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>> NARRATOR: What if we could
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tell you everything, the entire
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history of the world?the entire
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Now, what if we told you wetire
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could do it in just two hours?e
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We're going to tell the whole?e
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story, from the Big Bang to the
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present day.the Big Bang to the
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How the planet prepared for the
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rise of man;et prepared for the
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how the Stone Age led to thethe
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steam engine; Age led to thethe
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how the first seeds sproutedthe
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into cities and civilizations.e
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Everything is connected, ands.e
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the path leads to you.d, ands.e
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It took history 13.7 billions.e
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years to unfold.13.7 billions.e
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We'll show you everything you.e
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need to know in the next twou.e
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hours.o know in the next twou.e
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.Captioning sponsored by twou.e
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.A&E TELEVISION NETWORKS twou.e
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>> NARRATOR: This is our infant
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universe.OR: This is our infant
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Everything that will ever exist,
universe.OR: This is our infant
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everything that will ever happen
universe.OR: This is our infant
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everything that will ever happen
all begins here within thisfant
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everything that will ever happen
tiny bundle of energy smallernt
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everything that will ever happen
than an atom.f energy smallernt
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everything that will ever happen
And right now, history as wernt
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know it is about to mysteriously
And right now, history as wernt
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know it is about to mysteriously
begin.ght now, history as wernt
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know it is about to mysteriously
For reasons we may never know,t
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know it is about to mysteriously
our universe suddenly erupts.,t
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
our universe suddenly erupts.,t
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
of a millionth of a millionth,t
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
of a millionth of a millionth,t
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
of a second, it went from ath,t
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
size smaller than an atom toh,t
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
bigger than a galaxy.atom toh,t
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
Whoosh!than a galaxy.atom toh,t
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
>> NARRATOR: What you're seeing
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
is energy.R: What you're seeing
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
And it's one key toou're seeing
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
understanding everything thatng
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
will unfold in the next twoatng
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
hours.nfold in the next twoatng
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
Within a fraction of a second,g
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
the Big Bang creates all thed,g
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
energy that will ever exist--,g
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
all the energy that will powerg
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
the stars, that will fuelpowerg
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
anything that ever lives.powerg
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
All the energy that you willerg
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
ever consume dates back tollerg
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
the beginning of time.k tollerg
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
>> When you put gas into yourrg
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
car, you're tapping energy that
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
was created during the Big Bang.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
You're tapping the energy ofang.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
the universe itself.nergy ofang.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
>> NARRATOR: We're only a fewng.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
minutes into our two-hour fewng.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
journey but, already, 380,000ng.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
years have passed.dy, 380,000ng.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
You are about to witness the0ng.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
birth of your originalss the0ng.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
ancestors, the first atoms.e0ng.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
This is hydrogen.rst atoms.e0ng.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
The universe will use it toe0ng.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
make everything in the world0ng.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
around us.thing in the world0ng.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
>> Hydrogen is like a baseballg.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
team.drogen is like a baseballg.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
You say, "What player do I want.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
to start my team with?"o I want.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
Well, if I want to start a want.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
universe, I want to starta want.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
it with hydrogen, becausea want.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
from that, with a lot of heatnt.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
and a lot of pressure, you cant.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
build more kinds of atoms. cant.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
>> NARRATOR: The first atomsant.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
blast through the earlyatomsant.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
universe, and luckily for us,nt.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
they don't spread out evenly.nt.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
Because in those tiny pocketsnt.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
with more atoms, gravity,ketsnt.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
the great sculptor of the early.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
universe, begins to work itsrly.
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>> In a millionth of a millionth
magic.se, begins to work itsrly.
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The first galaxies are beginning
magic.se, begins to work itsrly.
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The first galaxies are beginning
to form, revealing a timelessly.
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The first galaxies are beginning
secret of the universe.melessly.
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The first galaxies are beginning
Throughout history, wheneversly.
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The first galaxies are beginning
more matter and energy can bely.
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The first galaxies are beginning
drawn together in one place,ely.
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The first galaxies are beginning
more complex things can emerge..
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> We have all of these urbane..
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The first galaxies are beginning
centers around the planet where.
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The first galaxies are beginning
so much creativity, so muchhere.
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The first galaxies are beginning
art, so much science, so muchre.
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The first galaxies are beginning
culture came about, becausechre.
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The first galaxies are beginning
of all these opportunitiesechre.
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The first galaxies are beginning
for things to interact withchre.
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The first galaxies are beginning
each other.to interact withchre.
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> Really, in a sense, wherehre.
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The first galaxies are beginning
there is stuff, new stuff canre.
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The first galaxies are beginning
develop, and where there isn'te.
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The first galaxies are beginning
anything, nothing much cansn'te.
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The first galaxies are beginning
develop., nothing much cansn'te.
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: 300 million yearse.
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The first galaxies are beginning
after the Big Bang, inside ofse.
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The first galaxies are beginning
forming galaxies, gravitye ofse.
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The first galaxies are beginning
continues to squeeze togetherse.
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The first galaxies are beginning
clouds of gas and dust, causing.
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The first galaxies are beginning
pressure and heat to violentlyg.
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The first galaxies are beginning
rise.ure and heat to violentlyg.
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The first galaxies are beginning
When the temperature reacheslyg.
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The first galaxies are beginning
18 million degrees Fahrenheit,g.
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The first galaxies are beginning
hydrogen atoms slam together,,g.
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The first galaxies are beginning
creating a new element, helium,.
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The first galaxies are beginning
and radiating bursts of energy..
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The first galaxies are beginning
The first stars are born.nergy..
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> Suddenly, there were thesey..
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The first galaxies are beginning
new beacons of light shiningey..
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The first galaxies are beginning
forth, pouring energy into the..
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The first galaxies are beginning
universe.uring energy into the..
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The first galaxies are beginning
Let there be light!gy into the..
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: But something ise..
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The first galaxies are beginning
missing from this earlying ise..
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The first galaxies are beginning
universe.rom this earlying ise..
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The first galaxies are beginning
There are billions of stars,se..
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The first galaxies are beginning
yet not a single planet.ars,se..
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The first galaxies are beginning
To form planets, andnet.ars,se..
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The first galaxies are beginning
eventually people, to takes,se..
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The first galaxies are beginning
the next leap that would makee..
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The first galaxies are beginning
all of history possible, theee..
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The first galaxies are beginning
universe needs more to work with
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The first galaxies are beginning
than just hydrogen and helium.th
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> The complicated elements,m.th
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The first galaxies are beginning
the heavier things that wes,m.th
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The first galaxies are beginning
build stuff out of-- forwes,m.th
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The first galaxies are beginning
example, iron-- or life, builtth
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The first galaxies are beginning
out of carbon and things liketth
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The first galaxies are beginning
that, they're actuallygs liketth
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The first galaxies are beginning
manufactured in stars.gs liketth
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: We may see starstth
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The first galaxies are beginning
like our own sun as sources ofth
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The first galaxies are beginning
light, but there is somethingfth
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The first galaxies are beginning
bigger happening deep inside.fth
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The first galaxies are beginning
Stars are element factories..fth
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The first galaxies are beginning
They fuse hydrogen into helium,h
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The first galaxies are beginning
helium into lithium-- forgingm,h
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The first galaxies are beginning
25 of the most common elements,h
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The first galaxies are beginning
we'll need to live, includings,h
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The first galaxies are beginning
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, ands,h
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The first galaxies are beginning
iron.n, oxygen, nitrogen, ands,h
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The first galaxies are beginning
So, more than 12 billion years,h
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The first galaxies are beginning
ago, stars are already creatingh
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The first galaxies are beginning
the element that will spur thegh
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The first galaxies are beginning
Iron Age, allow for the building
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The first galaxies are beginning
of cities and the creation ofing
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The first galaxies are beginning
some of mankind's most famousing
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The first galaxies are beginning
monuments.nkind's most famousing
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The first galaxies are beginning
But a look at the Statue ofusing
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The first galaxies are beginning
Liberty reveals the next ofusing
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The first galaxies are beginning
challenge awaiting the earlysing
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The first galaxies are beginning
universe. awaiting the earlysing
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The first galaxies are beginning
While the statue's frame isysing
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The first galaxies are beginning
iron, her skin requires ansysing
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The first galaxies are beginning
element too heavy to be made ing
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The first galaxies are beginning
stars.t too heavy to be made ing
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The first galaxies are beginning
For Lady Liberty to havemade ing
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The first galaxies are beginning
material for her skin, for there
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The first galaxies are beginning
to be gold for wedding rings ore
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The first galaxies are beginning
uranium for nuclear reactors,ore
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The first galaxies are beginning
some elements had to be createde
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The first galaxies are beginning
another way.s had to be createde
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The first galaxies are beginning
Stars don't have enough energyde
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The first galaxies are beginning
to do the job, but if thenergyde
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The first galaxies are beginning
element factory isn't powerfulde
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The first galaxies are beginning
enough, how about blowing up the
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The first galaxies are beginning
factory?how about blowing up the
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> Just a few million yearsp the
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The first galaxies are beginning
after the first stars formed,the
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The first galaxies are beginning
some of them exploded.formed,the
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The first galaxies are beginning
Wham!of them exploded.formed,the
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: These explosions,he
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The first galaxies are beginning
known as supernovas, are thes,he
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The first galaxies are beginning
biggest blasts in the universehe
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The first galaxies are beginning
since the Big Bang, providingehe
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The first galaxies are beginning
the extra boost of energy needed
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The first galaxies are beginning
to fuse heavier elements. needed
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The first galaxies are beginning
In the fiery blast of their ownd
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The first galaxies are beginning
destruction, stars createir ownd
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The first galaxies are beginning
uranium, gold-- all the rest ofd
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The first galaxies are beginning
the elements that will fill ourd
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The first galaxies are beginning
world, including copper.ill ourd
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> The periodic table of theourd
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The first galaxies are beginning
elements is really sort of therd
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The first galaxies are beginning
library of matter in theof therd
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The first galaxies are beginning
universe.f matter in theof therd
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The first galaxies are beginning
Those are your building blocks.d
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The first galaxies are beginning
Everything is coming out of that
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The first galaxies are beginning
particular chemistry set.of that
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The first galaxies are beginning
Supernovas are absolutelyof that
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The first galaxies are beginning
necessary for us to be here.that
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The first galaxies are beginning
You know, we have iron in ourhat
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The first galaxies are beginning
blood.ow, we have iron in ourhat
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The first galaxies are beginning
We have little bits of oldourhat
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The first galaxies are beginning
supernovae, therefore, justurhat
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The first galaxies are beginning
floating around through us.urhat
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The first galaxies are beginning
We are all stardust.ugh us.urhat
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> Copper and tin, Bronze Age.at
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The first galaxies are beginning
Without supernovas, there's noat
218
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The first galaxies are beginning
Bronze Age.ernovas, there's noat
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The first galaxies are beginning
Go to any supermarket and buy at
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The first galaxies are beginning
multivitamin, and go and look in
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The first galaxies are beginning
the ingredients.d go and look in
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The first galaxies are beginning
You'll find copper, you'll findn
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The first galaxies are beginning
zinc, you'll find selenium.findn
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The first galaxies are beginning
You'll find all sorts ofum.findn
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The first galaxies are beginning
elements that can only be madedn
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The first galaxies are beginning
in a supernova.an only be madedn
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: The elements madedn
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The first galaxies are beginning
by stars will become the seedsdn
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The first galaxies are beginning
of life on Earth and the drivers
230
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The first galaxies are beginning
of human history.and the drivers
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The first galaxies are beginning
But the journey has just begun.s
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The first galaxies are beginning
Before there can be life, then.s
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The first galaxies are beginning
universe has to build us athen.s
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The first galaxies are beginning
suitable home.o build us athen.s
235
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The first galaxies are beginning
To build a proper house, youen.s
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The first galaxies are beginning
have to assemble the rightouen.s
237
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The first galaxies are beginning
materials all in one place.uen.s
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> Now, when planets form, it'ss
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The first galaxies are beginning
the same thing.anets form, it'ss
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The first galaxies are beginning
It's the materials that you have
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The first galaxies are beginning
at hand that's going to dictatee
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The first galaxies are beginning
the kind of house that yourtatee
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The first galaxies are beginning
planet is going to be. yourtatee
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: To get enough oftee
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The first galaxies are beginning
the right material in the right
246
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The first galaxies are beginning
place all at once takes a veryt
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The first galaxies are beginning
long time.at once takes a veryt
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The first galaxies are beginning
Over the next eight billioneryt
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The first galaxies are beginning
years-- more than half ofoneryt
250
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The first galaxies are beginning
history, as we know it-- theryt
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The first galaxies are beginning
element factories continue their
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The first galaxies are beginning
work.nt factories continue their
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The first galaxies are beginning
Stars explode and are reborn,eir
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The first galaxies are beginning
each generation with more heavyr
255
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The first galaxies are beginning
elements than the last, untilvyr
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The first galaxies are beginning
4.6 billion years ago, finally,r
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The first galaxies are beginning
there are enough materialsally,r
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The first galaxies are beginning
gathered for the next step ony,r
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The first galaxies are beginning
the path to us.e next step ony,r
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The first galaxies are beginning
A new star is born.xt step ony,r
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The first galaxies are beginning
This is our sun.rn.xt step ony,r
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The first galaxies are beginning
It's so massive that it'sp ony,r
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The first galaxies are beginning
gathered up 99.9% of the gas and
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The first galaxies are beginning
dust in the solar system, butand
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The first galaxies are beginning
there's still just enough leftnd
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The first galaxies are beginning
behind for gravity to buildeftnd
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The first galaxies are beginning
some other things, like planets.
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The first galaxies are beginning
The third one out from this star
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The first galaxies are beginning
will be our home. from this star
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The first galaxies are beginning
By the time Earth emerges, justr
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The first galaxies are beginning
over four and half billion years
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The first galaxies are beginning
ago, two thirds of the historyrs
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The first galaxies are beginning
of the universe has alreadyoryrs
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The first galaxies are beginning
passed.universe has alreadyoryrs
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The first galaxies are beginning
The first sunrises sweep acrosss
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The first galaxies are beginning
a foreboding alien planet, aosss
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The first galaxies are beginning
world spinning so rapidly that a
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The first galaxies are beginning
day lasts only six hours. that a
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> When you go back to the early
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The first galaxies are beginning
Earth, right after the planetrly
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The first galaxies are beginning
formed, you really have to think
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The first galaxies are beginning
of the Earth as another planet.k
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The first galaxies are beginning
The sun would have looked outt.k
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The first galaxies are beginning
over a hellacious scene of justk
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The first galaxies are beginning
molten lava, and in places, youk
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The first galaxies are beginning
would see rafts of blackes, youk
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The first galaxies are beginning
volcanic rock.s of blackes, youk
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Within thekes, youk
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The first galaxies are beginning
liquefied rock, the elements are
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The first galaxies are beginning
all in a jumble.the elements are
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The first galaxies are beginning
Something has to bring order out
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The first galaxies are beginning
of this chaos.to bring order out
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The first galaxies are beginning
And once again, that somethingut
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The first galaxies are beginning
is gravity.ain, that somethingut
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The first galaxies are beginning
Lighter material drifts towardut
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The first galaxies are beginning
the surface and forms a soliddut
297
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The first galaxies are beginning
crust, while heavier materialdut
298
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The first galaxies are beginning
sinks toward the center, forming
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The first galaxies are beginning
a molten iron-nickel core.orming
300
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The first galaxies are beginning
This churning liquid metalorming
301
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The first galaxies are beginning
creates a magnetic field thating
302
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The first galaxies are beginning
reaches out into space.d thating
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The first galaxies are beginning
Like a force field, it willating
304
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The first galaxies are beginning
protect our future home from the
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The first galaxies are beginning
Sun's deadly charged particleshe
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The first galaxies are beginning
Soon, this magnetic field willhe
307
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The first galaxies are beginning
allow for life to grow, andillhe
308
00:12:55,758 --> 00:12:57,527
The first galaxies are beginning
later, guide the explorers whohe
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The first galaxies are beginning
will connect two halves of thehe
310
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The first galaxies are beginning
world.onnect two halves of thehe
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The first galaxies are beginning
But for all this to unfold, thee
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00:13:03,499 --> 00:13:04,801
The first galaxies are beginning
Earth will need a critical, thee
313
00:13:04,834 --> 00:13:07,837
The first galaxies are beginning
partner.ll need a critical, thee
314
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: 4.5 billion yearsee
315
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The first galaxies are beginning
ago, an object the size of Marse
316
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The first galaxies are beginning
smashes into the planet at Marse
317
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The first galaxies are beginning
25,000 miles per hour.t at Marse
318
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The first galaxies are beginning
Earth swallows up much of therse
319
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The first galaxies are beginning
impactor, but a spray of moltene
320
00:13:39,736 --> 00:13:41,404
The first galaxies are beginning
debris is whipped off intooltene
321
00:13:41,437 --> 00:13:44,007
The first galaxies are beginning
space. is whipped off intooltene
322
00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:45,274
The first galaxies are beginning
Within as little as a year,ltene
323
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The first galaxies are beginning
gravity gathers this debris into
324
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The first galaxies are beginning
a secondary sphere in orbit into
325
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The first galaxies are beginning
around the Earth, where it hasto
326
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The first galaxies are beginning
been ever since., where it hasto
327
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> The formation of the moon was
328
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The first galaxies are beginning
an incredibly important event in
329
00:14:00,156 --> 00:14:01,758
The first galaxies are beginning
Earth's history.portant event in
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The first galaxies are beginning
>> And in fact, its creation, in
331
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The first galaxies are beginning
over four billion years ago isin
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The first galaxies are beginning
really important to the Earth'sn
333
00:14:06,295 --> 00:14:08,164
The first galaxies are beginning
climate today.nt to the Earth'sn
334
00:14:08,197 --> 00:14:09,399
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: The moon keepsth'sn
335
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The first galaxies are beginning
Earth steady.The moon keepsth'sn
336
00:14:11,067 --> 00:14:12,802
The first galaxies are beginning
Its gravitational pull preventsn
337
00:14:12,835 --> 00:14:14,804
The first galaxies are beginning
the planet from wobbling, saving
338
00:14:14,837 --> 00:14:17,740
The first galaxies are beginning
us from wild climate swings.ving
339
00:14:17,774 --> 00:14:19,142
The first galaxies are beginning
And the collision that formeding
340
00:14:19,175 --> 00:14:21,044
The first galaxies are beginning
the moon leaves Earth tilted ong
341
00:14:21,077 --> 00:14:24,047
The first galaxies are beginning
its axis, giving the planet aong
342
00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:26,983
The first galaxies are beginning
key ingredient to life--net aong
343
00:14:27,016 --> 00:14:31,454
The first galaxies are beginning
seasons.edient to life--net aong
344
00:14:31,487 --> 00:14:33,456
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Having seasons is very, veryg
345
00:14:33,489 --> 00:14:34,590
The first galaxies are beginning
important for the evolution ofyg
346
00:14:34,624 --> 00:14:36,526
The first galaxies are beginning
life on the Earth, and havingfyg
347
00:14:36,559 --> 00:14:38,361
The first galaxies are beginning
some stability in the tilt offyg
348
00:14:38,394 --> 00:14:40,663
The first galaxies are beginning
those axes, that's very, veryfyg
349
00:14:40,696 --> 00:14:42,265
The first galaxies are beginning
important also for maintainingyg
350
00:14:42,298 --> 00:14:46,269
The first galaxies are beginning
life on the Earth. maintainingyg
351
00:14:46,302 --> 00:14:47,303
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: The moon's gravityg
352
00:14:47,336 --> 00:14:48,871
The first galaxies are beginning
also begins to slow Earth'svityg
353
00:14:48,905 --> 00:14:51,574
The first galaxies are beginning
rotation, which will eventuallyg
354
00:14:51,607 --> 00:14:56,012
The first galaxies are beginning
lengthen our days from six hours
355
00:14:56,045 --> 00:14:57,814
The first galaxies are beginning
to 24.en our days from six hours
356
00:15:07,190 --> 00:15:08,524
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: 4.4 billion yearsrs
357
00:15:08,558 --> 00:15:11,394
The first galaxies are beginning
ago.ARRATOR: 4.4 billion yearsrs
358
00:15:11,427 --> 00:15:12,995
The first galaxies are beginning
It's too hot on Earth for liquid
359
00:15:13,029 --> 00:15:15,031
The first galaxies are beginning
water to exist, but there'siquid
360
00:15:15,064 --> 00:15:17,433
The first galaxies are beginning
water vapor-- steam-- in thequid
361
00:15:17,467 --> 00:15:20,570
The first galaxies are beginning
atmosphere.-- steam-- in thequid
362
00:15:20,603 --> 00:15:22,305
The first galaxies are beginning
The trick is how to get it outid
363
00:15:22,338 --> 00:15:24,240
The first galaxies are beginning
of the sky.s how to get it outid
364
00:15:24,273 --> 00:15:25,708
The first galaxies are beginning
Onto any world where you hope to
365
00:15:25,741 --> 00:15:28,277
The first galaxies are beginning
have life, a little rain must to
366
00:15:28,311 --> 00:15:35,451
The first galaxies are beginning
fall.life, a little rain must to
367
00:15:35,485 --> 00:15:37,186
The first galaxies are beginning
For millions of years, as the to
368
00:15:37,220 --> 00:15:40,323
The first galaxies are beginning
planet cools, rain pours down,to
369
00:15:40,356 --> 00:15:45,328
The first galaxies are beginning
forming puddles, lakes and,wn,to
370
00:15:45,361 --> 00:15:49,832
The first galaxies are beginning
eventually, our oceans.and,wn,to
371
00:15:49,866 --> 00:15:52,435
The first galaxies are beginning
By 3.8 billion years ago, our,to
372
00:15:52,468 --> 00:15:54,670
The first galaxies are beginning
planet has a moon and permanento
373
00:15:54,704 --> 00:15:57,306
The first galaxies are beginning
oceans, but it hardly resembleso
374
00:15:57,340 --> 00:16:01,711
The first galaxies are beginning
the place we now call home.bleso
375
00:16:01,744 --> 00:16:03,379
The first galaxies are beginning
To become the stage for all ofso
376
00:16:03,412 --> 00:16:05,681
The first galaxies are beginning
human history, Earth needs anfso
377
00:16:05,715 --> 00:16:08,518
The first galaxies are beginning
oxygen-rich atmosphere, fertileo
378
00:16:08,551 --> 00:16:09,819
The first galaxies are beginning
continents for people tofertileo
379
00:16:09,852 --> 00:16:12,288
The first galaxies are beginning
discover and develop. tofertileo
380
00:16:12,321 --> 00:16:13,623
The first galaxies are beginning
Who will create our modernrtileo
381
00:16:13,656 --> 00:16:15,158
The first galaxies are beginning
world?ll create our modernrtileo
382
00:16:15,191 --> 00:16:16,192
The first galaxies are beginning
There's a trillion of themrtileo
383
00:16:16,225 --> 00:16:19,262
The first galaxies are beginning
crawling on your skin right now.
384
00:16:32,992 --> 00:16:34,126
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: We're telling thew.
385
00:16:34,160 --> 00:16:36,462
The first galaxies are beginning
history of the world in twothew.
386
00:16:36,496 --> 00:16:38,364
The first galaxies are beginning
hours, from the Big Bang to the.
387
00:16:38,397 --> 00:16:40,233
The first galaxies are beginning
present day.the Big Bang to the.
388
00:16:40,266 --> 00:16:41,534
The first galaxies are beginning
And our modern world holdso the.
389
00:16:41,567 --> 00:16:44,337
The first galaxies are beginning
important clues to the story.he.
390
00:16:44,370 --> 00:16:46,038
The first galaxies are beginning
In fact, structures like thishe.
391
00:16:46,072 --> 00:16:48,674
The first galaxies are beginning
hide a mysterious link to thehe.
392
00:16:48,708 --> 00:16:50,610
The first galaxies are beginning
first life on Earth.nk to thehe.
393
00:16:57,917 --> 00:17:02,421
The first galaxies are beginning
3.8 billion years ago, beneathe.
394
00:17:02,455 --> 00:17:03,956
The first galaxies are beginning
the surface of our primevalathe.
395
00:17:03,990 --> 00:17:07,960
The first galaxies are beginning
oceans, a revolution is takinge.
396
00:17:07,994 --> 00:17:14,166
The first galaxies are beginning
place., a revolution is takinge.
397
00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:16,035
The first galaxies are beginning
Six simple elements-- including.
398
00:17:16,068 --> 00:17:18,204
The first galaxies are beginning
hydrogen from the Big Bang, and.
399
00:17:18,237 --> 00:17:20,273
The first galaxies are beginning
oxygen, carbon, and nitrogenand.
400
00:17:20,306 --> 00:17:22,608
The first galaxies are beginning
created by stars-- have combined
401
00:17:22,642 --> 00:17:24,544
The first galaxies are beginning
to form the key substances thatd
402
00:17:24,577 --> 00:17:27,079
The first galaxies are beginning
will make up all life, including
403
00:17:27,113 --> 00:17:30,850
The first galaxies are beginning
us.l make up all life, including
404
00:17:30,883 --> 00:17:35,955
The first galaxies are beginning
The most spectacular is DNA.ding
405
00:17:35,988 --> 00:17:37,490
The first galaxies are beginning
Within its spirals hide the.ding
406
00:17:37,523 --> 00:17:41,894
The first galaxies are beginning
secret codes of life.de the.ding
407
00:17:41,928 --> 00:17:44,397
The first galaxies are beginning
700,000 years after the planetng
408
00:17:44,430 --> 00:17:47,967
The first galaxies are beginning
first formed, life on Earthnetng
409
00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:51,370
The first galaxies are beginning
begins.ormed, life on Earthnetng
410
00:17:51,404 --> 00:17:52,805
The first galaxies are beginning
We stand not on the shoulders of
411
00:17:52,838 --> 00:17:56,375
The first galaxies are beginning
giants, but of tiny organisms--f
412
00:17:56,409 --> 00:18:00,146
The first galaxies are beginning
bacteria.ut of tiny organisms--f
413
00:18:00,179 --> 00:18:01,347
The first galaxies are beginning
>> We're very egocentric.isms--f
414
00:18:01,380 --> 00:18:03,416
The first galaxies are beginning
We think that we animals run the
415
00:18:03,449 --> 00:18:05,885
The first galaxies are beginning
world but, in fact, we are verye
416
00:18:05,918 --> 00:18:07,987
The first galaxies are beginning
late entrants.fact, we are verye
417
00:18:08,020 --> 00:18:09,555
The first galaxies are beginning
It was an empire of bacteriaerye
418
00:18:09,589 --> 00:18:10,790
The first galaxies are beginning
long before animals.bacteriaerye
419
00:18:10,823 --> 00:18:12,625
The first galaxies are beginning
Animals come along, and we likee
420
00:18:12,658 --> 00:18:14,060
The first galaxies are beginning
to think that we wiped out thate
421
00:18:14,093 --> 00:18:15,861
The first galaxies are beginning
empire.k that we wiped out thate
422
00:18:15,895 --> 00:18:17,530
The first galaxies are beginning
Well, we would be dead if wehate
423
00:18:17,563 --> 00:18:19,632
The first galaxies are beginning
wiped out that empire. if wehate
424
00:18:19,665 --> 00:18:21,734
The first galaxies are beginning
I have within me an entire zoote
425
00:18:21,767 --> 00:18:24,470
The first galaxies are beginning
of bacteria.n me an entire zoote
426
00:18:24,503 --> 00:18:25,838
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: In fact, each onete
427
00:18:25,871 --> 00:18:27,840
The first galaxies are beginning
of us has more bacteria livingte
428
00:18:27,873 --> 00:18:29,508
The first galaxies are beginning
in our bodies than there arengte
429
00:18:29,542 --> 00:18:33,279
The first galaxies are beginning
people on the planet.ere arengte
430
00:18:33,312 --> 00:18:35,281
The first galaxies are beginning
For billions of years , microbes
431
00:18:35,314 --> 00:18:38,050
The first galaxies are beginning
like these will have Earth tobes
432
00:18:38,084 --> 00:18:41,053
The first galaxies are beginning
themselves.will have Earth tobes
433
00:18:41,087 --> 00:18:43,255
The first galaxies are beginning
Like our infant universe, thebes
434
00:18:43,289 --> 00:18:46,659
The first galaxies are beginning
first life is small, simple, and
435
00:18:46,692 --> 00:18:48,995
The first galaxies are beginning
full of possibilities.imple, and
436
00:18:49,028 --> 00:18:50,196
The first galaxies are beginning
The secret of how it explodesand
437
00:18:50,229 --> 00:18:52,398
The first galaxies are beginning
into all the incredible forms we
438
00:18:52,431 --> 00:18:54,734
The first galaxies are beginning
see today, including us, goes we
439
00:18:54,767 --> 00:18:58,204
The first galaxies are beginning
back to the beginning of time.we
440
00:18:58,237 --> 00:19:00,072
The first galaxies are beginning
As we've seen, all the energy.we
441
00:19:00,106 --> 00:19:01,907
The first galaxies are beginning
that will ever exist was created
442
00:19:01,941 --> 00:19:05,544
The first galaxies are beginning
in the Big Bang.xist was created
443
00:19:05,578 --> 00:19:07,580
The first galaxies are beginning
All creatures need to grab their
444
00:19:07,613 --> 00:19:10,383
The first galaxies are beginning
share of this energy to survive.
445
00:19:10,416 --> 00:19:12,051
The first galaxies are beginning
The more we harness, the moreve.
446
00:19:12,084 --> 00:19:14,186
The first galaxies are beginning
efficiently we use it, the more.
447
00:19:14,220 --> 00:19:16,789
The first galaxies are beginning
complex we can become. the more.
448
00:19:16,822 --> 00:19:18,124
The first galaxies are beginning
And almost all of our share ofe.
449
00:19:18,157 --> 00:19:20,593
The first galaxies are beginning
the Big Bang's energy is beamed.
450
00:19:20,626 --> 00:19:25,765
The first galaxies are beginning
to us by the sun.ergy is beamed.
451
00:19:25,798 --> 00:19:28,901
The first galaxies are beginning
Two and half billion years ago,.
452
00:19:28,934 --> 00:19:31,037
The first galaxies are beginning
some very special bacteria ago,.
453
00:19:31,070 --> 00:19:32,872
The first galaxies are beginning
figure out how to consume theo,.
454
00:19:32,905 --> 00:19:37,076
The first galaxies are beginning
sun's energy to live.sume theo,.
455
00:19:37,109 --> 00:19:39,111
The first galaxies are beginning
In doing this, they also create.
456
00:19:39,145 --> 00:19:41,047
The first galaxies are beginning
the most important waste product
457
00:19:41,080 --> 00:19:45,418
The first galaxies are beginning
in the history of the world--uct
458
00:19:45,451 --> 00:19:49,588
The first galaxies are beginning
oxygen.history of the world--uct
459
00:19:49,622 --> 00:19:51,557
The first galaxies are beginning
Soon, oxygen will remakerld--uct
460
00:19:51,590 --> 00:19:54,527
The first galaxies are beginning
our world, but first, it has-uct
461
00:19:54,560 --> 00:19:57,663
The first galaxies are beginning
another important job to do.-uct
462
00:19:57,697 --> 00:19:59,799
The first galaxies are beginning
Earth's ancient seas are full of
463
00:19:59,832 --> 00:20:01,634
The first galaxies are beginning
iron particles, and everyonel of
464
00:20:01,667 --> 00:20:04,637
The first galaxies are beginning
knows what happens when oxygenof
465
00:20:04,670 --> 00:20:07,940
The first galaxies are beginning
meets iron.happens when oxygenof
466
00:20:07,973 --> 00:20:09,475
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Here, I'm a little bacterium.
467
00:20:09,508 --> 00:20:10,676
The first galaxies are beginning
I've produced this oxygenterium.
468
00:20:10,710 --> 00:20:12,778
The first galaxies are beginning
molecule, and here's a big piece
469
00:20:12,812 --> 00:20:16,682
The first galaxies are beginning
of iron and, clump, I rust it.ce
470
00:20:16,716 --> 00:20:17,883
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: This rusted iron.ce
471
00:20:17,917 --> 00:20:22,455
The first galaxies are beginning
collects on the sea floor.ron.ce
472
00:20:22,488 --> 00:20:24,223
The first galaxies are beginning
Billions of years later, thesece
473
00:20:24,256 --> 00:20:26,392
The first galaxies are beginning
huge deposits will be raised upe
474
00:20:26,425 --> 00:20:29,128
The first galaxies are beginning
to become major sources of thepe
475
00:20:29,161 --> 00:20:34,734
The first galaxies are beginning
world's iron and steel. of thepe
476
00:20:34,767 --> 00:20:36,235
The first galaxies are beginning
>> It was these iron depositsepe
477
00:20:36,268 --> 00:20:37,903
The first galaxies are beginning
that, later on, drove thesitsepe
478
00:20:37,937 --> 00:20:41,440
The first galaxies are beginning
Industrial Revolution.thesitsepe
479
00:20:41,474 --> 00:20:42,775
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: In this way, theepe
480
00:20:42,808 --> 00:20:44,577
The first galaxies are beginning
Brooklyn Bridge and the otherepe
481
00:20:44,610 --> 00:20:46,045
The first galaxies are beginning
early landmarks of thee otherepe
482
00:20:46,078 --> 00:20:48,314
The first galaxies are beginning
Industrial age are a direct link
483
00:20:48,347 --> 00:20:50,316
The first galaxies are beginning
to some of the first life formsk
484
00:20:50,349 --> 00:20:53,753
The first galaxies are beginning
on Earth.f the first life formsk
485
00:20:53,786 --> 00:20:55,321
The first galaxies are beginning
Once there's no more iron leftsk
486
00:20:55,354 --> 00:20:57,623
The first galaxies are beginning
in the sea to rust, these leftsk
487
00:20:57,656 --> 00:20:59,525
The first galaxies are beginning
ancient bacteria have a missionk
488
00:20:59,558 --> 00:21:01,460
The first galaxies are beginning
to complete.eria have a missionk
489
00:21:01,494 --> 00:21:04,430
The first galaxies are beginning
They create so much oxygen thatk
490
00:21:04,463 --> 00:21:07,233
The first galaxies are beginning
it fills the oceans and escapesk
491
00:21:07,266 --> 00:21:11,003
The first galaxies are beginning
into the atmosphere.and escapesk
492
00:21:11,036 --> 00:21:12,304
The first galaxies are beginning
>> And from then on, we have ask
493
00:21:12,338 --> 00:21:13,906
The first galaxies are beginning
very different planet from allsk
494
00:21:13,939 --> 00:21:15,007
The first galaxies are beginning
the other planets in the solarsk
495
00:21:15,040 --> 00:21:16,909
The first galaxies are beginning
system.er planets in the solarsk
496
00:21:16,942 --> 00:21:18,477
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Now, life takes ask
497
00:21:18,511 --> 00:21:20,279
The first galaxies are beginning
giant leap.: Now, life takes ask
498
00:21:20,312 --> 00:21:21,781
The first galaxies are beginning
For the first time, someakes ask
499
00:21:21,814 --> 00:21:23,482
The first galaxies are beginning
bacteria learn to live onkes ask
500
00:21:23,516 --> 00:21:25,651
The first galaxies are beginning
oxygen.a learn to live onkes ask
501
00:21:25,684 --> 00:21:27,520
The first galaxies are beginning
Every human breath is a ritualsk
502
00:21:27,553 --> 00:21:30,456
The first galaxies are beginning
two and a half billion yearsalsk
503
00:21:30,489 --> 00:21:34,293
The first galaxies are beginning
old.and a half billion yearsalsk
504
00:21:34,326 --> 00:21:35,294
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Life tends to stick with what
505
00:21:35,327 --> 00:21:36,428
The first galaxies are beginning
works, even over the course ofat
506
00:21:36,462 --> 00:21:38,297
The first galaxies are beginning
billions of years.he course ofat
507
00:21:38,330 --> 00:21:40,432
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Oxygen is a gamefat
508
00:21:40,466 --> 00:21:41,600
The first galaxies are beginning
changer.TOR: Oxygen is a gamefat
509
00:21:41,634 --> 00:21:43,269
The first galaxies are beginning
By taming its power, life hasfat
510
00:21:43,302 --> 00:21:44,770
The first galaxies are beginning
found a better way to energizeat
511
00:21:44,804 --> 00:21:47,206
The first galaxies are beginning
itself-- 20 times more efficient
512
00:21:47,239 --> 00:21:49,642
The first galaxies are beginning
than anything used on Earthcient
513
00:21:49,675 --> 00:21:51,076
The first galaxies are beginning
before.ything used on Earthcient
514
00:21:51,110 --> 00:21:52,845
The first galaxies are beginning
What life does with all this new
515
00:21:52,878 --> 00:21:55,147
The first galaxies are beginning
energy will be the story thatnew
516
00:21:55,181 --> 00:22:03,088
The first galaxies are beginning
leads to us.be the story thatnew
517
00:22:03,122 --> 00:22:05,191
The first galaxies are beginning
Over the next two billion years,
518
00:22:05,224 --> 00:22:10,563
The first galaxies are beginning
life becomes more complex, skies
519
00:22:10,596 --> 00:22:14,033
The first galaxies are beginning
become blue, and so do the skies
520
00:22:14,066 --> 00:22:17,303
The first galaxies are beginning
oceans that reflect them.e skies
521
00:22:17,336 --> 00:22:20,539
The first galaxies are beginning
Large, solid continents appear.s
522
00:22:20,573 --> 00:22:21,874
The first galaxies are beginning
Earth is beginning to look mores
523
00:22:21,907 --> 00:22:24,510
The first galaxies are beginning
like the place we now call home.
524
00:22:32,885 --> 00:22:36,188
The first galaxies are beginning
550 million years ago.call home.
525
00:22:36,222 --> 00:22:37,456
The first galaxies are beginning
As the planet celebrates itsome.
526
00:22:37,489 --> 00:22:40,826
The first galaxies are beginning
four billionth birthday, oxygen.
527
00:22:40,860 --> 00:22:42,328
The first galaxies are beginning
levels in the atmosphere haveen.
528
00:22:42,361 --> 00:22:44,897
The first galaxies are beginning
risen from next to nothing to as
529
00:22:44,930 --> 00:22:49,101
The first galaxies are beginning
much as 13%.ext to nothing to as
530
00:22:49,134 --> 00:22:51,203
The first galaxies are beginning
Take a deep breath, because life
531
00:22:51,237 --> 00:22:53,973
The first galaxies are beginning
on Earth is about to go wild.ife
532
00:23:00,145 --> 00:23:02,748
The first galaxies are beginning
This is the Cambrian Explosion,e
533
00:23:02,781 --> 00:23:04,583
The first galaxies are beginning
biology's version of the Bigon,e
534
00:23:04,617 --> 00:23:07,519
The first galaxies are beginning
Bang.gy's version of the Bigon,e
535
00:23:07,553 --> 00:23:08,687
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Right after you have abundant
536
00:23:08,721 --> 00:23:11,056
The first galaxies are beginning
oxygen, you get size andabundant
537
00:23:11,090 --> 00:23:13,525
The first galaxies are beginning
complexity, and oxygen lets yout
538
00:23:13,559 --> 00:23:17,796
The first galaxies are beginning
do that.ty, and oxygen lets yout
539
00:23:17,830 --> 00:23:19,398
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: It's in thists yout
540
00:23:19,431 --> 00:23:20,699
The first galaxies are beginning
breathtaking span of roughly 30t
541
00:23:20,733 --> 00:23:22,801
The first galaxies are beginning
million years that most of the0t
542
00:23:22,835 --> 00:23:27,206
The first galaxies are beginning
major animal groups evolve.the0t
543
00:23:27,239 --> 00:23:29,508
The first galaxies are beginning
By 500 million years ago, thee0t
544
00:23:29,541 --> 00:23:31,377
The first galaxies are beginning
first bony fish have evolved int
545
00:23:31,410 --> 00:23:33,612
The first galaxies are beginning
the seas.y fish have evolved int
546
00:23:33,646 --> 00:23:35,481
The first galaxies are beginning
These fish are our directved int
547
00:23:35,514 --> 00:23:37,182
The first galaxies are beginning
ancestors. are our directved int
548
00:23:37,216 --> 00:23:39,018
The first galaxies are beginning
Though they look nothing likeint
549
00:23:39,051 --> 00:23:40,719
The first galaxies are beginning
us, they evolve the body partsnt
550
00:23:40,753 --> 00:23:43,455
The first galaxies are beginning
that will make our own bodiessnt
551
00:23:43,489 --> 00:23:45,391
The first galaxies are beginning
possible, including a spine, and
552
00:23:45,424 --> 00:23:48,961
The first galaxies are beginning
a mouth with jaws and teeth. and
553
00:23:48,994 --> 00:23:49,929
The first galaxies are beginning
>> We owe a great deal to ourand
554
00:23:49,962 --> 00:23:50,996
The first galaxies are beginning
fish ancestors.at deal to ourand
555
00:23:51,030 --> 00:23:52,097
The first galaxies are beginning
In fact, all vertebrates todaynd
556
00:23:52,131 --> 00:23:53,465
The first galaxies are beginning
really represent modificationsnd
557
00:23:53,499 --> 00:23:58,203
The first galaxies are beginning
of the original fish body plan.d
558
00:23:58,237 --> 00:23:59,438
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: For the first fourd
559
00:23:59,471 --> 00:24:00,572
The first galaxies are beginning
billion years of Earth'sst fourd
560
00:24:00,606 --> 00:24:02,374
The first galaxies are beginning
history, plants and animals have
561
00:24:02,408 --> 00:24:07,046
The first galaxies are beginning
stuck to the seas.d animals have
562
00:24:07,079 --> 00:24:09,581
The first galaxies are beginning
But that all begins to change.ve
563
00:24:09,615 --> 00:24:11,383
The first galaxies are beginning
With oxygen comes an ozonenge.ve
564
00:24:11,417 --> 00:24:12,885
The first galaxies are beginning
layer, protecting us fromenge.ve
565
00:24:12,918 --> 00:24:18,290
The first galaxies are beginning
dangerous radiation. fromenge.ve
566
00:24:18,324 --> 00:24:21,627
The first galaxies are beginning
Plants make the move first.ge.ve
567
00:24:30,269 --> 00:24:32,905
The first galaxies are beginning
Around 400 million years ago,.ve
568
00:24:32,938 --> 00:24:34,340
The first galaxies are beginning
animals are ready to take the.ve
569
00:24:34,373 --> 00:24:37,209
The first galaxies are beginning
leap.ls are ready to take the.ve
570
00:24:37,242 --> 00:24:38,510
The first galaxies are beginning
Among the first ashore are theve
571
00:24:38,544 --> 00:24:41,046
The first galaxies are beginning
amphibians, whose descendantseve
572
00:24:41,080 --> 00:24:44,283
The first galaxies are beginning
will include us.e descendantseve
573
00:24:44,316 --> 00:24:45,351
The first galaxies are beginning
>> The most amazing thing aboute
574
00:24:45,384 --> 00:24:47,119
The first galaxies are beginning
animal evolution ever, for meute
575
00:24:47,152 --> 00:24:49,788
The first galaxies are beginning
personally, is that moment thate
576
00:24:49,822 --> 00:24:51,757
The first galaxies are beginning
first amphibian walks out of the
577
00:24:51,790 --> 00:24:54,927
The first galaxies are beginning
primeval ocean onto land and the
578
00:24:54,960 --> 00:24:59,331
The first galaxies are beginning
takes a big gulp of air. and the
579
00:24:59,365 --> 00:25:01,033
The first galaxies are beginning
Kind of like great, great,nd the
580
00:25:01,066 --> 00:25:02,201
The first galaxies are beginning
great, great, great, great-d the
581
00:25:02,234 --> 00:25:03,335
The first galaxies are beginning
grandpa coming out of the oceane
582
00:25:03,369 --> 00:25:07,539
The first galaxies are beginning
and seeing this fantastic world.
583
00:25:07,573 --> 00:25:09,274
The first galaxies are beginning
And it's like "Hey, I can lived.
584
00:25:09,308 --> 00:25:10,075
The first galaxies are beginning
here.t's like "Hey, I can lived.
585
00:25:10,109 --> 00:25:10,642
The first galaxies are beginning
Look at those trees, look atved.
586
00:25:10,676 --> 00:25:11,310
The first galaxies are beginning
those bugs.se trees, look atved.
587
00:25:11,343 --> 00:25:12,144
The first galaxies are beginning
There's food here.s, look atved.
588
00:25:12,177 --> 00:25:19,385
The first galaxies are beginning
I can do this."re.s, look atved.
589
00:25:19,418 --> 00:25:20,919
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Eventually, humans.
590
00:25:20,953 --> 00:25:22,287
The first galaxies are beginning
will conquer every imaginablens.
591
00:25:22,321 --> 00:25:25,891
The first galaxies are beginning
terrain.quer every imaginablens.
592
00:25:25,924 --> 00:25:27,860
The first galaxies are beginning
But before we can do that, ours.
593
00:25:27,893 --> 00:25:29,795
The first galaxies are beginning
ancestors must first cut theirs.
594
00:25:29,828 --> 00:25:33,232
The first galaxies are beginning
final tie to the water, matings.
595
00:25:33,265 --> 00:25:38,771
The first galaxies are beginning
season.ie to the water, matings.
596
00:25:38,804 --> 00:25:40,539
The first galaxies are beginning
Like modern frogs, they havengs.
597
00:25:40,572 --> 00:25:42,241
The first galaxies are beginning
jelly-like eggs that would drys.
598
00:25:42,274 --> 00:25:46,145
The first galaxies are beginning
out on land.ggs that would drys.
599
00:25:46,178 --> 00:25:47,980
The first galaxies are beginning
But some amphibians eventuallys.
600
00:25:48,013 --> 00:25:49,915
The first galaxies are beginning
solve the problem.s eventuallys.
601
00:25:49,948 --> 00:25:52,051
The first galaxies are beginning
They evolve a new form of eggys.
602
00:25:52,084 --> 00:25:53,986
The first galaxies are beginning
with a shell that keeps theggys.
603
00:25:54,019 --> 00:25:56,188
The first galaxies are beginning
moisture in. that keeps theggys.
604
00:25:56,221 --> 00:25:58,290
The first galaxies are beginning
This allows us to carry theggys.
605
00:25:58,323 --> 00:26:00,592
The first galaxies are beginning
ocean with us onto land, andgys.
606
00:26:00,626 --> 00:26:02,594
The first galaxies are beginning
signals the evolution of andgys.
607
00:26:02,628 --> 00:26:06,565
The first galaxies are beginning
amphibians into reptiles.andgys.
608
00:26:06,598 --> 00:26:09,234
The first galaxies are beginning
>> You could be 300, 400, 500,s.
609
00:26:09,268 --> 00:26:10,936
The first galaxies are beginning
1,000 miles away from water, and
610
00:26:10,969 --> 00:26:12,771
The first galaxies are beginning
still have the water in that egg
611
00:26:12,805 --> 00:26:15,541
The first galaxies are beginning
in order to birth.er in that egg
612
00:26:15,574 --> 00:26:17,476
The first galaxies are beginning
That is the key.h.er in that egg
613
00:26:17,509 --> 00:26:19,511
The first galaxies are beginning
It cuts that final tie to theegg
614
00:26:19,545 --> 00:26:20,879
The first galaxies are beginning
ocean.s that final tie to theegg
615
00:26:20,913 --> 00:26:22,281
The first galaxies are beginning
That way, we could colonize theg
616
00:26:22,314 --> 00:26:24,049
The first galaxies are beginning
rest of the land.d colonize theg
617
00:26:37,279 --> 00:26:38,580
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: 300 million yearseg
618
00:26:38,614 --> 00:26:41,250
The first galaxies are beginning
ago.ARRATOR: 300 million yearseg
619
00:26:41,283 --> 00:26:42,751
The first galaxies are beginning
Life flourishes in massiveearseg
620
00:26:42,785 --> 00:26:45,020
The first galaxies are beginning
tropical swamps, where planetseg
621
00:26:45,053 --> 00:26:49,158
The first galaxies are beginning
Earth is cooking up a surprise.g
622
00:26:49,191 --> 00:26:51,927
The first galaxies are beginning
As plants die here, they arese.g
623
00:26:51,960 --> 00:26:57,533
The first galaxies are beginning
buried, compacted, and cooked..g
624
00:26:57,566 --> 00:26:59,535
The first galaxies are beginning
Energy created in the Big Bang,g
625
00:26:59,568 --> 00:27:02,538
The first galaxies are beginning
and radiated by the sun toBang,g
626
00:27:02,571 --> 00:27:05,774
The first galaxies are beginning
plants on Earth, is now locked,g
627
00:27:05,808 --> 00:27:10,479
The first galaxies are beginning
away underground as coal, a gift
628
00:27:10,512 --> 00:27:12,347
The first galaxies are beginning
to be opened by human beingsgift
629
00:27:12,381 --> 00:27:14,783
The first galaxies are beginning
millions of years in the future.
630
00:27:23,258 --> 00:27:24,593
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: 250 million yearse.
631
00:27:24,626 --> 00:27:28,163
The first galaxies are beginning
ago.ARRATOR: 250 million yearse.
632
00:27:28,197 --> 00:27:30,699
The first galaxies are beginning
An apocalypse unfolds-- thearse.
633
00:27:30,732 --> 00:27:32,267
The first galaxies are beginning
biggest spike in volcanichearse.
634
00:27:32,301 --> 00:27:34,436
The first galaxies are beginning
activity since the early days of
635
00:27:34,469 --> 00:27:37,105
The first galaxies are beginning
the planet.nce the early days of
636
00:27:37,139 --> 00:27:38,574
The first galaxies are beginning
The atmosphere is choked with of
637
00:27:38,607 --> 00:27:40,843
The first galaxies are beginning
carbon dioxide, and thed with of
638
00:27:40,876 --> 00:27:42,845
The first galaxies are beginning
diversity of animal life spawned
639
00:27:42,878 --> 00:27:44,713
The first galaxies are beginning
in the Cambrian Explosion iswned
640
00:27:44,746 --> 00:27:50,752
The first galaxies are beginning
stopped dead in its tracks.swned
641
00:27:50,786 --> 00:27:52,621
The first galaxies are beginning
More than 70% of all species ond
642
00:27:52,654 --> 00:27:55,123
The first galaxies are beginning
Earth go extinct in the worstond
643
00:27:55,157 --> 00:27:58,493
The first galaxies are beginning
mass die-off in history, thetond
644
00:27:58,527 --> 00:28:02,798
The first galaxies are beginning
Permian Extinction.tory, thetond
645
00:28:02,831 --> 00:28:04,032
The first galaxies are beginning
Extinction is a recurringthetond
646
00:28:04,066 --> 00:28:05,968
The first galaxies are beginning
character in the story of planet
647
00:28:06,001 --> 00:28:08,770
The first galaxies are beginning
Earth.ter in the story of planet
648
00:28:08,804 --> 00:28:10,639
The first galaxies are beginning
Five times in the last 500planet
649
00:28:10,672 --> 00:28:12,741
The first galaxies are beginning
million years, some cataclysmnet
650
00:28:12,774 --> 00:28:16,445
The first galaxies are beginning
wiped out the dominant species.t
651
00:28:16,478 --> 00:28:18,480
The first galaxies are beginning
It's a reshuffling of the deck.t
652
00:28:18,513 --> 00:28:19,915
The first galaxies are beginning
that allows new creatures tock.t
653
00:28:19,948 --> 00:28:22,284
The first galaxies are beginning
take hold-- new creatures tock.t
654
00:28:22,317 --> 00:28:23,986
The first galaxies are beginning
new creatures like theres tock.t
655
00:28:24,019 --> 00:28:29,057
The first galaxies are beginning
dinosaurs.res like theres tock.t
656
00:28:29,091 --> 00:28:30,492
The first galaxies are beginning
Dinosaurs will reign for theck.t
657
00:28:30,525 --> 00:28:34,897
The first galaxies are beginning
next 160 million years.r theck.t
658
00:28:34,930 --> 00:28:36,398
The first galaxies are beginning
During that time, the firsteck.t
659
00:28:36,431 --> 00:28:41,003
The first galaxies are beginning
hardwood forests appear, andck.t
660
00:28:41,036 --> 00:28:42,971
The first galaxies are beginning
after more than four billionck.t
661
00:28:43,005 --> 00:28:44,973
The first galaxies are beginning
years, the moon's gravityionck.t
662
00:28:45,007 --> 00:28:47,009
The first galaxies are beginning
finally settles Earth into ack.t
663
00:28:47,042 --> 00:28:51,346
The first galaxies are beginning
24-hour day.les Earth into ack.t
664
00:28:51,380 --> 00:28:52,547
The first galaxies are beginning
At the start of the dinosaurck.t
665
00:28:52,581 --> 00:28:54,116
The first galaxies are beginning
era, the continents areosaurck.t
666
00:28:54,149 --> 00:28:55,617
The first galaxies are beginning
clustered together into a single
667
00:28:55,651 --> 00:28:59,154
The first galaxies are beginning
landmass we call Pangaea. single
668
00:28:59,187 --> 00:29:00,555
The first galaxies are beginning
But now, they start to breakngle
669
00:29:00,589 --> 00:29:05,127
The first galaxies are beginning
apart.w, they start to breakngle
670
00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:06,528
The first galaxies are beginning
Africa separates from Southkngle
671
00:29:06,561 --> 00:29:08,530
The first galaxies are beginning
America.eparates from Southkngle
672
00:29:08,563 --> 00:29:10,165
The first galaxies are beginning
The vast Atlantic Ocean opensgle
673
00:29:10,198 --> 00:29:12,734
The first galaxies are beginning
up, creating what will becomegle
674
00:29:12,768 --> 00:29:14,636
The first galaxies are beginning
one of the defining barriers ofe
675
00:29:14,670 --> 00:29:16,705
The first galaxies are beginning
human history-- the gulf between
676
00:29:16,738 --> 00:29:23,512
The first galaxies are beginning
the Old and New Worlds.f between
677
00:29:23,545 --> 00:29:24,713
The first galaxies are beginning
The undisputed stars of thetween
678
00:29:24,746 --> 00:29:27,015
The first galaxies are beginning
dinosaur era are animals likeeen
679
00:29:27,049 --> 00:29:30,018
The first galaxies are beginning
Triceratops and T. Rex.s likeeen
680
00:29:30,052 --> 00:29:31,253
The first galaxies are beginning
But there are some importanteeen
681
00:29:31,286 --> 00:29:33,188
The first galaxies are beginning
creatures scurrying around their
682
00:29:33,221 --> 00:29:35,290
The first galaxies are beginning
feet.ures scurrying around their
683
00:29:35,324 --> 00:29:36,291
The first galaxies are beginning
>> If we were to trace our their
684
00:29:36,325 --> 00:29:37,826
The first galaxies are beginning
lineage back far enough, wetheir
685
00:29:37,859 --> 00:29:39,594
The first galaxies are beginning
would come to really smalletheir
686
00:29:39,628 --> 00:29:42,297
The first galaxies are beginning
shrew-like mammals surrounded by
687
00:29:42,331 --> 00:29:45,734
The first galaxies are beginning
these titans of reptile life. by
688
00:29:45,767 --> 00:29:47,235
The first galaxies are beginning
During that time, mammals, we by
689
00:29:47,269 --> 00:29:48,971
The first galaxies are beginning
were living on the fringes.we by
690
00:29:49,004 --> 00:29:50,405
The first galaxies are beginning
We were maybe stealing dinosaury
691
00:29:50,439 --> 00:29:52,040
The first galaxies are beginning
eggs, maybe just eking out anury
692
00:29:52,074 --> 00:29:53,976
The first galaxies are beginning
existence.e just eking out anury
693
00:29:54,009 --> 00:29:55,510
The first galaxies are beginning
So the dinosaurs kind of held us
694
00:29:55,544 --> 00:29:58,613
The first galaxies are beginning
back.e dinosaurs kind of held us
695
00:29:58,647 --> 00:29:59,414
The first galaxies are beginning
>> The biggest headline of theus
696
00:29:59,448 --> 00:30:00,782
The first galaxies are beginning
history of dinosaurs, which isus
697
00:30:00,816 --> 00:30:02,851
The first galaxies are beginning
160 million years, is that wesus
698
00:30:02,884 --> 00:30:03,952
The first galaxies are beginning
lost!illion years, is that wesus
699
00:30:03,986 --> 00:30:06,288
The first galaxies are beginning
Mammals lost.ears, is that wesus
700
00:30:06,321 --> 00:30:07,889
The first galaxies are beginning
We couldn't get much biggerwesus
701
00:30:07,923 --> 00:30:09,257
The first galaxies are beginning
than a small cat.uch biggerwesus
702
00:30:09,291 --> 00:30:12,060
The first galaxies are beginning
For 160 million years, all theus
703
00:30:12,094 --> 00:30:14,563
The first galaxies are beginning
medium size, medium big, big,eus
704
00:30:14,596 --> 00:30:15,864
The first galaxies are beginning
gigantic and stupendous animalss
705
00:30:15,897 --> 00:30:17,532
The first galaxies are beginning
were dinosaurs for that wholelss
706
00:30:17,566 --> 00:30:19,434
The first galaxies are beginning
time.dinosaurs for that wholelss
707
00:30:19,468 --> 00:30:25,140
The first galaxies are beginning
They beat us fair and square.lss
708
00:30:25,173 --> 00:30:26,708
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: But the deck is.lss
709
00:30:26,742 --> 00:30:31,079
The first galaxies are beginning
about to be reshuffled.ck is.lss
710
00:30:36,251 --> 00:30:39,354
The first galaxies are beginning
65 million years ago.d.ck is.lss
711
00:30:39,388 --> 00:30:41,156
The first galaxies are beginning
A six-mile-wide object, likelyss
712
00:30:41,189 --> 00:30:43,558
The first galaxies are beginning
an asteroid, slams into theelyss
713
00:30:43,592 --> 00:30:46,628
The first galaxies are beginning
Earth.eroid, slams into theelyss
714
00:30:52,868 --> 00:30:55,937
The first galaxies are beginning
A dust cloud blocks out the Sun.
715
00:30:55,971 --> 00:30:58,473
The first galaxies are beginning
Temperatures plummet.ut the Sun.
716
00:30:58,507 --> 00:31:00,008
The first galaxies are beginning
Every creature on land weighing.
717
00:31:00,042 --> 00:31:04,246
The first galaxies are beginning
over 50 pounds goes extinct.ing.
718
00:31:04,279 --> 00:31:07,049
The first galaxies are beginning
The reign of the dinosaurs isng.
719
00:31:07,082 --> 00:31:09,818
The first galaxies are beginning
over.eign of the dinosaurs isng.
720
00:31:09,851 --> 00:31:10,986
The first galaxies are beginning
>> The greatest gift that theng.
721
00:31:11,019 --> 00:31:12,621
The first galaxies are beginning
dinosaurs ever gave us wastheng.
722
00:31:12,654 --> 00:31:14,790
The first galaxies are beginning
dying.urs ever gave us wastheng.
723
00:31:14,823 --> 00:31:16,892
The first galaxies are beginning
When they went extinct, it gave.
724
00:31:16,925 --> 00:31:20,762
The first galaxies are beginning
the mammals time to rise.t gave.
725
00:31:20,796 --> 00:31:21,930
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: It doesn't takeave.
726
00:31:21,963 --> 00:31:23,098
The first galaxies are beginning
long after the disappearance of.
727
00:31:23,131 --> 00:31:24,866
The first galaxies are beginning
the dinosaurs for the first true
728
00:31:24,900 --> 00:31:27,469
The first galaxies are beginning
primates to appear.he first true
729
00:31:27,502 --> 00:31:29,004
The first galaxies are beginning
Like their later versions,t true
730
00:31:29,037 --> 00:31:31,339
The first galaxies are beginning
including us, these mammals have
731
00:31:31,373 --> 00:31:33,608
The first galaxies are beginning
evolved forward-facing eyes,have
732
00:31:33,642 --> 00:31:35,343
The first galaxies are beginning
allowing for accurate depth,have
733
00:31:35,377 --> 00:31:37,612
The first galaxies are beginning
perception, and flexible handsve
734
00:31:37,646 --> 00:31:40,148
The first galaxies are beginning
with five digits.lexible handsve
735
00:31:40,182 --> 00:31:42,084
The first galaxies are beginning
>> They have five fingers, juste
736
00:31:42,117 --> 00:31:43,418
The first galaxies are beginning
like us, which means we canjuste
737
00:31:43,452 --> 00:31:44,619
The first galaxies are beginning
grasp things.h means we canjuste
738
00:31:44,653 --> 00:31:46,054
The first galaxies are beginning
If you think about other animals
739
00:31:46,088 --> 00:31:47,823
The first galaxies are beginning
that don't have digits organized
740
00:31:47,856 --> 00:31:50,058
The first galaxies are beginning
the way ours are, their abilityd
741
00:31:50,092 --> 00:31:51,493
The first galaxies are beginning
to hold things, to manipulatetyd
742
00:31:51,526 --> 00:31:56,798
The first galaxies are beginning
objects is much more limited.tyd
743
00:31:56,832 --> 00:31:57,866
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: 50 million yearstyd
744
00:31:57,899 --> 00:31:59,101
The first galaxies are beginning
ago.ARRATOR: 50 million yearstyd
745
00:31:59,134 --> 00:32:00,469
The first galaxies are beginning
Our primate ancestors areearstyd
746
00:32:00,502 --> 00:32:02,104
The first galaxies are beginning
evolving on a planet that isstyd
747
00:32:02,137 --> 00:32:03,472
The first galaxies are beginning
warming. on a planet that isstyd
748
00:32:03,505 --> 00:32:05,407
The first galaxies are beginning
It's so hot, there are junglesyd
749
00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:09,911
The first galaxies are beginning
at the poles.there are junglesyd
750
00:32:09,945 --> 00:32:11,580
The first galaxies are beginning
As the continents drift, theesyd
751
00:32:11,613 --> 00:32:13,448
The first galaxies are beginning
Americas and Africa have almostd
752
00:32:13,482 --> 00:32:16,618
The first galaxies are beginning
fully taken shape, but inalmostd
753
00:32:16,651 --> 00:32:18,453
The first galaxies are beginning
northern Africa, modern daymostd
754
00:32:18,487 --> 00:32:20,555
The first galaxies are beginning
Egypt is submerged beneath anstd
755
00:32:20,589 --> 00:32:24,025
The first galaxies are beginning
ancient sea.merged beneath anstd
756
00:32:24,059 --> 00:32:25,327
The first galaxies are beginning
On the floor of that sea livestd
757
00:32:25,360 --> 00:32:27,529
The first galaxies are beginning
small shelled creatures calledtd
758
00:32:27,562 --> 00:32:28,830
The first galaxies are beginning
nummulites.ed creatures calledtd
759
00:32:28,864 --> 00:32:30,098
The first galaxies are beginning
Their shells, made of calciumdtd
760
00:32:30,132 --> 00:32:31,833
The first galaxies are beginning
and carbon, pile up on the seatd
761
00:32:31,867 --> 00:32:34,069
The first galaxies are beginning
bottom over millions of years,td
762
00:32:34,102 --> 00:32:36,538
The first galaxies are beginning
where they form into limestone--
763
00:32:36,571 --> 00:32:38,607
The first galaxies are beginning
limestone that will be used to--
764
00:32:38,640 --> 00:32:41,776
The first galaxies are beginning
build the great pyramids.ed to--
765
00:32:41,810 --> 00:32:43,178
The first galaxies are beginning
If you look closely at thed to--
766
00:32:43,211 --> 00:32:44,646
The first galaxies are beginning
pyramids today, you can stillo--
767
00:32:44,679 --> 00:32:46,615
The first galaxies are beginning
see evidence that these 4,000---
768
00:32:46,648 --> 00:32:48,617
The first galaxies are beginning
year-old monuments are, in fact,
769
00:32:48,650 --> 00:32:51,419
The first galaxies are beginning
made of 50-million-year oldfact,
770
00:32:51,453 --> 00:32:53,488
The first galaxies are beginning
seashells.-million-year oldfact,
771
00:33:00,962 --> 00:33:01,997
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: By ten millionfact,
772
00:33:02,030 --> 00:33:03,265
The first galaxies are beginning
years ago, Earth is morphingact,
773
00:33:03,298 --> 00:33:04,733
The first galaxies are beginning
into a world most of us wouldct,
774
00:33:04,766 --> 00:33:06,468
The first galaxies are beginning
recognize.ld most of us wouldct,
775
00:33:06,501 --> 00:33:07,769
The first galaxies are beginning
The Colorado River is carvingct,
776
00:33:07,802 --> 00:33:10,572
The first galaxies are beginning
out the Grand Canyon. carvingct,
777
00:33:10,605 --> 00:33:12,040
The first galaxies are beginning
Mountain ranges, like thevingct,
778
00:33:12,073 --> 00:33:13,875
The first galaxies are beginning
Himalayas, have arisen.hevingct,
779
00:33:13,909 --> 00:33:15,343
The first galaxies are beginning
They are so tall, they disruptt,
780
00:33:15,377 --> 00:33:18,246
The first galaxies are beginning
weather patterns, setting thett,
781
00:33:18,280 --> 00:33:24,920
The first galaxies are beginning
stage for a colder planet.thett,
782
00:33:24,953 --> 00:33:26,555
The first galaxies are beginning
The Isthmus of Panama emerges to
783
00:33:26,588 --> 00:33:29,391
The first galaxies are beginning
connect North and South America,
784
00:33:29,424 --> 00:33:31,426
The first galaxies are beginning
cleaving the connection between,
785
00:33:31,459 --> 00:33:33,361
The first galaxies are beginning
the Atlantic and the Pacific,en,
786
00:33:33,395 --> 00:33:35,130
The first galaxies are beginning
disrupting ocean currents anden,
787
00:33:35,163 --> 00:33:36,965
The first galaxies are beginning
tipping the world even morenden,
788
00:33:36,998 --> 00:33:41,770
The first galaxies are beginning
towards an Ice Age.ven morenden,
789
00:33:41,803 --> 00:33:43,505
The first galaxies are beginning
With the planet getting colder,,
790
00:33:43,538 --> 00:33:45,140
The first galaxies are beginning
our primate ancestors hang on in
791
00:33:45,173 --> 00:33:47,475
The first galaxies are beginning
the tropics, but a new creaturen
792
00:33:47,509 --> 00:33:50,412
The first galaxies are beginning
is coming in that threatens toen
793
00:33:50,445 --> 00:33:55,317
The first galaxies are beginning
destroy them.that threatens toen
794
00:33:56,651 --> 00:33:57,652
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Seven million years
795
00:33:57,686 --> 00:34:01,489
The first galaxies are beginning
ago, our primate ancestors lives
796
00:34:01,523 --> 00:34:04,292
The first galaxies are beginning
safely in the trees.estors lives
797
00:34:04,326 --> 00:34:05,994
The first galaxies are beginning
But their neighborhood is abouts
798
00:34:06,027 --> 00:34:08,363
The first galaxies are beginning
to be invaded.hborhood is abouts
799
00:34:08,396 --> 00:34:09,598
The first galaxies are beginning
This newcomer will have asabouts
800
00:34:09,631 --> 00:34:11,199
The first galaxies are beginning
profound an effect on humanbouts
801
00:34:11,233 --> 00:34:12,801
The first galaxies are beginning
history as any other livingbouts
802
00:34:12,834 --> 00:34:16,771
The first galaxies are beginning
thing on Earth.other livingbouts
803
00:34:16,805 --> 00:34:18,106
The first galaxies are beginning
It seems almost impossible touts
804
00:34:18,139 --> 00:34:19,741
The first galaxies are beginning
believe, but one of the mostouts
805
00:34:19,774 --> 00:34:21,743
The first galaxies are beginning
important things that will leads
806
00:34:21,776 --> 00:34:24,846
The first galaxies are beginning
to the emergence of us is theads
807
00:34:24,879 --> 00:34:29,251
The first galaxies are beginning
emergence of grass. us is theads
808
00:34:29,284 --> 00:34:31,553
The first galaxies are beginning
>> The grasslands appear almosts
809
00:34:31,586 --> 00:34:35,690
The first galaxies are beginning
simultaneously around the world.
810
00:34:35,724 --> 00:34:37,459
The first galaxies are beginning
We get the African savannas, we.
811
00:34:37,492 --> 00:34:43,231
The first galaxies are beginning
get the Eurasian steppe lands,e.
812
00:34:43,265 --> 00:34:44,432
The first galaxies are beginning
we get the North Americalands,e.
813
00:34:44,466 --> 00:34:47,736
The first galaxies are beginning
prairies, we get the greatnds,e.
814
00:34:47,769 --> 00:34:50,739
The first galaxies are beginning
grasslands of Argentina,atnds,e.
815
00:34:50,772 --> 00:34:52,474
The first galaxies are beginning
appearing simultaneously around.
816
00:34:52,507 --> 00:34:56,578
The first galaxies are beginning
the world.simultaneously around.
817
00:34:56,611 --> 00:34:58,313
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: In eastern Africa,.
818
00:34:58,346 --> 00:34:59,547
The first galaxies are beginning
grasslands invade thern Africa,.
819
00:34:59,581 --> 00:35:01,182
The first galaxies are beginning
traditional woodland habitat of.
820
00:35:01,216 --> 00:35:03,184
The first galaxies are beginning
our ape ancestors.nd habitat of.
821
00:35:03,218 --> 00:35:04,853
The first galaxies are beginning
With fewer trees and greater of.
822
00:35:04,886 --> 00:35:07,422
The first galaxies are beginning
gaps between them, our ancestors
823
00:35:07,455 --> 00:35:09,791
The first galaxies are beginning
have to adapt.hem, our ancestors
824
00:35:09,824 --> 00:35:10,792
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Apes would notice thatcestors
825
00:35:10,825 --> 00:35:11,960
The first galaxies are beginning
there's more and more apes inors
826
00:35:11,993 --> 00:35:13,094
The first galaxies are beginning
the same tree, and less and less
827
00:35:13,128 --> 00:35:15,130
The first galaxies are beginning
food, increasing incentives fors
828
00:35:15,163 --> 00:35:17,065
The first galaxies are beginning
apes to go from one patch offors
829
00:35:17,098 --> 00:35:18,300
The first galaxies are beginning
food to a different one,h offors
830
00:35:18,333 --> 00:35:20,001
The first galaxies are beginning
separated by grasslands.h offors
831
00:35:20,035 --> 00:35:21,536
The first galaxies are beginning
Now, one way to do it is to runs
832
00:35:21,569 --> 00:35:23,638
The first galaxies are beginning
like hell.ay to do it is to runs
833
00:35:23,672 --> 00:35:24,839
The first galaxies are beginning
The other way to do it is toruns
834
00:35:24,873 --> 00:35:26,841
The first galaxies are beginning
extend one's food sources intons
835
00:35:26,875 --> 00:35:28,043
The first galaxies are beginning
the grasslands, to seek out thes
836
00:35:28,076 --> 00:35:32,247
The first galaxies are beginning
foods that are available there.s
837
00:35:32,280 --> 00:35:33,782
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: And so, some apes.s
838
00:35:33,815 --> 00:35:35,750
The first galaxies are beginning
make the move down into thises.s
839
00:35:35,784 --> 00:35:41,056
The first galaxies are beginning
stark, new habitat.into thises.s
840
00:35:41,089 --> 00:35:42,390
The first galaxies are beginning
It's a landscape better-suited.s
841
00:35:42,424 --> 00:35:44,192
The first galaxies are beginning
to primates that can walk on two
842
00:35:44,225 --> 00:35:47,796
The first galaxies are beginning
legs, keeping their heads up two
843
00:35:47,829 --> 00:35:49,798
The first galaxies are beginning
above the tall grasses to watcho
844
00:35:49,831 --> 00:35:54,169
The first galaxies are beginning
for predators. grasses to watcho
845
00:35:54,202 --> 00:35:55,904
The first galaxies are beginning
Standing on two feet is a watcho
846
00:35:55,937 --> 00:35:59,374
The first galaxies are beginning
revolutionary advance, becauseho
847
00:35:59,407 --> 00:36:04,679
The first galaxies are beginning
it frees up our hands, hands weo
848
00:36:04,713 --> 00:36:06,114
The first galaxies are beginning
will need to shape humanands weo
849
00:36:06,147 --> 00:36:07,716
The first galaxies are beginning
history.d to shape humanands weo
850
00:36:16,291 --> 00:36:21,496
The first galaxies are beginning
2.6 million years ago.anands weo
851
00:36:21,529 --> 00:36:23,865
The first galaxies are beginning
Early proto-humans, or hominids,
852
00:36:23,898 --> 00:36:25,900
The first galaxies are beginning
walk an Earth whose rocks areds,
853
00:36:25,934 --> 00:36:32,073
The first galaxies are beginning
loaded with the element silicon.
854
00:36:32,107 --> 00:36:33,608
The first galaxies are beginning
Created in the cores of starson.
855
00:36:33,641 --> 00:36:36,544
The first galaxies are beginning
billions of years before,tarson.
856
00:36:36,578 --> 00:36:38,747
The first galaxies are beginning
silicon is the second mostarson.
857
00:36:38,780 --> 00:36:39,414
The first galaxies are beginning
abundant element in Earth'srson.
858
00:36:39,447 --> 00:36:41,282
The first galaxies are beginning
crust.nt element in Earth'srson.
859
00:36:41,316 --> 00:36:42,584
The first galaxies are beginning
One of its chemical quirks ison.
860
00:36:42,617 --> 00:36:44,486
The first galaxies are beginning
the ability to bond with oxygen.
861
00:36:44,519 --> 00:36:46,921
The first galaxies are beginning
to form crystals that combineen.
862
00:36:46,955 --> 00:36:49,791
The first galaxies are beginning
into solid rocks, rocks that can
863
00:36:49,824 --> 00:36:51,526
The first galaxies are beginning
be chipped and shaped withoutcan
864
00:36:51,559 --> 00:36:55,029
The first galaxies are beginning
shattering.and shaped withoutcan
865
00:36:55,063 --> 00:36:56,364
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Hominids started doing thisan
866
00:36:56,398 --> 00:36:57,899
The first galaxies are beginning
2.6 million years ago, breakingn
867
00:36:57,932 --> 00:37:00,402
The first galaxies are beginning
crypto-crystalline silicates ton
868
00:37:00,435 --> 00:37:02,203
The first galaxies are beginning
make sharp edges.e silicates ton
869
00:37:02,237 --> 00:37:03,238
The first galaxies are beginning
And people use them forcates ton
870
00:37:03,271 --> 00:37:05,006
The first galaxies are beginning
millions-- literally, 2.6tes ton
871
00:37:05,039 --> 00:37:10,178
The first galaxies are beginning
million years.erally, 2.6tes ton
872
00:37:10,211 --> 00:37:11,613
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Simply having a modifieds ton
873
00:37:11,646 --> 00:37:13,548
The first galaxies are beginning
stone with a sharp edge on it,on
874
00:37:13,581 --> 00:37:14,949
The first galaxies are beginning
now, suddenly, you have an it,on
875
00:37:14,983 --> 00:37:17,185
The first galaxies are beginning
hammer, you have a crude cutting
876
00:37:17,218 --> 00:37:18,353
The first galaxies are beginning
edge.r, you have a crude cutting
877
00:37:18,386 --> 00:37:21,189
The first galaxies are beginning
A simple modified stone means ag
878
00:37:21,222 --> 00:37:23,825
The first galaxies are beginning
human can suddenly do 1,000 more
879
00:37:23,858 --> 00:37:25,126
The first galaxies are beginning
things than we could do,000 more
880
00:37:25,160 --> 00:37:32,066
The first galaxies are beginning
previously. we could do,000 more
881
00:37:32,100 --> 00:37:33,401
The first galaxies are beginning
That little extra bit of000 more
882
00:37:33,435 --> 00:37:37,338
The first galaxies are beginning
technology enabled our ancestors
883
00:37:37,372 --> 00:37:39,474
The first galaxies are beginning
to persist and eventually turnrs
884
00:37:39,507 --> 00:37:43,478
The first galaxies are beginning
into us.st and eventually turnrs
885
00:37:43,511 --> 00:37:44,746
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Silicon launchesnrs
886
00:37:44,779 --> 00:37:46,047
The first galaxies are beginning
the first technologicalunchesnrs
887
00:37:46,080 --> 00:37:52,053
The first galaxies are beginning
revolution, the Stone Age.hesnrs
888
00:37:52,086 --> 00:37:53,421
The first galaxies are beginning
Millions of years after ithesnrs
889
00:37:53,455 --> 00:37:55,323
The first galaxies are beginning
powers our first handheldthesnrs
890
00:37:55,356 --> 00:37:57,625
The first galaxies are beginning
devices, another chemical quirks
891
00:37:57,659 --> 00:37:59,494
The first galaxies are beginning
of silicon will make it theuirks
892
00:37:59,527 --> 00:38:04,933
The first galaxies are beginning
height of technology once again.
893
00:38:04,966 --> 00:38:06,100
The first galaxies are beginning
The next leap towards becomingn.
894
00:38:06,134 --> 00:38:07,969
The first galaxies are beginning
truly human lies on a little-gn.
895
00:38:08,002 --> 00:38:11,206
The first galaxies are beginning
known secret of our home planet.
896
00:38:11,239 --> 00:38:12,707
The first galaxies are beginning
In the known universe, it turns.
897
00:38:12,740 --> 00:38:14,375
The first galaxies are beginning
out Earth may have a rare andns.
898
00:38:14,409 --> 00:38:21,850
The first galaxies are beginning
special power.have a rare andns.
899
00:38:21,883 --> 00:38:23,284
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Of all the planets and moons.
900
00:38:23,318 --> 00:38:25,220
The first galaxies are beginning
in the solar system, we thinkns.
901
00:38:25,253 --> 00:38:27,288
The first galaxies are beginning
that Earth is unique in thenkns.
902
00:38:27,322 --> 00:38:32,927
The first galaxies are beginning
ability to sustain fire.thenkns.
903
00:38:32,961 --> 00:38:35,463
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Other planets ands.
904
00:38:35,497 --> 00:38:38,299
The first galaxies are beginning
moons have lightning and lava,s.
905
00:38:38,333 --> 00:38:39,968
The first galaxies are beginning
but only on Earth do we have the
906
00:38:40,001 --> 00:38:41,469
The first galaxies are beginning
two critical things we need fore
907
00:38:41,503 --> 00:38:46,140
The first galaxies are beginning
fire to burn-- a vast fueld fore
908
00:38:46,174 --> 00:38:47,842
The first galaxies are beginning
supply in the form of plants and
909
00:38:47,876 --> 00:38:50,411
The first galaxies are beginning
trees, and an atmosphere full of
910
00:38:50,445 --> 00:38:53,982
The first galaxies are beginning
oxygen to fan the flames.full of
911
00:38:54,015 --> 00:38:55,483
The first galaxies are beginning
>> If fire wasn't a possibility,
912
00:38:55,517 --> 00:38:56,551
The first galaxies are beginning
you'd have nothing like... like,
913
00:38:56,584 --> 00:39:01,322
The first galaxies are beginning
us running around. like... like,
914
00:39:01,356 --> 00:39:03,525
The first galaxies are beginning
Homo sapiens, they made a world,
915
00:39:03,558 --> 00:39:10,999
The first galaxies are beginning
with fire.ns, they made a world,
916
00:39:11,032 --> 00:39:12,433
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Our ancestors have,
917
00:39:12,467 --> 00:39:13,735
The first galaxies are beginning
fire firmly under control byave,
918
00:39:13,768 --> 00:39:19,240
The first galaxies are beginning
800,000 years ago.control byave,
919
00:39:19,274 --> 00:39:20,608
The first galaxies are beginning
It's a skill that connects usve,
920
00:39:20,642 --> 00:39:24,512
The first galaxies are beginning
back to the very beginning.usve,
921
00:39:24,546 --> 00:39:25,914
The first galaxies are beginning
Remember that all energy wassve,
922
00:39:25,947 --> 00:39:28,049
The first galaxies are beginning
created in the Big Bang, and all
923
00:39:28,082 --> 00:39:29,918
The first galaxies are beginning
life is in a competition for our
924
00:39:29,951 --> 00:39:33,788
The first galaxies are beginning
share of this energy.ion for our
925
00:39:33,821 --> 00:39:35,690
The first galaxies are beginning
Using fire to cook is likeor our
926
00:39:35,723 --> 00:39:37,258
The first galaxies are beginning
having an external stomach toour
927
00:39:37,292 --> 00:39:39,694
The first galaxies are beginning
break down foods, releasing more
928
00:39:39,727 --> 00:39:42,730
The first galaxies are beginning
calories, giving us more energy,
929
00:39:42,764 --> 00:39:44,132
The first galaxies are beginning
which in turn allows us tonergy,
930
00:39:44,165 --> 00:39:48,536
The first galaxies are beginning
support bigger brains.s tonergy,
931
00:39:48,570 --> 00:39:49,804
The first galaxies are beginning
Fire is also the ultimateonergy,
932
00:39:49,837 --> 00:39:53,174
The first galaxies are beginning
gateway technology.timateonergy,
933
00:39:53,207 --> 00:39:54,409
The first galaxies are beginning
We will soon use it to turn clay
934
00:39:54,442 --> 00:39:57,478
The first galaxies are beginning
into pottery, metal intourn clay
935
00:39:57,512 --> 00:40:03,985
The first galaxies are beginning
weapons, water into steam power.
936
00:40:04,018 --> 00:40:04,786
The first galaxies are beginning
>> If you don't have fire, your.
937
00:40:04,819 --> 00:40:05,887
The first galaxies are beginning
can't have the internalre, your.
938
00:40:05,920 --> 00:40:07,288
The first galaxies are beginning
combustion engine.ernalre, your.
939
00:40:07,322 --> 00:40:08,856
The first galaxies are beginning
No fire, no metal.ernalre, your.
940
00:40:08,890 --> 00:40:10,592
The first galaxies are beginning
No fire, no rubber.rnalre, your.
941
00:40:10,625 --> 00:40:13,127
The first galaxies are beginning
It's a technology that opens ar.
942
00:40:13,161 --> 00:40:15,063
The first galaxies are beginning
world of possibilities forns ar.
943
00:40:15,096 --> 00:40:16,331
The first galaxies are beginning
creatures that know how to user.
944
00:40:16,364 --> 00:40:18,199
The first galaxies are beginning
it.atures that know how to user.
945
00:40:22,937 --> 00:40:27,842
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: 200,000 years ago..
946
00:40:27,875 --> 00:40:29,310
The first galaxies are beginning
The modern human has fully taken
947
00:40:29,344 --> 00:40:31,646
The first galaxies are beginning
shape.dern human has fully taken
948
00:40:31,679 --> 00:40:33,881
The first galaxies are beginning
The larynx, or voice box, whichn
949
00:40:33,915 --> 00:40:36,784
The first galaxies are beginning
is high up in the throat in ourn
950
00:40:36,818 --> 00:40:38,753
The first galaxies are beginning
ancestors, descends.roat in ourn
951
00:40:38,786 --> 00:40:40,221
The first galaxies are beginning
More complex sounds are now ourn
952
00:40:40,254 --> 00:40:41,189
The first galaxies are beginning
possible.lex sounds are now ourn
953
00:40:41,222 --> 00:40:45,293
The first galaxies are beginning
(閟peaking ancient language
954
00:40:45,326 --> 00:40:49,697
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: We begin to speak.n
955
00:40:49,731 --> 00:40:51,099
The first galaxies are beginning
For the first time, informationn
956
00:40:51,132 --> 00:40:53,167
The first galaxies are beginning
can be shared betweennformationn
957
00:40:53,201 --> 00:40:55,236
The first galaxies are beginning
individuals and acrossformationn
958
00:40:55,303 --> 00:40:57,438
The first galaxies are beginning
generations.and acrossformationn
959
00:40:57,472 --> 00:40:58,706
The first galaxies are beginning
Humans have gained a criticalonn
960
00:40:58,740 --> 00:41:00,241
The first galaxies are beginning
advantage over every othercalonn
961
00:41:00,274 --> 00:41:02,710
The first galaxies are beginning
creature on Earth.ry othercalonn
962
00:41:02,744 --> 00:41:03,745
The first galaxies are beginning
>> You can tell my grandfathernn
963
00:41:03,778 --> 00:41:04,979
The first galaxies are beginning
said that when the elephantsernn
964
00:41:05,013 --> 00:41:05,980
The first galaxies are beginning
didn't show up, we go off andrnn
965
00:41:06,014 --> 00:41:08,149
The first galaxies are beginning
hunted zebras, you know.f andrnn
966
00:41:08,182 --> 00:41:09,517
The first galaxies are beginning
My aunt told me that her cousinn
967
00:41:09,550 --> 00:41:10,752
The first galaxies are beginning
found this water hole on thesinn
968
00:41:10,785 --> 00:41:13,554
The first galaxies are beginning
other side of that river.thesinn
969
00:41:13,588 --> 00:41:14,789
The first galaxies are beginning
>> And we can all benefit and we
970
00:41:14,822 --> 00:41:15,890
The first galaxies are beginning
can all understand what theyd we
971
00:41:15,923 --> 00:41:17,158
The first galaxies are beginning
mean when they're describingd we
972
00:41:17,191 --> 00:41:18,860
The first galaxies are beginning
what they found out on thatgd we
973
00:41:18,893 --> 00:41:20,428
The first galaxies are beginning
landscape.found out on thatgd we
974
00:41:20,461 --> 00:41:23,431
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Language changes humans frome
975
00:41:23,498 --> 00:41:24,966
The first galaxies are beginning
being like stand-alone computers
976
00:41:24,999 --> 00:41:26,868
The first galaxies are beginning
to being networked computers,ers
977
00:41:26,901 --> 00:41:30,238
The first galaxies are beginning
where you can share information.
978
00:41:30,271 --> 00:41:31,539
The first galaxies are beginning
Now, one doesn't need to depend.
979
00:41:31,572 --> 00:41:32,940
The first galaxies are beginning
on one's own personal to depend.
980
00:41:32,974 --> 00:41:34,242
The first galaxies are beginning
experience.n personal to depend.
981
00:41:34,275 --> 00:41:35,710
The first galaxies are beginning
One can borrow the personalpend.
982
00:41:35,743 --> 00:41:36,611
The first galaxies are beginning
experience of anyone with whomd.
983
00:41:36,644 --> 00:41:38,546
The first galaxies are beginning
one they can communicate. whomd.
984
00:41:38,579 --> 00:41:40,181
The first galaxies are beginning
That's a powerful advantage.omd.
985
00:41:40,214 --> 00:41:42,784
The first galaxies are beginning
No other creature has that..omd.
986
00:41:42,817 --> 00:41:43,918
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: As a species,..omd.
987
00:41:43,951 --> 00:41:45,420
The first galaxies are beginning
humans become exponentially.omd.
988
00:41:45,453 --> 00:41:47,722
The first galaxies are beginning
smarter.ecome exponentially.omd.
989
00:41:47,755 --> 00:41:49,157
The first galaxies are beginning
The global game board has beend.
990
00:41:49,190 --> 00:41:51,159
The first galaxies are beginning
set and we are now ready toeend.
991
00:41:51,192 --> 00:41:55,029
The first galaxies are beginning
play.nd we are now ready toeend.
992
00:41:55,063 --> 00:41:57,899
The first galaxies are beginning
100,000 years ago. ready toeend.
993
00:41:57,932 --> 00:41:59,734
The first galaxies are beginning
Man can move. ago. ready toeend.
994
00:41:59,767 --> 00:42:01,335
The first galaxies are beginning
We have agile hands andy toeend.
995
00:42:01,369 --> 00:42:02,837
The first galaxies are beginning
primitive tools.nds andy toeend.
996
00:42:02,870 --> 00:42:04,672
The first galaxies are beginning
We can communicate and controld.
997
00:42:04,706 --> 00:42:06,607
The first galaxies are beginning
fire.n communicate and controld.
998
00:42:06,641 --> 00:42:08,209
The first galaxies are beginning
We are finally ready to expandd.
999
00:42:08,242 --> 00:42:11,879
The first galaxies are beginning
out of our African home on andd.
1000
00:42:11,913 --> 00:42:13,448
The first galaxies are beginning
path millions of years in thedd.
1001
00:42:13,481 --> 00:42:19,454
The first galaxies are beginning
making.llions of years in thedd.
1002
00:42:19,487 --> 00:42:20,788
The first galaxies are beginning
Shifting continents have linked.
1003
00:42:20,822 --> 00:42:22,457
The first galaxies are beginning
Africa and Eurasia into thenked.
1004
00:42:22,490 --> 00:42:24,759
The first galaxies are beginning
largest contiguous landmass ond.
1005
00:42:24,792 --> 00:42:30,064
The first galaxies are beginning
Earth, Afro-Eurasia-- 33 million
1006
00:42:30,098 --> 00:42:31,899
The first galaxies are beginning
square miles.urasia-- 33 million
1007
00:42:31,933 --> 00:42:33,468
The first galaxies are beginning
More than twice the surface area
1008
00:42:33,501 --> 00:42:36,804
The first galaxies are beginning
of our entire moon. surface area
1009
00:42:36,838 --> 00:42:38,206
The first galaxies are beginning
For early humans, this meansarea
1010
00:42:38,239 --> 00:42:40,108
The first galaxies are beginning
more than half the land on Earth
1011
00:42:40,141 --> 00:42:47,682
The first galaxies are beginning
can be reached on foot. on Earth
1012
00:42:47,715 --> 00:42:49,417
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Human dispersal was a crucial
1013
00:42:49,450 --> 00:42:51,385
The first galaxies are beginning
game changer.ersal was a crucial
1014
00:42:51,419 --> 00:42:52,920
The first galaxies are beginning
We are one of the few primatesal
1015
00:42:52,954 --> 00:42:54,489
The first galaxies are beginning
that... that live on more thanal
1016
00:42:54,522 --> 00:42:56,924
The first galaxies are beginning
one continent simultaneously.nal
1017
00:42:56,958 --> 00:42:59,393
The first galaxies are beginning
So, what means is that we're.nal
1018
00:42:59,427 --> 00:43:00,728
The first galaxies are beginning
better insulated from the kindsl
1019
00:43:00,762 --> 00:43:02,096
The first galaxies are beginning
of things that cause big mammals
1020
00:43:02,130 --> 00:43:03,965
The first galaxies are beginning
to become extinct than othermals
1021
00:43:03,998 --> 00:43:05,399
The first galaxies are beginning
primates are.inct than othermals
1022
00:43:05,433 --> 00:43:06,834
The first galaxies are beginning
It's extinction insurance.ermals
1023
00:43:06,868 --> 00:43:08,035
The first galaxies are beginning
Dispersal is extinctionce.ermals
1024
00:43:08,069 --> 00:43:13,341
The first galaxies are beginning
insurance.is extinctionce.ermals
1025
00:43:13,374 --> 00:43:14,475
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: But just as themals
1026
00:43:14,509 --> 00:43:15,476
The first galaxies are beginning
world begins to open itself upls
1027
00:43:15,510 --> 00:43:20,047
The first galaxies are beginning
to man, the planet turns on us.s
1028
00:43:20,081 --> 00:43:24,852
The first galaxies are beginning
An Ice Age begins. turns on us.s
1029
00:43:24,886 --> 00:43:26,154
The first galaxies are beginning
Now, the planet will test usus.s
1030
00:43:26,187 --> 00:43:29,524
The first galaxies are beginning
like never before.ll test usus.s
1031
00:43:29,557 --> 00:43:31,659
The first galaxies are beginning
By 50,000 years ago, glacierss.s
1032
00:43:31,692 --> 00:43:33,394
The first galaxies are beginning
begin to advance down from the.s
1033
00:43:33,427 --> 00:43:34,996
The first galaxies are beginning
North Pole.vance down from the.s
1034
00:43:35,029 --> 00:43:36,264
The first galaxies are beginning
At the same time, humansom the.s
1035
00:43:36,297 --> 00:43:37,598
The first galaxies are beginning
continue their conquest of the.s
1036
00:43:37,632 --> 00:43:39,233
The first galaxies are beginning
globe, arriving in China andhe.s
1037
00:43:39,267 --> 00:43:41,536
The first galaxies are beginning
Australia.iving in China andhe.s
1038
00:43:41,569 --> 00:43:43,805
The first galaxies are beginning
By 30,000 years ago, Homoandhe.s
1039
00:43:43,838 --> 00:43:45,139
The first galaxies are beginning
sapiens reach Europe for thehe.s
1040
00:43:45,173 --> 00:43:46,841
The first galaxies are beginning
first time.ch Europe for thehe.s
1041
00:43:46,874 --> 00:43:48,876
The first galaxies are beginning
By 20,000 years ago, with thee.s
1042
00:43:48,910 --> 00:43:51,445
The first galaxies are beginning
ice nearing its most extreme,e.s
1043
00:43:51,479 --> 00:43:52,880
The first galaxies are beginning
the march of man reaches the,e.s
1044
00:43:52,914 --> 00:43:54,415
The first galaxies are beginning
frigid tundra of northeasthe,e.s
1045
00:43:54,448 --> 00:43:57,652
The first galaxies are beginning
Siberia.undra of northeasthe,e.s
1046
00:43:57,685 --> 00:43:59,153
The first galaxies are beginning
Despite the trials of the Icee.s
1047
00:43:59,187 --> 00:44:03,825
The first galaxies are beginning
Age, man endures, and develops.s
1048
00:44:03,858 --> 00:44:06,327
The first galaxies are beginning
the last skills we will need tos
1049
00:44:06,360 --> 00:44:12,667
The first galaxies are beginning
be truly human. we will need tos
1050
00:44:12,700 --> 00:44:16,404
The first galaxies are beginning
The clues lie in these symbols.s
1051
00:44:16,437 --> 00:44:17,839
The first galaxies are beginning
We have taken an intellectuals.s
1052
00:44:17,872 --> 00:44:20,508
The first galaxies are beginning
leap to think beyond the heres.s
1053
00:44:20,541 --> 00:44:23,044
The first galaxies are beginning
and now, beyond what is simply.s
1054
00:44:23,077 --> 00:44:25,646
The first galaxies are beginning
needed to survive.at is simply.s
1055
00:44:25,680 --> 00:44:26,781
The first galaxies are beginning
>> We can only start saying we.s
1056
00:44:26,814 --> 00:44:28,382
The first galaxies are beginning
have an organism that is human,s
1057
00:44:28,416 --> 00:44:29,851
The first galaxies are beginning
that is the same as us, when wes
1058
00:44:29,884 --> 00:44:31,085
The first galaxies are beginning
start seeing evidence ofwhen wes
1059
00:44:31,118 --> 00:44:33,855
The first galaxies are beginning
symbolic thought.ence ofwhen wes
1060
00:44:33,888 --> 00:44:35,189
The first galaxies are beginning
It's when we start seeing an wes
1061
00:44:35,223 --> 00:44:39,093
The first galaxies are beginning
picture of a cow that everybodys
1062
00:44:39,126 --> 00:44:40,761
The first galaxies are beginning
will recognize as the picture of
1063
00:44:40,795 --> 00:44:42,096
The first galaxies are beginning
a cow.ecognize as the picture of
1064
00:44:42,129 --> 00:44:43,464
The first galaxies are beginning
Because only when we starture of
1065
00:44:43,497 --> 00:44:45,099
The first galaxies are beginning
seeing all of those things canof
1066
00:44:45,132 --> 00:44:48,069
The first galaxies are beginning
we say, "That is a human"--canof
1067
00:44:48,102 --> 00:44:50,471
The first galaxies are beginning
people or creatures that thinkof
1068
00:44:50,504 --> 00:44:52,273
The first galaxies are beginning
like us, that see the world inof
1069
00:44:52,306 --> 00:44:54,308
The first galaxies are beginning
the same way as us.he world inof
1070
00:44:54,342 --> 00:44:55,743
The first galaxies are beginning
>> And from that moment on, inof
1071
00:44:55,776 --> 00:44:56,978
The first galaxies are beginning
human history was marked to beof
1072
00:44:57,011 --> 00:44:58,579
The first galaxies are beginning
radically different than another
1073
00:44:58,613 --> 00:45:01,215
The first galaxies are beginning
species on this planet.n another
1074
00:45:01,249 --> 00:45:02,750
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Now, with hugeother
1075
00:45:02,783 --> 00:45:04,151
The first galaxies are beginning
amounts of the planet's waterher
1076
00:45:04,185 --> 00:45:06,254
The first galaxies are beginning
locked up in ice, sea levelsrher
1077
00:45:06,287 --> 00:45:10,424
The first galaxies are beginning
plummet by 300 to 400 feet.srher
1078
00:45:10,458 --> 00:45:12,393
The first galaxies are beginning
The last great barrier to theher
1079
00:45:12,426 --> 00:45:15,363
The first galaxies are beginning
spread of man is erased.o theher
1080
00:45:15,396 --> 00:45:16,864
The first galaxies are beginning
We come across the Bering Lander
1081
00:45:16,898 --> 00:45:18,666
The first galaxies are beginning
Bridge from Siberia to Northnder
1082
00:45:18,699 --> 00:45:23,571
The first galaxies are beginning
America.rom Siberia to Northnder
1083
00:45:23,604 --> 00:45:24,772
The first galaxies are beginning
We are telling the history ofder
1084
00:45:24,805 --> 00:45:26,841
The first galaxies are beginning
the world in two hours.ory ofder
1085
00:45:26,874 --> 00:45:28,609
The first galaxies are beginning
And in just one hour, more thanr
1086
00:45:28,643 --> 00:45:30,411
The first galaxies are beginning
13 billion years have alreadyanr
1087
00:45:30,444 --> 00:45:32,046
The first galaxies are beginning
passed.ion years have alreadyanr
1088
00:45:32,079 --> 00:45:33,514
The first galaxies are beginning
These years of preparation haver
1089
00:45:33,547 --> 00:45:35,816
The first galaxies are beginning
allowed man to finally emergever
1090
00:45:35,850 --> 00:45:37,084
The first galaxies are beginning
and spread out across theergever
1091
00:45:37,118 --> 00:45:39,487
The first galaxies are beginning
planet, and human history as wer
1092
00:45:39,520 --> 00:45:42,456
The first galaxies are beginning
know it can truly begin.y as wer
1093
00:45:48,746 --> 00:45:49,847
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Our history of ther
1094
00:45:49,880 --> 00:45:51,115
The first galaxies are beginning
world began with the beginninger
1095
00:45:51,148 --> 00:45:54,819
The first galaxies are beginning
of time, the Big Bang.eginninger
1096
00:45:54,852 --> 00:45:56,020
The first galaxies are beginning
It has taken us on a journey ofr
1097
00:45:56,053 --> 00:46:01,626
The first galaxies are beginning
nearly 14 billion years.rney ofr
1098
00:46:01,659 --> 00:46:03,928
The first galaxies are beginning
Now, as humans take centerey ofr
1099
00:46:03,961 --> 00:46:05,863
The first galaxies are beginning
stage, it's important toerey ofr
1100
00:46:05,896 --> 00:46:08,499
The first galaxies are beginning
remember just how small a slicer
1101
00:46:08,532 --> 00:46:12,303
The first galaxies are beginning
of history we actually occupy.er
1102
00:46:12,336 --> 00:46:14,105
The first galaxies are beginning
To make things simple, imagineer
1103
00:46:14,138 --> 00:46:16,340
The first galaxies are beginning
compressing 14 billion years ofr
1104
00:46:16,374 --> 00:46:22,980
The first galaxies are beginning
history down to just 14 years.fr
1105
00:46:23,014 --> 00:46:24,982
The first galaxies are beginning
>> On this scale, the Earthrs.fr
1106
00:46:25,016 --> 00:46:26,684
The first galaxies are beginning
would have existed only for ther
1107
00:46:26,717 --> 00:46:29,186
The first galaxies are beginning
past five years.ed only for ther
1108
00:46:29,220 --> 00:46:30,588
The first galaxies are beginning
So that's about a third of theer
1109
00:46:30,621 --> 00:46:32,923
The first galaxies are beginning
history of the universe.of theer
1110
00:46:32,957 --> 00:46:34,325
The first galaxies are beginning
Large, complex creatures woulder
1111
00:46:34,358 --> 00:46:37,762
The first galaxies are beginning
have developed seven months ago.
1112
00:46:37,795 --> 00:46:39,797
The first galaxies are beginning
On this scale, dinosaurs wentgo.
1113
00:46:39,830 --> 00:46:41,365
The first galaxies are beginning
extinct only about three weekso.
1114
00:46:41,399 --> 00:46:43,301
The first galaxies are beginning
ago.nct only about three weekso.
1115
00:46:43,334 --> 00:46:44,735
The first galaxies are beginning
The entire recorded history ofo.
1116
00:46:44,769 --> 00:46:47,638
The first galaxies are beginning
humans would span only the last.
1117
00:46:47,672 --> 00:46:50,508
The first galaxies are beginning
three minutes.pan only the last.
1118
00:46:50,541 --> 00:46:52,176
The first galaxies are beginning
Modern industrial societies--st.
1119
00:46:52,209 --> 00:46:53,611
The first galaxies are beginning
the Industrial Revolution,s--st.
1120
00:46:53,644 --> 00:46:57,448
The first galaxies are beginning
effectively-- six seconds ago.t.
1121
00:46:57,481 --> 00:46:59,517
The first galaxies are beginning
What this shows me is that we.t.
1122
00:46:59,550 --> 00:47:00,818
The first galaxies are beginning
humans have been around for only
1123
00:47:00,851 --> 00:47:02,386
The first galaxies are beginning
a very brief instant in the only
1124
00:47:02,420 --> 00:47:04,455
The first galaxies are beginning
recorded history of the the only
1125
00:47:04,488 --> 00:47:07,091
The first galaxies are beginning
universe.history of the the only
1126
00:47:07,124 --> 00:47:08,225
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Mankind has waitedy
1127
00:47:08,259 --> 00:47:09,827
The first galaxies are beginning
billions of years for our briefy
1128
00:47:09,860 --> 00:47:12,697
The first galaxies are beginning
instant to shine, as the starsfy
1129
00:47:12,730 --> 00:47:14,799
The first galaxies are beginning
and our evolving planet carriedy
1130
00:47:14,832 --> 00:47:16,500
The first galaxies are beginning
out the slow work of organizingy
1131
00:47:16,534 --> 00:47:18,969
The first galaxies are beginning
the elements in a way that would
1132
00:47:19,003 --> 00:47:22,873
The first galaxies are beginning
make human history possible.ould
1133
00:47:27,611 --> 00:47:29,914
The first galaxies are beginning
It's 10,000 BC.ory possible.ould
1134
00:47:29,947 --> 00:47:32,283
The first galaxies are beginning
Less than 100,000 years afteruld
1135
00:47:32,316 --> 00:47:34,952
The first galaxies are beginning
expanding out of Africa, man has
1136
00:47:34,985 --> 00:47:37,922
The first galaxies are beginning
reached South America.a, man has
1137
00:47:37,955 --> 00:47:39,523
The first galaxies are beginning
Humans have met the adversity of
1138
00:47:39,557 --> 00:47:41,592
The first galaxies are beginning
the Ice Age head on, and ratherf
1139
00:47:41,625 --> 00:47:44,328
The first galaxies are beginning
than die off, we have adapted,rf
1140
00:47:44,362 --> 00:47:47,164
The first galaxies are beginning
become even more intelligent.,rf
1141
00:47:47,198 --> 00:47:49,200
The first galaxies are beginning
And now, we have colonized therf
1142
00:47:49,233 --> 00:47:52,670
The first galaxies are beginning
entire globe.ave colonized therf
1143
00:47:52,703 --> 00:47:59,009
The first galaxies are beginning
From coast to mountaintop, fromf
1144
00:47:59,043 --> 00:48:04,882
The first galaxies are beginning
tundra to desert, humans areromf
1145
00:48:04,915 --> 00:48:07,985
The first galaxies are beginning
there. to desert, humans areromf
1146
00:48:08,018 --> 00:48:09,453
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Our closest living ancestors,
1147
00:48:09,487 --> 00:48:10,855
The first galaxies are beginning
the chimpanzees, live in theors,
1148
00:48:10,888 --> 00:48:11,822
The first galaxies are beginning
tropics.panzees, live in theors,
1149
00:48:11,856 --> 00:48:13,157
The first galaxies are beginning
They only live in the tropics.s,
1150
00:48:13,190 --> 00:48:15,459
The first galaxies are beginning
Humans have managed to colonize,
1151
00:48:15,493 --> 00:48:18,496
The first galaxies are beginning
the entire globe.ed to colonize,
1152
00:48:18,529 --> 00:48:19,463
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Ice Age landlonize,
1153
00:48:19,497 --> 00:48:20,831
The first galaxies are beginning
bridges allowed man to spreadze,
1154
00:48:20,865 --> 00:48:22,833
The first galaxies are beginning
around the world.an to spreadze,
1155
00:48:22,867 --> 00:48:25,569
The first galaxies are beginning
But now, the ice begins to melt,
1156
00:48:25,603 --> 00:48:28,839
The first galaxies are beginning
and sea levels rise again. melt,
1157
00:48:28,873 --> 00:48:30,408
The first galaxies are beginning
Humans are trapped and separated
1158
00:48:30,441 --> 00:48:32,343
The first galaxies are beginning
in two vast and unconnectedrated
1159
00:48:32,376 --> 00:48:34,779
The first galaxies are beginning
hemispheres, each pocket ofrated
1160
00:48:34,812 --> 00:48:36,981
The first galaxies are beginning
humanity left to make the bested
1161
00:48:37,014 --> 00:48:39,950
The first galaxies are beginning
of what it has been given.bested
1162
00:48:39,984 --> 00:48:42,086
The first galaxies are beginning
As the glaciers recede, theysted
1163
00:48:42,119 --> 00:48:44,221
The first galaxies are beginning
carve out lakes, rivers andysted
1164
00:48:44,255 --> 00:48:46,490
The first galaxies are beginning
bays. out lakes, rivers andysted
1165
00:48:46,524 --> 00:48:51,395
The first galaxies are beginning
The map as we know it emerges.ed
1166
00:48:51,429 --> 00:48:53,397
The first galaxies are beginning
In Africa, increased rainfall.ed
1167
00:48:53,431 --> 00:48:55,366
The first galaxies are beginning
causes Lake Victoria and Lake.ed
1168
00:48:55,399 --> 00:48:58,602
The first galaxies are beginning
Albert to overflow and formke.ed
1169
00:48:58,636 --> 00:49:02,106
The first galaxies are beginning
Egypt's Nile River.and formke.ed
1170
00:49:02,139 --> 00:49:05,943
The first galaxies are beginning
In Eurasia, other rivers emerge:
1171
00:49:05,976 --> 00:49:07,278
The first galaxies are beginning
the Tigris and Euphrates inerge:
1172
00:49:07,311 --> 00:49:11,015
The first galaxies are beginning
Mesopotamia-- modern-day Iraq;e:
1173
00:49:11,048 --> 00:49:12,983
The first galaxies are beginning
the Indus in modern-dayy Iraq;e:
1174
00:49:13,017 --> 00:49:15,152
The first galaxies are beginning
Pakistan; and China's Yellow and
1175
00:49:15,186 --> 00:49:18,155
The first galaxies are beginning
Yangtze.; and China's Yellow and
1176
00:49:18,189 --> 00:49:19,390
The first galaxies are beginning
>> These river valleys becomeand
1177
00:49:19,423 --> 00:49:20,825
The first galaxies are beginning
critically important for howeand
1178
00:49:20,858 --> 00:49:22,359
The first galaxies are beginning
human history will now be played
1179
00:49:22,393 --> 00:49:24,395
The first galaxies are beginning
out following the retreat ofayed
1180
00:49:24,428 --> 00:49:27,731
The first galaxies are beginning
these ice sheets. retreat ofayed
1181
00:49:27,765 --> 00:49:29,266
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: These are the river
1182
00:49:29,300 --> 00:49:30,601
The first galaxies are beginning
valleys whose waters and fertile
1183
00:49:30,634 --> 00:49:33,337
The first galaxies are beginning
soils will allow the first seeds
1184
00:49:33,370 --> 00:49:39,477
The first galaxies are beginning
of civilization to be planted.ds
1185
00:49:39,510 --> 00:49:41,145
The first galaxies are beginning
With temperatures warming afters
1186
00:49:41,178 --> 00:49:43,447
The first galaxies are beginning
the Ice Age, plants and animalss
1187
00:49:43,481 --> 00:49:46,050
The first galaxies are beginning
are more plentiful, and man cans
1188
00:49:46,083 --> 00:49:50,521
The first galaxies are beginning
finally choose to stop moving.ns
1189
00:49:50,554 --> 00:49:53,390
The first galaxies are beginning
Permanent settlements begin.g.ns
1190
00:49:53,424 --> 00:50:00,965
The first galaxies are beginning
Populations grow.ents begin.g.ns
1191
00:50:00,998 --> 00:50:03,033
The first galaxies are beginning
With more mouths to feed, our.ns
1192
00:50:03,067 --> 00:50:06,437
The first galaxies are beginning
ancestors have to get clever..ns
1193
00:50:06,470 --> 00:50:07,538
The first galaxies are beginning
>> They had to find a way to..ns
1194
00:50:07,571 --> 00:50:08,939
The first galaxies are beginning
increase the amount of food they
1195
00:50:08,973 --> 00:50:10,007
The first galaxies are beginning
could get from theirof food they
1196
00:50:10,040 --> 00:50:11,942
The first galaxies are beginning
surroundings.m theirof food they
1197
00:50:11,976 --> 00:50:13,344
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Now, one discoveryy
1198
00:50:13,377 --> 00:50:15,513
The first galaxies are beginning
forever changes the planet andyy
1199
00:50:15,546 --> 00:50:20,818
The first galaxies are beginning
the path of mankind-- we learnyy
1200
00:50:20,851 --> 00:50:25,389
The first galaxies are beginning
to plant seeds.kind-- we learnyy
1201
00:50:25,422 --> 00:50:26,724
The first galaxies are beginning
And the seeds we sow come fromyy
1202
00:50:26,757 --> 00:50:28,792
The first galaxies are beginning
the same plants that, millionsyy
1203
00:50:28,826 --> 00:50:30,528
The first galaxies are beginning
of years earlier, spurred oursyy
1204
00:50:30,561 --> 00:50:33,964
The first galaxies are beginning
evolution from ape to man-- they
1205
00:50:33,998 --> 00:50:35,733
The first galaxies are beginning
unheralded hero of humann-- they
1206
00:50:35,766 --> 00:50:40,104
The first galaxies are beginning
history, grass. of humann-- they
1207
00:50:40,137 --> 00:50:41,238
The first galaxies are beginning
>> A grass seed is tiny, right?y
1208
00:50:41,272 --> 00:50:42,506
The first galaxies are beginning
It's no food.ed is tiny, right?y
1209
00:50:42,540 --> 00:50:43,841
The first galaxies are beginning
I can hunt a bison or I can take
1210
00:50:43,874 --> 00:50:45,209
The first galaxies are beginning
grass.hunt a bison or I can take
1211
00:50:45,242 --> 00:50:47,111
The first galaxies are beginning
You hunt a bison, right?can take
1212
00:50:47,144 --> 00:50:48,979
The first galaxies are beginning
Ironically, grass seeds becomeke
1213
00:50:49,013 --> 00:50:50,514
The first galaxies are beginning
the most important food crops in
1214
00:50:50,548 --> 00:50:51,749
The first galaxies are beginning
the world, but they're theops in
1215
00:50:51,782 --> 00:50:53,017
The first galaxies are beginning
things that are ignored byops in
1216
00:50:53,050 --> 00:50:54,251
The first galaxies are beginning
hunter-gatherers for thousandsin
1217
00:50:54,285 --> 00:50:55,586
The first galaxies are beginning
and thousands of years.ousandsin
1218
00:50:55,619 --> 00:50:56,654
The first galaxies are beginning
People don't start using themsin
1219
00:50:56,687 --> 00:50:58,355
The first galaxies are beginning
until they absolutely have tosin
1220
00:50:58,389 --> 00:51:00,324
The first galaxies are beginning
use them.y absolutely have tosin
1221
00:51:00,357 --> 00:51:01,559
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Some of the species of grassn
1222
00:51:01,592 --> 00:51:03,394
The first galaxies are beginning
that we are most familiar withsn
1223
00:51:03,427 --> 00:51:05,462
The first galaxies are beginning
includes sugar cane.iliar withsn
1224
00:51:05,496 --> 00:51:07,965
The first galaxies are beginning
It includes wheat and rye andhsn
1225
00:51:07,998 --> 00:51:09,099
The first galaxies are beginning
barley.udes wheat and rye andhsn
1226
00:51:09,133 --> 00:51:11,101
The first galaxies are beginning
All of the cereal crops arendhsn
1227
00:51:11,135 --> 00:51:13,037
The first galaxies are beginning
types of grass.al crops arendhsn
1228
00:51:13,070 --> 00:51:15,072
The first galaxies are beginning
So it's not just that beautifuln
1229
00:51:15,105 --> 00:51:17,308
The first galaxies are beginning
green lawn that we measure ourln
1230
00:51:17,341 --> 00:51:19,510
The first galaxies are beginning
middle class success from; it'sn
1231
00:51:19,543 --> 00:51:23,080
The first galaxies are beginning
also the staple crop upon whichn
1232
00:51:23,113 --> 00:51:24,915
The first galaxies are beginning
civilization depends.upon whichn
1233
00:51:24,949 --> 00:51:26,183
The first galaxies are beginning
It is the majority of our whichn
1234
00:51:26,216 --> 00:51:29,520
The first galaxies are beginning
calorie intake.ity of our whichn
1235
00:51:29,553 --> 00:51:30,988
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Once again, it alln
1236
00:51:31,021 --> 00:51:33,891
The first galaxies are beginning
goes back to the Big Bang.t alln
1237
00:51:33,924 --> 00:51:35,926
The first galaxies are beginning
Central to the story of all life
1238
00:51:35,960 --> 00:51:37,361
The first galaxies are beginning
is our competition for that life
1239
00:51:37,394 --> 00:51:38,829
The first galaxies are beginning
energy created at the beginninge
1240
00:51:38,862 --> 00:51:40,631
The first galaxies are beginning
of time.reated at the beginninge
1241
00:51:40,664 --> 00:51:44,735
The first galaxies are beginning
Just as oxygen gave us an edge,e
1242
00:51:44,768 --> 00:51:45,970
The first galaxies are beginning
just as fire allowed us toedge,e
1243
00:51:46,003 --> 00:51:48,305
The first galaxies are beginning
consume more calories, switching
1244
00:51:48,339 --> 00:51:49,807
The first galaxies are beginning
to farming is an energyswitching
1245
00:51:49,840 --> 00:51:51,675
The first galaxies are beginning
revolution.is an energyswitching
1246
00:51:51,709 --> 00:51:52,876
The first galaxies are beginning
A hunter-gatherer needs tenching
1247
00:51:52,910 --> 00:51:54,845
The first galaxies are beginning
square miles of territory tohing
1248
00:51:54,878 --> 00:51:56,113
The first galaxies are beginning
provide himself with enoughohing
1249
00:51:56,146 --> 00:51:58,015
The first galaxies are beginning
sustenance, enough energy in the
1250
00:51:58,048 --> 00:52:00,517
The first galaxies are beginning
form of plants and meat toin the
1251
00:52:00,551 --> 00:52:02,987
The first galaxies are beginning
survive.plants and meat toin the
1252
00:52:03,020 --> 00:52:04,655
The first galaxies are beginning
A farmer can harvest the sun'she
1253
00:52:04,688 --> 00:52:07,291
The first galaxies are beginning
energy so efficiently, he canshe
1254
00:52:07,324 --> 00:52:08,692
The first galaxies are beginning
fulfill his needs using only ahe
1255
00:52:08,726 --> 00:52:14,732
The first galaxies are beginning
tenth of a square mile of land.e
1256
00:52:14,765 --> 00:52:16,000
The first galaxies are beginning
In the warming after the lastd.e
1257
00:52:16,033 --> 00:52:18,168
The first galaxies are beginning
Ice Age, farming begins to takee
1258
00:52:18,202 --> 00:52:20,237
The first galaxies are beginning
hold in a half dozen placestakee
1259
00:52:20,270 --> 00:52:21,872
The first galaxies are beginning
around the globe.zen placestakee
1260
00:52:21,905 --> 00:52:23,107
The first galaxies are beginning
But by the fortunes oflacestakee
1261
00:52:23,140 --> 00:52:24,441
The first galaxies are beginning
geography, no place in thestakee
1262
00:52:24,475 --> 00:52:26,076
The first galaxies are beginning
Ancient World has a betterstakee
1263
00:52:26,110 --> 00:52:27,645
The first galaxies are beginning
concentration of plants andtakee
1264
00:52:27,678 --> 00:52:29,546
The first galaxies are beginning
animals that can be domesticated
1265
00:52:29,580 --> 00:52:31,281
The first galaxies are beginning
than the Middle East's Fertileed
1266
00:52:31,315 --> 00:52:33,217
The first galaxies are beginning
Crescent.Middle East's Fertileed
1267
00:52:33,250 --> 00:52:34,451
The first galaxies are beginning
>> In the Middle East, we haveed
1268
00:52:34,485 --> 00:52:36,420
The first galaxies are beginning
this remarkable convergence ofed
1269
00:52:36,453 --> 00:52:38,522
The first galaxies are beginning
species that seem to havece ofed
1270
00:52:38,555 --> 00:52:39,923
The first galaxies are beginning
been susceptible too havece ofed
1271
00:52:39,957 --> 00:52:41,325
The first galaxies are beginning
domestication, both plants anded
1272
00:52:41,358 --> 00:52:43,160
The first galaxies are beginning
animals.ation, both plants anded
1273
00:52:43,193 --> 00:52:44,328
The first galaxies are beginning
In terms of animals, we're anded
1274
00:52:44,361 --> 00:52:45,963
The first galaxies are beginning
talking about cattle, pigs,anded
1275
00:52:45,996 --> 00:52:47,197
The first galaxies are beginning
sheep, and goats.tle, pigs,anded
1276
00:52:47,231 --> 00:52:48,432
The first galaxies are beginning
In terms of plants, twoigs,anded
1277
00:52:48,465 --> 00:52:50,000
The first galaxies are beginning
varieties of wheat, rye, barley,
1278
00:52:50,034 --> 00:52:53,237
The first galaxies are beginning
lentils, figs, all in this very,
1279
00:52:53,270 --> 00:52:56,640
The first galaxies are beginning
small part of the world.is very,
1280
00:52:56,674 --> 00:52:57,775
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Unlike the Fertile,
1281
00:52:57,808 --> 00:52:59,076
The first galaxies are beginning
Crescent and the rest of Afro-e,
1282
00:52:59,109 --> 00:53:01,278
The first galaxies are beginning
Eurasia, places like Sub-Saharan
1283
00:53:01,311 --> 00:53:03,580
The first galaxies are beginning
Africa and the Americas havearan
1284
00:53:03,614 --> 00:53:06,150
The first galaxies are beginning
very few wild species that canan
1285
00:53:06,183 --> 00:53:09,219
The first galaxies are beginning
be easily domesticated.hat canan
1286
00:53:09,253 --> 00:53:13,323
The first galaxies are beginning
It's a critical difference.canan
1287
00:53:13,357 --> 00:53:14,658
The first galaxies are beginning
People blessed with the rightnan
1288
00:53:14,692 --> 00:53:16,727
The first galaxies are beginning
mix of plants and animals willan
1289
00:53:16,760 --> 00:53:18,996
The first galaxies are beginning
become more powerful and get aan
1290
00:53:19,029 --> 00:53:21,065
The first galaxies are beginning
massive head start on the roadan
1291
00:53:21,098 --> 00:53:24,401
The first galaxies are beginning
to the modern world.n the roadan
1292
00:53:30,574 --> 00:53:32,242
The first galaxies are beginning
One animal that gives any humann
1293
00:53:32,276 --> 00:53:33,777
The first galaxies are beginning
who can tame it an almost humann
1294
00:53:33,811 --> 00:53:39,717
The first galaxies are beginning
unbeatable edge is the horse.ann
1295
00:53:39,750 --> 00:53:40,851
The first galaxies are beginning
It's a little known fact thatann
1296
00:53:40,884 --> 00:53:42,519
The first galaxies are beginning
although horses first evolved in
1297
00:53:42,553 --> 00:53:44,621
The first galaxies are beginning
the Americas, they died outed in
1298
00:53:44,655 --> 00:53:46,056
The first galaxies are beginning
there along with many othered in
1299
00:53:46,090 --> 00:53:49,460
The first galaxies are beginning
large mammals around 10,000 BC.n
1300
00:53:49,493 --> 00:53:50,461
The first galaxies are beginning
>> There were at least threeBC.n
1301
00:53:50,494 --> 00:53:51,862
The first galaxies are beginning
species of Ice Age horses inBC.n
1302
00:53:51,895 --> 00:53:53,731
The first galaxies are beginning
North America, maybe more, somen
1303
00:53:53,764 --> 00:53:55,733
The first galaxies are beginning
as small as ponies, some as bign
1304
00:53:55,766 --> 00:53:56,800
The first galaxies are beginning
as Clydesdales.ies, some as bign
1305
00:53:56,834 --> 00:53:57,901
The first galaxies are beginning
And they had evolved in Northign
1306
00:53:57,935 --> 00:53:59,503
The first galaxies are beginning
America for 40 million years.ign
1307
00:53:59,536 --> 00:54:00,471
The first galaxies are beginning
They're part of the wholears.ign
1308
00:54:00,504 --> 00:54:02,039
The first galaxies are beginning
history, and then, pfft, they're
1309
00:54:02,072 --> 00:54:02,906
The first galaxies are beginning
gone.ry, and then, pfft, they're
1310
00:54:02,940 --> 00:54:04,274
The first galaxies are beginning
They're gone.then, pfft, they're
1311
00:54:04,308 --> 00:54:05,709
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: These powerfuley're
1312
00:54:05,743 --> 00:54:06,977
The first galaxies are beginning
potential allies disappearley're
1313
00:54:07,010 --> 00:54:08,312
The first galaxies are beginning
before they can be used by there
1314
00:54:08,345 --> 00:54:10,614
The first galaxies are beginning
first North Americans.d by there
1315
00:54:10,647 --> 00:54:11,715
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Fortunately, before thatthere
1316
00:54:11,749 --> 00:54:12,983
The first galaxies are beginning
happened, large numbers oftthere
1317
00:54:13,016 --> 00:54:14,384
The first galaxies are beginning
horses escaped back across there
1318
00:54:14,418 --> 00:54:16,120
The first galaxies are beginning
Bering Strait Land Bridge, andre
1319
00:54:16,153 --> 00:54:17,654
The first galaxies are beginning
spread out across the greatandre
1320
00:54:17,688 --> 00:54:18,889
The first galaxies are beginning
grasslands and steppe lands ofre
1321
00:54:18,922 --> 00:54:22,760
The first galaxies are beginning
central Eurasia.teppe lands ofre
1322
00:54:22,793 --> 00:54:23,861
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: A narrow escapeofre
1323
00:54:23,894 --> 00:54:25,028
The first galaxies are beginning
that had a profound effect onfre
1324
00:54:25,062 --> 00:54:27,397
The first galaxies are beginning
human history.found effect onfre
1325
00:54:27,431 --> 00:54:30,234
The first galaxies are beginning
Around 4000 BC, nomadic peoplere
1326
00:54:30,267 --> 00:54:32,870
The first galaxies are beginning
in central Asia learn to tameere
1327
00:54:32,903 --> 00:54:36,306
The first galaxies are beginning
them for the first time. tameere
1328
00:54:36,340 --> 00:54:37,741
The first galaxies are beginning
Domesticated horses will bemeere
1329
00:54:37,775 --> 00:54:40,077
The first galaxies are beginning
harnessed across Eurasia,bemeere
1330
00:54:40,110 --> 00:54:42,146
The first galaxies are beginning
advancing everything from workre
1331
00:54:42,179 --> 00:54:47,417
The first galaxies are beginning
to warfare.verything from workre
1332
00:54:47,451 --> 00:54:49,153
The first galaxies are beginning
Perhaps no other animal has hade
1333
00:54:49,186 --> 00:54:50,821
The first galaxies are beginning
a bigger influence on the course
1334
00:54:50,854 --> 00:54:54,224
The first galaxies are beginning
of human history.e on the course
1335
00:54:54,258 --> 00:54:55,492
The first galaxies are beginning
And the circle wouldn't becourse
1336
00:54:55,526 --> 00:54:57,327
The first galaxies are beginning
complete for another 5,000course
1337
00:54:57,361 --> 00:54:59,797
The first galaxies are beginning
years, when Christopher Columbus
1338
00:54:59,830 --> 00:55:01,331
The first galaxies are beginning
would bring horses with him onus
1339
00:55:01,365 --> 00:55:02,833
The first galaxies are beginning
his second voyage to thehim onus
1340
00:55:02,866 --> 00:55:05,569
The first galaxies are beginning
Americas.d voyage to thehim onus
1341
00:55:05,602 --> 00:55:07,571
The first galaxies are beginning
His horses would be the first to
1342
00:55:07,604 --> 00:55:09,807
The first galaxies are beginning
set hooves in the Americas since
1343
00:55:09,840 --> 00:55:12,075
The first galaxies are beginning
the great die-off over 10,000nce
1344
00:55:12,109 --> 00:55:14,711
The first galaxies are beginning
years earlier.off over 10,000nce
1345
00:55:21,518 --> 00:55:24,588
The first galaxies are beginning
6,000 years ago, domesticationce
1346
00:55:24,621 --> 00:55:26,356
The first galaxies are beginning
of animals and plants sets thece
1347
00:55:26,390 --> 00:55:27,891
The first galaxies are beginning
stage for the next phase ofthece
1348
00:55:27,925 --> 00:55:30,594
The first galaxies are beginning
human history.next phase ofthece
1349
00:55:30,627 --> 00:55:32,496
The first galaxies are beginning
Like clouds of interstellar dust
1350
00:55:32,529 --> 00:55:33,931
The first galaxies are beginning
gathering in material to formust
1351
00:55:33,964 --> 00:55:36,533
The first galaxies are beginning
stars, a type of gravity is atst
1352
00:55:36,567 --> 00:55:39,203
The first galaxies are beginning
work as places like Sumeria,atst
1353
00:55:39,236 --> 00:55:40,637
The first galaxies are beginning
located in part of the Fertilest
1354
00:55:40,671 --> 00:55:42,973
The first galaxies are beginning
Crescent known as Mesopotamia,st
1355
00:55:43,006 --> 00:55:44,942
The first galaxies are beginning
draw in people, support large,st
1356
00:55:44,975 --> 00:55:47,411
The first galaxies are beginning
populations, and spin up into,st
1357
00:55:47,444 --> 00:55:52,649
The first galaxies are beginning
centers of power and innovation.
1358
00:55:52,683 --> 00:55:55,085
The first galaxies are beginning
By 3000 BC, some of thesevation.
1359
00:55:55,118 --> 00:55:56,920
The first galaxies are beginning
Sumerian settlements can trulyn.
1360
00:55:56,954 --> 00:56:01,892
The first galaxies are beginning
be called our first cities.ulyn.
1361
00:56:01,925 --> 00:56:03,861
The first galaxies are beginning
One of them, Uruk, has aroundyn.
1362
00:56:03,894 --> 00:56:06,330
The first galaxies are beginning
50,000 people living in lessdyn.
1363
00:56:06,363 --> 00:56:09,533
The first galaxies are beginning
than one square mile, a lessdyn.
1364
00:56:09,566 --> 00:56:11,168
The first galaxies are beginning
population density that rivalsn.
1365
00:56:11,201 --> 00:56:16,473
The first galaxies are beginning
modern-day New York City.ivalsn.
1366
00:56:16,506 --> 00:56:17,908
The first galaxies are beginning
Humans have become so efficient.
1367
00:56:17,941 --> 00:56:19,209
The first galaxies are beginning
at deriving energy fromfficient.
1368
00:56:19,243 --> 00:56:21,545
The first galaxies are beginning
domesticated food that this land
1369
00:56:21,578 --> 00:56:23,113
The first galaxies are beginning
area, which would have supported
1370
00:56:23,146 --> 00:56:26,049
The first galaxies are beginning
only a single hunter-gatherer,ed
1371
00:56:26,083 --> 00:56:30,287
The first galaxies are beginning
now can support thousands.rer,ed
1372
00:56:30,320 --> 00:56:32,756
The first galaxies are beginning
But a change in diet also.rer,ed
1373
00:56:32,789 --> 00:56:39,496
The first galaxies are beginning
triggers a new dependence.rer,ed
1374
00:56:39,529 --> 00:56:41,331
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Once you move to agriculture,
1375
00:56:41,365 --> 00:56:43,500
The first galaxies are beginning
you are depending for 80%, 90%e,
1376
00:56:43,533 --> 00:56:45,269
The first galaxies are beginning
of your calories on perhaps one,
1377
00:56:45,302 --> 00:56:46,570
The first galaxies are beginning
or two species-- in the case of,
1378
00:56:46,603 --> 00:56:48,005
The first galaxies are beginning
the Middle East, wheat andse of,
1379
00:56:48,038 --> 00:56:49,139
The first galaxies are beginning
barley.dle East, wheat andse of,
1380
00:56:49,172 --> 00:56:50,374
The first galaxies are beginning
In the case of wheat and barley,
1381
00:56:50,407 --> 00:56:52,576
The first galaxies are beginning
they both ripen at about theley,
1382
00:56:52,609 --> 00:56:53,777
The first galaxies are beginning
same time.ripen at about theley,
1383
00:56:53,810 --> 00:56:55,312
The first galaxies are beginning
Humans have to gather the seeds,
1384
00:56:55,345 --> 00:56:56,747
The first galaxies are beginning
at the same time.ther the seeds,
1385
00:56:56,780 --> 00:56:58,782
The first galaxies are beginning
So now, we have our food for the
1386
00:56:58,815 --> 00:57:00,350
The first galaxies are beginning
year that has arrived in one the
1387
00:57:00,384 --> 00:57:01,551
The first galaxies are beginning
hit. that has arrived in one the
1388
00:57:01,585 --> 00:57:02,920
The first galaxies are beginning
It's like getting your salarythe
1389
00:57:02,953 --> 00:57:04,087
The first galaxies are beginning
paid once a year. your salarythe
1390
00:57:04,121 --> 00:57:05,756
The first galaxies are beginning
You need to record it, you neede
1391
00:57:05,789 --> 00:57:07,024
The first galaxies are beginning
to plan. to record it, you neede
1392
00:57:07,057 --> 00:57:08,225
The first galaxies are beginning
Because if, inevitably, youreede
1393
00:57:08,258 --> 00:57:11,028
The first galaxies are beginning
crop fails, you have famine.eede
1394
00:57:11,061 --> 00:57:12,129
The first galaxies are beginning
And you're not going to haveeede
1395
00:57:12,162 --> 00:57:13,397
The first galaxies are beginning
another go for another 12aveeede
1396
00:57:13,430 --> 00:57:19,169
The first galaxies are beginning
months. go for another 12aveeede
1397
00:57:19,202 --> 00:57:20,370
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: In these firsteeede
1398
00:57:20,404 --> 00:57:25,175
The first galaxies are beginning
cities, crops are king.irsteeede
1399
00:57:25,208 --> 00:57:27,277
The first galaxies are beginning
To keep track of them, ourteeede
1400
00:57:27,311 --> 00:57:28,812
The first galaxies are beginning
ancestors develop the firsteeede
1401
00:57:28,845 --> 00:57:31,882
The first galaxies are beginning
writing; to protect them, theede
1402
00:57:31,915 --> 00:57:34,418
The first galaxies are beginning
first armies; and to administere
1403
00:57:34,451 --> 00:57:36,520
The first galaxies are beginning
them, the beginnings ofministere
1404
00:57:36,553 --> 00:57:38,088
The first galaxies are beginning
politics. beginnings ofministere
1405
00:57:38,121 --> 00:57:39,856
The first galaxies are beginning
>> When you have hundreds ortere
1406
00:57:39,890 --> 00:57:40,991
The first galaxies are beginning
thousands of people who arertere
1407
00:57:41,024 --> 00:57:42,426
The first galaxies are beginning
living together, there areertere
1408
00:57:42,459 --> 00:57:43,794
The first galaxies are beginning
simply too many people to sortre
1409
00:57:43,827 --> 00:57:45,262
The first galaxies are beginning
of run around and createo sortre
1410
00:57:45,295 --> 00:57:46,563
The first galaxies are beginning
consensus.und and createo sortre
1411
00:57:46,630 --> 00:57:48,298
The first galaxies are beginning
It creates a need forateo sortre
1412
00:57:48,332 --> 00:57:49,099
The first galaxies are beginning
government.a need forateo sortre
1413
00:57:49,132 --> 00:57:50,667
The first galaxies are beginning
It creates a need for some forme
1414
00:57:50,701 --> 00:57:51,969
The first galaxies are beginning
of social and politicalome forme
1415
00:57:52,002 --> 00:57:54,738
The first galaxies are beginning
hierarchy.and politicalome forme
1416
00:57:54,771 --> 00:57:55,939
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Planting seeds hase
1417
00:57:55,973 --> 00:57:58,976
The first galaxies are beginning
set man on a new path.seeds hase
1418
00:57:59,009 --> 00:58:00,477
The first galaxies are beginning
Settlements have grown into hase
1419
00:58:00,510 --> 00:58:02,879
The first galaxies are beginning
cities.ents have grown into hase
1420
00:58:02,913 --> 00:58:05,315
The first galaxies are beginning
But to take the next epic step,e
1421
00:58:05,349 --> 00:58:07,617
The first galaxies are beginning
from city to civilization, wep,e
1422
00:58:07,651 --> 00:58:09,920
The first galaxies are beginning
will need the help of a veryep,e
1423
00:58:09,953 --> 00:58:12,055
The first galaxies are beginning
surprising creature.f a veryep,e
1424
00:58:22,499 --> 00:58:25,369
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: 5,000 years ago.p,e
1425
00:58:25,402 --> 00:58:26,703
The first galaxies are beginning
After wandering the Earth forp,e
1426
00:58:26,737 --> 00:58:30,107
The first galaxies are beginning
more than 100,000 years, mankind
1427
00:58:30,140 --> 00:58:35,078
The first galaxies are beginning
has begun to settle down.mankind
1428
00:58:35,112 --> 00:58:37,614
The first galaxies are beginning
We cluster near rivers--.mankind
1429
00:58:37,647 --> 00:58:41,318
The first galaxies are beginning
along the Tigris and Euphrates,d
1430
00:58:41,351 --> 00:58:44,021
The first galaxies are beginning
the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates,d
1431
00:58:44,054 --> 00:58:46,757
The first galaxies are beginning
the Indus,Tigris and Euphrates,d
1432
00:58:46,790 --> 00:58:49,026
The first galaxies are beginning
the Yellow and Yangtze.phrates,d
1433
00:58:49,059 --> 00:58:50,794
The first galaxies are beginning
Civilizations are about to taked
1434
00:58:50,827 --> 00:58:53,630
The first galaxies are beginning
off.lizations are about to taked
1435
00:58:53,663 --> 00:58:55,565
The first galaxies are beginning
But first, they must all masterd
1436
00:58:55,599 --> 00:58:58,835
The first galaxies are beginning
one thing, trade.ust all masterd
1437
00:58:58,869 --> 00:59:00,270
The first galaxies are beginning
The more they exchange goods and
1438
00:59:00,303 --> 00:59:02,572
The first galaxies are beginning
learn from other lands, thes and
1439
00:59:02,606 --> 00:59:04,908
The first galaxies are beginning
faster they grow.lands, thes and
1440
00:59:04,941 --> 00:59:06,343
The first galaxies are beginning
>> It seems that long-distancend
1441
00:59:06,376 --> 00:59:08,345
The first galaxies are beginning
trade and communication is acend
1442
00:59:08,378 --> 00:59:10,647
The first galaxies are beginning
necessary precursor to allowcend
1443
00:59:10,680 --> 00:59:12,249
The first galaxies are beginning
urban civilization as we knowend
1444
00:59:12,282 --> 00:59:13,517
The first galaxies are beginning
it.an civilization as we knowend
1445
00:59:13,550 --> 00:59:14,918
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: And surprisingly,nd
1446
00:59:14,951 --> 00:59:16,920
The first galaxies are beginning
the first civilizations arise on
1447
00:59:16,953 --> 00:59:18,688
The first galaxies are beginning
the back of a creature with a on
1448
00:59:18,722 --> 00:59:20,590
The first galaxies are beginning
lowly reputation in the modernon
1449
00:59:20,624 --> 00:59:27,397
The first galaxies are beginning
world, the donkey.n the modernon
1450
00:59:27,431 --> 00:59:28,765
The first galaxies are beginning
The donkey caravan is theodernon
1451
00:59:28,799 --> 00:59:30,500
The first galaxies are beginning
interstate highway and highernon
1452
00:59:30,534 --> 00:59:34,504
The first galaxies are beginning
speed Internet of its day.hernon
1453
00:59:34,538 --> 00:59:35,739
The first galaxies are beginning
Their routes will lay the.hernon
1454
00:59:35,772 --> 00:59:40,777
The first galaxies are beginning
groundwork for the modern world,
1455
00:59:40,811 --> 00:59:42,212
The first galaxies are beginning
moving not only goods likeworld,
1456
00:59:42,245 --> 00:59:44,848
The first galaxies are beginning
timber and bronze, but ideasrld,
1457
00:59:44,881 --> 00:59:46,483
The first galaxies are beginning
and stories.ronze, but ideasrld,
1458
00:59:46,516 --> 00:59:48,485
The first galaxies are beginning
The civilizations they connectd,
1459
00:59:48,518 --> 00:59:49,753
The first galaxies are beginning
will be some of the firstnnectd,
1460
00:59:49,786 --> 00:59:53,256
The first galaxies are beginning
described in the Bible.stnnectd,
1461
00:59:53,290 --> 00:59:54,758
The first galaxies are beginning
The caravan routes converge atd,
1462
00:59:54,791 --> 00:59:56,359
The first galaxies are beginning
the Persian Gulf, where theyatd,
1463
00:59:56,393 --> 00:59:57,961
The first galaxies are beginning
link up with ships that carrytd,
1464
00:59:57,994 --> 01:00:00,831
The first galaxies are beginning
goods to India.ips that carrytd,
1465
01:00:00,864 --> 01:00:02,032
The first galaxies are beginning
>> It essentially brought these,
1466
01:00:02,065 --> 01:00:03,033
The first galaxies are beginning
civilizations together intohese,
1467
01:00:03,066 --> 01:00:04,701
The first galaxies are beginning
great cultural and materialhese,
1468
01:00:04,734 --> 01:00:06,536
The first galaxies are beginning
exchange, and really was theese,
1469
01:00:06,570 --> 01:00:08,238
The first galaxies are beginning
beginning of the trend towardse,
1470
01:00:08,271 --> 01:00:10,507
The first galaxies are beginning
globalization.he trend towardse,
1471
01:00:10,540 --> 01:00:12,109
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: It is a key tordse,
1472
01:00:12,142 --> 01:00:13,743
The first galaxies are beginning
understanding how our worldrdse,
1473
01:00:13,777 --> 01:00:16,012
The first galaxies are beginning
works to this day.our worldrdse,
1474
01:00:16,046 --> 01:00:17,047
The first galaxies are beginning
Just like the firstur worldrdse,
1475
01:00:17,080 --> 01:00:18,915
The first galaxies are beginning
civilizations, we trade and form
1476
01:00:18,949 --> 01:00:20,784
The first galaxies are beginning
networks.ions, we trade and form
1477
01:00:20,817 --> 01:00:23,887
The first galaxies are beginning
These networks form hubs, andorm
1478
01:00:23,920 --> 01:00:25,822
The first galaxies are beginning
throughout history, being atdorm
1479
01:00:25,856 --> 01:00:30,760
The first galaxies are beginning
that hub has meant one thing.orm
1480
01:00:30,794 --> 01:00:31,895
The first galaxies are beginning
>> The amount of ideas, theg.orm
1481
01:00:31,928 --> 01:00:33,363
The first galaxies are beginning
amount of cargo that passesg.orm
1482
01:00:33,396 --> 01:00:35,532
The first galaxies are beginning
through a region seems to have a
1483
01:00:35,565 --> 01:00:37,100
The first galaxies are beginning
direct correlation to how have a
1484
01:00:37,134 --> 01:00:41,404
The first galaxies are beginning
powerful and important they are.
1485
01:00:41,438 --> 01:00:43,907
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: By 2000 BC, humans.
1486
01:00:43,940 --> 01:00:46,743
The first galaxies are beginning
have gone from humble huts tons.
1487
01:00:46,776 --> 01:00:49,546
The first galaxies are beginning
massive monuments.ble huts tons.
1488
01:00:49,579 --> 01:00:51,281
The first galaxies are beginning
In Africa, great pyramids arise.
1489
01:00:51,314 --> 01:00:55,752
The first galaxies are beginning
on the banks of the Nile; arise.
1490
01:00:55,785 --> 01:00:58,121
The first galaxies are beginning
the first stages of Stonehengee.
1491
01:00:58,155 --> 01:01:02,392
The first galaxies are beginning
rise up in ancient Britain;ngee.
1492
01:01:02,425 --> 01:01:04,494
The first galaxies are beginning
and back in Sumeria, artificial.
1493
01:01:04,528 --> 01:01:07,063
The first galaxies are beginning
temple mounds called zigguratsl.
1494
01:01:07,097 --> 01:01:08,899
The first galaxies are beginning
climb ever higher toward thetsl.
1495
01:01:08,932 --> 01:01:12,068
The first galaxies are beginning
heavens.er higher toward thetsl.
1496
01:01:12,102 --> 01:01:13,603
The first galaxies are beginning
To cement these massived thetsl.
1497
01:01:13,637 --> 01:01:15,005
The first galaxies are beginning
structures together, the thetsl.
1498
01:01:15,038 --> 01:01:16,506
The first galaxies are beginning
builders of Sumeria turn to asl.
1499
01:01:16,540 --> 01:01:18,008
The first galaxies are beginning
substance that oozes fromto asl.
1500
01:01:18,041 --> 01:01:19,676
The first galaxies are beginning
seepages along the Euphratesasl.
1501
01:01:19,709 --> 01:01:21,745
The first galaxies are beginning
River.es along the Euphratesasl.
1502
01:01:21,778 --> 01:01:23,580
The first galaxies are beginning
It's called bitumen.uphratesasl.
1503
01:01:23,613 --> 01:01:25,048
The first galaxies are beginning
Used as asphalt in the modernsl.
1504
01:01:25,081 --> 01:01:26,783
The first galaxies are beginning
world, it is the first petroleum
1505
01:01:26,816 --> 01:01:28,385
The first galaxies are beginning
product to be exploited byroleum
1506
01:01:28,418 --> 01:01:30,120
The first galaxies are beginning
mankind.to be exploited byroleum
1507
01:01:30,153 --> 01:01:32,489
The first galaxies are beginning
While bitumen is highly prized,m
1508
01:01:32,522 --> 01:01:34,824
The first galaxies are beginning
the lighter, thinner substance,m
1509
01:01:34,858 --> 01:01:36,126
The first galaxies are beginning
oozing from the ground alongce,m
1510
01:01:36,159 --> 01:01:37,394
The first galaxies are beginning
with it is considered a nuisance
1511
01:01:37,427 --> 01:01:38,662
The first galaxies are beginning
by the ancients because itisance
1512
01:01:38,695 --> 01:01:41,798
The first galaxies are beginning
catches fire so easily. itisance
1513
01:01:41,831 --> 01:01:45,202
The first galaxies are beginning
The ancients call it naptha, wee
1514
01:01:45,235 --> 01:01:46,836
The first galaxies are beginning
call it gasoline. it naptha, wee
1515
01:01:46,870 --> 01:01:48,138
The first galaxies are beginning
And it's one of the firstha, wee
1516
01:01:48,171 --> 01:01:49,139
The first galaxies are beginning
indications of the vast oil, wee
1517
01:01:49,172 --> 01:01:50,640
The first galaxies are beginning
fields that will one day turnwee
1518
01:01:50,674 --> 01:01:53,243
The first galaxies are beginning
the cradle of Civilization intoe
1519
01:01:53,276 --> 01:02:00,183
The first galaxies are beginning
a center of wealth and warfare.e
1520
01:02:00,217 --> 01:02:01,384
The first galaxies are beginning
The legacy of these firstrfare.e
1521
01:02:01,418 --> 01:02:03,486
The first galaxies are beginning
civilizations can be seen inre.e
1522
01:02:03,520 --> 01:02:05,522
The first galaxies are beginning
surprising ways.n be seen inre.e
1523
01:02:05,555 --> 01:02:07,123
The first galaxies are beginning
The Sumerian counting system was
1524
01:02:07,157 --> 01:02:09,159
The first galaxies are beginning
based on the number 12 ratherwas
1525
01:02:09,192 --> 01:02:11,628
The first galaxies are beginning
than ten, which is why we divide
1526
01:02:11,661 --> 01:02:13,663
The first galaxies are beginning
our days into two 12-hour divide
1527
01:02:13,697 --> 01:02:15,732
The first galaxies are beginning
blocks, our hours into 60 divide
1528
01:02:15,765 --> 01:02:18,335
The first galaxies are beginning
minutes, and our minutes into 60
1529
01:02:18,368 --> 01:02:20,937
The first galaxies are beginning
seconds. and our minutes into 60
1530
01:02:20,971 --> 01:02:22,639
The first galaxies are beginning
The Sumerians also likely nto 60
1531
01:02:22,672 --> 01:02:24,274
The first galaxies are beginning
invented the wheel, which nto 60
1532
01:02:24,307 --> 01:02:26,009
The first galaxies are beginning
eventually leads to anotherto 60
1533
01:02:26,042 --> 01:02:27,611
The first galaxies are beginning
innovation that will change the0
1534
01:02:27,644 --> 01:02:32,315
The first galaxies are beginning
course of man, the chariot. the0
1535
01:02:32,349 --> 01:02:33,683
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Thus bringing together thehe0
1536
01:02:33,717 --> 01:02:35,485
The first galaxies are beginning
Sumerian invention of the wheel,
1537
01:02:35,518 --> 01:02:36,686
The first galaxies are beginning
all right, with theof the wheel,
1538
01:02:36,720 --> 01:02:37,754
The first galaxies are beginning
domestication of the horse that,
1539
01:02:37,787 --> 01:02:38,755
The first galaxies are beginning
had occurred amongst these that,
1540
01:02:38,788 --> 01:02:41,057
The first galaxies are beginning
nomadic peoples into this really
1541
01:02:41,091 --> 01:02:42,859
The first galaxies are beginning
formidable piece of militaryally
1542
01:02:42,892 --> 01:02:45,862
The first galaxies are beginning
technology.piece of militaryally
1543
01:02:45,895 --> 01:02:47,964
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Around 1200 BC, aly
1544
01:02:47,998 --> 01:02:50,467
The first galaxies are beginning
chariot-driven clash of0 BC, aly
1545
01:02:50,500 --> 01:02:52,102
The first galaxies are beginning
civilizations cuts off trade aly
1546
01:02:52,135 --> 01:02:54,104
The first galaxies are beginning
routes for copper and tin, thely
1547
01:02:54,137 --> 01:02:55,672
The first galaxies are beginning
metals we need to make bronzeely
1548
01:02:55,705 --> 01:02:57,574
The first galaxies are beginning
tools and weapons.make bronzeely
1549
01:02:57,607 --> 01:03:01,645
The first galaxies are beginning
But luckily, the stars have made
1550
01:03:01,678 --> 01:03:05,382
The first galaxies are beginning
us an alternative, iron.ave made
1551
01:03:05,415 --> 01:03:07,450
The first galaxies are beginning
Now, metal smiths make a crucial
1552
01:03:07,484 --> 01:03:09,619
The first galaxies are beginning
discovery-- by working at higher
1553
01:03:09,653 --> 01:03:11,288
The first galaxies are beginning
temperatures, they can releaseer
1554
01:03:11,321 --> 01:03:13,957
The first galaxies are beginning
the power of this ancient metal.
1555
01:03:13,990 --> 01:03:16,293
The first galaxies are beginning
Easier to sharpen, and 700 times
1556
01:03:16,326 --> 01:03:17,560
The first galaxies are beginning
more common on Earth than0 times
1557
01:03:17,594 --> 01:03:23,400
The first galaxies are beginning
copper, it is a game changer.mes
1558
01:03:23,433 --> 01:03:26,303
The first galaxies are beginning
Humanity enters the Iron Age.mes
1559
01:03:32,108 --> 01:03:33,443
The first galaxies are beginning
As we reach the first millennium
1560
01:03:33,476 --> 01:03:36,479
The first galaxies are beginning
BC, history has taken us on aium
1561
01:03:36,513 --> 01:03:40,250
The first galaxies are beginning
wild ride, from the initial aium
1562
01:03:40,283 --> 01:03:42,552
The first galaxies are beginning
blast of the Big Bang to theaium
1563
01:03:42,585 --> 01:03:44,521
The first galaxies are beginning
formation of Earth and its first
1564
01:03:44,554 --> 01:03:48,558
The first galaxies are beginning
creatures, and the rise of man.t
1565
01:03:48,591 --> 01:03:49,859
The first galaxies are beginning
We've seen the Ice Age createn.t
1566
01:03:49,893 --> 01:03:51,695
The first galaxies are beginning
bridges to spread mankind around
1567
01:03:51,728 --> 01:03:54,164
The first galaxies are beginning
the world, then strand us onound
1568
01:03:54,197 --> 01:03:56,132
The first galaxies are beginning
different continents, leaving us
1569
01:03:56,166 --> 01:03:57,867
The first galaxies are beginning
to survive on what we have at us
1570
01:03:57,901 --> 01:04:01,971
The first galaxies are beginning
hand.rvive on what we have at us
1571
01:04:02,005 --> 01:04:04,307
The first galaxies are beginning
So, by 1000 BC, the worlde at us
1572
01:04:04,341 --> 01:04:07,344
The first galaxies are beginning
remains a divided place.de at us
1573
01:04:07,377 --> 01:04:08,745
The first galaxies are beginning
The trade network that connectss
1574
01:04:08,778 --> 01:04:10,647
The first galaxies are beginning
much of Eurasia and North Africa
1575
01:04:10,680 --> 01:04:12,315
The first galaxies are beginning
doesn't yet penetrate the Africa
1576
01:04:12,349 --> 01:04:15,585
The first galaxies are beginning
planet's driest deserts or cross
1577
01:04:15,618 --> 01:04:19,222
The first galaxies are beginning
the vastest oceans.erts or cross
1578
01:04:19,255 --> 01:04:21,358
The first galaxies are beginning
Cut off by geography are peoples
1579
01:04:21,391 --> 01:04:23,059
The first galaxies are beginning
in places like sub-Saharaneoples
1580
01:04:23,093 --> 01:04:26,329
The first galaxies are beginning
Africa and the Americas.aneoples
1581
01:04:26,363 --> 01:04:28,198
The first galaxies are beginning
With few easy to domesticateples
1582
01:04:28,231 --> 01:04:30,400
The first galaxies are beginning
plants and animals of their own,
1583
01:04:30,433 --> 01:04:31,968
The first galaxies are beginning
they remain tied to more ancient
1584
01:04:32,001 --> 01:04:34,871
The first galaxies are beginning
ways of life.ied to more ancient
1585
01:04:40,844 --> 01:04:46,583
The first galaxies are beginning
600 BC. life.ied to more ancient
1586
01:04:46,616 --> 01:04:51,221
The first galaxies are beginning
The cavalry have arrived.ancient
1587
01:04:51,254 --> 01:04:52,522
The first galaxies are beginning
Humans ride into battle onncient
1588
01:04:52,555 --> 01:04:58,828
The first galaxies are beginning
horseback for the first time.ent
1589
01:04:58,862 --> 01:05:00,230
The first galaxies are beginning
We've seen that just taming aent
1590
01:05:00,263 --> 01:05:01,631
The first galaxies are beginning
horse gives man a massiveng aent
1591
01:05:01,664 --> 01:05:04,601
The first galaxies are beginning
advantage.s man a massiveng aent
1592
01:05:04,634 --> 01:05:06,936
The first galaxies are beginning
Now, pairing him with irong aent
1593
01:05:06,970 --> 01:05:09,005
The first galaxies are beginning
weapons makes him nearlyong aent
1594
01:05:09,038 --> 01:05:12,809
The first galaxies are beginning
unstoppable.s him nearlyong aent
1595
01:05:12,842 --> 01:05:15,412
The first galaxies are beginning
>> These advances in technology,
1596
01:05:15,445 --> 01:05:17,280
The first galaxies are beginning
they don't just make a fighting,
1597
01:05:17,313 --> 01:05:19,549
The first galaxies are beginning
ability possible, they maketing,
1598
01:05:19,582 --> 01:05:23,520
The first galaxies are beginning
empires possible. they maketing,
1599
01:05:23,553 --> 01:05:24,721
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: And that is theing,
1600
01:05:24,754 --> 01:05:25,855
The first galaxies are beginning
story of the next severaltheing,
1601
01:05:25,889 --> 01:05:28,491
The first galaxies are beginning
millennia.he next severaltheing,
1602
01:05:28,525 --> 01:05:29,926
The first galaxies are beginning
With new technology and improved
1603
01:05:29,959 --> 01:05:33,630
The first galaxies are beginning
logistics, empires spread,proved
1604
01:05:33,663 --> 01:05:35,932
The first galaxies are beginning
uniting massive land areas under
1605
01:05:35,965 --> 01:05:39,869
The first galaxies are beginning
a central control.nd areas under
1606
01:05:39,903 --> 01:05:43,673
The first galaxies are beginning
As empires grow, so do new under
1607
01:05:43,706 --> 01:05:48,178
The first galaxies are beginning
beliefs.es grow, so do new under
1608
01:05:48,211 --> 01:05:49,879
The first galaxies are beginning
>> One interesting phenomenon we
1609
01:05:49,913 --> 01:05:51,548
The first galaxies are beginning
see with the rise of thesenon we
1610
01:05:51,581 --> 01:05:53,817
The first galaxies are beginning
empires is this idea ofesenon we
1611
01:05:53,850 --> 01:05:56,519
The first galaxies are beginning
monotheism, this idea of anon we
1612
01:05:56,553 --> 01:05:58,755
The first galaxies are beginning
universal god that develops over
1613
01:05:58,788 --> 01:05:59,656
The first galaxies are beginning
time.rsal god that develops over
1614
01:05:59,689 --> 01:06:02,158
The first galaxies are beginning
And it's just a phenomenon. over
1615
01:06:02,192 --> 01:06:03,893
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Judaism emerges,ver
1616
01:06:03,927 --> 01:06:05,028
The first galaxies are beginning
from which we eventually get,ver
1617
01:06:05,061 --> 01:06:09,499
The first galaxies are beginning
Christianity and Islam.y get,ver
1618
01:06:09,532 --> 01:06:10,934
The first galaxies are beginning
Buddhism and Hinduism alsoet,ver
1619
01:06:10,967 --> 01:06:13,770
The first galaxies are beginning
arise.sm and Hinduism alsoet,ver
1620
01:06:13,803 --> 01:06:15,171
The first galaxies are beginning
The five major religions todayer
1621
01:06:15,205 --> 01:06:16,406
The first galaxies are beginning
are all rooted in thisns todayer
1622
01:06:16,439 --> 01:06:20,977
The first galaxies are beginning
remarkable era.in thisns todayer
1623
01:06:21,010 --> 01:06:23,112
The first galaxies are beginning
Although empires spread, someyer
1624
01:06:23,146 --> 01:06:26,149
The first galaxies are beginning
great powers remain isolated.yer
1625
01:06:26,182 --> 01:06:27,584
The first galaxies are beginning
The rise of the Himalayas 50.yer
1626
01:06:27,617 --> 01:06:29,752
The first galaxies are beginning
million years earlier has lefter
1627
01:06:29,786 --> 01:06:31,855
The first galaxies are beginning
China cut off from trading withr
1628
01:06:31,888 --> 01:06:33,590
The first galaxies are beginning
the rest of the world.ding withr
1629
01:06:33,623 --> 01:06:39,395
The first galaxies are beginning
But that is about to change.ithr
1630
01:06:39,429 --> 01:06:41,931
The first galaxies are beginning
Around 100 BC, a Chinese emperor
1631
01:06:41,965 --> 01:06:44,000
The first galaxies are beginning
sends an envoy to the West inror
1632
01:06:44,033 --> 01:06:47,904
The first galaxies are beginning
search of alliances.e West inror
1633
01:06:47,937 --> 01:06:49,305
The first galaxies are beginning
The routes he travels will inror
1634
01:06:49,339 --> 01:06:54,277
The first galaxies are beginning
become the Silk Roads, a massive
1635
01:06:54,310 --> 01:06:56,412
The first galaxies are beginning
trade network that connectsssive
1636
01:06:56,446 --> 01:06:58,748
The first galaxies are beginning
China across Central Asia to the
1637
01:06:58,781 --> 01:07:01,317
The first galaxies are beginning
Roman Empire.Central Asia to the
1638
01:07:01,351 --> 01:07:03,486
The first galaxies are beginning
China has joined the world.o the
1639
01:07:03,520 --> 01:07:04,921
The first galaxies are beginning
>> As far as we know, no Chinese
1640
01:07:04,954 --> 01:07:06,422
The first galaxies are beginning
trader ever met a Roman, noinese
1641
01:07:06,456 --> 01:07:08,324
The first galaxies are beginning
Roman ever met a Chinese trader,
1642
01:07:08,358 --> 01:07:09,492
The first galaxies are beginning
at least during this firstrader,
1643
01:07:09,526 --> 01:07:11,127
The first galaxies are beginning
period of the Silk Roads.trader,
1644
01:07:11,160 --> 01:07:12,795
The first galaxies are beginning
But this vast trade then beganr,
1645
01:07:12,829 --> 01:07:14,097
The first galaxies are beginning
to explode.st trade then beganr,
1646
01:07:14,130 --> 01:07:16,466
The first galaxies are beginning
Between about 100 BC and aboutr,
1647
01:07:16,499 --> 01:07:19,102
The first galaxies are beginning
200 AD, we have three centuries,
1648
01:07:19,135 --> 01:07:21,304
The first galaxies are beginning
of trade and cultural exchanges,
1649
01:07:21,337 --> 01:07:22,472
The first galaxies are beginning
on a level that has not beenges,
1650
01:07:22,505 --> 01:07:25,608
The first galaxies are beginning
seen before in human history.es,
1651
01:07:25,642 --> 01:07:27,076
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: But this new human,
1652
01:07:27,110 --> 01:07:31,748
The first galaxies are beginning
network also unleashes hiddenan,
1653
01:07:31,781 --> 01:07:34,551
The first galaxies are beginning
dangers.also unleashes hiddenan,
1654
01:07:45,662 --> 01:07:46,663
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: By the beginning of
1655
01:07:46,696 --> 01:07:48,498
The first galaxies are beginning
the Common Era, great empires of
1656
01:07:48,531 --> 01:07:50,833
The first galaxies are beginning
have risen and a massive trading
1657
01:07:50,867 --> 01:07:52,669
The first galaxies are beginning
network connects most of Europeg
1658
01:07:52,702 --> 01:07:54,904
The first galaxies are beginning
and Asia.onnects most of Europeg
1659
01:07:54,938 --> 01:07:56,139
The first galaxies are beginning
But the trade routes also carryg
1660
01:07:56,172 --> 01:08:05,782
The first galaxies are beginning
an invisible threat-- disease,yg
1661
01:08:05,815 --> 01:08:07,784
The first galaxies are beginning
massive epidemics that somese,yg
1662
01:08:07,817 --> 01:08:09,485
The first galaxies are beginning
blame for taking down both theyg
1663
01:08:09,519 --> 01:08:12,355
The first galaxies are beginning
Roman Empire and China's Hanheyg
1664
01:08:12,388 --> 01:08:18,861
The first galaxies are beginning
Dynasty.pire and China's Hanheyg
1665
01:08:18,895 --> 01:08:20,597
The first galaxies are beginning
But these networks also lead tog
1666
01:08:20,630 --> 01:08:26,269
The first galaxies are beginning
the spread of religion. lead tog
1667
01:08:26,302 --> 01:08:28,538
The first galaxies are beginning
In 312 AD, the Roman Emperor tog
1668
01:08:28,571 --> 01:08:30,239
The first galaxies are beginning
Constantine converts toperor tog
1669
01:08:30,273 --> 01:08:32,308
The first galaxies are beginning
Christianity, paving the way for
1670
01:08:32,342 --> 01:08:33,876
The first galaxies are beginning
it to become the dominantway for
1671
01:08:33,910 --> 01:08:42,819
The first galaxies are beginning
religion of Europe and the West.
1672
01:08:42,852 --> 01:08:44,721
The first galaxies are beginning
Three centuries later, Islamest.
1673
01:08:44,754 --> 01:08:48,157
The first galaxies are beginning
also emerges, a religion thatst.
1674
01:08:48,191 --> 01:08:50,026
The first galaxies are beginning
will, for a time, unify athatst.
1675
01:08:50,059 --> 01:08:51,828
The first galaxies are beginning
territory two and a half timest.
1676
01:08:51,861 --> 01:08:55,598
The first galaxies are beginning
larger than Rome ever was.imest.
1677
01:08:55,632 --> 01:08:57,033
The first galaxies are beginning
Arab trade will drive innovation
1678
01:08:57,066 --> 01:08:59,369
The first galaxies are beginning
for the next 1,000 years andtion
1679
01:08:59,402 --> 01:09:01,471
The first galaxies are beginning
expand the global network totion
1680
01:09:01,504 --> 01:09:05,608
The first galaxies are beginning
places it has never gone before.
1681
01:09:05,642 --> 01:09:06,776
The first galaxies are beginning
>> The Arabs are sitting in the.
1682
01:09:06,809 --> 01:09:08,511
The first galaxies are beginning
middle of Afro-Eurasia.g in the.
1683
01:09:08,544 --> 01:09:09,879
The first galaxies are beginning
There are Arab traders who aree.
1684
01:09:09,912 --> 01:09:10,880
The first galaxies are beginning
sailing off to China.s who aree.
1685
01:09:10,913 --> 01:09:12,548
The first galaxies are beginning
There are Arab traders who aree.
1686
01:09:12,582 --> 01:09:13,816
The first galaxies are beginning
traveling all the way to theree.
1687
01:09:13,850 --> 01:09:14,884
The first galaxies are beginning
Atlantic Ocean.he way to theree.
1688
01:09:14,917 --> 01:09:16,019
The first galaxies are beginning
So they are sitting in theheree.
1689
01:09:16,052 --> 01:09:20,156
The first galaxies are beginning
middle of the hub.g in theheree.
1690
01:09:20,189 --> 01:09:21,324
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: One secret to Arab.
1691
01:09:21,357 --> 01:09:23,059
The first galaxies are beginning
trade?RATOR: One secret to Arab.
1692
01:09:23,092 --> 01:09:27,864
The first galaxies are beginning
The camel, a creature whoseArab.
1693
01:09:27,897 --> 01:09:29,899
The first galaxies are beginning
ancestor, like the horse,seArab.
1694
01:09:29,932 --> 01:09:31,434
The first galaxies are beginning
escaped across the Bering landb.
1695
01:09:31,467 --> 01:09:35,738
The first galaxies are beginning
bridge out of North America.ndb.
1696
01:09:35,772 --> 01:09:37,507
The first galaxies are beginning
A caravan of six camels can lug.
1697
01:09:37,540 --> 01:09:40,076
The first galaxies are beginning
as much as two tons of cargo as.
1698
01:09:40,143 --> 01:09:43,146
The first galaxies are beginning
far as 60 miles a day-- twiceas.
1699
01:09:43,179 --> 01:09:46,182
The first galaxies are beginning
the load of a donkey caravan in.
1700
01:09:46,215 --> 01:09:52,321
The first galaxies are beginning
half the time.donkey caravan in.
1701
01:09:52,355 --> 01:09:54,090
The first galaxies are beginning
For the first time, camelvan in.
1702
01:09:54,123 --> 01:09:56,025
The first galaxies are beginning
caravans open up reliable trade.
1703
01:09:56,059 --> 01:09:57,493
The first galaxies are beginning
routes across the formidableade.
1704
01:09:57,527 --> 01:09:59,929
The first galaxies are beginning
Sahara Desert, leading to thede.
1705
01:09:59,962 --> 01:10:02,098
The first galaxies are beginning
formation of the first states in
1706
01:10:02,131 --> 01:10:04,000
The first galaxies are beginning
West Africa. the first states in
1707
01:10:04,033 --> 01:10:06,069
The first galaxies are beginning
Arabic trade expands, movings in
1708
01:10:06,102 --> 01:10:08,838
The first galaxies are beginning
salt from the Sahara to Rome, in
1709
01:10:08,871 --> 01:10:11,307
The first galaxies are beginning
rice from eastern Asia to India,
1710
01:10:11,340 --> 01:10:12,875
The first galaxies are beginning
the secrets of making paper out,
1711
01:10:12,909 --> 01:10:15,178
The first galaxies are beginning
of China into Europe, ander out,
1712
01:10:15,211 --> 01:10:16,612
The first galaxies are beginning
countless other inventions andt,
1713
01:10:16,646 --> 01:10:19,515
The first galaxies are beginning
ideas around the world.ons andt,
1714
01:10:19,549 --> 01:10:20,650
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Where does our word for lemon
1715
01:10:20,683 --> 01:10:21,684
The first galaxies are beginning
come from?oes our word for lemon
1716
01:10:21,718 --> 01:10:23,052
The first galaxies are beginning
Where does our word for coffeeon
1717
01:10:23,086 --> 01:10:24,187
The first galaxies are beginning
come from? our word for coffeeon
1718
01:10:24,220 --> 01:10:26,723
The first galaxies are beginning
They're all Arabic, because then
1719
01:10:26,756 --> 01:10:29,092
The first galaxies are beginning
Arabs brought a huge number ofen
1720
01:10:29,125 --> 01:10:31,294
The first galaxies are beginning
food crops into Europe.mber ofen
1721
01:10:31,327 --> 01:10:33,229
The first galaxies are beginning
Oranges, citrus crops, they come
1722
01:10:33,262 --> 01:10:35,665
The first galaxies are beginning
from South China, yet they don't
1723
01:10:35,698 --> 01:10:38,534
The first galaxies are beginning
make it to the West until then't
1724
01:10:38,568 --> 01:10:43,673
The first galaxies are beginning
great age of the Arabs.il then't
1725
01:10:43,706 --> 01:10:44,874
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: In Islamic Northn't
1726
01:10:44,907 --> 01:10:46,542
The first galaxies are beginning
Africa, one Italian merchanthn't
1727
01:10:46,576 --> 01:10:49,011
The first galaxies are beginning
named Leonardo Fibonacci becomes
1728
01:10:49,045 --> 01:10:50,446
The first galaxies are beginning
well-schooled in the ways ofomes
1729
01:10:50,480 --> 01:10:52,849
The first galaxies are beginning
Arab traders. in the ways ofomes
1730
01:10:52,882 --> 01:10:55,051
The first galaxies are beginning
He picks up on a simple butfomes
1731
01:10:55,084 --> 01:10:57,253
The first galaxies are beginning
ingenious counting system thates
1732
01:10:57,286 --> 01:10:59,222
The first galaxies are beginning
originated in India, but is used
1733
01:10:59,255 --> 01:11:02,558
The first galaxies are beginning
extensively in the Arab world.ed
1734
01:11:02,592 --> 01:11:03,860
The first galaxies are beginning
His writings will spread this.ed
1735
01:11:03,893 --> 01:11:05,928
The first galaxies are beginning
knowledge to Europe and arounded
1736
01:11:05,962 --> 01:11:08,297
The first galaxies are beginning
the globe.to Europe and arounded
1737
01:11:08,364 --> 01:11:10,233
The first galaxies are beginning
With everyone counting the samed
1738
01:11:10,266 --> 01:11:12,835
The first galaxies are beginning
way, business and trade willamed
1739
01:11:12,869 --> 01:11:14,270
The first galaxies are beginning
explode.iness and trade willamed
1740
01:11:14,303 --> 01:11:15,872
The first galaxies are beginning
And because of Fibonacci, people
1741
01:11:15,905 --> 01:11:18,074
The first galaxies are beginning
today still almost universallyle
1742
01:11:18,107 --> 01:11:20,777
The first galaxies are beginning
use the numbers known as "Arabic
1743
01:11:20,810 --> 01:11:24,347
The first galaxies are beginning
numerals".mbers known as "Arabic
1744
01:11:24,380 --> 01:11:25,982
The first galaxies are beginning
But there is another idea Arabic
1745
01:11:26,015 --> 01:11:28,317
The first galaxies are beginning
traders will spread, somethingic
1746
01:11:28,351 --> 01:11:31,053
The first galaxies are beginning
even more influential.omethingic
1747
01:11:31,087 --> 01:11:32,955
The first galaxies are beginning
It originates in China aroundgic
1748
01:11:32,989 --> 01:11:35,258
The first galaxies are beginning
800 AD.inates in China aroundgic
1749
01:11:35,291 --> 01:11:37,093
The first galaxies are beginning
A Chinese alchemist in search of
1750
01:11:37,126 --> 01:11:39,695
The first galaxies are beginning
an elixir for long life insteadf
1751
01:11:39,729 --> 01:11:41,798
The first galaxies are beginning
stumbles upon chemistry that can
1752
01:11:41,831 --> 01:11:44,801
The first galaxies are beginning
bring sudden death.stry that can
1753
01:11:44,834 --> 01:11:46,469
The first galaxies are beginning
He combines carbon and sulfurcan
1754
01:11:46,502 --> 01:11:48,838
The first galaxies are beginning
with saltpeter, a compound maden
1755
01:11:48,871 --> 01:11:50,406
The first galaxies are beginning
of potassium, nitrogen and maden
1756
01:11:50,439 --> 01:11:53,376
The first galaxies are beginning
oxygen.ssium, nitrogen and maden
1757
01:11:53,409 --> 01:11:55,578
The first galaxies are beginning
Forged in the stars, these maden
1758
01:11:55,611 --> 01:11:59,282
The first galaxies are beginning
elements now come together toden
1759
01:11:59,315 --> 01:12:03,753
The first galaxies are beginning
make gunpowder.me together toden
1760
01:12:03,786 --> 01:12:04,821
The first galaxies are beginning
The recipe for gunpowderer toden
1761
01:12:04,854 --> 01:12:06,923
The first galaxies are beginning
eventually moves West across the
1762
01:12:06,956 --> 01:12:10,526
The first galaxies are beginning
Silk Roads to the Islamic World,
1763
01:12:10,560 --> 01:12:12,028
The first galaxies are beginning
where Muslim warriors use it to,
1764
01:12:12,061 --> 01:12:13,529
The first galaxies are beginning
fire cannon balls at Christiano,
1765
01:12:13,563 --> 01:12:15,865
The first galaxies are beginning
Crusaders.n balls at Christiano,
1766
01:12:25,474 --> 01:12:28,544
The first galaxies are beginning
Europeans pick up on the idea,o,
1767
01:12:28,578 --> 01:12:30,079
The first galaxies are beginning
embracing and perfecting idea,o,
1768
01:12:30,112 --> 01:12:32,949
The first galaxies are beginning
gunpowder weapons.ecting idea,o,
1769
01:12:42,758 --> 01:12:45,995
The first galaxies are beginning
1492 AD.r weapons.ecting idea,o,
1770
01:12:46,028 --> 01:12:47,597
The first galaxies are beginning
There are roughly 400 million,o,
1771
01:12:47,630 --> 01:12:50,933
The first galaxies are beginning
people in the world, but it iso,
1772
01:12:50,967 --> 01:12:54,871
The first galaxies are beginning
still divided in two.but it iso,
1773
01:12:54,904 --> 01:12:56,272
The first galaxies are beginning
In the Americas, the.but it iso,
1774
01:12:56,305 --> 01:12:57,707
The first galaxies are beginning
civilizations of the Aztecs,iso,
1775
01:12:57,740 --> 01:12:59,909
The first galaxies are beginning
Mayans and Incas have allcs,iso,
1776
01:12:59,942 --> 01:13:03,713
The first galaxies are beginning
arisen, while halfway around the
1777
01:13:03,746 --> 01:13:05,314
The first galaxies are beginning
world, in the aftermath of thehe
1778
01:13:05,348 --> 01:13:07,650
The first galaxies are beginning
fall of Rome, Europe has cracked
1779
01:13:07,683 --> 01:13:09,185
The first galaxies are beginning
like an egg into individualacked
1780
01:13:09,218 --> 01:13:12,521
The first galaxies are beginning
states. egg into individualacked
1781
01:13:12,555 --> 01:13:13,823
The first galaxies are beginning
For Italian-born Christophercked
1782
01:13:13,856 --> 01:13:15,524
The first galaxies are beginning
Columbus, this means he canrcked
1783
01:13:15,558 --> 01:13:17,493
The first galaxies are beginning
appeal for funding from aanrcked
1784
01:13:17,526 --> 01:13:21,530
The first galaxies are beginning
succession of European rulersked
1785
01:13:21,564 --> 01:13:23,599
The first galaxies are beginning
until he finally convinces theed
1786
01:13:23,633 --> 01:13:25,501
The first galaxies are beginning
king and queen of Spain to backd
1787
01:13:25,534 --> 01:13:29,338
The first galaxies are beginning
his expeditions.f Spain to backd
1788
01:13:29,372 --> 01:13:30,740
The first galaxies are beginning
It has taken all of Earth'sbackd
1789
01:13:30,773 --> 01:13:32,808
The first galaxies are beginning
history to make Columbus''sbackd
1790
01:13:32,842 --> 01:13:35,945
The first galaxies are beginning
journey possible.olumbus''sbackd
1791
01:13:35,978 --> 01:13:37,546
The first galaxies are beginning
For tacking into the wind, heckd
1792
01:13:37,580 --> 01:13:39,682
The first galaxies are beginning
uses triangular sails, ad, heckd
1793
01:13:39,715 --> 01:13:41,317
The first galaxies are beginning
technology copied from the heckd
1794
01:13:41,350 --> 01:13:45,087
The first galaxies are beginning
Arabs; to guide him, thehe heckd
1795
01:13:45,121 --> 01:13:46,722
The first galaxies are beginning
compass, an invention from heckd
1796
01:13:46,756 --> 01:13:48,624
The first galaxies are beginning
China.s, an invention from heckd
1797
01:13:48,658 --> 01:13:50,526
The first galaxies are beginning
And guiding the needle, am heckd
1798
01:13:50,559 --> 01:13:52,028
The first galaxies are beginning
magnetic field formed with thekd
1799
01:13:52,061 --> 01:13:57,667
The first galaxies are beginning
core of the planet itself. thekd
1800
01:13:57,700 --> 01:13:59,001
The first galaxies are beginning
Although Columbus is looking for
1801
01:13:59,035 --> 01:14:01,470
The first galaxies are beginning
a new way to sail to India, what
1802
01:14:01,504 --> 01:14:04,173
The first galaxies are beginning
he does instead is, finally andt
1803
01:14:04,206 --> 01:14:06,442
The first galaxies are beginning
forever, connect the two halvest
1804
01:14:06,475 --> 01:14:08,744
The first galaxies are beginning
of the world.ect the two halvest
1805
01:14:08,778 --> 01:14:09,879
The first galaxies are beginning
The voyage is not justwo halvest
1806
01:14:09,912 --> 01:14:12,415
The first galaxies are beginning
significant in American history.
1807
01:14:12,448 --> 01:14:14,283
The first galaxies are beginning
As you'll see, it's a pivotalry.
1808
01:14:14,317 --> 01:14:18,187
The first galaxies are beginning
event in all of human history.y.
1809
01:14:18,220 --> 01:14:21,557
The first galaxies are beginning
Nothing will ever be the same.y.
1810
01:14:24,493 --> 01:14:25,728
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: The end of the Ice.
1811
01:14:25,761 --> 01:14:27,129
The first galaxies are beginning
Age marooned large pockets ofce.
1812
01:14:27,163 --> 01:14:28,831
The first galaxies are beginning
humanity on separate sides ofce.
1813
01:14:28,864 --> 01:14:33,869
The first galaxies are beginning
the globe for over 15,000 years.
1814
01:14:33,903 --> 01:14:37,873
The first galaxies are beginning
Now, that's all about to change.
1815
01:14:37,907 --> 01:14:38,874
The first galaxies are beginning
>> The voyage of Christophernge.
1816
01:14:38,908 --> 01:14:40,209
The first galaxies are beginning
Columbus in 1492 is taught asge.
1817
01:14:40,242 --> 01:14:41,544
The first galaxies are beginning
one of the most significantasge.
1818
01:14:41,577 --> 01:14:44,280
The first galaxies are beginning
events in American history.asge.
1819
01:14:44,313 --> 01:14:45,581
The first galaxies are beginning
In fact, it's one of the mostge.
1820
01:14:45,614 --> 01:14:46,482
The first galaxies are beginning
significant events in all oftge.
1821
01:14:46,515 --> 01:14:48,651
The first galaxies are beginning
human history.ents in all oftge.
1822
01:14:48,684 --> 01:14:50,086
The first galaxies are beginning
Prior to that voyage, the great.
1823
01:14:50,119 --> 01:14:51,887
The first galaxies are beginning
world zones had existed largely.
1824
01:14:51,921 --> 01:14:55,191
The first galaxies are beginning
in isolation.ad existed largely.
1825
01:14:55,224 --> 01:14:56,459
The first galaxies are beginning
By crossing the Atlantic,argely.
1826
01:14:56,492 --> 01:14:58,995
The first galaxies are beginning
Columbus opens up the vastrgely.
1827
01:14:59,028 --> 01:15:00,329
The first galaxies are beginning
American world zone-- these two.
1828
01:15:00,363 --> 01:15:01,764
The first galaxies are beginning
enormous continents of North and
1829
01:15:01,797 --> 01:15:02,999
The first galaxies are beginning
South America, with the millions
1830
01:15:03,032 --> 01:15:04,400
The first galaxies are beginning
of people that are living there,
1831
01:15:04,433 --> 01:15:05,234
The first galaxies are beginning
the resources that areing there,
1832
01:15:05,267 --> 01:15:07,069
The first galaxies are beginning
available.ces that areing there,
1833
01:15:07,103 --> 01:15:08,738
The first galaxies are beginning
And for the first time, peoplee,
1834
01:15:08,771 --> 01:15:10,539
The first galaxies are beginning
living in Eurasia become awaree,
1835
01:15:10,573 --> 01:15:12,074
The first galaxies are beginning
of this other part of the world.
1836
01:15:12,108 --> 01:15:13,476
The first galaxies are beginning
Until the voyage of Columbus,ld.
1837
01:15:13,509 --> 01:15:14,844
The first galaxies are beginning
these people may as well haveld.
1838
01:15:14,877 --> 01:15:15,911
The first galaxies are beginning
been living on different haveld.
1839
01:15:15,945 --> 01:15:19,215
The first galaxies are beginning
planets, so isolated were they..
1840
01:15:19,248 --> 01:15:20,483
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: A trade networkey..
1841
01:15:20,516 --> 01:15:21,884
The first galaxies are beginning
that started with the firstkey..
1842
01:15:21,917 --> 01:15:23,519
The first galaxies are beginning
civilizations, connected Europe,
1843
01:15:23,552 --> 01:15:25,688
The first galaxies are beginning
Asia, and Africa, now reachespe,
1844
01:15:25,721 --> 01:15:28,924
The first galaxies are beginning
across the Atlantic.w reachespe,
1845
01:15:28,958 --> 01:15:31,594
The first galaxies are beginning
In this vast new global network,
1846
01:15:31,627 --> 01:15:34,130
The first galaxies are beginning
new hubs will form, and onceork,
1847
01:15:34,163 --> 01:15:38,534
The first galaxies are beginning
again, power will shift.onceork,
1848
01:15:38,567 --> 01:15:39,835
The first galaxies are beginning
>> For most of the last 2,000rk,
1849
01:15:39,869 --> 01:15:41,837
The first galaxies are beginning
years, Europe hasn't been thatk,
1850
01:15:41,871 --> 01:15:43,239
The first galaxies are beginning
important.ope hasn't been thatk,
1851
01:15:43,272 --> 01:15:44,440
The first galaxies are beginning
Then, we get the age ofen thatk,
1852
01:15:44,473 --> 01:15:45,775
The first galaxies are beginning
Columbus, and what do you know,,
1853
01:15:45,808 --> 01:15:47,376
The first galaxies are beginning
this is exactly the time where,,
1854
01:15:47,410 --> 01:15:49,378
The first galaxies are beginning
we see the rise of the West.re,,
1855
01:15:49,412 --> 01:15:50,513
The first galaxies are beginning
This is when the West startsre,,
1856
01:15:50,546 --> 01:15:52,448
The first galaxies are beginning
taking over, when it gets itself
1857
01:15:52,481 --> 01:15:54,350
The first galaxies are beginning
smack bang in the middle of thef
1858
01:15:54,383 --> 01:15:55,684
The first galaxies are beginning
biggest exchange network thethef
1859
01:15:55,718 --> 01:15:59,688
The first galaxies are beginning
world has ever seen.work thethef
1860
01:15:59,722 --> 01:16:00,790
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Now, foods that had
1861
01:16:00,823 --> 01:16:02,058
The first galaxies are beginning
been isolated on disconnectedhad
1862
01:16:02,091 --> 01:16:04,026
The first galaxies are beginning
continents begin to move aroundd
1863
01:16:04,060 --> 01:16:06,629
The first galaxies are beginning
the world. begin to move aroundd
1864
01:16:06,662 --> 01:16:08,330
The first galaxies are beginning
Maize from the Americas shows up
1865
01:16:08,364 --> 01:16:11,700
The first galaxies are beginning
in Egypt and China.icas shows up
1866
01:16:11,734 --> 01:16:13,335
The first galaxies are beginning
Potatoes from the Andes prove up
1867
01:16:13,369 --> 01:16:15,438
The first galaxies are beginning
perfectly suited to the soils of
1868
01:16:15,471 --> 01:16:18,841
The first galaxies are beginning
Ireland and Russia. the soils of
1869
01:16:18,874 --> 01:16:20,276
The first galaxies are beginning
The old Fertile Crescent grainsf
1870
01:16:20,309 --> 01:16:22,812
The first galaxies are beginning
like wheat begin to feed theinsf
1871
01:16:22,845 --> 01:16:25,414
The first galaxies are beginning
Americas.t begin to feed theinsf
1872
01:16:25,448 --> 01:16:28,184
The first galaxies are beginning
New foods mean more calories,nsf
1873
01:16:28,217 --> 01:16:29,718
The first galaxies are beginning
more energy.an more calories,nsf
1874
01:16:29,752 --> 01:16:31,053
The first galaxies are beginning
Within three centuries ofies,nsf
1875
01:16:31,087 --> 01:16:32,888
The first galaxies are beginning
Columbus' voyage, the population
1876
01:16:32,922 --> 01:16:34,223
The first galaxies are beginning
of the world will more thanation
1877
01:16:34,256 --> 01:16:38,561
The first galaxies are beginning
double to 900 million. thanation
1878
01:16:38,594 --> 01:16:40,062
The first galaxies are beginning
But the unequal hands dealt toon
1879
01:16:40,096 --> 01:16:43,332
The first galaxies are beginning
the two hemispheres now play out
1880
01:16:43,365 --> 01:16:47,803
The first galaxies are beginning
in a deadly climax. now play out
1881
01:16:47,837 --> 01:16:49,839
The first galaxies are beginning
European conquistadors, play out
1882
01:16:49,872 --> 01:16:51,173
The first galaxies are beginning
inheritors of the agricultureout
1883
01:16:51,207 --> 01:16:52,541
The first galaxies are beginning
and animals of the Fertileureout
1884
01:16:52,575 --> 01:16:55,878
The first galaxies are beginning
Crescent, and the trade spreadut
1885
01:16:55,911 --> 01:16:57,346
The first galaxies are beginning
along the vast networks of theut
1886
01:16:57,379 --> 01:17:00,316
The first galaxies are beginning
old world, come bearing guns,eut
1887
01:17:00,349 --> 01:17:02,351
The first galaxies are beginning
riding horses, and carryings,eut
1888
01:17:02,384 --> 01:17:05,187
The first galaxies are beginning
infectious diseases.arryings,eut
1889
01:17:05,221 --> 01:17:11,961
The first galaxies are beginning
The result-- slaughter.yings,eut
1890
01:17:11,994 --> 01:17:13,729
The first galaxies are beginning
In the years following Columbus'
1891
01:17:13,762 --> 01:17:16,098
The first galaxies are beginning
first voyage, 95% of the native'
1892
01:17:16,132 --> 01:17:18,567
The first galaxies are beginning
population in the Americas will'
1893
01:17:18,601 --> 01:17:21,170
The first galaxies are beginning
die from European guns and will'
1894
01:17:21,203 --> 01:17:27,843
The first galaxies are beginning
germs.om European guns and will'
1895
01:17:27,877 --> 01:17:29,111
The first galaxies are beginning
Once the hemispheres arend will'
1896
01:17:29,145 --> 01:17:31,580
The first galaxies are beginning
connected, nothing can ever bel'
1897
01:17:31,614 --> 01:17:33,983
The first galaxies are beginning
the same., nothing can ever bel'
1898
01:17:34,016 --> 01:17:35,451
The first galaxies are beginning
Take the incredible story ofbel'
1899
01:17:35,484 --> 01:17:36,886
The first galaxies are beginning
sugar.he incredible story ofbel'
1900
01:17:36,919 --> 01:17:38,587
The first galaxies are beginning
Chemically, it's the only source
1901
01:17:38,621 --> 01:17:40,956
The first galaxies are beginning
of fuel for our brains, a source
1902
01:17:40,990 --> 01:17:43,025
The first galaxies are beginning
substance we are programmed toce
1903
01:17:43,058 --> 01:17:45,794
The first galaxies are beginning
crave.nce we are programmed toce
1904
01:17:45,828 --> 01:17:47,329
The first galaxies are beginning
Raw sugar comes mostly from toce
1905
01:17:47,363 --> 01:17:49,031
The first galaxies are beginning
sugar cane.omes mostly from toce
1906
01:17:49,064 --> 01:17:51,200
The first galaxies are beginning
Once again, a grass will play ae
1907
01:17:51,233 --> 01:17:52,868
The first galaxies are beginning
central role in the story ofy ae
1908
01:17:52,902 --> 01:17:56,805
The first galaxies are beginning
mankind.role in the story ofy ae
1909
01:17:56,839 --> 01:17:58,374
The first galaxies are beginning
First cultivated more than 6,000
1910
01:17:58,407 --> 01:18:00,509
The first galaxies are beginning
years ago in Asia, Europeans,000
1911
01:18:00,543 --> 01:18:02,211
The first galaxies are beginning
discovered sugar in the Middle00
1912
01:18:02,244 --> 01:18:05,781
The first galaxies are beginning
East during the Crusades andle00
1913
01:18:05,814 --> 01:18:07,016
The first galaxies are beginning
carried it home.Crusades andle00
1914
01:18:07,049 --> 01:18:08,651
The first galaxies are beginning
Europe was hooked.usades andle00
1915
01:18:08,684 --> 01:18:10,286
The first galaxies are beginning
But there's virtually nowhere in
1916
01:18:10,319 --> 01:18:13,355
The first galaxies are beginning
Europe where sugar can grow.e in
1917
01:18:13,389 --> 01:18:14,490
The first galaxies are beginning
>> Then, we have Christophere in
1918
01:18:14,523 --> 01:18:15,791
The first galaxies are beginning
Columbus and the discovery of in
1919
01:18:15,824 --> 01:18:16,825
The first galaxies are beginning
the New World.he discovery of in
1920
01:18:16,859 --> 01:18:18,160
The first galaxies are beginning
And the Spanish conquistadors,in
1921
01:18:18,194 --> 01:18:20,829
The first galaxies are beginning
yes, they initially are verys,in
1922
01:18:20,863 --> 01:18:21,864
The first galaxies are beginning
interested in the gold and thein
1923
01:18:21,897 --> 01:18:22,898
The first galaxies are beginning
silver.ted in the gold and thein
1924
01:18:22,932 --> 01:18:24,333
The first galaxies are beginning
But really, they just want toein
1925
01:18:24,366 --> 01:18:25,434
The first galaxies are beginning
make it rich, they don't careein
1926
01:18:25,467 --> 01:18:26,302
The first galaxies are beginning
how they're going to make iteein
1927
01:18:26,335 --> 01:18:27,469
The first galaxies are beginning
rich.hey're going to make iteein
1928
01:18:27,503 --> 01:18:28,370
The first galaxies are beginning
And once the gold and the silver
1929
01:18:28,404 --> 01:18:30,673
The first galaxies are beginning
has been looted, the next steper
1930
01:18:30,706 --> 01:18:34,944
The first galaxies are beginning
is to open sugar plantations.per
1931
01:18:34,977 --> 01:18:36,178
The first galaxies are beginning
The Spanish themselves don't.per
1932
01:18:36,212 --> 01:18:37,046
The first galaxies are beginning
want to work in the sugarn't.per
1933
01:18:37,079 --> 01:18:38,113
The first galaxies are beginning
plantations. in the sugarn't.per
1934
01:18:38,147 --> 01:18:39,348
The first galaxies are beginning
They start looking around for ar
1935
01:18:39,381 --> 01:18:41,283
The first galaxies are beginning
new labor force.ng around for ar
1936
01:18:41,317 --> 01:18:42,718
The first galaxies are beginning
And over on the other side of ar
1937
01:18:42,751 --> 01:18:44,587
The first galaxies are beginning
the Atlantic, there is a placear
1938
01:18:44,620 --> 01:18:46,388
The first galaxies are beginning
where they can buy slaves.lacear
1939
01:18:46,422 --> 01:18:48,958
The first galaxies are beginning
And if we look at the history of
1940
01:18:48,991 --> 01:18:50,426
The first galaxies are beginning
slavery, the number oneistory of
1941
01:18:50,459 --> 01:18:51,727
The first galaxies are beginning
destination of slaves fromory of
1942
01:18:51,760 --> 01:18:54,129
The first galaxies are beginning
Africa are sugar plantations. of
1943
01:18:54,163 --> 01:18:57,066
The first galaxies are beginning
So the history of sugar shapesof
1944
01:18:57,099 --> 01:18:59,034
The first galaxies are beginning
the development of historyapesof
1945
01:18:59,068 --> 01:19:00,402
The first galaxies are beginning
through the Middle East, through
1946
01:19:00,436 --> 01:19:03,072
The first galaxies are beginning
the Crusades, through thethrough
1947
01:19:03,105 --> 01:19:05,507
The first galaxies are beginning
conquest of Meso-America, andugh
1948
01:19:05,541 --> 01:19:07,876
The first galaxies are beginning
even the history of slavery from
1949
01:19:07,910 --> 01:19:11,013
The first galaxies are beginning
Africa to the Americas.very from
1950
01:19:18,687 --> 01:19:20,522
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: In the year 1700,om
1951
01:19:20,556 --> 01:19:23,592
The first galaxies are beginning
mankind has hit a wall.r 1700,om
1952
01:19:23,626 --> 01:19:25,027
The first galaxies are beginning
Most humans continue to live0,om
1953
01:19:25,060 --> 01:19:27,062
The first galaxies are beginning
simple lives more like ourve0,om
1954
01:19:27,096 --> 01:19:30,232
The first galaxies are beginning
ancient ancestors' than our own.
1955
01:19:30,266 --> 01:19:31,667
The first galaxies are beginning
>> When you think back to thewn.
1956
01:19:31,700 --> 01:19:33,836
The first galaxies are beginning
world in 1700, most people were.
1957
01:19:33,869 --> 01:19:35,337
The first galaxies are beginning
farmers, most people practicede.
1958
01:19:35,371 --> 01:19:36,972
The first galaxies are beginning
small scale subsistenceacticede.
1959
01:19:37,006 --> 01:19:38,040
The first galaxies are beginning
agriculture.subsistenceacticede.
1960
01:19:38,073 --> 01:19:39,208
The first galaxies are beginning
Most manufacturing was done ine.
1961
01:19:39,241 --> 01:19:41,677
The first galaxies are beginning
workshops.acturing was done ine.
1962
01:19:41,710 --> 01:19:43,679
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: In 1700, it takese.
1963
01:19:43,712 --> 01:19:45,781
The first galaxies are beginning
over a year for cargo andtakese.
1964
01:19:45,814 --> 01:19:47,082
The first galaxies are beginning
information to circle thetakese.
1965
01:19:47,116 --> 01:19:48,984
The first galaxies are beginning
planet, longer than it wouldese.
1966
01:19:49,018 --> 01:19:55,958
The first galaxies are beginning
take us today to get to Mars.se.
1967
01:19:55,991 --> 01:19:58,427
The first galaxies are beginning
What's holding us back is how we
1968
01:19:58,460 --> 01:20:03,032
The first galaxies are beginning
power our lives.s back is how we
1969
01:20:03,065 --> 01:20:05,801
The first galaxies are beginning
In Egypt of 2000 BC, 90% of alle
1970
01:20:05,834 --> 01:20:08,270
The first galaxies are beginning
work was done by human muscle,le
1971
01:20:08,304 --> 01:20:09,872
The first galaxies are beginning
with animals kicking in thele,le
1972
01:20:09,905 --> 01:20:13,375
The first galaxies are beginning
rest.animals kicking in thele,le
1973
01:20:13,409 --> 01:20:15,811
The first galaxies are beginning
By 1700, in Europe, the majority
1974
01:20:15,844 --> 01:20:18,747
The first galaxies are beginning
of work, 70%, is still driven by
1975
01:20:18,781 --> 01:20:24,687
The first galaxies are beginning
human muscle. is still driven by
1976
01:20:24,720 --> 01:20:25,888
The first galaxies are beginning
Muscle power alone can't clearby
1977
01:20:25,921 --> 01:20:28,424
The first galaxies are beginning
the path to the modern age.earby
1978
01:20:28,457 --> 01:20:30,693
The first galaxies are beginning
But there is a breakthroughearby
1979
01:20:30,726 --> 01:20:33,395
The first galaxies are beginning
hidden deep within the Earth.rby
1980
01:20:39,018 --> 01:20:40,019
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: As our history ofby
1981
01:20:40,052 --> 01:20:41,453
The first galaxies are beginning
the world in two hours racesofby
1982
01:20:41,487 --> 01:20:44,590
The first galaxies are beginning
towards a close, mankind has hit
1983
01:20:44,623 --> 01:20:46,992
The first galaxies are beginning
a wall. a close, mankind has hit
1984
01:20:47,026 --> 01:20:48,627
The first galaxies are beginning
Human progress is stalled by the
1985
01:20:48,660 --> 01:20:50,863
The first galaxies are beginning
limits of our muscle.lled by the
1986
01:20:50,896 --> 01:20:51,797
The first galaxies are beginning
To break through, we'll need ahe
1987
01:20:51,830 --> 01:20:55,167
The first galaxies are beginning
new way to power our lives andhe
1988
01:20:55,200 --> 01:20:59,738
The first galaxies are beginning
the entire history of the world.
1989
01:20:59,772 --> 01:21:01,240
The first galaxies are beginning
Remember that, billions of years
1990
01:21:01,273 --> 01:21:03,809
The first galaxies are beginning
ago, iron from exploding starsrs
1991
01:21:03,842 --> 01:21:05,444
The first galaxies are beginning
was gathered up into planetarsrs
1992
01:21:05,477 --> 01:21:07,813
The first galaxies are beginning
Earth during its formation.arsrs
1993
01:21:07,846 --> 01:21:10,282
The first galaxies are beginning
Thousands of years ago, manarsrs
1994
01:21:10,315 --> 01:21:12,017
The first galaxies are beginning
started using this iron forarsrs
1995
01:21:12,051 --> 01:21:16,255
The first galaxies are beginning
tools and weapons. iron forarsrs
1996
01:21:16,288 --> 01:21:18,257
The first galaxies are beginning
To keep our forges burning, wers
1997
01:21:18,290 --> 01:21:21,193
The first galaxies are beginning
began cutting down our forests.s
1998
01:21:21,226 --> 01:21:23,228
The first galaxies are beginning
Now, 300 years ago, in Britain,s
1999
01:21:23,262 --> 01:21:26,031
The first galaxies are beginning
iron is in high demand and the,s
2000
01:21:26,065 --> 01:21:29,401
The first galaxies are beginning
trees are running out. and the,s
2001
01:21:29,435 --> 01:21:30,569
The first galaxies are beginning
The British need a new source of
2002
01:21:30,602 --> 01:21:32,504
The first galaxies are beginning
fuel, and thanks to the decayedf
2003
01:21:32,538 --> 01:21:34,840
The first galaxies are beginning
remains of ancient ferns, theydf
2004
01:21:34,873 --> 01:21:39,578
The first galaxies are beginning
have one-- coal.nt ferns, theydf
2005
01:21:39,611 --> 01:21:40,946
The first galaxies are beginning
But coal itself won't powerheydf
2006
01:21:40,979 --> 01:21:43,382
The first galaxies are beginning
mankind into the modern world.df
2007
01:21:43,415 --> 01:21:45,350
The first galaxies are beginning
There's one more fateful twistdf
2008
01:21:45,384 --> 01:21:47,052
The first galaxies are beginning
in the story.ore fateful twistdf
2009
01:21:47,086 --> 01:21:48,320
The first galaxies are beginning
As the quest for coal takesistdf
2010
01:21:48,353 --> 01:21:49,788
The first galaxies are beginning
miners ever deeper into theistdf
2011
01:21:49,822 --> 01:21:51,757
The first galaxies are beginning
ground, water begins floodingtdf
2012
01:21:51,790 --> 01:21:54,560
The first galaxies are beginning
the tunnels.r begins floodingtdf
2013
01:21:54,593 --> 01:21:56,328
The first galaxies are beginning
To pump out the water, a newgtdf
2014
01:21:56,361 --> 01:21:59,898
The first galaxies are beginning
invention is needed.r, a newgtdf
2015
01:21:59,932 --> 01:22:02,167
The first galaxies are beginning
In 1712, Thomas Newcomen newgtdf
2016
01:22:02,201 --> 01:22:04,303
The first galaxies are beginning
produces a pump powered byewgtdf
2017
01:22:04,336 --> 01:22:06,105
The first galaxies are beginning
burning coal and driven byewgtdf
2018
01:22:06,138 --> 01:22:08,740
The first galaxies are beginning
steam.g coal and driven byewgtdf
2019
01:22:08,774 --> 01:22:10,676
The first galaxies are beginning
Newcomen's machine is the firstf
2020
01:22:10,709 --> 01:22:12,878
The first galaxies are beginning
practical steam engine.he firstf
2021
01:22:12,911 --> 01:22:16,415
The first galaxies are beginning
It is this combination-- energyf
2022
01:22:16,448 --> 01:22:19,118
The first galaxies are beginning
and engine, fuel and machine--yf
2023
01:22:19,151 --> 01:22:20,552
The first galaxies are beginning
that will free man from thee--yf
2024
01:22:20,586 --> 01:22:23,889
The first galaxies are beginning
limits of his own muscle and--yf
2025
01:22:23,922 --> 01:22:26,191
The first galaxies are beginning
change the world. muscle and--yf
2026
01:22:26,225 --> 01:22:27,826
The first galaxies are beginning
The Industrial Revolutionand--yf
2027
01:22:27,860 --> 01:22:30,662
The first galaxies are beginning
begins.ustrial Revolutionand--yf
2028
01:22:30,696 --> 01:22:32,197
The first galaxies are beginning
Along with political revolutions
2029
01:22:32,231 --> 01:22:35,134
The first galaxies are beginning
in America and, later, France,ns
2030
01:22:35,167 --> 01:22:36,902
The first galaxies are beginning
this technological revolution,ns
2031
01:22:36,935 --> 01:22:40,339
The first galaxies are beginning
forever transforms the landscape
2032
01:22:40,372 --> 01:22:42,474
The first galaxies are beginning
of the world.forms the landscape
2033
01:22:42,508 --> 01:22:43,709
The first galaxies are beginning
>> And before long, the Atlantic
2034
01:22:43,742 --> 01:22:45,310
The first galaxies are beginning
World has become the newAtlantic
2035
01:22:45,344 --> 01:22:47,479
The first galaxies are beginning
economic, therefore cultural,tic
2036
01:22:47,513 --> 01:22:48,747
The first galaxies are beginning
therefore political, thereforeic
2037
01:22:48,780 --> 01:22:50,282
The first galaxies are beginning
military, leader and willeforeic
2038
01:22:50,315 --> 01:22:51,650
The first galaxies are beginning
utterly dominate globallleforeic
2039
01:22:51,683 --> 01:22:52,951
The first galaxies are beginning
geopolitics from that moment toc
2040
01:22:52,985 --> 01:22:56,688
The first galaxies are beginning
this.litics from that moment toc
2041
01:22:56,722 --> 01:22:57,689
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Trains thundert toc
2042
01:22:57,723 --> 01:23:01,693
The first galaxies are beginning
across the countryside.ndert toc
2043
01:23:01,727 --> 01:23:03,795
The first galaxies are beginning
By the 1870s, the internalrt toc
2044
01:23:03,829 --> 01:23:06,165
The first galaxies are beginning
combustion engine has arrived,oc
2045
01:23:06,198 --> 01:23:07,366
The first galaxies are beginning
and the Germans invent itsved,oc
2046
01:23:07,399 --> 01:23:13,906
The first galaxies are beginning
killer app, the automobile.ed,oc
2047
01:23:13,939 --> 01:23:15,240
The first galaxies are beginning
Oil, the substance which thed,oc
2048
01:23:15,274 --> 01:23:16,708
The first galaxies are beginning
ancients considered tooh thed,oc
2049
01:23:16,742 --> 01:23:18,810
The first galaxies are beginning
flammable to be of any use,ed,oc
2050
01:23:18,844 --> 01:23:20,412
The first galaxies are beginning
becomes the most important,ed,oc
2051
01:23:20,445 --> 01:23:22,848
The first galaxies are beginning
commodity on the planet, fueling
2052
01:23:22,881 --> 01:23:30,189
The first galaxies are beginning
even more innovation.et, fueling
2053
01:23:30,222 --> 01:23:31,523
The first galaxies are beginning
The telegraph and telephone move
2054
01:23:31,557 --> 01:23:32,691
The first galaxies are beginning
messages at lightning speed.move
2055
01:23:32,724 --> 01:23:34,826
The first galaxies are beginning
With electricity, mankinded.move
2056
01:23:34,860 --> 01:23:36,562
The first galaxies are beginning
reclaims the night fromnded.move
2057
01:23:36,595 --> 01:23:39,998
The first galaxies are beginning
darkness.the night fromnded.move
2058
01:23:40,032 --> 01:23:43,535
The first galaxies are beginning
The hub of power has shifted.ove
2059
01:23:43,569 --> 01:23:46,038
The first galaxies are beginning
In 1800, Europeans and their.ove
2060
01:23:46,071 --> 01:23:48,707
The first galaxies are beginning
descendants controlled 35% ofove
2061
01:23:48,740 --> 01:23:50,943
The first galaxies are beginning
the land on Earth.lled 35% ofove
2062
01:23:50,976 --> 01:23:54,613
The first galaxies are beginning
By 1900, they control 85%. ofove
2063
01:23:59,885 --> 01:24:01,887
The first galaxies are beginning
By the 20th century, fossilofove
2064
01:24:01,920 --> 01:24:03,021
The first galaxies are beginning
fuels and the internalossilofove
2065
01:24:03,055 --> 01:24:05,057
The first galaxies are beginning
combustion engine have amplified
2066
01:24:05,090 --> 01:24:12,397
The first galaxies are beginning
everything, including warfare.ed
2067
01:24:12,431 --> 01:24:13,865
The first galaxies are beginning
>> That technology meant that.ed
2068
01:24:13,899 --> 01:24:15,701
The first galaxies are beginning
military power and militaryat.ed
2069
01:24:15,734 --> 01:24:17,035
The first galaxies are beginning
conquest was something thatat.ed
2070
01:24:17,069 --> 01:24:19,538
The first galaxies are beginning
could be international--hatat.ed
2071
01:24:19,571 --> 01:24:20,973
The first galaxies are beginning
international in a way that ited
2072
01:24:21,006 --> 01:24:23,141
The first galaxies are beginning
had never been before. that ited
2073
01:24:23,175 --> 01:24:24,610
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: In the 20thhat ited
2074
01:24:24,643 --> 01:24:26,278
The first galaxies are beginning
century, almost three times ased
2075
01:24:26,311 --> 01:24:28,013
The first galaxies are beginning
many people are killed as a ased
2076
01:24:28,046 --> 01:24:30,282
The first galaxies are beginning
result of war as in the previous
2077
01:24:30,315 --> 01:24:33,051
The first galaxies are beginning
2,000 years of human historyious
2078
01:24:33,085 --> 01:24:37,356
The first galaxies are beginning
combined.rs of human historyious
2079
01:24:37,389 --> 01:24:38,357
The first galaxies are beginning
>> The application of theoryious
2080
01:24:38,390 --> 01:24:40,125
The first galaxies are beginning
industrial skills, thetheoryious
2081
01:24:40,158 --> 01:24:41,093
The first galaxies are beginning
industrial technologies of theus
2082
01:24:41,126 --> 01:24:42,194
The first galaxies are beginning
inventors of the 18th centuryeus
2083
01:24:42,227 --> 01:24:43,195
The first galaxies are beginning
reach their culmination, Iuryeus
2084
01:24:43,228 --> 01:24:44,463
The first galaxies are beginning
think, with these extraordinarys
2085
01:24:44,496 --> 01:24:45,931
The first galaxies are beginning
events.with these extraordinarys
2086
01:24:45,964 --> 01:24:47,266
The first galaxies are beginning
And it's all being driven agains
2087
01:24:47,299 --> 01:24:49,101
The first galaxies are beginning
by the micro-fossilized bodiesns
2088
01:24:49,134 --> 01:24:50,335
The first galaxies are beginning
of organic entities thatbodiesns
2089
01:24:50,369 --> 01:24:51,737
The first galaxies are beginning
disappeared into ancient swampss
2090
01:24:51,770 --> 01:24:53,739
The first galaxies are beginning
millions and millions of yearsss
2091
01:24:53,772 --> 01:24:56,575
The first galaxies are beginning
ago.ions and millions of yearsss
2092
01:24:56,608 --> 01:24:57,876
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: The Industrialarsss
2093
01:24:57,909 --> 01:24:59,111
The first galaxies are beginning
Revolution also allows the human
2094
01:24:59,144 --> 01:25:02,514
The first galaxies are beginning
population to explode. the human
2095
01:25:02,547 --> 01:25:04,449
The first galaxies are beginning
It has taken 200,000 years ofman
2096
01:25:04,483 --> 01:25:06,318
The first galaxies are beginning
human history-- from the dawn of
2097
01:25:06,351 --> 01:25:09,721
The first galaxies are beginning
man to the year 1900-- for theof
2098
01:25:09,755 --> 01:25:13,759
The first galaxies are beginning
population to reach 1.6 billion.
2099
01:25:13,792 --> 01:25:15,394
The first galaxies are beginning
Now, within the 100 years of the
2100
01:25:15,427 --> 01:25:17,529
The first galaxies are beginning
20th century, it nearlyrs of the
2101
01:25:17,562 --> 01:25:19,665
The first galaxies are beginning
quadruples to more than sixf the
2102
01:25:19,698 --> 01:25:21,566
The first galaxies are beginning
billion.es to more than sixf the
2103
01:25:21,600 --> 01:25:23,402
The first galaxies are beginning
>> The 20th century is the moste
2104
01:25:23,435 --> 01:25:25,170
The first galaxies are beginning
extraordinary moment in humanste
2105
01:25:25,203 --> 01:25:26,204
The first galaxies are beginning
history.inary moment in humanste
2106
01:25:26,238 --> 01:25:27,773
The first galaxies are beginning
Never before have we seen change
2107
01:25:27,806 --> 01:25:30,475
The first galaxies are beginning
on such a scale.e we seen change
2108
01:25:34,713 --> 01:25:35,981
The first galaxies are beginning
>> NARRATOR: Today, humanschange
2109
01:25:36,014 --> 01:25:38,850
The first galaxies are beginning
number close to seven billion.ge
2110
01:25:38,884 --> 01:25:40,385
The first galaxies are beginning
We are the dominant players onge
2111
01:25:40,419 --> 01:25:45,290
The first galaxies are beginning
the planet.dominant players onge
2112
01:25:45,324 --> 01:25:46,625
The first galaxies are beginning
We have learned to harnesss onge
2113
01:25:46,658 --> 01:25:48,327
The first galaxies are beginning
50,000 times more energy thannge
2114
01:25:48,360 --> 01:25:51,196
The first galaxies are beginning
our ancestors just 10,000 yearse
2115
01:25:51,229 --> 01:25:52,998
The first galaxies are beginning
ago.ancestors just 10,000 yearse
2116
01:25:53,031 --> 01:25:54,499
The first galaxies are beginning
This energy drives our fast-arse
2117
01:25:54,533 --> 01:25:57,369
The first galaxies are beginning
paced lives and a literalst-arse
2118
01:25:57,402 --> 01:26:00,105
The first galaxies are beginning
worldwide web, a network that,se
2119
01:26:00,138 --> 01:26:01,973
The first galaxies are beginning
as we have seen, has been in the
2120
01:26:02,007 --> 01:26:03,875
The first galaxies are beginning
making for as long as humans the
2121
01:26:03,909 --> 01:26:07,479
The first galaxies are beginning
have walked the Earth.humans the
2122
01:26:07,512 --> 01:26:10,115
The first galaxies are beginning
Our two-hour story is coming toe
2123
01:26:10,148 --> 01:26:12,184
The first galaxies are beginning
an end, a story that reallyg toe
2124
01:26:12,217 --> 01:26:15,620
The first galaxies are beginning
began 14 billion years ago withe
2125
01:26:15,654 --> 01:26:17,789
The first galaxies are beginning
a tiny universe where everything
2126
01:26:17,823 --> 01:26:20,992
The first galaxies are beginning
was all in one place. everything
2127
01:26:21,026 --> 01:26:23,662
The first galaxies are beginning
Then, the Big Bang-- all thehing
2128
01:26:23,695 --> 01:26:25,931
The first galaxies are beginning
energy that has ever existedhing
2129
01:26:25,964 --> 01:26:28,800
The first galaxies are beginning
created in an instant.xistedhing
2130
01:26:28,834 --> 01:26:32,204
The first galaxies are beginning
Gravity sculpted our universe.ng
2131
01:26:32,237 --> 01:26:33,472
The first galaxies are beginning
For billions of years, stars and
2132
01:26:33,505 --> 01:26:34,840
The first galaxies are beginning
supernovas created all thers and
2133
01:26:34,873 --> 01:26:36,108
The first galaxies are beginning
elements we would eventually and
2134
01:26:36,141 --> 01:26:37,542
The first galaxies are beginning
need.nts we would eventually and
2135
01:26:37,576 --> 01:26:39,077
The first galaxies are beginning
Then, an extreme Earth tooky and
2136
01:26:39,111 --> 01:26:41,012
The first galaxies are beginning
shape and settled into just thed
2137
01:26:41,046 --> 01:26:42,781
The first galaxies are beginning
right conditions to support thed
2138
01:26:42,814 --> 01:26:44,583
The first galaxies are beginning
life. conditions to support thed
2139
01:26:44,616 --> 01:26:46,351
The first galaxies are beginning
As the planet evolved, life thed
2140
01:26:46,385 --> 01:26:48,120
The first galaxies are beginning
competed for energy, and grewhed
2141
01:26:48,153 --> 01:26:50,389
The first galaxies are beginning
more and more complex.nd grewhed
2142
01:26:50,422 --> 01:26:51,923
The first galaxies are beginning
Eventually, the conditions wered
2143
01:26:51,990 --> 01:26:55,394
The first galaxies are beginning
right for our species to rise.ed
2144
01:26:55,427 --> 01:26:57,496
The first galaxies are beginning
We mastered stone and fire.se.ed
2145
01:26:57,529 --> 01:26:59,164
The first galaxies are beginning
When the Ice Age came, we spread
2146
01:26:59,197 --> 01:27:00,732
The first galaxies are beginning
around the planet.ame, we spread
2147
01:27:00,766 --> 01:27:03,135
The first galaxies are beginning
And when the ice melted, we were
2148
01:27:03,168 --> 01:27:04,603
The first galaxies are beginning
stranded on differented, we were
2149
01:27:04,636 --> 01:27:05,670
The first galaxies are beginning
continents. differented, we were
2150
01:27:05,704 --> 01:27:06,905
The first galaxies are beginning
We learned to bend plants andere
2151
01:27:06,938 --> 01:27:09,941
The first galaxies are beginning
animals to our will.lants andere
2152
01:27:09,975 --> 01:27:12,411
The first galaxies are beginning
We built cities, thenants andere
2153
01:27:12,444 --> 01:27:14,045
The first galaxies are beginning
civilizations.s, thenants andere
2154
01:27:14,079 --> 01:27:16,114
The first galaxies are beginning
We created a vast network thatre
2155
01:27:16,148 --> 01:27:18,183
The first galaxies are beginning
linked empires, joinedork thatre
2156
01:27:18,216 --> 01:27:22,320
The first galaxies are beginning
continents, then crossed oceans.
2157
01:27:22,354 --> 01:27:23,488
The first galaxies are beginning
Just when it seemed we hadceans.
2158
01:27:23,522 --> 01:27:25,023
The first galaxies are beginning
reached our human limit, weeans.
2159
01:27:25,056 --> 01:27:26,491
The first galaxies are beginning
found the energy and technology.
2160
01:27:26,525 --> 01:27:29,728
The first galaxies are beginning
to carry us into the future.ogy.
2161
01:27:29,761 --> 01:27:31,863
The first galaxies are beginning
On Earth, the seeds of the past.
2162
01:27:31,897 --> 01:27:33,598
The first galaxies are beginning
have bloomed into a presentpast.
2163
01:27:33,632 --> 01:27:35,867
The first galaxies are beginning
filled with energy andesentpast.
2164
01:27:35,901 --> 01:27:37,669
The first galaxies are beginning
creativity. energy andesentpast.
2165
01:27:37,702 --> 01:27:39,137
The first galaxies are beginning
The stories of billions of lives
2166
01:27:39,171 --> 01:27:40,572
The first galaxies are beginning
have played out against thelives
2167
01:27:40,605 --> 01:27:43,408
The first galaxies are beginning
backdrop of a universe almostves
2168
01:27:43,442 --> 01:27:47,279
The first galaxies are beginning
too vast to comprehend.almostves
2169
01:27:47,312 --> 01:27:48,313
The first galaxies are beginning
In everything that we do, in all
2170
01:27:48,346 --> 01:27:49,781
The first galaxies are beginning
that we are, we remain livingall
2171
01:27:49,815 --> 01:27:51,850
The first galaxies are beginning
monuments to the past as wengall
2172
01:27:51,883 --> 01:27:54,085
The first galaxies are beginning
continue to make history everyll
2173
01:27:54,119 --> 01:27:55,954
The first galaxies are beginning
day.inue to make history everyll
2174
01:27:55,987 --> 01:27:56,721
The first galaxies are beginning
.Captioning sponsored by everyll
230590
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