:01:17,182 --> 00:01:21,574
Clever illusion
is more than a means Of survival.
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00:01:22,477 --> 00:01:25,208
İÜs also a story of love.
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00:01:29,693 --> 00:01:31,752
And of the mysterious force
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relentlessiy driving all living things
to reproduce themselves.
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00:01:39,661 --> 00:01:42,050
By any means necessary.
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İncluding deception.
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00:01:54,801 --> 00:01:58,112
/ live in forests like this.
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00:02:00,599 --> 00:02:03,409
But then, l live almost everywhere.
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This tropical forest appears still,
but everywhere living things
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00:02:36,945 --> 00:02:41,314
are following ihe mute commands
of their genes to find mates
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00:02:41,432 --> 00:02:44,993
and to ensure
that their species lives on.
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00:03:00,702 --> 00:03:04,798
Öne might imagine that the most
important life forms are large,
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00:03:05,704 --> 00:03:07,809
or Hlashy,
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00:03:08,290 --> 00:03:10,804
or smarft.
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00:03:15,299 --> 00:03:18,109
But it is love among the little things
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00:03:18,136 --> 00:03:22,733
that actually runs
the vast machinery of life.
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(BUZZING)
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Some of ihe most important events
on Earith occur guletiy
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00:03:32,941 --> 00:03:36,582
in small and hidden worlds.
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00:03:45,622 --> 00:03:50,173
And some species
critical to the grand scheme oflife
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00:03:50,226 --> 00:03:52,638
are not what you expecil.
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00:03:54,881 --> 00:03:59,023
This is a story
about one of the mosit vital
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and ingenious of all living things.
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İt's my story.
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!'m a flower.
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'M going to tell you,
on behalf of all flowers,
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about life from our point of view.
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You think we're just
fragile wisps of beauty,
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unaware that beauty is our strategy.
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We're more important than you know.
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We've helped life prosper
across the ages.
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00:04:51,186 --> 00:04:55,532
Without us, humans might not survive.
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00:05:07,994 --> 00:05:11,259
Beauvity is not always what it seems.
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00:05:17,380 --> 00:05:23,103
Beauvity can be a fool of survival
and seduction.
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00:05:34,522 --> 00:05:39,164
Every beat of every wing
in every forest
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00:05:39,194 --> 00:05:44,917
is somehow keeping the great
enterprise of life streaming forward.
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00:05:55,752 --> 00:06:01,100
The constant motion of life
makes İove connections possible.
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00:06:16,773 --> 00:06:20,994
Animals with wings and legs
can search for mates.
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00:06:21,820 --> 00:06:26,758
But we planis
are forever rooted in öne place.
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So we entice animals to us
by offering rewards.
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(BUZZING)
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When they come, we use them
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to make the love connections
we can't make ourselves.
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(BUZZING)
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00:06:44,050 --> 00:06:47,736
İn this forest in Panama,
a iropical orchid bee
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00:06:47,763 --> 00:06:52,860
has picked up an alluring scent
and he's searching for the source.
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00:06:54,433 --> 00:06:57,494
İt's me, an orchid.
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00:06:57,981 --> 00:07:01,918
And I'm öone of the most cunning
of all flowers.
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My perfume is a İrick.
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00:07:16,959 --> 00:07:23,012
The orchid bee depends on me
for help with his central mission in life.
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To mate with a female.
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For weeks, he collects scent oils
from orchids.
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00:07:41,189 --> 00:07:45,080
Eventualliy, he uses
his mix of fragrances
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as a kind of orchid "cologne”
to attract a female.
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00:07:50,199 --> 00:07:55,046
The scents come from me,
a bucket orchid.
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The bucket is part of my frick.
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The bee hasto climb a waxy slope
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to reach the sceni oils
cleveriİy hidden beneath a hood.
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'Ve filled my bucket with a sticky fluid
that makes the bee sink.
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/ provide only one escape route,
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which leads him just where l want him.
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After the bee climbs out,
İ grip him tightiy.
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00:09:39,974 --> 00:09:43,194
! glue two pollen sacs to his back,
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each filled with tens of thousands
of pollen grains.
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00:09:48,690 --> 00:09:50,624
(BUZZING)
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These are the onlİy pollen sacs
/ will ever produce,
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so İ won't let him go
until the glue is dry.
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00:10:04,500 --> 00:10:08,937
İ may wait an hour or more
before loosening my grip.
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00:10:12,007 --> 00:10:16,569
This one bee now carries my legacy.
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When he comes upon the scent
of another orchid that same day,
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he heads right for it.
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İf he slips into the bucket
of this second orchid,
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the pollen sacs on his back
will come unglued.
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Pollination can occur.
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A new orchid generation can begin.
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How nature has created
such intricate strategies
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is a mystery of life.
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00:10:51,340 --> 00:10:56,358
Yet we can unravel some of ihe puzzle
if we go back in time.
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00:10:57,677 --> 00:11:00,988
Back nearly 200 million years.
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00:11:02,640 --> 00:11:05,450
During the Age of Reptiles,
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there were no mammals
larger than a mouse.
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For a very long time,
there were no flowers, either.
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00:11:17,114 --> 00:11:22,302
Without flowers,
Earth was a drab place.
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00:11:27,083 --> 00:11:33,932
But about 135 million years ago,
life began to change dramaticaliy
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00:11:34,046 --> 00:11:37,277
because of an invention.
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00:11:38,384 --> 00:11:40,990
(BIRDS HOOTING)
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00:11:43,850 --> 00:11:47,036
When dinosaurs roamed foresis
like this,
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most plants spread their pollen
on the wind.
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İf they were lucky, a few pollen grains
would reach another tree,
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00:12:05,664 --> 00:12:09,510
creating seeds that would become
the next generation.
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00:12:10,332 --> 00:12:13,688
(RUSTLING)
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00:12:19,177 --> 00:12:25,230
İt still works today for pines,
grasses and many other planis.
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00:12:28,851 --> 00:12:31,536
But it's not very efficient.
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00:12:33,314 --> 00:12:36,409
Most of the pollen goes to waste.
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00:12:41,074 --> 00:12:47,298
Some unknown plant in the deep pasit,
perhaps a magnolia ancestor,
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produced a device that would ensure
delivery of pollen directiy to a mate.
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İt would prove to be
öne of the mosit important events
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00:12:57,231 --> 00:12:59,723
in the history of life.
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00:13:00,049 --> 00:13:05,112
The device was me. A flower.
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00:13:08,350 --> 00:13:12,912
Our blossoms act like
advertising billboards.
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00:13:14,232 --> 00:13:20,410
Our perfumes and tasty rewards
İure passing creatures to us.
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And we load them up with pollen
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they will unknowingly carry
to other flowers.
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(BUZZING)
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00:13:32,917 --> 00:13:36,683
Beetles were among
our first "love messengers.”
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Our fruit, seeds, nectar and pollen
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became crucial foods
for millions of species.
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We flourished
and became a keystone life form.
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00:14:00,945 --> 00:14:05,212
Today, our pollination schemes
knit together the fabric of life
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across ihe planet.
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00:14:13,791 --> 00:14:18,638
ÖOver time,
our pollination tactics evolved.
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00:14:25,676 --> 00:14:28,987
Pollinators adapted in turn.
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00:14:29,766 --> 00:14:34,317
And life everywhere
became infinitely more diverse.
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00:14:41,442 --> 00:14:44,002
There's an example in this rain forest.
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00:14:47,617 --> 00:14:53,169
Some of us began hiding our nectar
in tubes.
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00:14:56,918 --> 00:15:00,559
İt encouraged some pollinators
to speclalize,
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00:15:00,671 --> 00:15:03,982
developing mutually
beneficial relationships.
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00:15:33,956 --> 00:15:39,008
Öne of these pollinators
evolved a longer beak for nectar tubes.
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00:15:47,843 --> 00:15:51,905
And wings that can beat up
to 200 times a second.
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00:16:06,736 --> 00:16:10,206
With these unigue aerobatic skilis,
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00:16:12,033 --> 00:16:14,593
hummingbirds can hover to feed
127
00:16:15,536 --> 00:16:18,551
and maneuver like airborne dancers.
128
00:16:51,780 --> 00:16:55,546
Now, after millions of years,
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00:16:55,744 --> 00:16:59,806
pollination partnerships
occur almost everywhere.
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00:17:00,415 --> 00:17:04,306
In luxurious habitats like the rain forest,
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but also in some of the harshest places
on Earth.
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00:17:15,346 --> 00:17:18,281
The Sonoran Desert
of northern Mexico
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00:17:18,307 --> 00:17:21,322
is a world of blistering heat.
134
00:17:24,229 --> 00:17:25,492
(BIRD SINGING)
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00:17:25,522 --> 00:17:27,877
/ live here, too.
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00:17:51,300 --> 00:17:57,694
We cacti are flowering plants
central to life in this arid world.
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00:18:02,977 --> 00:18:05,867
Living as long as 150 years,
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00:18:06,024 --> 00:18:11,201
we help feed generation
after generation of desert creatures.
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00:18:16,865 --> 00:18:19,800
We are living water tanks.
140
00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:22,265
That's how we survive.
141
00:18:23,249 --> 00:18:29,598
But to reproduce, we form alliances
with unusual partners.
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00:18:32,091 --> 00:18:37,143
In this harsh realm,
our strategy is not to deceive,
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00:18:38,470 --> 00:18:40,199
but to nurture.
144
00:18:47,523 --> 00:18:52,575
When pollinated,
we cactus flowers turn into fruit
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00:18:52,610 --> 00:18:55,671
with seeds fo start a new generation.
146
00:19:06,333 --> 00:19:10,850
So, on summer nights,
to attract pollinators,
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00:19:11,420 --> 00:19:15,641
we open a few nectar-filled flowers.
148
00:19:16,841 --> 00:19:19,572
And we walt.
149
00:19:26,937 --> 00:19:31,784
Elsewhere in the nighit,
our pollinators wait, too.
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00:19:31,940 --> 00:19:33,829
When the time is righit,
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00:19:33,861 --> 00:19:38,628
they will leave their home
on an island in the Sea of Cortez
152
00:19:38,741 --> 00:19:42,462
to search for the white flowers
beckoning from the desert.
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00:19:53,420 --> 00:19:55,434
(SOUEAKING)
154
00:20:12,732 --> 00:20:17,169
These nectar-feeding bats
are all female.
155
00:20:18,030 --> 00:20:21,250
They live apart from males
while pregnant.
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00:20:21,490 --> 00:20:24,004
Most are due to give birth soon.
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00:20:24,368 --> 00:20:27,008
Some are already nursing.
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00:20:27,788 --> 00:20:30,723
They desperately need nourishment.
159
00:20:30,791 --> 00:20:33,180
(FLAPPING WINGS)
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00:20:52,271 --> 00:20:55,161
Pollen sticking to their faces rubs off
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00:20:55,275 --> 00:20:58,711
and pollinates the flower
of the next cactus.
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00:21:13,542 --> 00:21:15,397
A new mother gulps nectar
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00:21:15,420 --> 00:21:19,482
so she can nurse a baby
born only momenits ago.
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00:21:24,136 --> 00:21:28,824
Each flower opens on onİy one nighi,
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00:21:28,977 --> 00:21:35,280
its sole opportunity to spread its pollen
across ihe desert on wings.
166
00:21:36,568 --> 00:21:42,337
In billions of these brief intersections
of the animal and plant worlds,
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00:21:42,447 --> 00:21:47,135
life regenerates itself
over and over agaln.
168
00:22:54,144 --> 00:22:57,785
İf the flowers
were pollinated and fertilized,
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00:22:57,896 --> 00:23:00,536
they will become nourishing frulit.
170
00:23:02,779 --> 00:23:08,377
A wait begins among hungry creatures
for the next gifts of the cacti.
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00:23:15,039 --> 00:23:17,303
A waiting game has also begun
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00:23:17,334 --> 00:23:20,975
among very different flowers
in a very different world.
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00:23:21,877 --> 00:23:23,982
(BIRDS TWEETİNG)
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00:23:24,025 --> 00:23:26,517
The farm fields
oOf the American Midwest.
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00:23:26,569 --> 00:23:28,685
(DOG BARKINGC)
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00:23:28,738 --> 00:23:30,354
(ROOSTER CROWING)
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00:23:31,054 --> 00:23:33,364
/ live here, too.
178
00:23:34,184 --> 00:23:37,950
'M a kind of wildflower
growing near the crops.
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00:23:41,025 --> 00:23:46,373
Each spring, l wait for a pollinator
to sweep in from far away.
180
00:23:47,990 --> 00:23:53,713
/ thrive across North America,
but I'm considered a weed.
181
00:23:54,287 --> 00:23:59,179
"Milkweed,” people call me,
because of my special sap.
182
00:24:07,173 --> 00:24:09,232
İ make a milky poison
183
00:24:09,261 --> 00:24:13,198
that can sicken many animals
that might feed on me.
184
00:24:14,681 --> 00:24:17,537
But l also produce sweet nectar
185
00:24:18,018 --> 00:24:21,238
that draws a kind of beautiful pollinator
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00:24:21,398 --> 00:24:25,335
from a hidden retreat
more than 1,000 miles away.
187
00:24:28,403 --> 00:24:31,634
(CRİCKETS CHIRPING)
188
00:24:39,582 --> 00:24:42,927
In a forest on a mountain
in central Mexico,
189
00:24:43,629 --> 00:24:47,930
monarch butterflies are amassed
by the tens of millions,
190
00:24:48,758 --> 00:24:52,399
waiting for the rising sun
to energize their bodies.
191
00:24:55,722 --> 00:24:57,952
(RUSTLING)
192
00:25:05,358 --> 00:25:10,080
In clusters so dense
they can bend the trees,
193
00:25:10,235 --> 00:25:13,125
they rest and prepare themselves
194
00:25:13,175 --> 00:25:16,338
for the long journey northward
to reach the milkweed.
195
00:25:21,500 --> 00:25:25,141
Every autumn,
to avoid freezing in the north,
196
00:25:25,295 --> 00:25:29,437
they fly here
from as far away as Canada
197
00:25:29,467 --> 00:25:35,486
and perch in fir trees at an elevation
of more than 11,000 feet.
198
00:25:36,307 --> 00:25:41,325
İt's the perfect climate to help them
conserve energy ihrough the winter.
199
00:25:47,110 --> 00:25:53,914
As the morning sun warms their wings,
they begin to cascade downward.
200
00:25:54,363 --> 00:25:56,877
(RUSTLING)
201
00:27:11,860 --> 00:27:15,046
To stay alive,
they must rely on stored fat
202
00:27:15,089 --> 00:27:17,877
they accumulated last fall.
203
00:27:22,369 --> 00:27:25,134
But to turn fat into enerogy,
204
00:27:26,998 --> 00:27:28,762
they need water.
205
00:27:32,714 --> 00:27:38,153
Their mission each day
is to search for a drink of water.
206
00:28:45,410 --> 00:28:47,048
They must maintain their strength
207
00:28:47,080 --> 00:28:52,132
for the exhausting flight
from here to the southern U.S.
208
00:29:02,305 --> 00:29:06,401
From there, the children
and grandchildren of these monarchs
209
00:29:06,433 --> 00:29:10,859
will journey on northward
through the summer to Canada.
210
00:29:37,879 --> 00:29:39,392
Their thirst guenched,
211
00:29:40,509 --> 00:29:44,434
the monarchs return to the trees
by late afternoon.
212
00:29:51,392 --> 00:29:52,905
By next autumn,
213
00:29:53,021 --> 00:29:58,664
their great-great grandchildren
will return to these same foresits.
214
00:30:13,207 --> 00:30:16,552
Soon ithey will set out
on the longest migration
215
00:30:16,604 --> 00:30:18,436
of any butterfly on Earth
216
00:30:19,798 --> 00:30:25,396
to reach a little-noticed weed
half a continent away.
217
00:30:29,558 --> 00:30:33,904
Not all plant and animal relationships
are so exotic.
218
00:30:35,144 --> 00:30:36,953
But even a familiar one,
219
00:30:37,315 --> 00:30:41,127
involving a common food
and well-known inseci,
220
00:30:41,234 --> 00:30:43,794
is an example of hidden beauty.
221
00:30:44,489 --> 00:30:49,290
People raise this flowering plant,
not for the flowers,
222
00:30:49,450 --> 00:30:51,760
but for what the flowers turn into.
223
00:30:51,806 --> 00:30:52,921
(BIRD TWIİTTERIİNG)
224
00:30:52,953 --> 00:30:54,637
/ live here, too.
225
00:30:55,500 --> 00:31:00,313
!'m a tomato flower,
and l lock up my pollen tightiy,
226
00:31:01,089 --> 00:31:05,731
so ihat only the most
efficient pollinators can get it.
227
00:31:07,010 --> 00:31:10,571
My favorite is a very hard worker.
228
00:31:11,722 --> 00:31:13,451
The bumblebee,
229
00:31:14,602 --> 00:31:17,822
who gathers pollen
for the egg-laying gueen
230
00:31:17,896 --> 00:31:20,206
and the developing young.
231
00:31:20,272 --> 00:31:22,127
(BUZZING)
232
00:31:27,074 --> 00:31:32,296
Bumblebees are one of the few insects
that care for their offspring.
233
00:31:34,206 --> 00:31:39,224
When damage occurs in the hive,
a worker gulckly repairs the celil.
234
00:31:41,546 --> 00:31:46,188
Honey made from flower nectar
is kept in wax pots.
235
00:31:46,504 --> 00:31:48,017
The adulits eat it
236
00:31:48,069 --> 00:31:51,312
and regurgitate it into the cells
to feed the young.
237
00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:58,778
They need a lot of pollen and nectar,
and searching for it is a constant chore.
238
00:32:24,796 --> 00:32:27,276
They spot a garden nearby.
239
00:32:45,065 --> 00:32:47,579
As the foragers investigate,
240
00:32:47,629 --> 00:32:50,337
they see things
invisible to ihe human eye.
241
00:32:51,864 --> 00:32:53,002
(BUZZING)
242
00:32:53,034 --> 00:32:57,426
Because they are able
to perceive ultraviolet lighit,
243
00:32:57,580 --> 00:33:01,471
bees can detect markings
produced by flowers
244
00:33:01,501 --> 00:33:06,098
to gulde pollinators
directiy to nectar and pollen.
245
00:33:16,182 --> 00:33:19,948
The bees need more food
than the garden can provide.
246
00:33:28,903 --> 00:33:32,123
Ahead, they see
what they're looking for.
247
00:34:15,449 --> 00:34:19,716
So begins a fascinating
kind of pollination.
248
00:34:21,121 --> 00:34:24,728
The bee bites to hold on tight,
249
00:34:25,417 --> 00:34:28,808
then blasts the locked-up pollen loose
250
00:34:28,838 --> 00:34:34,527
by vibrating her flight muscles
up to 440 times per second.
251
00:34:35,593 --> 00:34:37,277
(THRUMMING)
252
00:34:41,935 --> 00:34:46,361
She packs ihe pollen into baskets
on her back legs.
253
00:34:46,648 --> 00:34:51,540
Her vibration rate is the same
as the musical note A.
254
00:34:52,610 --> 00:34:55,875
She's like a living tuning fork.
255
00:34:58,491 --> 00:35:01,552
Few flowers are "buzz pollinated,"
256
00:35:01,830 --> 00:35:06,381
but they include some favorite foods
enjoyed by human belings.
257
00:35:06,501 --> 00:35:09,926
The workers will keep at this
until they have enough pollen
258
00:35:09,962 --> 00:35:13,353
to feed the colony's
newly developing brood.
259
00:35:13,549 --> 00:35:18,146
Such flower rewards
sustain billions of creatures,
260
00:35:18,805 --> 00:35:23,151
sometimes in places
where there is little else to eat.
261
00:35:35,988 --> 00:35:39,424
Weeks have passed
in the Sonoran Desert.
262
00:35:43,914 --> 00:35:47,805
My cactus flowers
should have turned to fruit by now.
263
00:36:07,560 --> 00:36:08,618
(SOUEAKING)
264
00:36:08,645 --> 00:36:11,706
The female bats are depending on it.
265
00:36:11,899 --> 00:36:14,618
They can't continue
to nurse their young
266
00:36:14,650 --> 00:36:16,835
without a new source of food.
267
00:36:17,779 --> 00:36:20,840
The cacti may be their only hope.
268
00:36:41,802 --> 00:36:44,112
From their island cave,
269
00:36:45,807 --> 00:36:48,788
they make a long night flight.
270
00:36:51,604 --> 00:36:54,665
A round-itrip of more than 60 miles.
271
00:37:10,791 --> 00:37:15,183
İüÜs a demanding journey,
but a feast awalts.
272
00:37:53,249 --> 00:37:56,560
The mothers need nourishmenlt.
273
00:38:05,596 --> 00:38:09,408
And so do ihose
carrying new life within.
274
00:38:31,790 --> 00:38:36,091
As they gorge on the fruit,
they are also consuming seeds,
275
00:38:36,586 --> 00:38:39,271
which they eventually spread
across the desert.
276
00:38:44,760 --> 00:38:49,152
We cacti are key
to Sonoran Desert life.
277
00:38:51,766 --> 00:38:55,612
But we couldn't endure
without the help of bats.
278
00:38:55,663 --> 00:39:00,282
And ithe bats and their young
couldn't survive without our help.
279
00:39:02,778 --> 00:39:07,340
This crucial connection
between plants and animals
280
00:39:07,365 --> 00:39:09,174
helps keep the deserit alive.
281
00:39:09,200 --> 00:39:11,339
(MUFFLED TALKING)
282
00:39:11,370 --> 00:39:14,385
There are others who depend
on the cactus fruit,
283
00:39:16,167 --> 00:39:20,343
collecting it at night so it can be
consumed fresh each day.
284
00:39:20,753 --> 00:39:23,518
(FAINT CHATTING VOICES)
285
00:39:23,548 --> 00:39:27,314
Their distant ancestors
so adored cactus fruit
286
00:39:28,555 --> 00:39:32,981
that they honored the cacti
as revered members of theirr tribes.
287
00:39:33,265 --> 00:39:36,530
(BELL TOLLING)
288
00:39:45,112 --> 00:39:49,379
Today, it's a way for people
to provide for their famillies.
289
00:39:53,744 --> 00:39:56,350
As well as a sweet pleasure.
290
00:39:59,085 --> 00:40:03,556
So sweet that people plant
cacti seeds in their gardens.
291
00:40:04,297 --> 00:40:06,777
From a flower's point of view,
292
00:40:06,801 --> 00:40:11,102
humans are just another species
we can use for our purposes.
293
00:40:11,845 --> 00:40:13,279
(GIGGLING)
294
00:40:20,524 --> 00:40:25,872
But a delicious reward in one place
can be the cause of conflict in another.
295
00:40:30,781 --> 00:40:32,590
Ünlike the deserlt,
296
00:40:32,617 --> 00:40:37,134
a İropical rain forest
is rich in resources
297
00:40:37,162 --> 00:40:39,768
and competition.
298
00:40:39,832 --> 00:40:42,472
(İNSECTS CHİTTERİNG)
299
00:40:44,838 --> 00:40:48,604
Survival favors
the bold and aggressive.
300
00:40:59,143 --> 00:41:02,158
(OMINOUS MUSIC PLAYING)
301
00:41:22,960 --> 00:41:25,975
Even the seemingiy gentle
turn out to be warriors.
302
00:41:29,256 --> 00:41:31,270
And nectar-bearing flowers
303
00:41:31,321 --> 00:41:33,312
are territory to defend.
304
00:41:33,718 --> 00:41:35,982
(HISSING)
305
00:41:41,187 --> 00:41:46,580
The winners will spread pollen
that helps keep the forest lush.
306
00:41:47,399 --> 00:41:49,379
Öne stakes his claim.
307
00:41:54,073 --> 00:41:56,633
And ihe challengers arrive.
308
00:41:59,329 --> 00:42:00,717
(DRAMATIC MUSİC SWELLIİNG)
309
00:42:00,745 --> 00:42:02,304
İt's a standoff.
310
00:42:04,750 --> 00:42:06,889
Then, the first move.
311
00:42:30,984 --> 00:42:33,999
(MUSIC SLOWING)
312
00:42:37,282 --> 00:42:40,513
(MUSIC BUILDIİNG)
313
00:43:28,751 --> 00:43:31,846
Even a warrior can make a mistake.
314
00:43:31,899 --> 00:43:33,810
(DRAMATIC MUSİC SWELLIİNG)
315
00:43:37,551 --> 00:43:39,110
(MUSIC STOPS SUDDENLY)
316
00:43:45,020 --> 00:43:49,912
The hidden spectacles of pollination
can involve a few tiny rivals.
317
00:43:51,149 --> 00:43:54,244
ÖOr hundreds of millions of voyagers.
318
00:43:58,030 --> 00:44:01,295
From the high forests in Mexico,
319
00:44:01,326 --> 00:44:03,761
the great migration
of monarch butterflies
320
00:44:03,788 --> 00:44:07,383
heads northward
toward the middle of North America.
321
00:44:29,479 --> 00:44:33,074
İn their long round-trip each summer,
322
00:44:33,127 --> 00:44:35,619
the vast monarch population
323
00:44:35,653 --> 00:44:40,591
will help pollinate and sustain
more than 200 kinds of flowers.
324
00:44:49,208 --> 00:44:53,509
As this first leg of the migration
reaches farmland,
325
00:44:53,544 --> 00:44:55,308
the butterflies are tiring.
326
00:45:08,225 --> 00:45:10,489
İt's a strenuous flight.
327
00:45:10,540 --> 00:45:12,406
They need fuel.
328
00:45:13,230 --> 00:45:15,164
That's where l come in.
329
00:45:18,112 --> 00:45:22,254
Milkweed flowers in a varlety
of colors and shapes
330
00:45:22,279 --> 00:45:24,964
serve as refueling stations
331
00:45:25,011 --> 00:45:28,345
in return for a little help
spreading pollen.
332
00:45:34,126 --> 00:45:36,311
We milkweeds are wily.
333
00:45:36,877 --> 00:45:38,982
Our flowers have narrow slits
334
00:45:39,024 --> 00:45:42,142
that can snag the leg
Of a feeding monarch
335
00:45:42,194 --> 00:45:44,356
and hold herin a vise-like grip.
336
00:45:45,387 --> 00:45:48,027
When she tries to jerk free,
337
00:45:48,183 --> 00:45:51,073
she snags a cord,
releasing sacs of pollen
338
00:45:51,102 --> 00:45:54,322
she'll unknowinglİy carry
to the next milkweed.
339
00:46:06,992 --> 00:46:09,882
As they migrate, they also mate.
340
00:46:11,373 --> 00:46:13,717
This overwintering
generation of monarchs
341
00:46:13,746 --> 00:46:16,386
may live nine months.
342
00:46:16,437 --> 00:46:19,896
They're among the İongest-lived
butterflies on Earth.
343
00:46:21,507 --> 00:46:24,272
But now their days are numbered.
344
00:46:24,303 --> 00:46:28,399
They have to produce young
to keep the migration going.
345
00:46:28,640 --> 00:46:32,076
Sometimes another male
tries to intervene.
346
00:46:32,103 --> 00:46:37,200
Even in small love stories,
victory goes to the most determined.
347
00:46:44,114 --> 00:46:47,254
Eventually, the male
sweeps her off her feet
348
00:46:47,284 --> 00:46:50,754
and carries her to the privacy
of a tree branch.
349
00:46:52,665 --> 00:46:57,262
He may keep her in his embrace
for up to 16 hours.
350
00:47:09,057 --> 00:47:13,608
Within two weeks,
each female attaches up to 400 eggs
351
00:47:13,660 --> 00:47:17,745
to the underside of milkweed İeaves,
and only milkweed leaves.
352
00:47:18,816 --> 00:47:23,458
UÜnlike bees, monarchs rely
not on the care of their young,
353
00:47:23,485 --> 00:47:25,965
but guantity.
354
00:47:25,987 --> 00:47:27,546
Enough eggs
355
00:47:27,575 --> 00:47:32,422
and some are bound to survive
the onslaught of hungry insects.
356
00:47:42,255 --> 00:47:46,567
(GENTLE MUSIC SLOWLY BUILDING)
357
00:47:56,062 --> 00:48:00,738
The job of a monarch caterpillar
is to eat relenitlessiy.
358
00:48:00,772 --> 00:48:03,378
First, its own egg case.
359
00:48:03,651 --> 00:48:06,495
Then, milkweed leaves exclusively,
360
00:48:06,529 --> 00:48:10,841
growing to 2,000 times its original size.
361
00:48:13,368 --> 00:48:15,507
İf it survives.
362
00:48:28,133 --> 00:48:30,693
(OMINOUS MUSIC PLAYS)
363
00:48:50,157 --> 00:48:53,218
Fortunately,
hundreds of millions survive.
364
00:49:00,418 --> 00:49:02,682
Their mothers put them on milkweed
for a reason.
365
00:49:04,170 --> 00:49:07,481
The toxic sap settles in their bodies.
366
00:49:07,506 --> 00:49:10,066
The monarchs are unaffected,
367
00:49:10,094 --> 00:49:14,110
but a predator who eats one
is likely to become ill
368
00:49:14,137 --> 00:49:16,492
and soon İlearns to avold them.
369
00:49:21,188 --> 00:49:25,159
Eventually, each caterpillar
finds a secure spot
370
00:49:25,190 --> 00:49:28,080
and spins silk to hold onto.
371
00:49:36,827 --> 00:49:40,559
İt's time to become a butterfiy.
372
00:49:42,709 --> 00:49:46,100
The caterpillar grips the silk
with its back legs
373
00:49:46,128 --> 00:49:48,108
and hangs upside down.
374
00:49:54,637 --> 00:49:58,483
Through contractions,
the skin is loosened.
375
00:50:10,068 --> 00:50:12,378
Eventualiy it splits,
376
00:50:13,238 --> 00:50:15,923
revealing a new casing beneath.
377
00:50:21,080 --> 00:50:24,175
Now, a dangerous maneuver.
378
00:50:26,295 --> 00:50:30,596
İIn a matter of seconads,
as the old skin and legs fall away,
379
00:50:30,649 --> 00:50:33,767
she must thrust hooks
from the new case into the silk.
380
00:50:34,843 --> 00:50:37,949
If this delicate handoff fails,
381
00:50:38,015 --> 00:50:41,940
she will fall to the ground helpless
and be eaten.
382
00:51:01,622 --> 00:51:06,423
Within this protective sheli,
her caterpillar self is fading away.
383
00:51:09,876 --> 00:51:11,856
Across the ages,
384
00:51:11,900 --> 00:51:15,313
humans have seen
in this transformation
385
00:51:15,592 --> 00:51:18,061
the ultimate symbol of change.
386
00:51:28,938 --> 00:51:30,292
(RUSTLING)
387
00:51:34,153 --> 00:51:38,545
(GENTLE MUSIC SWELLIİNG)
388
00:51:57,469 --> 00:52:01,315
Her body begins to pump fluid
that will inflate her wings.
389
00:52:06,770 --> 00:52:10,286
The scales on the wings
are shaped fo reflect light
390
00:52:10,356 --> 00:52:13,417
so ihat it produces a bright coloration.
391
00:52:16,196 --> 00:52:20,372
Contrasting orange and black
are warning colors in nature.
392
00:52:23,241 --> 00:52:26,427
She still carries milkweed toxins,
393
00:52:26,473 --> 00:52:29,886
and these colors say,
"T'm not good to eat."
394
00:52:31,293 --> 00:52:33,853
This strategy is so successful
395
00:52:33,881 --> 00:52:38,432
that some butterflies without poison
copy the monarch's colors.
396
00:53:02,408 --> 00:53:05,298
We milkweeds
will provide the flight fuel
397
00:53:05,345 --> 00:53:07,586
as this first generation of summer
398
00:53:07,639 --> 00:53:10,973
continues the monarch's
İong migration.
399
00:53:10,999 --> 00:53:13,513
(WIND RUSTLING)
400
00:53:13,544 --> 00:53:16,229
There is no resi for pollinators,
401
00:53:16,921 --> 00:53:19,356
not for butterflies
402
00:53:19,425 --> 00:53:22,144
and not for one very hard worker.
403
00:53:26,514 --> 00:53:27,743
(BUZZING)
404
00:53:28,933 --> 00:53:30,537
In a farm field,
405
00:53:30,563 --> 00:53:35,239
bumblebees are finishing
the exhausting job of buzz pollinating.
406
00:53:36,106 --> 00:53:38,666
When they're İloaded with pollen,
407
00:53:38,711 --> 00:53:42,670
it's time for the bees to return home
and store it.
408
00:54:38,712 --> 00:54:41,397
The young are beginning to emerge.
409
00:54:48,558 --> 00:54:53,075
They'lil need the colony's treasure
of pollen and honey for nourishmenlt.
410
00:54:53,143 --> 00:54:55,623
(BUZZING CONTINUES)
411
00:54:55,772 --> 00:54:58,491
But the colony's riches
can also attract danger.
412
00:55:01,696 --> 00:55:07,089
A skunk will eat not only the pollen,
but the bumblebees and their young.
413
00:55:07,133 --> 00:55:10,091
A ihreat to the colony
is one of the few times
414
00:55:10,136 --> 00:55:13,595
these passive bees
Will use their stingers.
415
00:55:27,553 --> 00:55:31,444
With safety restored,
colony life goes on.
416
00:55:40,317 --> 00:55:44,914
A young bee entering the world
will live on pollen and honey
417
00:55:44,963 --> 00:55:47,421
in a home made of wax.
418
00:55:50,951 --> 00:55:53,511
All are gifts from flowers.
419
00:56:09,761 --> 00:56:12,446
And within a tomato blossom,
420
00:56:12,723 --> 00:56:15,317
another kind of new life is beginning.
421
00:56:17,602 --> 00:56:19,991
This is how l reproduce.
422
00:56:24,945 --> 00:56:29,041
Pollen grains brought by bees
from another tomato flower
423
00:56:29,074 --> 00:56:32,260
send tubes
to the center of the blossom,
424
00:56:36,164 --> 00:56:39,008
delivering reproductive celis
to ihe ovary.
425
00:56:42,293 --> 00:56:44,273
Forming seeds,
426
00:56:44,297 --> 00:56:47,858
each of which grew
from one grain of pollen.
427
00:56:49,634 --> 00:56:51,773
Fertilization occurs.
428
00:56:53,682 --> 00:56:58,904
Gradually, a fleshy container
forms around all of the seeds.
429
00:57:07,571 --> 00:57:12,168
Most people don't realize
that what they eat is a yellow flower
430
00:57:12,573 --> 00:57:15,053
that turns into a tomato.
431
00:57:31,634 --> 00:57:33,113
Around the world,
432
00:57:33,137 --> 00:57:36,277
people depend on farming
for their sustenance,
433
00:57:36,306 --> 00:57:39,401
as they have for ihousands of years.
434
00:57:39,434 --> 00:57:41,448
By growing their own food,
435
00:57:41,479 --> 00:57:44,244
people were able
to develop civilizations
436
00:57:44,272 --> 00:57:46,411
and rise to dominance.
437
00:57:48,528 --> 00:57:52,999
Humans consider agriculture
öne Of their great advances.
438
00:57:55,283 --> 00:57:58,548
But it was actually to our benefit.
439
00:58:02,582 --> 00:58:05,222
People now take care of us
440
00:58:06,336 --> 00:58:08,600
and spread our seeds.
441
00:58:10,132 --> 00:58:14,399
Who is in control of whom, realiy?
442
00:58:23,269 --> 00:58:26,125
Today, farming is a science.
443
00:58:33,739 --> 00:58:37,630
This is an immense
high-tech greenhouse.
444
00:58:40,078 --> 00:58:44,140
Ten acres of tomatoes under one roof.
445
00:58:46,499 --> 00:58:48,638
!'m here as well,
446
00:58:48,689 --> 00:58:51,602
and the humans
cater to my every need.
447
00:58:54,469 --> 00:58:57,029
People have engineered ways
to grow tomatoes
448
00:58:57,053 --> 00:58:59,442
without even using Soİl.
449
00:59:03,936 --> 00:59:07,873
Nutrient-rich water recycles constantly.
450
00:59:07,898 --> 00:59:12,040
No pollution, no wasted water.
451
00:59:12,069 --> 00:59:15,050
This operation produces one in six
452
00:59:15,073 --> 00:59:18,634
Of all the supermarket tomatoes
in the Ünited States.
453
00:59:22,453 --> 00:59:26,060
Yet, despite many tries,
454
00:59:26,085 --> 00:59:29,680
humans have been unable to come up
with a pollination method
455
00:59:29,729 --> 00:59:34,098
as effective as the one engineered
by nature.
456
00:59:37,678 --> 00:59:41,694
The entire operation
and millions of dollars a year
457
00:59:41,741 --> 00:59:45,826
depend on ever-reliable bumblebees.
458
01:00:27,686 --> 01:00:29,450
An important food of humanity
459
01:00:29,480 --> 01:00:32,245
would not be grown
and distributed worldwide
460
01:00:32,524 --> 01:00:35,414
but for an ancient partnership
461
01:00:36,402 --> 01:00:39,758
between a bee and a flower.
462
01:00:46,371 --> 01:00:49,591
To me, all pollinators are important,
463
01:00:50,919 --> 01:00:55,311
but to people,
one is more critical than any other.
464
01:00:58,052 --> 01:01:02,944
So critical that they carry them around
as precious cargo.
465
01:01:04,223 --> 01:01:07,909
İn many parts of the world,
honeybees are so vital
466
01:01:07,953 --> 01:01:10,991
that hives are shipped
thousands of miles
467
01:01:11,020 --> 01:01:13,079
from one kind of farm to another.
468
01:01:15,523 --> 01:01:18,584
Travel can subject them to stress,
469
01:01:18,630 --> 01:01:23,215
poor diets, new parasites,
pesticides and diseases.
470
01:01:23,908 --> 01:01:26,297
(HORN HONKING)
471
01:01:26,329 --> 01:01:30,755
But many kinds of farms
would fail without honeybees,
472
01:01:30,809 --> 01:01:33,801
such as this almond orchard
in California.
473
01:02:09,957 --> 01:02:13,882
Honeybees tend to harass an invader
who opens theirr hive.
474
01:02:16,544 --> 01:02:18,763
But smoke has a calming effect.
475
01:02:42,489 --> 01:02:46,380
The champion of all pollinators
is ready to go to work.
476
01:02:46,407 --> 01:02:48,091
(BUZZING LOUDER)
477
01:02:48,160 --> 01:02:51,755
Nearly 200 million bees
reaching every flower
478
01:02:51,788 --> 01:02:54,974
in 1,700 acres of almond trees.
479
01:03:13,519 --> 01:03:16,489
They return
with loads of almond pollen
480
01:03:16,521 --> 01:03:18,785
packed on their hind legs.
481
01:03:21,069 --> 01:03:24,414
The foragers share almond nectar
with the other bees.
482
01:03:26,492 --> 01:03:30,838
This protein-rich pollen
will feed their developing youngsters.
483
01:03:54,143 --> 01:03:56,453
A returning scout
directs her companions
484
01:03:56,477 --> 01:03:58,411
to flowers she's discovered
485
01:03:58,564 --> 01:04:01,579
using a complex way
of communicating.
486
01:04:03,904 --> 01:04:08,796
As she walks and shakes her body
in what's called a "waggle dance,"
487
01:04:08,841 --> 01:04:11,924
she indicates the distance
to the flowers
488
01:04:11,969 --> 01:04:15,883
and the direction to take
according to the angle of the sun.
489
01:04:52,866 --> 01:04:53,924
Across Earth,
490
01:04:54,786 --> 01:04:57,551
pollination by honeybees is essential
491
01:04:57,581 --> 01:05:02,269
to more than 1,400 crops
people depend on.
492
01:05:16,726 --> 01:05:21,448
Without bees,
none oOf these foods could exist.
493
01:05:41,375 --> 01:05:44,845
People forget
that life begins with planits.
494
01:05:51,009 --> 01:05:55,196
We not onlİy provide shelter
and medicine,
495
01:05:55,239 --> 01:05:58,357
but we're living solar collectors.
496
01:05:58,409 --> 01:06:03,575
The only life forms that can convert
sunlight into stored energy,
497
01:06:05,067 --> 01:06:10,710
producing fuel and food,
and supporting the entire web of life.
498
01:06:20,371 --> 01:06:23,591
Weeks have passed in the orchard.
499
01:06:25,045 --> 01:06:29,187
Pollination has led
to the growth of young almonds.
500
01:06:42,060 --> 01:06:45,542
But there is an ominous sign.
501
01:06:45,565 --> 01:06:49,206
Most of the honeybees in the hive
have disappeared.
502
01:06:49,233 --> 01:06:50,667
İn recent years,
503
01:06:50,694 --> 01:06:54,255
some honeybee populations
have plummeted.
504
01:06:54,298 --> 01:06:58,292
The causes could range
from diseases and parasites
505
01:06:58,344 --> 01:07:02,087
to a phenomenon
in which hives seem normal,
506
01:07:02,140 --> 01:07:04,802
filled with honey
and developing young,
507
01:07:04,851 --> 01:07:07,513
but the adult bees never returmn.
508
01:07:08,296 --> 01:07:13,314
Are the missing bees a warning
Of a greater collapse to come?
509
01:07:20,099 --> 01:07:24,115
Some human activities
threaten pollinators.
510
01:07:27,941 --> 01:07:33,334
Farming practices can poison them
and kill flowers such as milkweed.
511
01:07:35,281 --> 01:07:39,343
Wild areas needed by pollinators
are often cleared.
512
01:07:39,385 --> 01:07:41,547
(CHAINSAW WHIZZING)
513
01:07:54,298 --> 01:07:56,608
Ör they're covered by houses.
514
01:08:01,221 --> 01:08:02,700
Or roads.
515
01:08:04,808 --> 01:08:05,946
And across the Earth,
516
01:08:06,769 --> 01:08:10,160
pollinators are diminishing.
517
01:08:13,528 --> 01:08:18,125
Every third bite humans take
is dependent on pollinators.
518
01:08:21,451 --> 01:08:24,432
And if they continue to decline,
519
01:08:24,787 --> 01:08:26,846
life may reach a tipping point.
520
01:08:39,346 --> 01:08:45,570
The pollination scheme that knits
together the fabric of life could unravel.
521
01:08:58,779 --> 01:09:01,214
But there are solutions.
522
01:09:06,455 --> 01:09:11,928
Öne of the most important
is to restore İost flower habitats.
523
01:09:12,544 --> 01:09:16,765
Where human construction
eliminates wildflowers,
524
01:09:16,815 --> 01:09:19,853
human ingenuity can replace them.
525
01:09:23,596 --> 01:09:27,066
/ can Flourish even on a rooftop.
526
01:09:30,604 --> 01:09:34,700
The love stories of pollination
can unfold
527
01:09:34,734 --> 01:09:39,126
in the millions of unused acres
bordering the world's highways.
528
01:09:44,869 --> 01:09:49,136
İn the past, farmland left bare
has been planted with grasses.
529
01:09:52,252 --> 01:09:58,806
But farmers increasingly turn it into
wildflower fields to help pollinators.
530
01:09:58,857 --> 01:10:01,440
(HOPEFUL MUSIC BULILDINGC)
531
01:10:03,388 --> 01:10:07,985
People can turn a backyard
into a productive flower habitat.
532
01:10:24,075 --> 01:10:27,215
Neighbors are planting vacant lots
with flowers
533
01:10:28,955 --> 01:10:31,845
and teaching their children
to grow their own vegetables.
534
01:10:46,180 --> 01:10:49,696
Even a six-story building
can support pollinators.
535
01:10:58,149 --> 01:11:01,494
Children who learn
the value of pollination
536
01:11:01,546 --> 01:11:04,038
represent hope for the future.
537
01:11:09,159 --> 01:11:10,763
The lawn of the past
538
01:11:10,788 --> 01:11:14,133
can become a yard
filled with Hlowers and vegetables.
539
01:11:15,708 --> 01:11:18,518
(HOPEFUL MUSIC CONTİINUES)
540
01:11:26,010 --> 01:11:28,479
Humans simpiy need to remember
541
01:11:28,764 --> 01:11:32,280
how intimately their lives
are connected with
542
01:11:32,308 --> 01:11:35,403
and dependent upon flowers.
543
01:11:39,482 --> 01:11:42,247
People use us to express İove.
544
01:11:45,070 --> 01:11:46,424
To honor loved ones.
545
01:11:54,124 --> 01:11:58,140
To enrich the great emotional momenis
Of their lives.
546
01:12:03,297 --> 01:12:05,766
They give flowers to congratulate.
547
01:12:10,513 --> 01:12:13,574
To mark every milestone in life.
548
01:12:19,483 --> 01:12:23,829
They surround themselves with flowers
to bring color to their lives.
549
01:12:27,322 --> 01:12:31,668
We flowers are grown
and sold by the billions.
550
01:12:31,700 --> 01:12:34,840
(UPBEAT SONG PLAYING)
551
01:12:36,284 --> 01:12:37,467
İn the process,
552
01:12:37,516 --> 01:12:40,474
people have become
one of our most important pollinators.
553
01:12:40,835 --> 01:12:43,975
(UPBEAT SONG CONTINUES)
554
01:12:45,048 --> 01:12:49,064
Like other pollinators,
they feed on our rewards,
555
01:12:50,137 --> 01:12:53,823
and they even use our perfumes
to kindle their own romance.
556
01:12:55,268 --> 01:13:00,195
To people, flowers
are ihe universal symbol of love.
557
01:13:02,025 --> 01:13:05,165
After all,
we embody ihe ultimate love story.
558
01:13:07,111 --> 01:13:10,206
A İove story that feeds the Earth.
559
01:13:12,201 --> 01:13:15,967
Day after day,
as flowers lift ihe human spirit,
560
01:13:16,914 --> 01:13:21,886
in hidden corners of the world
beyond the view of people,
561
01:13:21,919 --> 01:13:25,856
bees are helping plants
produce the world's food.
562
01:13:26,925 --> 01:13:31,442
Hummingbirds are helping to spread
tomorrow's flowers through the forest.
563
01:13:33,013 --> 01:13:36,950
Bats are dispersing life
through the vast desert.
564
01:13:39,353 --> 01:13:43,199
And butterflies are making
exhausting flights,
565
01:13:43,249 --> 01:13:44,956
including ihe monarchs,
566
01:13:44,985 --> 01:13:50,333
now setting out on a marathon journey
of 2,000 miles back to Mexico.
567
01:13:52,492 --> 01:13:57,293
Everywhere,
pollinators are working tirelessiy
568
01:13:57,330 --> 01:14:00,675
to keep
the vast machinery of life running.
569
01:14:02,667 --> 01:14:08,265
(UPBEAT SONG CONTINUES)
45548
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