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We are the
species that explores,
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that fashions vessels
to carry us into the unknown.
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We sailed
the planet of our birth,
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00:01:05,065 --> 00:01:08,527
saw its wonders
and made it home.
5
00:01:08,610 --> 00:01:10,821
And it wasn't enough.
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00:01:10,904 --> 00:01:13,365
We built flying machines
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to explore higher,
faster, farther.
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Heroes flew them beyond
what once seemed possible.
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And it wasn't enough.
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In time,
we created special craft
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that would ferry us
to the edge of space and back.
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And as always,
there were the few...
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brave and brilliant souls...
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00:01:44,271 --> 00:01:46,773
ready to guide this vessel
through dangers
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00:01:46,857 --> 00:01:49,443
in the name of discovery.
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00:02:21,683 --> 00:02:23,977
Using the space shuttle,
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00:02:24,061 --> 00:02:28,315
we built an unprecedented
outpost in the heavens.
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00:02:32,861 --> 00:02:34,988
We learned
in the weightless world
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of the International
Space Station,
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peered into the dark night
of an infinite universe.
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And it wasn't enough.
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Now we are
fashioning vessels to set off
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on our greatest adventure
of exploration ever:
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to Mars and beyond.
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00:03:11,608 --> 00:03:14,945
Who knew that 30 years
would go by so quickly?
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That these unique spacecraft
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would leave in their wake
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a public captivated
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by their achievements...
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00:03:28,959 --> 00:03:31,628
...a planet poised at the brink
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of deep-space exploration.
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As an astronaut,
I definitely felt
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I was saying good-bye
to a long-time friend
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00:04:14,505 --> 00:04:16,089
when the last shuttle landed.
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00:04:34,441 --> 00:04:37,027
My name is Chris Ferguson.
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00:04:37,110 --> 00:04:39,613
I was lucky enough to fly
on three shuttle missions,
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one of them on Endeavour.
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So it's no surprise
that I wanted to be there
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when she was headed
for her new home
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00:04:46,203 --> 00:04:49,498
at the California Science Center
in Los Angeles.
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00:04:51,875 --> 00:04:53,961
From the look of it,
you might think it took
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00:04:54,044 --> 00:04:55,712
as much engineering
to get Endeavour
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00:04:55,796 --> 00:04:58,799
through the streets of L.A.
as launching her into orbit.
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Watching the orbiter squeeze
through the city neighborhoods,
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00:05:20,320 --> 00:05:23,657
you could feel just how much the
shuttle had come to stand for,
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almost as if it had taken
all of us into space.
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I sure don't want
the world to forget
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this remarkable spacecraft
and those who built it,
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and the legacy they left,
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lighting the way toward
our next frontier in space.
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00:05:48,265 --> 00:05:49,766
MAN
They're coming.
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00:05:49,850 --> 00:05:51,351
The shuttle was the first
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00:05:51,435 --> 00:05:53,687
reusable piloted spacecraft.
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00:05:53,937 --> 00:05:57,316
And its engineering and software
was so bulletproof,
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it could be flown by computers
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00:05:59,234 --> 00:06:00,861
less powerful than
today's smartphones.
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MAN
Two hundred.
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00:06:05,032 --> 00:06:06,033
One hundred.
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00:06:06,116 --> 00:06:08,118
At 235 miles per hour,
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00:06:08,368 --> 00:06:11,330
the shuttle had
the fastest touchdown speed
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of any flying vehicle
ever built.
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00:06:14,958 --> 00:06:18,378
When you glide
220,000 pounds of spacecraft
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to a no-power landing, the gear
hits with a major whomp.
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MAN
Touchdown.
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Conceived in the 1970s
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00:06:31,975 --> 00:06:34,061
as a kind of
winged delivery truck
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00:06:34,144 --> 00:06:37,689
to build a United States
low-Earth-orbit space station...
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00:06:37,940 --> 00:06:39,566
Give you
a payload I.D. of one.
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...the shuttle actually flew
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more than a decade beyond
original expectations.
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It was the shuttle program
that allowed us to do
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real ongoing work in space,
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to put delicate equipment
into orbit and to retrieve
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and fix that equipment
when things went wrong.
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Orbiters deployed,
retrieved and repaired
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00:07:54,558 --> 00:07:57,561
over a hundred scientific
and communications satellites.
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And no missions were more
important to our understanding
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00:08:02,191 --> 00:08:05,777
of deep space than the
five flights, beginning in 1993,
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00:08:05,861 --> 00:08:08,864
made to repair and upgrade
the Hubble Space Telescope.
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MISSION CONTROL
Hubble affirmative.
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You have a go for release.
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00:08:24,922 --> 00:08:27,257
I think history will
view the Hubble Space Telescope
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00:08:27,341 --> 00:08:30,052
as one of the crowning
achievements in astronomy.
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00:08:36,350 --> 00:08:38,602
The Hubble gave us
an unprecedented view
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of both our closest neighbors
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00:08:40,979 --> 00:08:44,775
and of galaxies
unimaginably far from our own.
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00:08:50,948 --> 00:08:54,368
Further space telescope
investigations have revealed
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that the number
of Earth-like planets
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capable of harboring
liquid water
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is vastly greater than
scientists once calculated.
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00:09:42,124 --> 00:09:44,668
In 1995, the shuttles began
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00:09:44,751 --> 00:09:47,546
a new era of
international space exploration
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00:09:47,629 --> 00:09:49,548
when Atlantis docked,
for the first time,
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with the Russian MIR station.
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00:09:51,884 --> 00:09:53,886
Eight inches.
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One-oh-point-oh-seven.
97
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One-oh-six.
98
00:09:58,140 --> 00:09:59,933
Four inches.
99
00:10:00,017 --> 00:10:03,103
Now. We have capture.
100
00:10:08,275 --> 00:10:09,610
Altogether,
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00:10:09,693 --> 00:10:11,904
the orbiters made
11 trips to visit Mir.
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00:10:11,987 --> 00:10:14,198
These missions
established a level
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of international cooperation
and expertise
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00:10:16,950 --> 00:10:18,952
that continues to this day.
105
00:10:21,038 --> 00:10:23,874
Though MIR
no longer orbits Earth,
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the shuttle proved itself
as a brilliant reusable tool
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that allowed us to live,
build and do science
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00:10:30,714 --> 00:10:32,716
in the weightless environment
of space.
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But the shuttles' truest legacy
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00:11:00,994 --> 00:11:03,539
crosses the sky above us
every 90 minutes.
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00:11:06,500 --> 00:11:09,711
The International Space Station
could never have been built
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00:11:09,878 --> 00:11:12,422
without the shuttles' payload
and space-walk capabilities.
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00:11:16,593 --> 00:11:20,013
Space shuttles and Russian
Soyuz and Proton rockets
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00:11:20,097 --> 00:11:21,640
made more than 40 flights
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00:11:21,723 --> 00:11:23,475
to construct the International
Space Station...
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a true engineering miracle.
117
00:11:30,524 --> 00:11:34,194
All three of my Orbiter missions
were to the ISS.
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Modules built
by NASA partners in Asia,
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00:11:44,329 --> 00:11:47,416
Europe and North America,
came together above Earth,
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00:11:47,499 --> 00:11:49,418
over a period of 13 years,
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00:11:49,501 --> 00:11:51,753
to create a floating world
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00:11:51,837 --> 00:11:53,755
longer than a football field
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00:11:53,839 --> 00:11:56,925
and with more living space
than a six-bedroom house.
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00:12:00,846 --> 00:12:03,932
A typical ISS mission
requires an astronaut
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00:12:04,016 --> 00:12:06,101
to live six months onboard.
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00:12:06,185 --> 00:12:09,062
But some crew members
will spend a year
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00:12:09,146 --> 00:12:12,107
learning even more
about the very real physical
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00:12:12,191 --> 00:12:14,526
and psychological stresses
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00:12:14,610 --> 00:12:17,321
of long-term separation
from Earth.
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00:12:20,365 --> 00:12:22,910
These missions
and the 15 nations
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00:12:22,993 --> 00:12:25,871
that designed,
built and crew the ISS,
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00:12:25,954 --> 00:12:28,290
forever changed
space exploration
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into a cooperative
international program
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00:12:30,834 --> 00:12:34,087
and made a true home
and science lab like no other.
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00:12:34,171 --> 00:12:36,381
Wash away my troubles
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00:12:36,465 --> 00:12:38,300
Wash away my pain
137
00:12:38,383 --> 00:12:41,553
With the rain in Shambala...
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00:12:41,637 --> 00:12:45,641
ISS system designs
and scientific experiments
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00:12:45,724 --> 00:12:48,435
have spawned a multitude
of Earth-useful discoveries,
140
00:12:48,519 --> 00:12:49,728
including breakthroughs
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00:12:49,811 --> 00:12:53,440
in water purification
and robotic microsurgery.
142
00:12:53,524 --> 00:12:55,943
But most important,
143
00:12:56,026 --> 00:12:57,819
the ISS is our springboard
to the future,
144
00:12:57,903 --> 00:13:00,322
giving us the knowledge
and confidence
145
00:13:00,405 --> 00:13:04,576
to sustain human life
as we explore deep space.
146
00:13:04,660 --> 00:13:06,912
Everyone is helpful
147
00:13:06,995 --> 00:13:08,831
Everyone is kind...
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00:13:08,914 --> 00:13:11,667
Life on ISS is
all about getting the job done
149
00:13:11,750 --> 00:13:13,001
and having a little fun.
150
00:13:13,085 --> 00:13:15,003
Everyone is lucky
151
00:13:15,087 --> 00:13:16,922
Everyone is so kind
152
00:13:17,005 --> 00:13:19,800
On the road to Shambala...
153
00:13:19,883 --> 00:13:22,511
And nationality is mostly
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00:13:22,594 --> 00:13:24,513
about tasting each other's food.
155
00:13:24,596 --> 00:13:27,850
Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah
156
00:13:27,933 --> 00:13:30,269
Ah, ooh, ooh, ooh
157
00:13:30,352 --> 00:13:32,771
Ooh, ooh, ooh, yeah
158
00:13:32,855 --> 00:13:36,358
Yeah, yeah,
yeah, yeah, yeah...
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00:13:36,441 --> 00:13:40,028
Through three decades
of camaraderie and dedication,
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00:13:40,112 --> 00:13:43,782
355 people rode the shuttle
into history.
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00:13:43,866 --> 00:13:47,119
They circled the Earth
21,000 times,
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00:13:47,202 --> 00:13:50,205
and it all came
to seem routine...
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00:13:50,289 --> 00:13:51,832
until it wasn't.
164
00:13:51,915 --> 00:13:53,208
...one minute, 15 seconds.
165
00:13:53,292 --> 00:13:54,835
Velocity 2,900 feet per second.
166
00:13:54,918 --> 00:13:56,211
Altitude nine nautical miles.
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00:13:56,295 --> 00:13:58,297
Downrange distance
seven nautical miles.
168
00:13:58,380 --> 00:13:59,840
This shuttle mission
will launch...
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My God!
170
00:14:01,633 --> 00:14:03,552
There's been an explosion.
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00:14:03,635 --> 00:14:04,803
MAN 3
Flight controllers here
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00:14:04,887 --> 00:14:07,681
looking very carefully
at the situation.
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00:14:07,764 --> 00:14:09,725
Obviously a major malfunction.
174
00:14:09,808 --> 00:14:13,187
In two accidents
that stunned the world,
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00:14:13,270 --> 00:14:15,397
we lost 14 astronauts.
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It was a sobering reminder
that every space flight
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is charged
with potential danger.
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00:14:22,571 --> 00:14:24,823
They had a hunger
to explore the universe
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00:14:24,907 --> 00:14:26,491
and discover its truths.
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00:14:26,575 --> 00:14:28,827
They wished to serve,
and they did.
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00:14:30,996 --> 00:14:33,540
They were pioneers.
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00:14:33,624 --> 00:14:36,752
The future doesn't belong
to the fainthearted.
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It belongs to the brave.
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The world mourned,
but pushed on,
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because the accomplishments
of the space shuttle
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and the International
Space Station
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00:14:52,684 --> 00:14:56,355
were full
of life-changing promise.
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00:14:56,438 --> 00:14:59,900
In memory of our lost heroes,
the global space community
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00:14:59,983 --> 00:15:04,154
pulled together to reignite
the future of both programs.
190
00:15:06,156 --> 00:15:08,867
Who could ask
for a better ending to my career
191
00:15:08,951 --> 00:15:10,911
as an astronaut
than getting to fly
192
00:15:10,994 --> 00:15:12,621
the last shuttle mission
on Atlantis,
193
00:15:12,704 --> 00:15:15,791
and a final visit to the ISS.
194
00:15:22,047 --> 00:15:25,300
Atlantis launch director,
air to ground one.
195
00:15:25,384 --> 00:15:27,219
FERGUSON
Atlantis go.
196
00:15:27,302 --> 00:15:30,931
And so, for the final time,
Fergie, Doug,
197
00:15:31,014 --> 00:15:32,975
Sandy and Rex,
good luck, Godspeed,
198
00:15:33,058 --> 00:15:34,977
and have a little fun up there.
199
00:15:35,060 --> 00:15:37,396
FERGUSON We're not
ending the journey today, Mike,
200
00:15:37,479 --> 00:15:40,274
we're completing a chapter of
a journey that will never end.
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You and the thousands
of men and women
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00:15:41,900 --> 00:15:43,944
who gave their hearts,
souls and their lives
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00:15:44,027 --> 00:15:46,989
for the cause of exploration,
have rewritten history.
204
00:15:47,072 --> 00:15:49,324
Let's light this fire
one more time, Mike.
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00:16:56,892 --> 00:16:59,228
Though the shuttles
no longer fly,
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00:16:59,311 --> 00:17:01,563
I never miss a chance
to see Atlantis
207
00:17:01,647 --> 00:17:04,066
at the Kennedy Space Center.
208
00:17:06,902 --> 00:17:10,822
But I came to KSC to get a look
at the next big step
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00:17:10,906 --> 00:17:15,285
in deep-space exploration,
and it's called Orion.
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00:17:21,041 --> 00:17:24,378
Here, in the giant operations
and checkout clean room,
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00:17:24,461 --> 00:17:26,880
the new Orion
multi-purposed crew vehicle
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00:17:26,964 --> 00:17:28,674
is coming together.
213
00:17:28,757 --> 00:17:30,217
What an impressive
vehicle.
214
00:17:30,300 --> 00:17:31,635
Look at that...
it's beautiful.
215
00:17:34,096 --> 00:17:36,849
It's gorgeous.
I'd love to climb in there.
216
00:17:36,932 --> 00:17:39,560
Orion is a true
deep-space exploration craft,
217
00:17:39,643 --> 00:17:41,979
designed to carry
astronauts of the future
218
00:17:42,062 --> 00:17:47,651
back to the moon,
to asteroids, and even to Mars.
219
00:17:53,115 --> 00:17:55,242
I've always
been drawn to explore
220
00:17:55,325 --> 00:17:56,910
and try new experiences.
221
00:17:56,994 --> 00:17:59,872
Maybe that's why I applied
to be an astronaut.
222
00:17:59,955 --> 00:18:01,248
I'm Serena Aunon,
223
00:18:01,331 --> 00:18:02,833
and I am one of
the newer group of astronauts
224
00:18:02,916 --> 00:18:04,668
chosen by NASA.
225
00:18:11,508 --> 00:18:13,927
Like the rest of my class,
I'm absolutely honored
226
00:18:14,011 --> 00:18:16,555
and humbled to be here, and it's
great to be a part of this team.
227
00:18:18,432 --> 00:18:20,767
I guess you could say I'm one
228
00:18:20,851 --> 00:18:23,604
of those people for whom
the future has always seemed
229
00:18:23,687 --> 00:18:25,731
an unfolding adventure.
230
00:18:25,814 --> 00:18:28,442
So you can go forward
and backwards in the procedure
231
00:18:28,525 --> 00:18:30,402
just by using
this toggle switch over here.
232
00:18:30,485 --> 00:18:31,778
Yes, that, exactly.
233
00:18:31,862 --> 00:18:33,405
Learning from astronauts,
234
00:18:33,488 --> 00:18:36,950
like Lee Morin, who have
already spent weeks in space,
235
00:18:37,034 --> 00:18:39,661
gives you a great sense
of confidence.
236
00:18:42,206 --> 00:18:45,125
The Orion mock-up
provides astronauts in training,
237
00:18:45,209 --> 00:18:47,961
like Serena, a chance
to learn flight procedures,
238
00:18:48,045 --> 00:18:50,923
and also give feedback
to perfect new systems.
239
00:18:51,006 --> 00:18:53,800
This should be a piece of cake
for Serena,
240
00:18:53,884 --> 00:18:55,636
since my shuttle's ten screens
241
00:18:55,719 --> 00:18:57,304
and more than
a thousand switches
242
00:18:57,387 --> 00:18:59,473
have been streamlined
to just three screens
243
00:18:59,556 --> 00:19:02,226
and 60 switches on Orion.
244
00:19:02,309 --> 00:19:05,062
Hey, Lee, you can open
the helium cross-feed valve.
245
00:19:05,145 --> 00:19:07,481
Okay, we got that, so go
ahead and send that command
246
00:19:07,564 --> 00:19:08,649
on the helium
cross-feed valve.
247
00:19:08,732 --> 00:19:09,816
All right, copy that.
248
00:19:09,900 --> 00:19:11,235
And the shuttle's hundred pounds
249
00:19:11,318 --> 00:19:14,821
of flight manuals and checklists
have been reduced to...
250
00:19:14,905 --> 00:19:18,158
well... zero, since Orion's
are all on computer.
251
00:19:18,242 --> 00:19:19,827
Stand by,
and we'll evaluate.
252
00:19:19,910 --> 00:19:21,954
But even
with all these improvements,
253
00:19:22,037 --> 00:19:24,164
to get Orion into deep space,
254
00:19:24,248 --> 00:19:26,917
we're gonna need
a bigger rocket.
255
00:19:29,419 --> 00:19:32,631
When NASA's
giant space launch system,
256
00:19:32,714 --> 00:19:34,675
built by Boeing, is complete,
257
00:19:34,758 --> 00:19:38,345
the rocket will stand
as tall as a 38-story building
258
00:19:38,428 --> 00:19:41,807
and make more than
nine million pounds of thrust,
259
00:19:41,890 --> 00:19:45,519
enough to lift 22 elephants
into space.
260
00:19:46,895 --> 00:19:48,856
For deep-space expeditions,
261
00:19:48,939 --> 00:19:52,192
the SLS will need to lift
five key mission components
262
00:19:52,276 --> 00:19:54,403
beyond low-Earth orbit.
263
00:19:55,445 --> 00:19:57,489
Since Orion is too cramped
264
00:19:57,573 --> 00:19:59,533
for a six-month journey to Mars,
265
00:19:59,616 --> 00:20:03,162
one solution being developed
is an inflatable habitat
266
00:20:03,245 --> 00:20:05,956
to house the crew en route.
267
00:20:08,125 --> 00:20:11,044
A solar electric
propulsion device will provide
268
00:20:11,128 --> 00:20:13,630
continuous power
for the round-trip journey.
269
00:20:16,466 --> 00:20:19,887
A lander craft will carry the
crew from their orbit above Mars
270
00:20:19,970 --> 00:20:23,390
down to the planet's surface.
271
00:20:23,473 --> 00:20:24,850
Months later, an ascent vehicle
272
00:20:24,933 --> 00:20:28,020
will lift the crew back up
to the orbiting Orion
273
00:20:28,103 --> 00:20:30,814
for the return trip to Earth.
274
00:20:30,898 --> 00:20:34,568
But even using
the most sophisticated
275
00:20:34,651 --> 00:20:37,196
future spacecraft,
a two-and-a-half year
276
00:20:37,279 --> 00:20:38,906
round-trip journey to Mars
277
00:20:38,989 --> 00:20:42,409
will present new challenges
to the human body.
278
00:20:42,493 --> 00:20:45,078
I wanted to thank the Indiana
State Museum for having me here.
279
00:20:45,162 --> 00:20:47,206
It is an absolute pleasure.
280
00:20:47,289 --> 00:20:50,417
As a medical doctor with a
specialty in aerospace medicine,
281
00:20:50,501 --> 00:20:53,504
I am particularly interested
in keeping astronauts healthy
282
00:20:53,587 --> 00:20:57,341
as we head into deep space
for long periods of time.
283
00:21:00,010 --> 00:21:02,930
Our experience with more
extended weightlessness
284
00:21:03,013 --> 00:21:06,850
on the ISS has shown us that the
human body will face challenges
285
00:21:06,934 --> 00:21:10,145
during lengthy journeys
to deep space.
286
00:21:11,647 --> 00:21:14,441
Key issues are muscle
and bone loss,
287
00:21:14,525 --> 00:21:17,694
which can start after just
a few days of weightlessness,
288
00:21:17,778 --> 00:21:21,448
along with degrading
of vision for some astronauts.
289
00:21:21,532 --> 00:21:24,409
We now know that exercise
is the antidote
290
00:21:24,493 --> 00:21:27,454
for most problems
caused by weightlessness.
291
00:21:27,538 --> 00:21:29,540
And I mean exercise...
292
00:21:29,623 --> 00:21:31,625
about two hours a day.
293
00:21:33,126 --> 00:21:35,420
But, even so,
the first explorers to Mars
294
00:21:35,504 --> 00:21:37,381
will need to rest
at least a few days
295
00:21:37,464 --> 00:21:40,217
after landing on the planet
to readjust to walking,
296
00:21:40,300 --> 00:21:43,554
though Mars has less than
40% of Earth's gravity.
297
00:21:46,723 --> 00:21:49,476
Radiation is another risk
in deep space.
298
00:21:54,815 --> 00:21:56,984
Radiation from
our sun's solar storms
299
00:21:57,067 --> 00:21:58,652
is one source of danger.
300
00:22:01,864 --> 00:22:05,450
But cosmic radiation, which
permeates all of deep space,
301
00:22:05,534 --> 00:22:08,412
is another ever-present
challenge to human health.
302
00:22:10,581 --> 00:22:13,959
Sections of Orion,
as well as the transit habitat,
303
00:22:14,042 --> 00:22:15,169
will have to serve as a shelter
304
00:22:15,252 --> 00:22:17,588
in the case of a major
solar flare.
305
00:22:24,178 --> 00:22:25,345
In the Arizona desert,
306
00:22:25,429 --> 00:22:28,473
an Orion mock-up
is being drop-tested
307
00:22:28,557 --> 00:22:31,226
to evaluate reentry systems.
308
00:22:35,105 --> 00:22:36,356
On returning from deep space,
309
00:22:36,440 --> 00:22:37,774
Orion will enter our atmosphere
310
00:22:37,858 --> 00:22:40,861
more than 50% faster
311
00:22:40,944 --> 00:22:43,447
than shuttles or Soyuz capsules,
312
00:22:43,530 --> 00:22:46,158
and generate
five times more heat,
313
00:22:46,241 --> 00:22:49,203
so perfecting
her parachute deployment
314
00:22:49,286 --> 00:22:52,122
and heat shield
is key to crew survival.
315
00:22:57,753 --> 00:23:00,297
At the Kennedy Space Center,
Orion is being prepped
316
00:23:00,380 --> 00:23:04,384
for an uncrewed
test flight into deep space.
317
00:23:04,468 --> 00:23:08,805
This new vessel marks
the first step in over 40 years
318
00:23:08,889 --> 00:23:12,976
to put humans beyond
low Earth orbit.
319
00:23:15,646 --> 00:23:18,315
A journey to Mars
is on the horizon
320
00:23:18,398 --> 00:23:21,193
because of wide-ranging
international efforts
321
00:23:21,276 --> 00:23:24,238
by both governments
and private enterprise.
322
00:23:24,321 --> 00:23:27,074
Companies from Boeing
and Lockheed
323
00:23:27,157 --> 00:23:30,202
to newcomers like
SpaceX, Sierra Nevada
324
00:23:30,285 --> 00:23:32,204
and Orbital Sciences
325
00:23:32,287 --> 00:23:33,747
are developing spacecraft
326
00:23:33,831 --> 00:23:36,750
to service the ISS and beyond.
327
00:23:38,252 --> 00:23:41,213
Some private groups
foresee a technically simpler
328
00:23:41,296 --> 00:23:44,758
one-way mission
to colonize Mars.
329
00:23:44,842 --> 00:23:47,177
Already thousands
have volunteered
330
00:23:47,261 --> 00:23:49,930
to live permanently
on the Red Planet.
331
00:23:51,849 --> 00:23:55,102
The demands of going
to deep space
332
00:23:55,185 --> 00:23:58,105
will push old designs
to new limits.
333
00:23:58,188 --> 00:24:01,358
- Looks good.
- Looks good. Hey.
334
00:24:01,441 --> 00:24:03,277
- New glove. Should be good.
- Sounds good.
335
00:24:03,360 --> 00:24:04,778
My name is Lindsey Aitchison
336
00:24:04,862 --> 00:24:07,114
and I am a spacesuit
project engineer
337
00:24:07,197 --> 00:24:09,575
at NASA Johnson Space Center.
338
00:24:09,658 --> 00:24:12,202
I first started thinking
about space flight
339
00:24:12,286 --> 00:24:14,913
when I was four years old,
when I first came to JSC
340
00:24:14,997 --> 00:24:18,458
to take a tour
at the visitor's center.
341
00:24:18,542 --> 00:24:20,794
We have pictures of me just
sitting inside this spacesuit,
342
00:24:20,878 --> 00:24:23,130
and I just knew
that's what I wanted to do.
343
00:24:28,385 --> 00:24:31,305
No, dad-gum it.
344
00:24:31,388 --> 00:24:33,599
When the Apollo suits
were first done,
345
00:24:33,682 --> 00:24:35,767
those were very
short-duration EVAs.
346
00:24:35,851 --> 00:24:38,270
We didn't have a lot
of mobility in that suit,
347
00:24:38,353 --> 00:24:40,397
so when you see
those astronauts hopping around
348
00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:43,275
on the lunar surface,
it's not because they themselves
349
00:24:43,358 --> 00:24:46,820
are clumsy or that the gravity
is just impossible to deal with.
350
00:24:46,904 --> 00:24:49,156
We didn't give them enough
mobility in the suits.
351
00:24:49,239 --> 00:24:50,908
So we learned a lot from that.
352
00:24:54,369 --> 00:24:56,288
For the next generation suit,
353
00:24:56,371 --> 00:24:58,665
there's still a lot
that we don't know
354
00:24:58,749 --> 00:25:00,834
about what it's going
to be like to live
355
00:25:00,918 --> 00:25:02,920
and work on Mars every day.
356
00:25:04,505 --> 00:25:07,090
Once there,
you'd be doing EVA,
357
00:25:07,174 --> 00:25:09,218
walking outside on the planet
about every other day.
358
00:25:16,225 --> 00:25:18,936
Once we have the hardware
in-house, we become the experts
359
00:25:19,019 --> 00:25:21,855
of how that hardware works,
what it does,
360
00:25:21,939 --> 00:25:23,524
and how it meets the needs
361
00:25:23,607 --> 00:25:26,443
for our next phase
of our mission design.
362
00:25:38,288 --> 00:25:40,791
We actually get into the suits,
because the best way
363
00:25:40,874 --> 00:25:42,793
to understand how
a spacesuit moves
364
00:25:42,876 --> 00:25:45,295
is to be inside of it
and work it yourself.
365
00:25:48,298 --> 00:25:51,093
I'll be asking Richard
to perform specific tasks.
366
00:25:51,176 --> 00:25:54,763
And what I'm looking at is:
What is his gait like?
367
00:25:54,847 --> 00:25:57,599
And so I'm watching how
the bearings in the hip move
368
00:25:57,683 --> 00:26:00,185
and how the bearings
in the waist move.
369
00:26:00,269 --> 00:26:03,105
And by comparing natural body
motion to suited body motion
370
00:26:03,188 --> 00:26:05,232
we can start to tweak
the design of the suit
371
00:26:05,315 --> 00:26:07,234
to make it more natural.
372
00:26:07,317 --> 00:26:10,237
So that's what we're
focusing on for exploration...
373
00:26:10,320 --> 00:26:12,948
is how do you walk, how do you
bend, how do you kneel,
374
00:26:13,031 --> 00:26:15,701
how do you do all
those geology-type tasks?
375
00:26:33,177 --> 00:26:35,137
So, one of the big problems
they had in Apollo
376
00:26:35,220 --> 00:26:37,806
was all of that dust
on the lunar surface.
377
00:26:37,890 --> 00:26:39,641
It stuck to everything.
378
00:26:39,725 --> 00:26:41,935
When the guys would come back
inside of the lunar module
379
00:26:42,019 --> 00:26:44,229
at the end of their EVAs,
taking off their suits,
380
00:26:44,313 --> 00:26:47,065
there was dirt everywhere...
there was dirt on themselves.
381
00:26:47,149 --> 00:26:49,151
It was just gross, right?
382
00:26:56,325 --> 00:26:58,452
And that dirt is actually pretty
harmful... the lunar dirt...
383
00:26:58,535 --> 00:27:00,662
specifically, to breathe in
for long periods of time,
384
00:27:00,746 --> 00:27:02,664
so, long-duration missions,
we wouldn't want to
385
00:27:02,748 --> 00:27:05,083
bring that dirt inside
with us all the time.
386
00:27:11,757 --> 00:27:13,258
All right, Richard.
Nice job.
387
00:27:13,342 --> 00:27:15,511
Time to come on in.
388
00:27:15,594 --> 00:27:17,846
So one of the key
concepts we're looking at
389
00:27:17,930 --> 00:27:19,848
for lunar and even
Martian missions
390
00:27:19,932 --> 00:27:22,601
is using what we call
a suit port.
391
00:27:27,606 --> 00:27:30,651
The idea of a suit port
is that you have this plate
392
00:27:30,734 --> 00:27:33,487
that becomes your pressure seal
between the vehicle
393
00:27:33,570 --> 00:27:35,948
and your suit, so when
you're not using the suit,
394
00:27:36,031 --> 00:27:37,783
it stays outside
the entire time.
395
00:27:37,866 --> 00:27:39,368
It is physically attached
to the vehicle
396
00:27:39,451 --> 00:27:41,995
so you can come in and out
of your space suit
397
00:27:42,079 --> 00:27:44,289
without ever
having to physically
398
00:27:44,373 --> 00:27:47,543
go into an air lock
like we do today.
399
00:27:47,626 --> 00:27:49,294
Welcome home, Richard.
How'd the suit feel?
400
00:27:49,378 --> 00:27:51,004
Feels good.
401
00:27:51,088 --> 00:27:53,090
Outstanding.
Strong work out there.
402
00:27:57,803 --> 00:28:00,889
Driving a space
exploration vehicle on dry land
403
00:28:00,973 --> 00:28:04,142
is great training for deep-space
missions of the future.
404
00:28:08,647 --> 00:28:12,150
But driving a mini-sub
was even more exacting.
405
00:28:28,667 --> 00:28:31,420
No, there are no
liquid oceans on Mars,
406
00:28:31,503 --> 00:28:34,006
but before setting out
for the Red Planet,
407
00:28:34,089 --> 00:28:37,968
astronauts may make test
missions to nearby asteroids.
408
00:28:40,846 --> 00:28:43,265
A mini-sub resembles
the kind of craft
409
00:28:43,348 --> 00:28:45,392
we will use
to explore asteroids,
410
00:28:45,475 --> 00:28:48,437
and the ocean matches
the zero gravity of space.
411
00:28:58,322 --> 00:29:01,283
This NEEMO 16 mission marks
412
00:29:01,366 --> 00:29:04,369
the 16th time NASA has trained
at the Aquarius lab,
413
00:29:04,453 --> 00:29:06,622
which is anchored
60 feet underwater,
414
00:29:06,705 --> 00:29:08,707
off Key Largo in Florida.
415
00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:27,434
NASA aquanauts live in the lab
for up to two weeks
416
00:29:27,518 --> 00:29:29,520
without coming to the surface.
417
00:29:36,860 --> 00:29:39,238
This allows us to work
the entire day
418
00:29:39,321 --> 00:29:41,323
and only decompress once
419
00:29:41,406 --> 00:29:43,408
at the end of the mission.
420
00:29:48,080 --> 00:29:51,250
Any mistakes here
can have real consequences,
421
00:29:51,333 --> 00:29:54,503
exactly as in deep,
inhospitable space.
422
00:30:02,594 --> 00:30:05,514
Since asteroids appear
to have changed very little
423
00:30:05,597 --> 00:30:07,432
since they first formed,
424
00:30:07,516 --> 00:30:12,020
they could tell us a lot
about our early solar system.
425
00:30:18,694 --> 00:30:21,780
Ultimately, we may develop
space tools to capture
426
00:30:21,864 --> 00:30:26,118
and reposition a small asteroid
to orbit our moon.
427
00:30:28,370 --> 00:30:30,164
This would allow
for easier study,
428
00:30:30,247 --> 00:30:33,542
and also develop our ability
to deflect a larger asteroid
429
00:30:33,625 --> 00:30:35,961
that was on a collision course
with Earth.
430
00:31:00,277 --> 00:31:02,779
This Olympus inflatable habitat,
431
00:31:02,863 --> 00:31:05,365
designed by Bigelow Aerospace,
432
00:31:05,449 --> 00:31:08,368
is a look at the future
of living in space.
433
00:31:08,452 --> 00:31:10,537
Jay, this is amazing.
How big is that?
434
00:31:10,621 --> 00:31:12,372
Thanks.
Yeah, it's really big.
435
00:31:12,456 --> 00:31:15,292
It's about 2,250 cubic meters
interior volume, which is
436
00:31:15,375 --> 00:31:17,878
a little over twice the size of
the International Space Station.
437
00:31:17,961 --> 00:31:20,297
And it looks like it's, like,
40 feet tall or somethin'.
438
00:31:20,380 --> 00:31:22,716
Yeah, it's probably 45 or 50.
It's really big.
439
00:31:22,799 --> 00:31:25,052
Once you get into space,
y-you just inflate it with air?
440
00:31:25,135 --> 00:31:27,054
Right, we bring up huge
compressed air tanks
441
00:31:27,137 --> 00:31:28,889
that bring up large
volumes of air.
442
00:31:28,972 --> 00:31:31,642
Um, this expands out so the
inside is about 16 meters
443
00:31:31,725 --> 00:31:34,311
in diameter, and the outside's
a lot bigger than that.
444
00:31:41,235 --> 00:31:43,737
It's surprising
that an inflatable habitat
445
00:31:43,821 --> 00:31:47,491
can protect its crew against
micrometeorites and radiation,
446
00:31:47,574 --> 00:31:50,244
but that's what tests
have shown.
447
00:31:51,286 --> 00:31:53,247
The immense volume of Olympus
448
00:31:53,330 --> 00:31:55,249
will provide ample work areas
449
00:31:55,332 --> 00:31:59,336
as well as living space
to help maintain crew morale.
450
00:32:02,005 --> 00:32:04,675
Supply craft
to provide food, fuel,
451
00:32:04,758 --> 00:32:08,345
and radiation-protective living
space will be landed on Mars
452
00:32:08,428 --> 00:32:12,182
well before the first human
expedition is launched.
453
00:32:12,266 --> 00:32:15,602
We don't know exactly what all
the spacecraft will look like,
454
00:32:15,686 --> 00:32:18,313
but concepts are under
active development.
455
00:32:20,816 --> 00:32:23,485
Our infatuation
with space exploration
456
00:32:23,569 --> 00:32:27,364
is as limitless as space itself.
457
00:32:28,407 --> 00:32:29,950
Without the shuttle,
there would be
458
00:32:30,033 --> 00:32:31,660
no International Space Station,
459
00:32:31,743 --> 00:32:36,123
the vital test bed for a future
human expedition to Mars.
460
00:32:36,206 --> 00:32:40,127
And that mission is closer
than you might imagine.
461
00:32:40,210 --> 00:32:44,631
NASA projects we will get
to Mars in the 2030s.
462
00:32:44,715 --> 00:32:46,800
In other words,
within the career
463
00:32:46,884 --> 00:32:49,928
of today's young astronauts.
464
00:32:50,012 --> 00:32:51,930
So any of these movies that you
see where people survive
465
00:32:52,014 --> 00:32:53,515
even for 20 seconds...
466
00:32:53,599 --> 00:32:55,309
Why go to Mars?
467
00:32:55,392 --> 00:32:58,854
Why not just send more and more
sophisticated robotic vehicles?
468
00:32:59,271 --> 00:33:01,857
I think to explore
beyond what is known
469
00:33:01,940 --> 00:33:05,152
is simply
at the core of our DNA.
470
00:33:05,235 --> 00:33:09,364
And only a human mission
can tell us definitively
471
00:33:09,448 --> 00:33:13,952
if we can survive and establish
future settlements on Mars.
472
00:33:25,631 --> 00:33:29,009
Astronauts exploring the planet
may notice
473
00:33:29,092 --> 00:33:31,303
and learn things
robots could not,
474
00:33:31,386 --> 00:33:33,347
things that could help take us
475
00:33:33,430 --> 00:33:35,474
to the next frontiers
beyond Mars.
476
00:33:43,649 --> 00:33:45,901
Every 26 months,
there is an optimal window
477
00:33:45,984 --> 00:33:48,821
for launching spacecraft
to Mars.
478
00:33:48,904 --> 00:33:52,241
But even using the planets'
orbits to shorten distance
479
00:33:52,324 --> 00:33:55,327
and increase speed, with
currently planned propulsion,
480
00:33:55,410 --> 00:33:59,081
the trip to and from Mars
will take six months...
481
00:33:59,164 --> 00:34:01,250
each way.
482
00:34:15,764 --> 00:34:19,518
Someday, even more exotic plasma
or fusion propulsion
483
00:34:19,601 --> 00:34:21,937
could shorten the journey.
484
00:34:22,020 --> 00:34:25,858
But the first explorers to Mars
will not have that luxury.
485
00:34:32,364 --> 00:34:35,742
Orion can transport up
to six passengers,
486
00:34:35,826 --> 00:34:37,786
but for a first trip to Mars,
487
00:34:37,870 --> 00:34:40,289
it would likely carry
no more than four.
488
00:34:43,375 --> 00:34:46,295
While going to and from
the Red Planet,
489
00:34:46,378 --> 00:34:48,755
Orion and the inflatable habitat
490
00:34:48,839 --> 00:34:51,884
will be the astronauts' life
support home for flight control,
491
00:34:51,967 --> 00:34:56,221
science, and that all-important
physical exercise.
492
00:35:17,075 --> 00:35:19,161
Going to Mars...
493
00:35:19,244 --> 00:35:21,997
getting there, working there,
coming back...
494
00:35:22,080 --> 00:35:24,333
will take nearly three years.
495
00:35:24,416 --> 00:35:26,502
I wonder how that will feel,
496
00:35:26,585 --> 00:35:31,256
to be away from home and friends
and family for so long.
497
00:35:49,566 --> 00:35:52,486
There is no 911 in space.
498
00:35:52,569 --> 00:35:56,323
When Orion nears Mars,
the spacecraft is two years away
499
00:35:56,406 --> 00:35:58,992
from any possibility
of help from Earth.
500
00:35:59,076 --> 00:36:02,204
Even radio communications
will take 40 minutes
501
00:36:02,287 --> 00:36:04,206
to send and receive,
502
00:36:04,289 --> 00:36:07,543
so any equipment failures
or other emergencies
503
00:36:07,626 --> 00:36:10,295
must be solved
by the crew alone.
504
00:36:16,718 --> 00:36:20,138
Nearly four decades
of robotic exploration on Mars
505
00:36:20,222 --> 00:36:23,225
has blazed a path
for humans to follow...
506
00:36:24,476 --> 00:36:27,271
...craft like Pathfinder
and Curiosity.
507
00:36:29,106 --> 00:36:32,067
Maybe I'll get to kick the dust
off their tires.
508
00:37:33,378 --> 00:37:37,257
Though it will be incredibly
exciting to land on Mars,
509
00:37:37,341 --> 00:37:41,094
our ongoing training
in sophisticated simulator labs
510
00:37:41,178 --> 00:37:45,224
means it won't feel entirely
unfamiliar when we get there.
511
00:37:50,395 --> 00:37:54,316
Later explorers to Mars might
travel hundreds of kilometers
512
00:37:54,399 --> 00:37:56,985
to mine their own water
and hydrogen
513
00:37:57,069 --> 00:37:58,987
to make fuel
for their return to Earth.
514
00:37:59,655 --> 00:38:02,741
But first visitors
will have their hands full
515
00:38:02,825 --> 00:38:07,746
making the discoveries that only
a human mission can accomplish.
516
00:38:18,340 --> 00:38:22,094
I don't know if I'll ever get
to walk and work on Mars,
517
00:38:22,177 --> 00:38:25,305
but I may already know
some of those who will.
518
00:38:25,389 --> 00:38:27,307
Someone who dreams of it,
519
00:38:27,391 --> 00:38:29,768
just like me.
520
00:38:43,532 --> 00:38:47,870
Humankind has forever
been drawn toward the unknown,
521
00:38:47,953 --> 00:38:50,289
by the simple innate conviction
522
00:38:50,372 --> 00:38:53,625
that, to see the long-hidden
side of the mountain,
523
00:38:53,709 --> 00:38:58,130
to brush the infinite depth
of the sea, might reveal
524
00:38:58,213 --> 00:39:01,216
where we come from
and who we are.
525
00:39:03,886 --> 00:39:07,472
When humans do touch
and explore Mars,
526
00:39:07,556 --> 00:39:11,310
it will be among the greatest
achievements in history.
527
00:39:16,148 --> 00:39:19,735
But even that won't be enough.
528
00:39:19,818 --> 00:39:24,406
We are the species
that explores.
529
00:39:24,490 --> 00:39:26,825
We will fashion new vessels
530
00:39:26,909 --> 00:39:29,661
to carry us still deeper
into space,
531
00:39:29,745 --> 00:39:32,831
venturing
from our life-giving home
532
00:39:32,915 --> 00:39:35,834
to uncover the secrets
of the cosmos
533
00:39:35,918 --> 00:39:40,672
and our own
unimagined possibilities.
42226
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