Original subtitles

>> NARRATOR: What if we could

tell you everything, the entire

history of the world?the entire

Now, what if we told you wetire

could do it in just two hours?e

We're going to tell the whole?e

story, from the Big Bang to the

present day.the Big Bang to the

How the planet prepared for the

rise of man;et prepared for the

how the Stone Age led to thethe

steam engine; Age led to thethe

how the first seeds sproutedthe

into cities and civilizations.e

Everything is connected, ands.e

the path leads to you.d, ands.e

It took history 13.7 billions.e

years to unfold.13.7 billions.e

We'll show you everything you.e

need to know in the next twou.e

hours.o know in the next twou.e

.Captioning sponsored by twou.e

.A&E TELEVISION NETWORKS twou.e

>> NARRATOR: This is our infant

universe.OR: This is our infant

Everything that will ever exist, universe.OR: This is our infant

everything that will ever happen universe.OR: This is our infant

everything that will ever happen all begins here within thisfant

everything that will ever happen tiny bundle of energy smallernt

everything that will ever happen than an atom.f energy smallernt

everything that will ever happen And right now, history as wernt

know it is about to mysteriously And right now, history as wernt

know it is about to mysteriously begin.ght now, history as wernt

know it is about to mysteriously For reasons we may never know,t

know it is about to mysteriously our universe suddenly erupts.,t

>> In a millionth of a millionth our universe suddenly erupts.,t

>> In a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth,t

>> In a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth,t

>> In a millionth of a millionth of a second, it went from ath,t

>> In a millionth of a millionth size smaller than an atom toh,t

>> In a millionth of a millionth bigger than a galaxy.atom toh,t

>> In a millionth of a millionth Whoosh!than a galaxy.atom toh,t

>> In a millionth of a millionth >> NARRATOR: What you're seeing

>> In a millionth of a millionth is energy.R: What you're seeing

>> In a millionth of a millionth And it's one key toou're seeing

>> In a millionth of a millionth understanding everything thatng

>> In a millionth of a millionth will unfold in the next twoatng

>> In a millionth of a millionth hours.nfold in the next twoatng

>> In a millionth of a millionth Within a fraction of a second,g

>> In a millionth of a millionth the Big Bang creates all thed,g

>> In a millionth of a millionth energy that will ever exist--,g

>> In a millionth of a millionth all the energy that will powerg

>> In a millionth of a millionth the stars, that will fuelpowerg

>> In a millionth of a millionth anything that ever lives.powerg

>> In a millionth of a millionth All the energy that you willerg

>> In a millionth of a millionth ever consume dates back tollerg

>> In a millionth of a millionth the beginning of time.k tollerg

>> In a millionth of a millionth >> When you put gas into yourrg

>> In a millionth of a millionth car, you're tapping energy that

>> In a millionth of a millionth was created during the Big Bang.

>> In a millionth of a millionth You're tapping the energy ofang.

>> In a millionth of a millionth the universe itself.nergy ofang.

>> In a millionth of a millionth >> NARRATOR: We're only a fewng.

>> In a millionth of a millionth minutes into our two-hour fewng.

>> In a millionth of a millionth journey but, already, 380,000ng.

>> In a millionth of a millionth years have passed.dy, 380,000ng.

>> In a millionth of a millionth You are about to witness the0ng.

>> In a millionth of a millionth birth of your originalss the0ng.

>> In a millionth of a millionth ancestors, the first atoms.e0ng.

>> In a millionth of a millionth This is hydrogen.rst atoms.e0ng.

>> In a millionth of a millionth The universe will use it toe0ng.

>> In a millionth of a millionth make everything in the world0ng.

>> In a millionth of a millionth around us.thing in the world0ng.

>> In a millionth of a millionth >> Hydrogen is like a baseballg.

>> In a millionth of a millionth team.drogen is like a baseballg.

>> In a millionth of a millionth You say, "What player do I want.

>> In a millionth of a millionth to start my team with?"o I want.

>> In a millionth of a millionth Well, if I want to start a want.

>> In a millionth of a millionth universe, I want to starta want.

>> In a millionth of a millionth it with hydrogen, becausea want.

>> In a millionth of a millionth from that, with a lot of heatnt.

>> In a millionth of a millionth and a lot of pressure, you cant.

>> In a millionth of a millionth build more kinds of atoms. cant.

>> In a millionth of a millionth >> NARRATOR: The first atomsant.

>> In a millionth of a millionth blast through the earlyatomsant.

>> In a millionth of a millionth universe, and luckily for us,nt.

>> In a millionth of a millionth they don't spread out evenly.nt.

>> In a millionth of a millionth Because in those tiny pocketsnt.

>> In a millionth of a millionth with more atoms, gravity,ketsnt.

>> In a millionth of a millionth the great sculptor of the early.

>> In a millionth of a millionth universe, begins to work itsrly.

>> In a millionth of a millionth magic.se, begins to work itsrly.

The first galaxies are beginning magic.se, begins to work itsrly.

The first galaxies are beginning to form, revealing a timelessly.

The first galaxies are beginning secret of the universe.melessly.

The first galaxies are beginning Throughout history, wheneversly.

The first galaxies are beginning more matter and energy can bely.

The first galaxies are beginning drawn together in one place,ely.

The first galaxies are beginning more complex things can emerge..

The first galaxies are beginning >> We have all of these urbane..

The first galaxies are beginning centers around the planet where.

The first galaxies are beginning so much creativity, so muchhere.

The first galaxies are beginning art, so much science, so muchre.

The first galaxies are beginning culture came about, becausechre.

The first galaxies are beginning of all these opportunitiesechre.

The first galaxies are beginning for things to interact withchre.

The first galaxies are beginning each other.to interact withchre.

The first galaxies are beginning >> Really, in a sense, wherehre.

The first galaxies are beginning there is stuff, new stuff canre.

The first galaxies are beginning develop, and where there isn'te.

The first galaxies are beginning anything, nothing much cansn'te.

The first galaxies are beginning develop., nothing much cansn'te.

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: 300 million yearse.

The first galaxies are beginning after the Big Bang, inside ofse.

The first galaxies are beginning forming galaxies, gravitye ofse.

The first galaxies are beginning continues to squeeze togetherse.

The first galaxies are beginning clouds of gas and dust, causing.

The first galaxies are beginning pressure and heat to violentlyg.

The first galaxies are beginning rise.ure and heat to violentlyg.

The first galaxies are beginning When the temperature reacheslyg.

The first galaxies are beginning 18 million degrees Fahrenheit,g.

The first galaxies are beginning hydrogen atoms slam together,,g.

The first galaxies are beginning creating a new element, helium,.

The first galaxies are beginning and radiating bursts of energy..

The first galaxies are beginning The first stars are born.nergy..

The first galaxies are beginning >> Suddenly, there were thesey..

The first galaxies are beginning new beacons of light shiningey..

The first galaxies are beginning forth, pouring energy into the..

The first galaxies are beginning universe.uring energy into the..

The first galaxies are beginning Let there be light!gy into the..

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: But something ise..

The first galaxies are beginning missing from this earlying ise..

The first galaxies are beginning universe.rom this earlying ise..

The first galaxies are beginning There are billions of stars,se..

The first galaxies are beginning yet not a single planet.ars,se..

The first galaxies are beginning To form planets, andnet.ars,se..

The first galaxies are beginning eventually people, to takes,se..

The first galaxies are beginning the next leap that would makee..

The first galaxies are beginning all of history possible, theee..

The first galaxies are beginning universe needs more to work with

The first galaxies are beginning than just hydrogen and helium.th

The first galaxies are beginning >> The complicated elements,m.th

The first galaxies are beginning the heavier things that wes,m.th

The first galaxies are beginning build stuff out of-- forwes,m.th

The first galaxies are beginning example, iron-- or life, builtth

The first galaxies are beginning out of carbon and things liketth

The first galaxies are beginning that, they're actuallygs liketth

The first galaxies are beginning manufactured in stars.gs liketth

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: We may see starstth

The first galaxies are beginning like our own sun as sources ofth

The first galaxies are beginning light, but there is somethingfth

The first galaxies are beginning bigger happening deep inside.fth

The first galaxies are beginning Stars are element factories..fth

The first galaxies are beginning They fuse hydrogen into helium,h

The first galaxies are beginning helium into lithium-- forgingm,h

The first galaxies are beginning 25 of the most common elements,h

The first galaxies are beginning we'll need to live, includings,h

The first galaxies are beginning carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, ands,h

The first galaxies are beginning iron.n, oxygen, nitrogen, ands,h

The first galaxies are beginning So, more than 12 billion years,h

The first galaxies are beginning ago, stars are already creatingh

The first galaxies are beginning the element that will spur thegh

The first galaxies are beginning Iron Age, allow for the building

The first galaxies are beginning of cities and the creation ofing

The first galaxies are beginning some of mankind's most famousing

The first galaxies are beginning monuments.nkind's most famousing

The first galaxies are beginning But a look at the Statue ofusing

The first galaxies are beginning Liberty reveals the next ofusing

The first galaxies are beginning challenge awaiting the earlysing

The first galaxies are beginning universe. awaiting the earlysing

The first galaxies are beginning While the statue's frame isysing

The first galaxies are beginning iron, her skin requires ansysing

The first galaxies are beginning element too heavy to be made ing

The first galaxies are beginning stars.t too heavy to be made ing

The first galaxies are beginning For Lady Liberty to havemade ing

The first galaxies are beginning material for her skin, for there

The first galaxies are beginning to be gold for wedding rings ore

The first galaxies are beginning uranium for nuclear reactors,ore

The first galaxies are beginning some elements had to be createde

The first galaxies are beginning another way.s had to be createde

The first galaxies are beginning Stars don't have enough energyde

The first galaxies are beginning to do the job, but if thenergyde

The first galaxies are beginning element factory isn't powerfulde

The first galaxies are beginning enough, how about blowing up the

The first galaxies are beginning factory?how about blowing up the

The first galaxies are beginning >> Just a few million yearsp the

The first galaxies are beginning after the first stars formed,the

The first galaxies are beginning some of them exploded.formed,the

The first galaxies are beginning Wham!of them exploded.formed,the

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: These explosions,he

The first galaxies are beginning known as supernovas, are thes,he

The first galaxies are beginning biggest blasts in the universehe

The first galaxies are beginning since the Big Bang, providingehe

The first galaxies are beginning the extra boost of energy needed

The first galaxies are beginning to fuse heavier elements. needed

The first galaxies are beginning In the fiery blast of their ownd

The first galaxies are beginning destruction, stars createir ownd

The first galaxies are beginning uranium, gold-- all the rest ofd

The first galaxies are beginning the elements that will fill ourd

The first galaxies are beginning world, including copper.ill ourd

The first galaxies are beginning >> The periodic table of theourd

The first galaxies are beginning elements is really sort of therd

The first galaxies are beginning library of matter in theof therd

The first galaxies are beginning universe.f matter in theof therd

The first galaxies are beginning Those are your building blocks.d

The first galaxies are beginning Everything is coming out of that

The first galaxies are beginning particular chemistry set.of that

The first galaxies are beginning Supernovas are absolutelyof that

The first galaxies are beginning necessary for us to be here.that

The first galaxies are beginning You know, we have iron in ourhat

The first galaxies are beginning blood.ow, we have iron in ourhat

The first galaxies are beginning We have little bits of oldourhat

The first galaxies are beginning supernovae, therefore, justurhat

The first galaxies are beginning floating around through us.urhat

The first galaxies are beginning We are all stardust.ugh us.urhat

The first galaxies are beginning >> Copper and tin, Bronze Age.at

The first galaxies are beginning Without supernovas, there's noat

The first galaxies are beginning Bronze Age.ernovas, there's noat

The first galaxies are beginning Go to any supermarket and buy at

The first galaxies are beginning multivitamin, and go and look in

The first galaxies are beginning the ingredients.d go and look in

The first galaxies are beginning You'll find copper, you'll findn

The first galaxies are beginning zinc, you'll find selenium.findn

The first galaxies are beginning You'll find all sorts ofum.findn

The first galaxies are beginning elements that can only be madedn

The first galaxies are beginning in a supernova.an only be madedn

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: The elements madedn

The first galaxies are beginning by stars will become the seedsdn

The first galaxies are beginning of life on Earth and the drivers

The first galaxies are beginning of human history.and the drivers

The first galaxies are beginning But the journey has just begun.s

The first galaxies are beginning Before there can be life, then.s

The first galaxies are beginning universe has to build us athen.s

The first galaxies are beginning suitable home.o build us athen.s

The first galaxies are beginning To build a proper house, youen.s

The first galaxies are beginning have to assemble the rightouen.s

The first galaxies are beginning materials all in one place.uen.s

The first galaxies are beginning >> Now, when planets form, it'ss

The first galaxies are beginning the same thing.anets form, it'ss

The first galaxies are beginning It's the materials that you have

The first galaxies are beginning at hand that's going to dictatee

The first galaxies are beginning the kind of house that yourtatee

The first galaxies are beginning planet is going to be. yourtatee

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: To get enough oftee

The first galaxies are beginning the right material in the right

The first galaxies are beginning place all at once takes a veryt

The first galaxies are beginning long time.at once takes a veryt

The first galaxies are beginning Over the next eight billioneryt

The first galaxies are beginning years-- more than half ofoneryt

The first galaxies are beginning history, as we know it-- theryt

The first galaxies are beginning element factories continue their

The first galaxies are beginning work.nt factories continue their

The first galaxies are beginning Stars explode and are reborn,eir

The first galaxies are beginning each generation with more heavyr

The first galaxies are beginning elements than the last, untilvyr

The first galaxies are beginning 4.6 billion years ago, finally,r

The first galaxies are beginning there are enough materialsally,r

The first galaxies are beginning gathered for the next step ony,r

The first galaxies are beginning the path to us.e next step ony,r

The first galaxies are beginning A new star is born.xt step ony,r

The first galaxies are beginning This is our sun.rn.xt step ony,r

The first galaxies are beginning It's so massive that it'sp ony,r

The first galaxies are beginning gathered up 99.9% of the gas and

The first galaxies are beginning dust in the solar system, butand

The first galaxies are beginning there's still just enough leftnd

The first galaxies are beginning behind for gravity to buildeftnd

The first galaxies are beginning some other things, like planets.

The first galaxies are beginning The third one out from this star

The first galaxies are beginning will be our home. from this star

The first galaxies are beginning By the time Earth emerges, justr

The first galaxies are beginning over four and half billion years

The first galaxies are beginning ago, two thirds of the historyrs

The first galaxies are beginning of the universe has alreadyoryrs

The first galaxies are beginning passed.universe has alreadyoryrs

The first galaxies are beginning The first sunrises sweep acrosss

The first galaxies are beginning a foreboding alien planet, aosss

The first galaxies are beginning world spinning so rapidly that a

The first galaxies are beginning day lasts only six hours. that a

The first galaxies are beginning >> When you go back to the early

The first galaxies are beginning Earth, right after the planetrly

The first galaxies are beginning formed, you really have to think

The first galaxies are beginning of the Earth as another planet.k

The first galaxies are beginning The sun would have looked outt.k

The first galaxies are beginning over a hellacious scene of justk

The first galaxies are beginning molten lava, and in places, youk

The first galaxies are beginning would see rafts of blackes, youk

The first galaxies are beginning volcanic rock.s of blackes, youk

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Within thekes, youk

The first galaxies are beginning liquefied rock, the elements are

The first galaxies are beginning all in a jumble.the elements are

The first galaxies are beginning Something has to bring order out

The first galaxies are beginning of this chaos.to bring order out

The first galaxies are beginning And once again, that somethingut

The first galaxies are beginning is gravity.ain, that somethingut

The first galaxies are beginning Lighter material drifts towardut

The first galaxies are beginning the surface and forms a soliddut

The first galaxies are beginning crust, while heavier materialdut

The first galaxies are beginning sinks toward the center, forming

The first galaxies are beginning a molten iron-nickel core.orming

The first galaxies are beginning This churning liquid metalorming

The first galaxies are beginning creates a magnetic field thating

The first galaxies are beginning reaches out into space.d thating

The first galaxies are beginning Like a force field, it willating

The first galaxies are beginning protect our future home from the

The first galaxies are beginning Sun's deadly charged particleshe

The first galaxies are beginning Soon, this magnetic field willhe

The first galaxies are beginning allow for life to grow, andillhe

The first galaxies are beginning later, guide the explorers whohe

The first galaxies are beginning will connect two halves of thehe

The first galaxies are beginning world.onnect two halves of thehe

The first galaxies are beginning But for all this to unfold, thee

The first galaxies are beginning Earth will need a critical, thee

The first galaxies are beginning partner.ll need a critical, thee

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: 4.5 billion yearsee

The first galaxies are beginning ago, an object the size of Marse

The first galaxies are beginning smashes into the planet at Marse

The first galaxies are beginning 25,000 miles per hour.t at Marse

The first galaxies are beginning Earth swallows up much of therse

The first galaxies are beginning impactor, but a spray of moltene

The first galaxies are beginning debris is whipped off intooltene

The first galaxies are beginning space. is whipped off intooltene

The first galaxies are beginning Within as little as a year,ltene

The first galaxies are beginning gravity gathers this debris into

The first galaxies are beginning a secondary sphere in orbit into

The first galaxies are beginning around the Earth, where it hasto

The first galaxies are beginning been ever since., where it hasto

The first galaxies are beginning >> The formation of the moon was

The first galaxies are beginning an incredibly important event in

The first galaxies are beginning Earth's history.portant event in

The first galaxies are beginning >> And in fact, its creation, in

The first galaxies are beginning over four billion years ago isin

The first galaxies are beginning really important to the Earth'sn

The first galaxies are beginning climate today.nt to the Earth'sn

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: The moon keepsth'sn

The first galaxies are beginning Earth steady.The moon keepsth'sn

The first galaxies are beginning Its gravitational pull preventsn

The first galaxies are beginning the planet from wobbling, saving

The first galaxies are beginning us from wild climate swings.ving

The first galaxies are beginning And the collision that formeding

The first galaxies are beginning the moon leaves Earth tilted ong

The first galaxies are beginning its axis, giving the planet aong

The first galaxies are beginning key ingredient to life--net aong

The first galaxies are beginning seasons.edient to life--net aong

The first galaxies are beginning >> Having seasons is very, veryg

The first galaxies are beginning important for the evolution ofyg

The first galaxies are beginning life on the Earth, and havingfyg

The first galaxies are beginning some stability in the tilt offyg

The first galaxies are beginning those axes, that's very, veryfyg

The first galaxies are beginning important also for maintainingyg

The first galaxies are beginning life on the Earth. maintainingyg

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: The moon's gravityg

The first galaxies are beginning also begins to slow Earth'svityg

The first galaxies are beginning rotation, which will eventuallyg

The first galaxies are beginning lengthen our days from six hours

The first galaxies are beginning to 24.en our days from six hours

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: 4.4 billion yearsrs

The first galaxies are beginning ago.ARRATOR: 4.4 billion yearsrs

The first galaxies are beginning It's too hot on Earth for liquid

The first galaxies are beginning water to exist, but there'siquid

The first galaxies are beginning water vapor-- steam-- in thequid

The first galaxies are beginning atmosphere.-- steam-- in thequid

The first galaxies are beginning The trick is how to get it outid

The first galaxies are beginning of the sky.s how to get it outid

The first galaxies are beginning Onto any world where you hope to

The first galaxies are beginning have life, a little rain must to

The first galaxies are beginning fall.life, a little rain must to

The first galaxies are beginning For millions of years, as the to

The first galaxies are beginning planet cools, rain pours down,to

The first galaxies are beginning forming puddles, lakes and,wn,to

The first galaxies are beginning eventually, our oceans.and,wn,to

The first galaxies are beginning By 3.8 billion years ago, our,to

The first galaxies are beginning planet has a moon and permanento

The first galaxies are beginning oceans, but it hardly resembleso

The first galaxies are beginning the place we now call home.bleso

The first galaxies are beginning To become the stage for all ofso

The first galaxies are beginning human history, Earth needs anfso

The first galaxies are beginning oxygen-rich atmosphere, fertileo

The first galaxies are beginning continents for people tofertileo

The first galaxies are beginning discover and develop. tofertileo

The first galaxies are beginning Who will create our modernrtileo

The first galaxies are beginning world?ll create our modernrtileo

The first galaxies are beginning There's a trillion of themrtileo

The first galaxies are beginning crawling on your skin right now.

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: We're telling thew.

The first galaxies are beginning history of the world in twothew.

The first galaxies are beginning hours, from the Big Bang to the.

The first galaxies are beginning present day.the Big Bang to the.

The first galaxies are beginning And our modern world holdso the.

The first galaxies are beginning important clues to the story.he.

The first galaxies are beginning In fact, structures like thishe.

The first galaxies are beginning hide a mysterious link to thehe.

The first galaxies are beginning first life on Earth.nk to thehe.

The first galaxies are beginning 3.8 billion years ago, beneathe.

The first galaxies are beginning the surface of our primevalathe.

The first galaxies are beginning oceans, a revolution is takinge.

The first galaxies are beginning place., a revolution is takinge.

The first galaxies are beginning Six simple elements-- including.

The first galaxies are beginning hydrogen from the Big Bang, and.

The first galaxies are beginning oxygen, carbon, and nitrogenand.

The first galaxies are beginning created by stars-- have combined

The first galaxies are beginning to form the key substances thatd

The first galaxies are beginning will make up all life, including

The first galaxies are beginning us.l make up all life, including

The first galaxies are beginning The most spectacular is DNA.ding

The first galaxies are beginning Within its spirals hide the.ding

The first galaxies are beginning secret codes of life.de the.ding

The first galaxies are beginning 700,000 years after the planetng

The first galaxies are beginning first formed, life on Earthnetng

The first galaxies are beginning begins.ormed, life on Earthnetng

The first galaxies are beginning We stand not on the shoulders of

The first galaxies are beginning giants, but of tiny organisms--f

The first galaxies are beginning bacteria.ut of tiny organisms--f

The first galaxies are beginning >> We're very egocentric.isms--f

The first galaxies are beginning We think that we animals run the

The first galaxies are beginning world but, in fact, we are verye

The first galaxies are beginning late entrants.fact, we are verye

The first galaxies are beginning It was an empire of bacteriaerye

The first galaxies are beginning long before animals.bacteriaerye

The first galaxies are beginning Animals come along, and we likee

The first galaxies are beginning to think that we wiped out thate

The first galaxies are beginning empire.k that we wiped out thate

The first galaxies are beginning Well, we would be dead if wehate

The first galaxies are beginning wiped out that empire. if wehate

The first galaxies are beginning I have within me an entire zoote

The first galaxies are beginning of bacteria.n me an entire zoote

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: In fact, each onete

The first galaxies are beginning of us has more bacteria livingte

The first galaxies are beginning in our bodies than there arengte

The first galaxies are beginning people on the planet.ere arengte

The first galaxies are beginning For billions of years , microbes

The first galaxies are beginning like these will have Earth tobes

The first galaxies are beginning themselves.will have Earth tobes

The first galaxies are beginning Like our infant universe, thebes

The first galaxies are beginning first life is small, simple, and

The first galaxies are beginning full of possibilities.imple, and

The first galaxies are beginning The secret of how it explodesand

The first galaxies are beginning into all the incredible forms we

The first galaxies are beginning see today, including us, goes we

The first galaxies are beginning back to the beginning of time.we

The first galaxies are beginning As we've seen, all the energy.we

The first galaxies are beginning that will ever exist was created

The first galaxies are beginning in the Big Bang.xist was created

The first galaxies are beginning All creatures need to grab their

The first galaxies are beginning share of this energy to survive.

The first galaxies are beginning The more we harness, the moreve.

The first galaxies are beginning efficiently we use it, the more.

The first galaxies are beginning complex we can become. the more.

The first galaxies are beginning And almost all of our share ofe.

The first galaxies are beginning the Big Bang's energy is beamed.

The first galaxies are beginning to us by the sun.ergy is beamed.

The first galaxies are beginning Two and half billion years ago,.

The first galaxies are beginning some very special bacteria ago,.

The first galaxies are beginning figure out how to consume theo,.

The first galaxies are beginning sun's energy to live.sume theo,.

The first galaxies are beginning In doing this, they also create.

The first galaxies are beginning the most important waste product

The first galaxies are beginning in the history of the world--uct

The first galaxies are beginning oxygen.history of the world--uct

The first galaxies are beginning Soon, oxygen will remakerld--uct

The first galaxies are beginning our world, but first, it has-uct

The first galaxies are beginning another important job to do.-uct

The first galaxies are beginning Earth's ancient seas are full of

The first galaxies are beginning iron particles, and everyonel of

The first galaxies are beginning knows what happens when oxygenof

The first galaxies are beginning meets iron.happens when oxygenof

The first galaxies are beginning >> Here, I'm a little bacterium.

The first galaxies are beginning I've produced this oxygenterium.

The first galaxies are beginning molecule, and here's a big piece

The first galaxies are beginning of iron and, clump, I rust it.ce

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: This rusted iron.ce

The first galaxies are beginning collects on the sea floor.ron.ce

The first galaxies are beginning Billions of years later, thesece

The first galaxies are beginning huge deposits will be raised upe

The first galaxies are beginning to become major sources of thepe

The first galaxies are beginning world's iron and steel. of thepe

The first galaxies are beginning >> It was these iron depositsepe

The first galaxies are beginning that, later on, drove thesitsepe

The first galaxies are beginning Industrial Revolution.thesitsepe

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: In this way, theepe

The first galaxies are beginning Brooklyn Bridge and the otherepe

The first galaxies are beginning early landmarks of thee otherepe

The first galaxies are beginning Industrial age are a direct link

The first galaxies are beginning to some of the first life formsk

The first galaxies are beginning on Earth.f the first life formsk

The first galaxies are beginning Once there's no more iron leftsk

The first galaxies are beginning in the sea to rust, these leftsk

The first galaxies are beginning ancient bacteria have a missionk

The first galaxies are beginning to complete.eria have a missionk

The first galaxies are beginning They create so much oxygen thatk

The first galaxies are beginning it fills the oceans and escapesk

The first galaxies are beginning into the atmosphere.and escapesk

The first galaxies are beginning >> And from then on, we have ask

The first galaxies are beginning very different planet from allsk

The first galaxies are beginning the other planets in the solarsk

The first galaxies are beginning system.er planets in the solarsk

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Now, life takes ask

The first galaxies are beginning giant leap.: Now, life takes ask

The first galaxies are beginning For the first time, someakes ask

The first galaxies are beginning bacteria learn to live onkes ask

The first galaxies are beginning oxygen.a learn to live onkes ask

The first galaxies are beginning Every human breath is a ritualsk

The first galaxies are beginning two and a half billion yearsalsk

The first galaxies are beginning old.and a half billion yearsalsk

The first galaxies are beginning >> Life tends to stick with what

The first galaxies are beginning works, even over the course ofat

The first galaxies are beginning billions of years.he course ofat

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Oxygen is a gamefat

The first galaxies are beginning changer.TOR: Oxygen is a gamefat

The first galaxies are beginning By taming its power, life hasfat

The first galaxies are beginning found a better way to energizeat

The first galaxies are beginning itself-- 20 times more efficient

The first galaxies are beginning than anything used on Earthcient

The first galaxies are beginning before.ything used on Earthcient

The first galaxies are beginning What life does with all this new

The first galaxies are beginning energy will be the story thatnew

The first galaxies are beginning leads to us.be the story thatnew

The first galaxies are beginning Over the next two billion years,

The first galaxies are beginning life becomes more complex, skies

The first galaxies are beginning become blue, and so do the skies

The first galaxies are beginning oceans that reflect them.e skies

The first galaxies are beginning Large, solid continents appear.s

The first galaxies are beginning Earth is beginning to look mores

The first galaxies are beginning like the place we now call home.

The first galaxies are beginning 550 million years ago.call home.

The first galaxies are beginning As the planet celebrates itsome.

The first galaxies are beginning four billionth birthday, oxygen.

The first galaxies are beginning levels in the atmosphere haveen.

The first galaxies are beginning risen from next to nothing to as

The first galaxies are beginning much as 13%.ext to nothing to as

The first galaxies are beginning Take a deep breath, because life

The first galaxies are beginning on Earth is about to go wild.ife

The first galaxies are beginning This is the Cambrian Explosion,e

The first galaxies are beginning biology's version of the Bigon,e

The first galaxies are beginning Bang.gy's version of the Bigon,e

The first galaxies are beginning >> Right after you have abundant

The first galaxies are beginning oxygen, you get size andabundant

The first galaxies are beginning complexity, and oxygen lets yout

The first galaxies are beginning do that.ty, and oxygen lets yout

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: It's in thists yout

The first galaxies are beginning breathtaking span of roughly 30t

The first galaxies are beginning million years that most of the0t

The first galaxies are beginning major animal groups evolve.the0t

The first galaxies are beginning By 500 million years ago, thee0t

The first galaxies are beginning first bony fish have evolved int

The first galaxies are beginning the seas.y fish have evolved int

The first galaxies are beginning These fish are our directved int

The first galaxies are beginning ancestors. are our directved int

The first galaxies are beginning Though they look nothing likeint

The first galaxies are beginning us, they evolve the body partsnt

The first galaxies are beginning that will make our own bodiessnt

The first galaxies are beginning possible, including a spine, and

The first galaxies are beginning a mouth with jaws and teeth. and

The first galaxies are beginning >> We owe a great deal to ourand

The first galaxies are beginning fish ancestors.at deal to ourand

The first galaxies are beginning In fact, all vertebrates todaynd

The first galaxies are beginning really represent modificationsnd

The first galaxies are beginning of the original fish body plan.d

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: For the first fourd

The first galaxies are beginning billion years of Earth'sst fourd

The first galaxies are beginning history, plants and animals have

The first galaxies are beginning stuck to the seas.d animals have

The first galaxies are beginning But that all begins to change.ve

The first galaxies are beginning With oxygen comes an ozonenge.ve

The first galaxies are beginning layer, protecting us fromenge.ve

The first galaxies are beginning dangerous radiation. fromenge.ve

The first galaxies are beginning Plants make the move first.ge.ve

The first galaxies are beginning Around 400 million years ago,.ve

The first galaxies are beginning animals are ready to take the.ve

The first galaxies are beginning leap.ls are ready to take the.ve

The first galaxies are beginning Among the first ashore are theve

The first galaxies are beginning amphibians, whose descendantseve

The first galaxies are beginning will include us.e descendantseve

The first galaxies are beginning >> The most amazing thing aboute

The first galaxies are beginning animal evolution ever, for meute

The first galaxies are beginning personally, is that moment thate

The first galaxies are beginning first amphibian walks out of the

The first galaxies are beginning primeval ocean onto land and the

The first galaxies are beginning takes a big gulp of air. and the

The first galaxies are beginning Kind of like great, great,nd the

The first galaxies are beginning great, great, great, great-d the

The first galaxies are beginning grandpa coming out of the oceane

The first galaxies are beginning and seeing this fantastic world.

The first galaxies are beginning And it's like "Hey, I can lived.

The first galaxies are beginning here.t's like "Hey, I can lived.

The first galaxies are beginning Look at those trees, look atved.

The first galaxies are beginning those bugs.se trees, look atved.

The first galaxies are beginning There's food here.s, look atved.

The first galaxies are beginning I can do this."re.s, look atved.

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Eventually, humans.

The first galaxies are beginning will conquer every imaginablens.

The first galaxies are beginning terrain.quer every imaginablens.

The first galaxies are beginning But before we can do that, ours.

The first galaxies are beginning ancestors must first cut theirs.

The first galaxies are beginning final tie to the water, matings.

The first galaxies are beginning season.ie to the water, matings.

The first galaxies are beginning Like modern frogs, they havengs.

The first galaxies are beginning jelly-like eggs that would drys.

The first galaxies are beginning out on land.ggs that would drys.

The first galaxies are beginning But some amphibians eventuallys.

The first galaxies are beginning solve the problem.s eventuallys.

The first galaxies are beginning They evolve a new form of eggys.

The first galaxies are beginning with a shell that keeps theggys.

The first galaxies are beginning moisture in. that keeps theggys.

The first galaxies are beginning This allows us to carry theggys.

The first galaxies are beginning ocean with us onto land, andgys.

The first galaxies are beginning signals the evolution of andgys.

The first galaxies are beginning amphibians into reptiles.andgys.

The first galaxies are beginning >> You could be 300, 400, 500,s.

The first galaxies are beginning 1,000 miles away from water, and

The first galaxies are beginning still have the water in that egg

The first galaxies are beginning in order to birth.er in that egg

The first galaxies are beginning That is the key.h.er in that egg

The first galaxies are beginning It cuts that final tie to theegg

The first galaxies are beginning ocean.s that final tie to theegg

The first galaxies are beginning That way, we could colonize theg

The first galaxies are beginning rest of the land.d colonize theg

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: 300 million yearseg

The first galaxies are beginning ago.ARRATOR: 300 million yearseg

The first galaxies are beginning Life flourishes in massiveearseg

The first galaxies are beginning tropical swamps, where planetseg

The first galaxies are beginning Earth is cooking up a surprise.g

The first galaxies are beginning As plants die here, they arese.g

The first galaxies are beginning buried, compacted, and cooked..g

The first galaxies are beginning Energy created in the Big Bang,g

The first galaxies are beginning and radiated by the sun toBang,g

The first galaxies are beginning plants on Earth, is now locked,g

The first galaxies are beginning away underground as coal, a gift

The first galaxies are beginning to be opened by human beingsgift

The first galaxies are beginning millions of years in the future.

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: 250 million yearse.

The first galaxies are beginning ago.ARRATOR: 250 million yearse.

The first galaxies are beginning An apocalypse unfolds-- thearse.

The first galaxies are beginning biggest spike in volcanichearse.

The first galaxies are beginning activity since the early days of

The first galaxies are beginning the planet.nce the early days of

The first galaxies are beginning The atmosphere is choked with of

The first galaxies are beginning carbon dioxide, and thed with of

The first galaxies are beginning diversity of animal life spawned

The first galaxies are beginning in the Cambrian Explosion iswned

The first galaxies are beginning stopped dead in its tracks.swned

The first galaxies are beginning More than 70% of all species ond

The first galaxies are beginning Earth go extinct in the worstond

The first galaxies are beginning mass die-off in history, thetond

The first galaxies are beginning Permian Extinction.tory, thetond

The first galaxies are beginning Extinction is a recurringthetond

The first galaxies are beginning character in the story of planet

The first galaxies are beginning Earth.ter in the story of planet

The first galaxies are beginning Five times in the last 500planet

The first galaxies are beginning million years, some cataclysmnet

The first galaxies are beginning wiped out the dominant species.t

The first galaxies are beginning It's a reshuffling of the deck.t

The first galaxies are beginning that allows new creatures tock.t

The first galaxies are beginning take hold-- new creatures tock.t

The first galaxies are beginning new creatures like theres tock.t

The first galaxies are beginning dinosaurs.res like theres tock.t

The first galaxies are beginning Dinosaurs will reign for theck.t

The first galaxies are beginning next 160 million years.r theck.t

The first galaxies are beginning During that time, the firsteck.t

The first galaxies are beginning hardwood forests appear, andck.t

The first galaxies are beginning after more than four billionck.t

The first galaxies are beginning years, the moon's gravityionck.t

The first galaxies are beginning finally settles Earth into ack.t

The first galaxies are beginning 24-hour day.les Earth into ack.t

The first galaxies are beginning At the start of the dinosaurck.t

The first galaxies are beginning era, the continents areosaurck.t

The first galaxies are beginning clustered together into a single

The first galaxies are beginning landmass we call Pangaea. single

The first galaxies are beginning But now, they start to breakngle

The first galaxies are beginning apart.w, they start to breakngle

The first galaxies are beginning Africa separates from Southkngle

The first galaxies are beginning America.eparates from Southkngle

The first galaxies are beginning The vast Atlantic Ocean opensgle

The first galaxies are beginning up, creating what will becomegle

The first galaxies are beginning one of the defining barriers ofe

The first galaxies are beginning human history-- the gulf between

The first galaxies are beginning the Old and New Worlds.f between

The first galaxies are beginning The undisputed stars of thetween

The first galaxies are beginning dinosaur era are animals likeeen

The first galaxies are beginning Triceratops and T. Rex.s likeeen

The first galaxies are beginning But there are some importanteeen

The first galaxies are beginning creatures scurrying around their

The first galaxies are beginning feet.ures scurrying around their

The first galaxies are beginning >> If we were to trace our their

The first galaxies are beginning lineage back far enough, wetheir

The first galaxies are beginning would come to really smalletheir

The first galaxies are beginning shrew-like mammals surrounded by

The first galaxies are beginning these titans of reptile life. by

The first galaxies are beginning During that time, mammals, we by

The first galaxies are beginning were living on the fringes.we by

The first galaxies are beginning We were maybe stealing dinosaury

The first galaxies are beginning eggs, maybe just eking out anury

The first galaxies are beginning existence.e just eking out anury

The first galaxies are beginning So the dinosaurs kind of held us

The first galaxies are beginning back.e dinosaurs kind of held us

The first galaxies are beginning >> The biggest headline of theus

The first galaxies are beginning history of dinosaurs, which isus

The first galaxies are beginning 160 million years, is that wesus

The first galaxies are beginning lost!illion years, is that wesus

The first galaxies are beginning Mammals lost.ears, is that wesus

The first galaxies are beginning We couldn't get much biggerwesus

The first galaxies are beginning than a small cat.uch biggerwesus

The first galaxies are beginning For 160 million years, all theus

The first galaxies are beginning medium size, medium big, big,eus

The first galaxies are beginning gigantic and stupendous animalss

The first galaxies are beginning were dinosaurs for that wholelss

The first galaxies are beginning time.dinosaurs for that wholelss

The first galaxies are beginning They beat us fair and square.lss

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: But the deck is.lss

The first galaxies are beginning about to be reshuffled.ck is.lss

The first galaxies are beginning 65 million years ago.d.ck is.lss

The first galaxies are beginning A six-mile-wide object, likelyss

The first galaxies are beginning an asteroid, slams into theelyss

The first galaxies are beginning Earth.eroid, slams into theelyss

The first galaxies are beginning A dust cloud blocks out the Sun.

The first galaxies are beginning Temperatures plummet.ut the Sun.

The first galaxies are beginning Every creature on land weighing.

The first galaxies are beginning over 50 pounds goes extinct.ing.

The first galaxies are beginning The reign of the dinosaurs isng.

The first galaxies are beginning over.eign of the dinosaurs isng.

The first galaxies are beginning >> The greatest gift that theng.

The first galaxies are beginning dinosaurs ever gave us wastheng.

The first galaxies are beginning dying.urs ever gave us wastheng.

The first galaxies are beginning When they went extinct, it gave.

The first galaxies are beginning the mammals time to rise.t gave.

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: It doesn't takeave.

The first galaxies are beginning long after the disappearance of.

The first galaxies are beginning the dinosaurs for the first true

The first galaxies are beginning primates to appear.he first true

The first galaxies are beginning Like their later versions,t true

The first galaxies are beginning including us, these mammals have

The first galaxies are beginning evolved forward-facing eyes,have

The first galaxies are beginning allowing for accurate depth,have

The first galaxies are beginning perception, and flexible handsve

The first galaxies are beginning with five digits.lexible handsve

The first galaxies are beginning >> They have five fingers, juste

The first galaxies are beginning like us, which means we canjuste

The first galaxies are beginning grasp things.h means we canjuste

The first galaxies are beginning If you think about other animals

The first galaxies are beginning that don't have digits organized

The first galaxies are beginning the way ours are, their abilityd

The first galaxies are beginning to hold things, to manipulatetyd

The first galaxies are beginning objects is much more limited.tyd

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: 50 million yearstyd

The first galaxies are beginning ago.ARRATOR: 50 million yearstyd

The first galaxies are beginning Our primate ancestors areearstyd

The first galaxies are beginning evolving on a planet that isstyd

The first galaxies are beginning warming. on a planet that isstyd

The first galaxies are beginning It's so hot, there are junglesyd

The first galaxies are beginning at the poles.there are junglesyd

The first galaxies are beginning As the continents drift, theesyd

The first galaxies are beginning Americas and Africa have almostd

The first galaxies are beginning fully taken shape, but inalmostd

The first galaxies are beginning northern Africa, modern daymostd

The first galaxies are beginning Egypt is submerged beneath anstd

The first galaxies are beginning ancient sea.merged beneath anstd

The first galaxies are beginning On the floor of that sea livestd

The first galaxies are beginning small shelled creatures calledtd

The first galaxies are beginning nummulites.ed creatures calledtd

The first galaxies are beginning Their shells, made of calciumdtd

The first galaxies are beginning and carbon, pile up on the seatd

The first galaxies are beginning bottom over millions of years,td

The first galaxies are beginning where they form into limestone--

The first galaxies are beginning limestone that will be used to--

The first galaxies are beginning build the great pyramids.ed to--

The first galaxies are beginning If you look closely at thed to--

The first galaxies are beginning pyramids today, you can stillo--

The first galaxies are beginning see evidence that these 4,000---

The first galaxies are beginning year-old monuments are, in fact,

The first galaxies are beginning made of 50-million-year oldfact,

The first galaxies are beginning seashells.-million-year oldfact,

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: By ten millionfact,

The first galaxies are beginning years ago, Earth is morphingact,

The first galaxies are beginning into a world most of us wouldct,

The first galaxies are beginning recognize.ld most of us wouldct,

The first galaxies are beginning The Colorado River is carvingct,

The first galaxies are beginning out the Grand Canyon. carvingct,

The first galaxies are beginning Mountain ranges, like thevingct,

The first galaxies are beginning Himalayas, have arisen.hevingct,

The first galaxies are beginning They are so tall, they disruptt,

The first galaxies are beginning weather patterns, setting thett,

The first galaxies are beginning stage for a colder planet.thett,

The first galaxies are beginning The Isthmus of Panama emerges to

The first galaxies are beginning connect North and South America,

The first galaxies are beginning cleaving the connection between,

The first galaxies are beginning the Atlantic and the Pacific,en,

The first galaxies are beginning disrupting ocean currents anden,

The first galaxies are beginning tipping the world even morenden,

The first galaxies are beginning towards an Ice Age.ven morenden,

The first galaxies are beginning With the planet getting colder,,

The first galaxies are beginning our primate ancestors hang on in

The first galaxies are beginning the tropics, but a new creaturen

The first galaxies are beginning is coming in that threatens toen

The first galaxies are beginning destroy them.that threatens toen

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Seven million years

The first galaxies are beginning ago, our primate ancestors lives

The first galaxies are beginning safely in the trees.estors lives

The first galaxies are beginning But their neighborhood is abouts

The first galaxies are beginning to be invaded.hborhood is abouts

The first galaxies are beginning This newcomer will have asabouts

The first galaxies are beginning profound an effect on humanbouts

The first galaxies are beginning history as any other livingbouts

The first galaxies are beginning thing on Earth.other livingbouts

The first galaxies are beginning It seems almost impossible touts

The first galaxies are beginning believe, but one of the mostouts

The first galaxies are beginning important things that will leads

The first galaxies are beginning to the emergence of us is theads

The first galaxies are beginning emergence of grass. us is theads

The first galaxies are beginning >> The grasslands appear almosts

The first galaxies are beginning simultaneously around the world.

The first galaxies are beginning We get the African savannas, we.

The first galaxies are beginning get the Eurasian steppe lands,e.

The first galaxies are beginning we get the North Americalands,e.

The first galaxies are beginning prairies, we get the greatnds,e.

The first galaxies are beginning grasslands of Argentina,atnds,e.

The first galaxies are beginning appearing simultaneously around.

The first galaxies are beginning the world.simultaneously around.

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: In eastern Africa,.

The first galaxies are beginning grasslands invade thern Africa,.

The first galaxies are beginning traditional woodland habitat of.

The first galaxies are beginning our ape ancestors.nd habitat of.

The first galaxies are beginning With fewer trees and greater of.

The first galaxies are beginning gaps between them, our ancestors

The first galaxies are beginning have to adapt.hem, our ancestors

The first galaxies are beginning >> Apes would notice thatcestors

The first galaxies are beginning there's more and more apes inors

The first galaxies are beginning the same tree, and less and less

The first galaxies are beginning food, increasing incentives fors

The first galaxies are beginning apes to go from one patch offors

The first galaxies are beginning food to a different one,h offors

The first galaxies are beginning separated by grasslands.h offors

The first galaxies are beginning Now, one way to do it is to runs

The first galaxies are beginning like hell.ay to do it is to runs

The first galaxies are beginning The other way to do it is toruns

The first galaxies are beginning extend one's food sources intons

The first galaxies are beginning the grasslands, to seek out thes

The first galaxies are beginning foods that are available there.s

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: And so, some apes.s

The first galaxies are beginning make the move down into thises.s

The first galaxies are beginning stark, new habitat.into thises.s

The first galaxies are beginning It's a landscape better-suited.s

The first galaxies are beginning to primates that can walk on two

The first galaxies are beginning legs, keeping their heads up two

The first galaxies are beginning above the tall grasses to watcho

The first galaxies are beginning for predators. grasses to watcho

The first galaxies are beginning Standing on two feet is a watcho

The first galaxies are beginning revolutionary advance, becauseho

The first galaxies are beginning it frees up our hands, hands weo

The first galaxies are beginning will need to shape humanands weo

The first galaxies are beginning history.d to shape humanands weo

The first galaxies are beginning 2.6 million years ago.anands weo

The first galaxies are beginning Early proto-humans, or hominids,

The first galaxies are beginning walk an Earth whose rocks areds,

The first galaxies are beginning loaded with the element silicon.

The first galaxies are beginning Created in the cores of starson.

The first galaxies are beginning billions of years before,tarson.

The first galaxies are beginning silicon is the second mostarson.

The first galaxies are beginning abundant element in Earth'srson.

The first galaxies are beginning crust.nt element in Earth'srson.

The first galaxies are beginning One of its chemical quirks ison.

The first galaxies are beginning the ability to bond with oxygen.

The first galaxies are beginning to form crystals that combineen.

The first galaxies are beginning into solid rocks, rocks that can

The first galaxies are beginning be chipped and shaped withoutcan

The first galaxies are beginning shattering.and shaped withoutcan

The first galaxies are beginning >> Hominids started doing thisan

The first galaxies are beginning 2.6 million years ago, breakingn

The first galaxies are beginning crypto-crystalline silicates ton

The first galaxies are beginning make sharp edges.e silicates ton

The first galaxies are beginning And people use them forcates ton

The first galaxies are beginning millions-- literally, 2.6tes ton

The first galaxies are beginning million years.erally, 2.6tes ton

The first galaxies are beginning >> Simply having a modifieds ton

The first galaxies are beginning stone with a sharp edge on it,on

The first galaxies are beginning now, suddenly, you have an it,on

The first galaxies are beginning hammer, you have a crude cutting

The first galaxies are beginning edge.r, you have a crude cutting

The first galaxies are beginning A simple modified stone means ag

The first galaxies are beginning human can suddenly do 1,000 more

The first galaxies are beginning things than we could do,000 more

The first galaxies are beginning previously. we could do,000 more

The first galaxies are beginning That little extra bit of000 more

The first galaxies are beginning technology enabled our ancestors

The first galaxies are beginning to persist and eventually turnrs

The first galaxies are beginning into us.st and eventually turnrs

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Silicon launchesnrs

The first galaxies are beginning the first technologicalunchesnrs

The first galaxies are beginning revolution, the Stone Age.hesnrs

The first galaxies are beginning Millions of years after ithesnrs

The first galaxies are beginning powers our first handheldthesnrs

The first galaxies are beginning devices, another chemical quirks

The first galaxies are beginning of silicon will make it theuirks

The first galaxies are beginning height of technology once again.

The first galaxies are beginning The next leap towards becomingn.

The first galaxies are beginning truly human lies on a little-gn.

The first galaxies are beginning known secret of our home planet.

The first galaxies are beginning In the known universe, it turns.

The first galaxies are beginning out Earth may have a rare andns.

The first galaxies are beginning special power.have a rare andns.

The first galaxies are beginning >> Of all the planets and moons.

The first galaxies are beginning in the solar system, we thinkns.

The first galaxies are beginning that Earth is unique in thenkns.

The first galaxies are beginning ability to sustain fire.thenkns.

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Other planets ands.

The first galaxies are beginning moons have lightning and lava,s.

The first galaxies are beginning but only on Earth do we have the

The first galaxies are beginning two critical things we need fore

The first galaxies are beginning fire to burn-- a vast fueld fore

The first galaxies are beginning supply in the form of plants and

The first galaxies are beginning trees, and an atmosphere full of

The first galaxies are beginning oxygen to fan the flames.full of

The first galaxies are beginning >> If fire wasn't a possibility,

The first galaxies are beginning you'd have nothing like... like,

The first galaxies are beginning us running around. like... like,

The first galaxies are beginning Homo sapiens, they made a world,

The first galaxies are beginning with fire.ns, they made a world,

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Our ancestors have,

The first galaxies are beginning fire firmly under control byave,

The first galaxies are beginning 800,000 years ago.control byave,

The first galaxies are beginning It's a skill that connects usve,

The first galaxies are beginning back to the very beginning.usve,

The first galaxies are beginning Remember that all energy wassve,

The first galaxies are beginning created in the Big Bang, and all

The first galaxies are beginning life is in a competition for our

The first galaxies are beginning share of this energy.ion for our

The first galaxies are beginning Using fire to cook is likeor our

The first galaxies are beginning having an external stomach toour

The first galaxies are beginning break down foods, releasing more

The first galaxies are beginning calories, giving us more energy,

The first galaxies are beginning which in turn allows us tonergy,

The first galaxies are beginning support bigger brains.s tonergy,

The first galaxies are beginning Fire is also the ultimateonergy,

The first galaxies are beginning gateway technology.timateonergy,

The first galaxies are beginning We will soon use it to turn clay

The first galaxies are beginning into pottery, metal intourn clay

The first galaxies are beginning weapons, water into steam power.

The first galaxies are beginning >> If you don't have fire, your.

The first galaxies are beginning can't have the internalre, your.

The first galaxies are beginning combustion engine.ernalre, your.

The first galaxies are beginning No fire, no metal.ernalre, your.

The first galaxies are beginning No fire, no rubber.rnalre, your.

The first galaxies are beginning It's a technology that opens ar.

The first galaxies are beginning world of possibilities forns ar.

The first galaxies are beginning creatures that know how to user.

The first galaxies are beginning it.atures that know how to user.

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: 200,000 years ago..

The first galaxies are beginning The modern human has fully taken

The first galaxies are beginning shape.dern human has fully taken

The first galaxies are beginning The larynx, or voice box, whichn

The first galaxies are beginning is high up in the throat in ourn

The first galaxies are beginning ancestors, descends.roat in ourn

The first galaxies are beginning More complex sounds are now ourn

The first galaxies are beginning possible.lex sounds are now ourn

The first galaxies are beginning (閟peaking ancient language

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: We begin to speak.n

The first galaxies are beginning For the first time, informationn

The first galaxies are beginning can be shared betweennformationn

The first galaxies are beginning individuals and acrossformationn

The first galaxies are beginning generations.and acrossformationn

The first galaxies are beginning Humans have gained a criticalonn

The first galaxies are beginning advantage over every othercalonn

The first galaxies are beginning creature on Earth.ry othercalonn

The first galaxies are beginning >> You can tell my grandfathernn

The first galaxies are beginning said that when the elephantsernn

The first galaxies are beginning didn't show up, we go off andrnn

The first galaxies are beginning hunted zebras, you know.f andrnn

The first galaxies are beginning My aunt told me that her cousinn

The first galaxies are beginning found this water hole on thesinn

The first galaxies are beginning other side of that river.thesinn

The first galaxies are beginning >> And we can all benefit and we

The first galaxies are beginning can all understand what theyd we

The first galaxies are beginning mean when they're describingd we

The first galaxies are beginning what they found out on thatgd we

The first galaxies are beginning landscape.found out on thatgd we

The first galaxies are beginning >> Language changes humans frome

The first galaxies are beginning being like stand-alone computers

The first galaxies are beginning to being networked computers,ers

The first galaxies are beginning where you can share information.

The first galaxies are beginning Now, one doesn't need to depend.

The first galaxies are beginning on one's own personal to depend.

The first galaxies are beginning experience.n personal to depend.

The first galaxies are beginning One can borrow the personalpend.

The first galaxies are beginning experience of anyone with whomd.

The first galaxies are beginning one they can communicate. whomd.

The first galaxies are beginning That's a powerful advantage.omd.

The first galaxies are beginning No other creature has that..omd.

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: As a species,..omd.

The first galaxies are beginning humans become exponentially.omd.

The first galaxies are beginning smarter.ecome exponentially.omd.

The first galaxies are beginning The global game board has beend.

The first galaxies are beginning set and we are now ready toeend.

The first galaxies are beginning play.nd we are now ready toeend.

The first galaxies are beginning 100,000 years ago. ready toeend.

The first galaxies are beginning Man can move. ago. ready toeend.

The first galaxies are beginning We have agile hands andy toeend.

The first galaxies are beginning primitive tools.nds andy toeend.

The first galaxies are beginning We can communicate and controld.

The first galaxies are beginning fire.n communicate and controld.

The first galaxies are beginning We are finally ready to expandd.

The first galaxies are beginning out of our African home on andd.

The first galaxies are beginning path millions of years in thedd.

The first galaxies are beginning making.llions of years in thedd.

The first galaxies are beginning Shifting continents have linked.

The first galaxies are beginning Africa and Eurasia into thenked.

The first galaxies are beginning largest contiguous landmass ond.

The first galaxies are beginning Earth, Afro-Eurasia-- 33 million

The first galaxies are beginning square miles.urasia-- 33 million

The first galaxies are beginning More than twice the surface area

The first galaxies are beginning of our entire moon. surface area

The first galaxies are beginning For early humans, this meansarea

The first galaxies are beginning more than half the land on Earth

The first galaxies are beginning can be reached on foot. on Earth

The first galaxies are beginning >> Human dispersal was a crucial

The first galaxies are beginning game changer.ersal was a crucial

The first galaxies are beginning We are one of the few primatesal

The first galaxies are beginning that... that live on more thanal

The first galaxies are beginning one continent simultaneously.nal

The first galaxies are beginning So, what means is that we're.nal

The first galaxies are beginning better insulated from the kindsl

The first galaxies are beginning of things that cause big mammals

The first galaxies are beginning to become extinct than othermals

The first galaxies are beginning primates are.inct than othermals

The first galaxies are beginning It's extinction insurance.ermals

The first galaxies are beginning Dispersal is extinctionce.ermals

The first galaxies are beginning insurance.is extinctionce.ermals

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: But just as themals

The first galaxies are beginning world begins to open itself upls

The first galaxies are beginning to man, the planet turns on us.s

The first galaxies are beginning An Ice Age begins. turns on us.s

The first galaxies are beginning Now, the planet will test usus.s

The first galaxies are beginning like never before.ll test usus.s

The first galaxies are beginning By 50,000 years ago, glacierss.s

The first galaxies are beginning begin to advance down from the.s

The first galaxies are beginning North Pole.vance down from the.s

The first galaxies are beginning At the same time, humansom the.s

The first galaxies are beginning continue their conquest of the.s

The first galaxies are beginning globe, arriving in China andhe.s

The first galaxies are beginning Australia.iving in China andhe.s

The first galaxies are beginning By 30,000 years ago, Homoandhe.s

The first galaxies are beginning sapiens reach Europe for thehe.s

The first galaxies are beginning first time.ch Europe for thehe.s

The first galaxies are beginning By 20,000 years ago, with thee.s

The first galaxies are beginning ice nearing its most extreme,e.s

The first galaxies are beginning the march of man reaches the,e.s

The first galaxies are beginning frigid tundra of northeasthe,e.s

The first galaxies are beginning Siberia.undra of northeasthe,e.s

The first galaxies are beginning Despite the trials of the Icee.s

The first galaxies are beginning Age, man endures, and develops.s

The first galaxies are beginning the last skills we will need tos

The first galaxies are beginning be truly human. we will need tos

The first galaxies are beginning The clues lie in these symbols.s

The first galaxies are beginning We have taken an intellectuals.s

The first galaxies are beginning leap to think beyond the heres.s

The first galaxies are beginning and now, beyond what is simply.s

The first galaxies are beginning needed to survive.at is simply.s

The first galaxies are beginning >> We can only start saying we.s

The first galaxies are beginning have an organism that is human,s

The first galaxies are beginning that is the same as us, when wes

The first galaxies are beginning start seeing evidence ofwhen wes

The first galaxies are beginning symbolic thought.ence ofwhen wes

The first galaxies are beginning It's when we start seeing an wes

The first galaxies are beginning picture of a cow that everybodys

The first galaxies are beginning will recognize as the picture of

The first galaxies are beginning a cow.ecognize as the picture of

The first galaxies are beginning Because only when we starture of

The first galaxies are beginning seeing all of those things canof

The first galaxies are beginning we say, "That is a human"--canof

The first galaxies are beginning people or creatures that thinkof

The first galaxies are beginning like us, that see the world inof

The first galaxies are beginning the same way as us.he world inof

The first galaxies are beginning >> And from that moment on, inof

The first galaxies are beginning human history was marked to beof

The first galaxies are beginning radically different than another

The first galaxies are beginning species on this planet.n another

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Now, with hugeother

The first galaxies are beginning amounts of the planet's waterher

The first galaxies are beginning locked up in ice, sea levelsrher

The first galaxies are beginning plummet by 300 to 400 feet.srher

The first galaxies are beginning The last great barrier to theher

The first galaxies are beginning spread of man is erased.o theher

The first galaxies are beginning We come across the Bering Lander

The first galaxies are beginning Bridge from Siberia to Northnder

The first galaxies are beginning America.rom Siberia to Northnder

The first galaxies are beginning We are telling the history ofder

The first galaxies are beginning the world in two hours.ory ofder

The first galaxies are beginning And in just one hour, more thanr

The first galaxies are beginning 13 billion years have alreadyanr

The first galaxies are beginning passed.ion years have alreadyanr

The first galaxies are beginning These years of preparation haver

The first galaxies are beginning allowed man to finally emergever

The first galaxies are beginning and spread out across theergever

The first galaxies are beginning planet, and human history as wer

The first galaxies are beginning know it can truly begin.y as wer

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Our history of ther

The first galaxies are beginning world began with the beginninger

The first galaxies are beginning of time, the Big Bang.eginninger

The first galaxies are beginning It has taken us on a journey ofr

The first galaxies are beginning nearly 14 billion years.rney ofr

The first galaxies are beginning Now, as humans take centerey ofr

The first galaxies are beginning stage, it's important toerey ofr

The first galaxies are beginning remember just how small a slicer

The first galaxies are beginning of history we actually occupy.er

The first galaxies are beginning To make things simple, imagineer

The first galaxies are beginning compressing 14 billion years ofr

The first galaxies are beginning history down to just 14 years.fr

The first galaxies are beginning >> On this scale, the Earthrs.fr

The first galaxies are beginning would have existed only for ther

The first galaxies are beginning past five years.ed only for ther

The first galaxies are beginning So that's about a third of theer

The first galaxies are beginning history of the universe.of theer

The first galaxies are beginning Large, complex creatures woulder

The first galaxies are beginning have developed seven months ago.

The first galaxies are beginning On this scale, dinosaurs wentgo.

The first galaxies are beginning extinct only about three weekso.

The first galaxies are beginning ago.nct only about three weekso.

The first galaxies are beginning The entire recorded history ofo.

The first galaxies are beginning humans would span only the last.

The first galaxies are beginning three minutes.pan only the last.

The first galaxies are beginning Modern industrial societies--st.

The first galaxies are beginning the Industrial Revolution,s--st.

The first galaxies are beginning effectively-- six seconds ago.t.

The first galaxies are beginning What this shows me is that we.t.

The first galaxies are beginning humans have been around for only

The first galaxies are beginning a very brief instant in the only

The first galaxies are beginning recorded history of the the only

The first galaxies are beginning universe.history of the the only

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Mankind has waitedy

The first galaxies are beginning billions of years for our briefy

The first galaxies are beginning instant to shine, as the starsfy

The first galaxies are beginning and our evolving planet carriedy

The first galaxies are beginning out the slow work of organizingy

The first galaxies are beginning the elements in a way that would

The first galaxies are beginning make human history possible.ould

The first galaxies are beginning It's 10,000 BC.ory possible.ould

The first galaxies are beginning Less than 100,000 years afteruld

The first galaxies are beginning expanding out of Africa, man has

The first galaxies are beginning reached South America.a, man has

The first galaxies are beginning Humans have met the adversity of

The first galaxies are beginning the Ice Age head on, and ratherf

The first galaxies are beginning than die off, we have adapted,rf

The first galaxies are beginning become even more intelligent.,rf

The first galaxies are beginning And now, we have colonized therf

The first galaxies are beginning entire globe.ave colonized therf

The first galaxies are beginning From coast to mountaintop, fromf

The first galaxies are beginning tundra to desert, humans areromf

The first galaxies are beginning there. to desert, humans areromf

The first galaxies are beginning >> Our closest living ancestors,

The first galaxies are beginning the chimpanzees, live in theors,

The first galaxies are beginning tropics.panzees, live in theors,

The first galaxies are beginning They only live in the tropics.s,

The first galaxies are beginning Humans have managed to colonize,

The first galaxies are beginning the entire globe.ed to colonize,

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Ice Age landlonize,

The first galaxies are beginning bridges allowed man to spreadze,

The first galaxies are beginning around the world.an to spreadze,

The first galaxies are beginning But now, the ice begins to melt,

The first galaxies are beginning and sea levels rise again. melt,

The first galaxies are beginning Humans are trapped and separated

The first galaxies are beginning in two vast and unconnectedrated

The first galaxies are beginning hemispheres, each pocket ofrated

The first galaxies are beginning humanity left to make the bested

The first galaxies are beginning of what it has been given.bested

The first galaxies are beginning As the glaciers recede, theysted

The first galaxies are beginning carve out lakes, rivers andysted

The first galaxies are beginning bays. out lakes, rivers andysted

The first galaxies are beginning The map as we know it emerges.ed

The first galaxies are beginning In Africa, increased rainfall.ed

The first galaxies are beginning causes Lake Victoria and Lake.ed

The first galaxies are beginning Albert to overflow and formke.ed

The first galaxies are beginning Egypt's Nile River.and formke.ed

The first galaxies are beginning In Eurasia, other rivers emerge:

The first galaxies are beginning the Tigris and Euphrates inerge:

The first galaxies are beginning Mesopotamia-- modern-day Iraq;e:

The first galaxies are beginning the Indus in modern-dayy Iraq;e:

The first galaxies are beginning Pakistan; and China's Yellow and

The first galaxies are beginning Yangtze.; and China's Yellow and

The first galaxies are beginning >> These river valleys becomeand

The first galaxies are beginning critically important for howeand

The first galaxies are beginning human history will now be played

The first galaxies are beginning out following the retreat ofayed

The first galaxies are beginning these ice sheets. retreat ofayed

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: These are the river

The first galaxies are beginning valleys whose waters and fertile

The first galaxies are beginning soils will allow the first seeds

The first galaxies are beginning of civilization to be planted.ds

The first galaxies are beginning With temperatures warming afters

The first galaxies are beginning the Ice Age, plants and animalss

The first galaxies are beginning are more plentiful, and man cans

The first galaxies are beginning finally choose to stop moving.ns

The first galaxies are beginning Permanent settlements begin.g.ns

The first galaxies are beginning Populations grow.ents begin.g.ns

The first galaxies are beginning With more mouths to feed, our.ns

The first galaxies are beginning ancestors have to get clever..ns

The first galaxies are beginning >> They had to find a way to..ns

The first galaxies are beginning increase the amount of food they

The first galaxies are beginning could get from theirof food they

The first galaxies are beginning surroundings.m theirof food they

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Now, one discoveryy

The first galaxies are beginning forever changes the planet andyy

The first galaxies are beginning the path of mankind-- we learnyy

The first galaxies are beginning to plant seeds.kind-- we learnyy

The first galaxies are beginning And the seeds we sow come fromyy

The first galaxies are beginning the same plants that, millionsyy

The first galaxies are beginning of years earlier, spurred oursyy

The first galaxies are beginning evolution from ape to man-- they

The first galaxies are beginning unheralded hero of humann-- they

The first galaxies are beginning history, grass. of humann-- they

The first galaxies are beginning >> A grass seed is tiny, right?y

The first galaxies are beginning It's no food.ed is tiny, right?y

The first galaxies are beginning I can hunt a bison or I can take

The first galaxies are beginning grass.hunt a bison or I can take

The first galaxies are beginning You hunt a bison, right?can take

The first galaxies are beginning Ironically, grass seeds becomeke

The first galaxies are beginning the most important food crops in

The first galaxies are beginning the world, but they're theops in

The first galaxies are beginning things that are ignored byops in

The first galaxies are beginning hunter-gatherers for thousandsin

The first galaxies are beginning and thousands of years.ousandsin

The first galaxies are beginning People don't start using themsin

The first galaxies are beginning until they absolutely have tosin

The first galaxies are beginning use them.y absolutely have tosin

The first galaxies are beginning >> Some of the species of grassn

The first galaxies are beginning that we are most familiar withsn

The first galaxies are beginning includes sugar cane.iliar withsn

The first galaxies are beginning It includes wheat and rye andhsn

The first galaxies are beginning barley.udes wheat and rye andhsn

The first galaxies are beginning All of the cereal crops arendhsn

The first galaxies are beginning types of grass.al crops arendhsn

The first galaxies are beginning So it's not just that beautifuln

The first galaxies are beginning green lawn that we measure ourln

The first galaxies are beginning middle class success from; it'sn

The first galaxies are beginning also the staple crop upon whichn

The first galaxies are beginning civilization depends.upon whichn

The first galaxies are beginning It is the majority of our whichn

The first galaxies are beginning calorie intake.ity of our whichn

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Once again, it alln

The first galaxies are beginning goes back to the Big Bang.t alln

The first galaxies are beginning Central to the story of all life

The first galaxies are beginning is our competition for that life

The first galaxies are beginning energy created at the beginninge

The first galaxies are beginning of time.reated at the beginninge

The first galaxies are beginning Just as oxygen gave us an edge,e

The first galaxies are beginning just as fire allowed us toedge,e

The first galaxies are beginning consume more calories, switching

The first galaxies are beginning to farming is an energyswitching

The first galaxies are beginning revolution.is an energyswitching

The first galaxies are beginning A hunter-gatherer needs tenching

The first galaxies are beginning square miles of territory tohing

The first galaxies are beginning provide himself with enoughohing

The first galaxies are beginning sustenance, enough energy in the

The first galaxies are beginning form of plants and meat toin the

The first galaxies are beginning survive.plants and meat toin the

The first galaxies are beginning A farmer can harvest the sun'she

The first galaxies are beginning energy so efficiently, he canshe

The first galaxies are beginning fulfill his needs using only ahe

The first galaxies are beginning tenth of a square mile of land.e

The first galaxies are beginning In the warming after the lastd.e

The first galaxies are beginning Ice Age, farming begins to takee

The first galaxies are beginning hold in a half dozen placestakee

The first galaxies are beginning around the globe.zen placestakee

The first galaxies are beginning But by the fortunes oflacestakee

The first galaxies are beginning geography, no place in thestakee

The first galaxies are beginning Ancient World has a betterstakee

The first galaxies are beginning concentration of plants andtakee

The first galaxies are beginning animals that can be domesticated

The first galaxies are beginning than the Middle East's Fertileed

The first galaxies are beginning Crescent.Middle East's Fertileed

The first galaxies are beginning >> In the Middle East, we haveed

The first galaxies are beginning this remarkable convergence ofed

The first galaxies are beginning species that seem to havece ofed

The first galaxies are beginning been susceptible too havece ofed

The first galaxies are beginning domestication, both plants anded

The first galaxies are beginning animals.ation, both plants anded

The first galaxies are beginning In terms of animals, we're anded

The first galaxies are beginning talking about cattle, pigs,anded

The first galaxies are beginning sheep, and goats.tle, pigs,anded

The first galaxies are beginning In terms of plants, twoigs,anded

The first galaxies are beginning varieties of wheat, rye, barley,

The first galaxies are beginning lentils, figs, all in this very,

The first galaxies are beginning small part of the world.is very,

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Unlike the Fertile,

The first galaxies are beginning Crescent and the rest of Afro-e,

The first galaxies are beginning Eurasia, places like Sub-Saharan

The first galaxies are beginning Africa and the Americas havearan

The first galaxies are beginning very few wild species that canan

The first galaxies are beginning be easily domesticated.hat canan

The first galaxies are beginning It's a critical difference.canan

The first galaxies are beginning People blessed with the rightnan

The first galaxies are beginning mix of plants and animals willan

The first galaxies are beginning become more powerful and get aan

The first galaxies are beginning massive head start on the roadan

The first galaxies are beginning to the modern world.n the roadan

The first galaxies are beginning One animal that gives any humann

The first galaxies are beginning who can tame it an almost humann

The first galaxies are beginning unbeatable edge is the horse.ann

The first galaxies are beginning It's a little known fact thatann

The first galaxies are beginning although horses first evolved in

The first galaxies are beginning the Americas, they died outed in

The first galaxies are beginning there along with many othered in

The first galaxies are beginning large mammals around 10,000 BC.n

The first galaxies are beginning >> There were at least threeBC.n

The first galaxies are beginning species of Ice Age horses inBC.n

The first galaxies are beginning North America, maybe more, somen

The first galaxies are beginning as small as ponies, some as bign

The first galaxies are beginning as Clydesdales.ies, some as bign

The first galaxies are beginning And they had evolved in Northign

The first galaxies are beginning America for 40 million years.ign

The first galaxies are beginning They're part of the wholears.ign

The first galaxies are beginning history, and then, pfft, they're

The first galaxies are beginning gone.ry, and then, pfft, they're

The first galaxies are beginning They're gone.then, pfft, they're

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: These powerfuley're

The first galaxies are beginning potential allies disappearley're

The first galaxies are beginning before they can be used by there

The first galaxies are beginning first North Americans.d by there

The first galaxies are beginning >> Fortunately, before thatthere

The first galaxies are beginning happened, large numbers oftthere

The first galaxies are beginning horses escaped back across there

The first galaxies are beginning Bering Strait Land Bridge, andre

The first galaxies are beginning spread out across the greatandre

The first galaxies are beginning grasslands and steppe lands ofre

The first galaxies are beginning central Eurasia.teppe lands ofre

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: A narrow escapeofre

The first galaxies are beginning that had a profound effect onfre

The first galaxies are beginning human history.found effect onfre

The first galaxies are beginning Around 4000 BC, nomadic peoplere

The first galaxies are beginning in central Asia learn to tameere

The first galaxies are beginning them for the first time. tameere

The first galaxies are beginning Domesticated horses will bemeere

The first galaxies are beginning harnessed across Eurasia,bemeere

The first galaxies are beginning advancing everything from workre

The first galaxies are beginning to warfare.verything from workre

The first galaxies are beginning Perhaps no other animal has hade

The first galaxies are beginning a bigger influence on the course

The first galaxies are beginning of human history.e on the course

The first galaxies are beginning And the circle wouldn't becourse

The first galaxies are beginning complete for another 5,000course

The first galaxies are beginning years, when Christopher Columbus

The first galaxies are beginning would bring horses with him onus

The first galaxies are beginning his second voyage to thehim onus

The first galaxies are beginning Americas.d voyage to thehim onus

The first galaxies are beginning His horses would be the first to

The first galaxies are beginning set hooves in the Americas since

The first galaxies are beginning the great die-off over 10,000nce

The first galaxies are beginning years earlier.off over 10,000nce

The first galaxies are beginning 6,000 years ago, domesticationce

The first galaxies are beginning of animals and plants sets thece

The first galaxies are beginning stage for the next phase ofthece

The first galaxies are beginning human history.next phase ofthece

The first galaxies are beginning Like clouds of interstellar dust

The first galaxies are beginning gathering in material to formust

The first galaxies are beginning stars, a type of gravity is atst

The first galaxies are beginning work as places like Sumeria,atst

The first galaxies are beginning located in part of the Fertilest

The first galaxies are beginning Crescent known as Mesopotamia,st

The first galaxies are beginning draw in people, support large,st

The first galaxies are beginning populations, and spin up into,st

The first galaxies are beginning centers of power and innovation.

The first galaxies are beginning By 3000 BC, some of thesevation.

The first galaxies are beginning Sumerian settlements can trulyn.

The first galaxies are beginning be called our first cities.ulyn.

The first galaxies are beginning One of them, Uruk, has aroundyn.

The first galaxies are beginning 50,000 people living in lessdyn.

The first galaxies are beginning than one square mile, a lessdyn.

The first galaxies are beginning population density that rivalsn.

The first galaxies are beginning modern-day New York City.ivalsn.

The first galaxies are beginning Humans have become so efficient.

The first galaxies are beginning at deriving energy fromfficient.

The first galaxies are beginning domesticated food that this land

The first galaxies are beginning area, which would have supported

The first galaxies are beginning only a single hunter-gatherer,ed

The first galaxies are beginning now can support thousands.rer,ed

The first galaxies are beginning But a change in diet also.rer,ed

The first galaxies are beginning triggers a new dependence.rer,ed

The first galaxies are beginning >> Once you move to agriculture,

The first galaxies are beginning you are depending for 80%, 90%e,

The first galaxies are beginning of your calories on perhaps one,

The first galaxies are beginning or two species-- in the case of,

The first galaxies are beginning the Middle East, wheat andse of,

The first galaxies are beginning barley.dle East, wheat andse of,

The first galaxies are beginning In the case of wheat and barley,

The first galaxies are beginning they both ripen at about theley,

The first galaxies are beginning same time.ripen at about theley,

The first galaxies are beginning Humans have to gather the seeds,

The first galaxies are beginning at the same time.ther the seeds,

The first galaxies are beginning So now, we have our food for the

The first galaxies are beginning year that has arrived in one the

The first galaxies are beginning hit. that has arrived in one the

The first galaxies are beginning It's like getting your salarythe

The first galaxies are beginning paid once a year. your salarythe

The first galaxies are beginning You need to record it, you neede

The first galaxies are beginning to plan. to record it, you neede

The first galaxies are beginning Because if, inevitably, youreede

The first galaxies are beginning crop fails, you have famine.eede

The first galaxies are beginning And you're not going to haveeede

The first galaxies are beginning another go for another 12aveeede

The first galaxies are beginning months. go for another 12aveeede

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: In these firsteeede

The first galaxies are beginning cities, crops are king.irsteeede

The first galaxies are beginning To keep track of them, ourteeede

The first galaxies are beginning ancestors develop the firsteeede

The first galaxies are beginning writing; to protect them, theede

The first galaxies are beginning first armies; and to administere

The first galaxies are beginning them, the beginnings ofministere

The first galaxies are beginning politics. beginnings ofministere

The first galaxies are beginning >> When you have hundreds ortere

The first galaxies are beginning thousands of people who arertere

The first galaxies are beginning living together, there areertere

The first galaxies are beginning simply too many people to sortre

The first galaxies are beginning of run around and createo sortre

The first galaxies are beginning consensus.und and createo sortre

The first galaxies are beginning It creates a need forateo sortre

The first galaxies are beginning government.a need forateo sortre

The first galaxies are beginning It creates a need for some forme

The first galaxies are beginning of social and politicalome forme

The first galaxies are beginning hierarchy.and politicalome forme

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Planting seeds hase

The first galaxies are beginning set man on a new path.seeds hase

The first galaxies are beginning Settlements have grown into hase

The first galaxies are beginning cities.ents have grown into hase

The first galaxies are beginning But to take the next epic step,e

The first galaxies are beginning from city to civilization, wep,e

The first galaxies are beginning will need the help of a veryep,e

The first galaxies are beginning surprising creature.f a veryep,e

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: 5,000 years ago.p,e

The first galaxies are beginning After wandering the Earth forp,e

The first galaxies are beginning more than 100,000 years, mankind

The first galaxies are beginning has begun to settle down.mankind

The first galaxies are beginning We cluster near rivers--.mankind

The first galaxies are beginning along the Tigris and Euphrates,d

The first galaxies are beginning the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates,d

The first galaxies are beginning the Indus,Tigris and Euphrates,d

The first galaxies are beginning the Yellow and Yangtze.phrates,d

The first galaxies are beginning Civilizations are about to taked

The first galaxies are beginning off.lizations are about to taked

The first galaxies are beginning But first, they must all masterd

The first galaxies are beginning one thing, trade.ust all masterd

The first galaxies are beginning The more they exchange goods and

The first galaxies are beginning learn from other lands, thes and

The first galaxies are beginning faster they grow.lands, thes and

The first galaxies are beginning >> It seems that long-distancend

The first galaxies are beginning trade and communication is acend

The first galaxies are beginning necessary precursor to allowcend

The first galaxies are beginning urban civilization as we knowend

The first galaxies are beginning it.an civilization as we knowend

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: And surprisingly,nd

The first galaxies are beginning the first civilizations arise on

The first galaxies are beginning the back of a creature with a on

The first galaxies are beginning lowly reputation in the modernon

The first galaxies are beginning world, the donkey.n the modernon

The first galaxies are beginning The donkey caravan is theodernon

The first galaxies are beginning interstate highway and highernon

The first galaxies are beginning speed Internet of its day.hernon

The first galaxies are beginning Their routes will lay the.hernon

The first galaxies are beginning groundwork for the modern world,

The first galaxies are beginning moving not only goods likeworld,

The first galaxies are beginning timber and bronze, but ideasrld,

The first galaxies are beginning and stories.ronze, but ideasrld,

The first galaxies are beginning The civilizations they connectd,

The first galaxies are beginning will be some of the firstnnectd,

The first galaxies are beginning described in the Bible.stnnectd,

The first galaxies are beginning The caravan routes converge atd,

The first galaxies are beginning the Persian Gulf, where theyatd,

The first galaxies are beginning link up with ships that carrytd,

The first galaxies are beginning goods to India.ips that carrytd,

The first galaxies are beginning >> It essentially brought these,

The first galaxies are beginning civilizations together intohese,

The first galaxies are beginning great cultural and materialhese,

The first galaxies are beginning exchange, and really was theese,

The first galaxies are beginning beginning of the trend towardse,

The first galaxies are beginning globalization.he trend towardse,

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: It is a key tordse,

The first galaxies are beginning understanding how our worldrdse,

The first galaxies are beginning works to this day.our worldrdse,

The first galaxies are beginning Just like the firstur worldrdse,

The first galaxies are beginning civilizations, we trade and form

The first galaxies are beginning networks.ions, we trade and form

The first galaxies are beginning These networks form hubs, andorm

The first galaxies are beginning throughout history, being atdorm

The first galaxies are beginning that hub has meant one thing.orm

The first galaxies are beginning >> The amount of ideas, theg.orm

The first galaxies are beginning amount of cargo that passesg.orm

The first galaxies are beginning through a region seems to have a

The first galaxies are beginning direct correlation to how have a

The first galaxies are beginning powerful and important they are.

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: By 2000 BC, humans.

The first galaxies are beginning have gone from humble huts tons.

The first galaxies are beginning massive monuments.ble huts tons.

The first galaxies are beginning In Africa, great pyramids arise.

The first galaxies are beginning on the banks of the Nile; arise.

The first galaxies are beginning the first stages of Stonehengee.

The first galaxies are beginning rise up in ancient Britain;ngee.

The first galaxies are beginning and back in Sumeria, artificial.

The first galaxies are beginning temple mounds called zigguratsl.

The first galaxies are beginning climb ever higher toward thetsl.

The first galaxies are beginning heavens.er higher toward thetsl.

The first galaxies are beginning To cement these massived thetsl.

The first galaxies are beginning structures together, the thetsl.

The first galaxies are beginning builders of Sumeria turn to asl.

The first galaxies are beginning substance that oozes fromto asl.

The first galaxies are beginning seepages along the Euphratesasl.

The first galaxies are beginning River.es along the Euphratesasl.

The first galaxies are beginning It's called bitumen.uphratesasl.

The first galaxies are beginning Used as asphalt in the modernsl.

The first galaxies are beginning world, it is the first petroleum

The first galaxies are beginning product to be exploited byroleum

The first galaxies are beginning mankind.to be exploited byroleum

The first galaxies are beginning While bitumen is highly prized,m

The first galaxies are beginning the lighter, thinner substance,m

The first galaxies are beginning oozing from the ground alongce,m

The first galaxies are beginning with it is considered a nuisance

The first galaxies are beginning by the ancients because itisance

The first galaxies are beginning catches fire so easily. itisance

The first galaxies are beginning The ancients call it naptha, wee

The first galaxies are beginning call it gasoline. it naptha, wee

The first galaxies are beginning And it's one of the firstha, wee

The first galaxies are beginning indications of the vast oil, wee

The first galaxies are beginning fields that will one day turnwee

The first galaxies are beginning the cradle of Civilization intoe

The first galaxies are beginning a center of wealth and warfare.e

The first galaxies are beginning The legacy of these firstrfare.e

The first galaxies are beginning civilizations can be seen inre.e

The first galaxies are beginning surprising ways.n be seen inre.e

The first galaxies are beginning The Sumerian counting system was

The first galaxies are beginning based on the number 12 ratherwas

The first galaxies are beginning than ten, which is why we divide

The first galaxies are beginning our days into two 12-hour divide

The first galaxies are beginning blocks, our hours into 60 divide

The first galaxies are beginning minutes, and our minutes into 60

The first galaxies are beginning seconds. and our minutes into 60

The first galaxies are beginning The Sumerians also likely nto 60

The first galaxies are beginning invented the wheel, which nto 60

The first galaxies are beginning eventually leads to anotherto 60

The first galaxies are beginning innovation that will change the0

The first galaxies are beginning course of man, the chariot. the0

The first galaxies are beginning >> Thus bringing together thehe0

The first galaxies are beginning Sumerian invention of the wheel,

The first galaxies are beginning all right, with theof the wheel,

The first galaxies are beginning domestication of the horse that,

The first galaxies are beginning had occurred amongst these that,

The first galaxies are beginning nomadic peoples into this really

The first galaxies are beginning formidable piece of militaryally

The first galaxies are beginning technology.piece of militaryally

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Around 1200 BC, aly

The first galaxies are beginning chariot-driven clash of0 BC, aly

The first galaxies are beginning civilizations cuts off trade aly

The first galaxies are beginning routes for copper and tin, thely

The first galaxies are beginning metals we need to make bronzeely

The first galaxies are beginning tools and weapons.make bronzeely

The first galaxies are beginning But luckily, the stars have made

The first galaxies are beginning us an alternative, iron.ave made

The first galaxies are beginning Now, metal smiths make a crucial

The first galaxies are beginning discovery-- by working at higher

The first galaxies are beginning temperatures, they can releaseer

The first galaxies are beginning the power of this ancient metal.

The first galaxies are beginning Easier to sharpen, and 700 times

The first galaxies are beginning more common on Earth than0 times

The first galaxies are beginning copper, it is a game changer.mes

The first galaxies are beginning Humanity enters the Iron Age.mes

The first galaxies are beginning As we reach the first millennium

The first galaxies are beginning BC, history has taken us on aium

The first galaxies are beginning wild ride, from the initial aium

The first galaxies are beginning blast of the Big Bang to theaium

The first galaxies are beginning formation of Earth and its first

The first galaxies are beginning creatures, and the rise of man.t

The first galaxies are beginning We've seen the Ice Age createn.t

The first galaxies are beginning bridges to spread mankind around

The first galaxies are beginning the world, then strand us onound

The first galaxies are beginning different continents, leaving us

The first galaxies are beginning to survive on what we have at us

The first galaxies are beginning hand.rvive on what we have at us

The first galaxies are beginning So, by 1000 BC, the worlde at us

The first galaxies are beginning remains a divided place.de at us

The first galaxies are beginning The trade network that connectss

The first galaxies are beginning much of Eurasia and North Africa

The first galaxies are beginning doesn't yet penetrate the Africa

The first galaxies are beginning planet's driest deserts or cross

The first galaxies are beginning the vastest oceans.erts or cross

The first galaxies are beginning Cut off by geography are peoples

The first galaxies are beginning in places like sub-Saharaneoples

The first galaxies are beginning Africa and the Americas.aneoples

The first galaxies are beginning With few easy to domesticateples

The first galaxies are beginning plants and animals of their own,

The first galaxies are beginning they remain tied to more ancient

The first galaxies are beginning ways of life.ied to more ancient

The first galaxies are beginning 600 BC. life.ied to more ancient

The first galaxies are beginning The cavalry have arrived.ancient

The first galaxies are beginning Humans ride into battle onncient

The first galaxies are beginning horseback for the first time.ent

The first galaxies are beginning We've seen that just taming aent

The first galaxies are beginning horse gives man a massiveng aent

The first galaxies are beginning advantage.s man a massiveng aent

The first galaxies are beginning Now, pairing him with irong aent

The first galaxies are beginning weapons makes him nearlyong aent

The first galaxies are beginning unstoppable.s him nearlyong aent

The first galaxies are beginning >> These advances in technology,

The first galaxies are beginning they don't just make a fighting,

The first galaxies are beginning ability possible, they maketing,

The first galaxies are beginning empires possible. they maketing,

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: And that is theing,

The first galaxies are beginning story of the next severaltheing,

The first galaxies are beginning millennia.he next severaltheing,

The first galaxies are beginning With new technology and improved

The first galaxies are beginning logistics, empires spread,proved

The first galaxies are beginning uniting massive land areas under

The first galaxies are beginning a central control.nd areas under

The first galaxies are beginning As empires grow, so do new under

The first galaxies are beginning beliefs.es grow, so do new under

The first galaxies are beginning >> One interesting phenomenon we

The first galaxies are beginning see with the rise of thesenon we

The first galaxies are beginning empires is this idea ofesenon we

The first galaxies are beginning monotheism, this idea of anon we

The first galaxies are beginning universal god that develops over

The first galaxies are beginning time.rsal god that develops over

The first galaxies are beginning And it's just a phenomenon. over

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Judaism emerges,ver

The first galaxies are beginning from which we eventually get,ver

The first galaxies are beginning Christianity and Islam.y get,ver

The first galaxies are beginning Buddhism and Hinduism alsoet,ver

The first galaxies are beginning arise.sm and Hinduism alsoet,ver

The first galaxies are beginning The five major religions todayer

The first galaxies are beginning are all rooted in thisns todayer

The first galaxies are beginning remarkable era.in thisns todayer

The first galaxies are beginning Although empires spread, someyer

The first galaxies are beginning great powers remain isolated.yer

The first galaxies are beginning The rise of the Himalayas 50.yer

The first galaxies are beginning million years earlier has lefter

The first galaxies are beginning China cut off from trading withr

The first galaxies are beginning the rest of the world.ding withr

The first galaxies are beginning But that is about to change.ithr

The first galaxies are beginning Around 100 BC, a Chinese emperor

The first galaxies are beginning sends an envoy to the West inror

The first galaxies are beginning search of alliances.e West inror

The first galaxies are beginning The routes he travels will inror

The first galaxies are beginning become the Silk Roads, a massive

The first galaxies are beginning trade network that connectsssive

The first galaxies are beginning China across Central Asia to the

The first galaxies are beginning Roman Empire.Central Asia to the

The first galaxies are beginning China has joined the world.o the

The first galaxies are beginning >> As far as we know, no Chinese

The first galaxies are beginning trader ever met a Roman, noinese

The first galaxies are beginning Roman ever met a Chinese trader,

The first galaxies are beginning at least during this firstrader,

The first galaxies are beginning period of the Silk Roads.trader,

The first galaxies are beginning But this vast trade then beganr,

The first galaxies are beginning to explode.st trade then beganr,

The first galaxies are beginning Between about 100 BC and aboutr,

The first galaxies are beginning 200 AD, we have three centuries,

The first galaxies are beginning of trade and cultural exchanges,

The first galaxies are beginning on a level that has not beenges,

The first galaxies are beginning seen before in human history.es,

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: But this new human,

The first galaxies are beginning network also unleashes hiddenan,

The first galaxies are beginning dangers.also unleashes hiddenan,

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: By the beginning of

The first galaxies are beginning the Common Era, great empires of

The first galaxies are beginning have risen and a massive trading

The first galaxies are beginning network connects most of Europeg

The first galaxies are beginning and Asia.onnects most of Europeg

The first galaxies are beginning But the trade routes also carryg

The first galaxies are beginning an invisible threat-- disease,yg

The first galaxies are beginning massive epidemics that somese,yg

The first galaxies are beginning blame for taking down both theyg

The first galaxies are beginning Roman Empire and China's Hanheyg

The first galaxies are beginning Dynasty.pire and China's Hanheyg

The first galaxies are beginning But these networks also lead tog

The first galaxies are beginning the spread of religion. lead tog

The first galaxies are beginning In 312 AD, the Roman Emperor tog

The first galaxies are beginning Constantine converts toperor tog

The first galaxies are beginning Christianity, paving the way for

The first galaxies are beginning it to become the dominantway for

The first galaxies are beginning religion of Europe and the West.

The first galaxies are beginning Three centuries later, Islamest.

The first galaxies are beginning also emerges, a religion thatst.

The first galaxies are beginning will, for a time, unify athatst.

The first galaxies are beginning territory two and a half timest.

The first galaxies are beginning larger than Rome ever was.imest.

The first galaxies are beginning Arab trade will drive innovation

The first galaxies are beginning for the next 1,000 years andtion

The first galaxies are beginning expand the global network totion

The first galaxies are beginning places it has never gone before.

The first galaxies are beginning >> The Arabs are sitting in the.

The first galaxies are beginning middle of Afro-Eurasia.g in the.

The first galaxies are beginning There are Arab traders who aree.

The first galaxies are beginning sailing off to China.s who aree.

The first galaxies are beginning There are Arab traders who aree.

The first galaxies are beginning traveling all the way to theree.

The first galaxies are beginning Atlantic Ocean.he way to theree.

The first galaxies are beginning So they are sitting in theheree.

The first galaxies are beginning middle of the hub.g in theheree.

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: One secret to Arab.

The first galaxies are beginning trade?RATOR: One secret to Arab.

The first galaxies are beginning The camel, a creature whoseArab.

The first galaxies are beginning ancestor, like the horse,seArab.

The first galaxies are beginning escaped across the Bering landb.

The first galaxies are beginning bridge out of North America.ndb.

The first galaxies are beginning A caravan of six camels can lug.

The first galaxies are beginning as much as two tons of cargo as.

The first galaxies are beginning far as 60 miles a day-- twiceas.

The first galaxies are beginning the load of a donkey caravan in.

The first galaxies are beginning half the time.donkey caravan in.

The first galaxies are beginning For the first time, camelvan in.

The first galaxies are beginning caravans open up reliable trade.

The first galaxies are beginning routes across the formidableade.

The first galaxies are beginning Sahara Desert, leading to thede.

The first galaxies are beginning formation of the first states in

The first galaxies are beginning West Africa. the first states in

The first galaxies are beginning Arabic trade expands, movings in

The first galaxies are beginning salt from the Sahara to Rome, in

The first galaxies are beginning rice from eastern Asia to India,

The first galaxies are beginning the secrets of making paper out,

The first galaxies are beginning of China into Europe, ander out,

The first galaxies are beginning countless other inventions andt,

The first galaxies are beginning ideas around the world.ons andt,

The first galaxies are beginning >> Where does our word for lemon

The first galaxies are beginning come from?oes our word for lemon

The first galaxies are beginning Where does our word for coffeeon

The first galaxies are beginning come from? our word for coffeeon

The first galaxies are beginning They're all Arabic, because then

The first galaxies are beginning Arabs brought a huge number ofen

The first galaxies are beginning food crops into Europe.mber ofen

The first galaxies are beginning Oranges, citrus crops, they come

The first galaxies are beginning from South China, yet they don't

The first galaxies are beginning make it to the West until then't

The first galaxies are beginning great age of the Arabs.il then't

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: In Islamic Northn't

The first galaxies are beginning Africa, one Italian merchanthn't

The first galaxies are beginning named Leonardo Fibonacci becomes

The first galaxies are beginning well-schooled in the ways ofomes

The first galaxies are beginning Arab traders. in the ways ofomes

The first galaxies are beginning He picks up on a simple butfomes

The first galaxies are beginning ingenious counting system thates

The first galaxies are beginning originated in India, but is used

The first galaxies are beginning extensively in the Arab world.ed

The first galaxies are beginning His writings will spread this.ed

The first galaxies are beginning knowledge to Europe and arounded

The first galaxies are beginning the globe.to Europe and arounded

The first galaxies are beginning With everyone counting the samed

The first galaxies are beginning way, business and trade willamed

The first galaxies are beginning explode.iness and trade willamed

The first galaxies are beginning And because of Fibonacci, people

The first galaxies are beginning today still almost universallyle

The first galaxies are beginning use the numbers known as "Arabic

The first galaxies are beginning numerals".mbers known as "Arabic

The first galaxies are beginning But there is another idea Arabic

The first galaxies are beginning traders will spread, somethingic

The first galaxies are beginning even more influential.omethingic

The first galaxies are beginning It originates in China aroundgic

The first galaxies are beginning 800 AD.inates in China aroundgic

The first galaxies are beginning A Chinese alchemist in search of

The first galaxies are beginning an elixir for long life insteadf

The first galaxies are beginning stumbles upon chemistry that can

The first galaxies are beginning bring sudden death.stry that can

The first galaxies are beginning He combines carbon and sulfurcan

The first galaxies are beginning with saltpeter, a compound maden

The first galaxies are beginning of potassium, nitrogen and maden

The first galaxies are beginning oxygen.ssium, nitrogen and maden

The first galaxies are beginning Forged in the stars, these maden

The first galaxies are beginning elements now come together toden

The first galaxies are beginning make gunpowder.me together toden

The first galaxies are beginning The recipe for gunpowderer toden

The first galaxies are beginning eventually moves West across the

The first galaxies are beginning Silk Roads to the Islamic World,

The first galaxies are beginning where Muslim warriors use it to,

The first galaxies are beginning fire cannon balls at Christiano,

The first galaxies are beginning Crusaders.n balls at Christiano,

The first galaxies are beginning Europeans pick up on the idea,o,

The first galaxies are beginning embracing and perfecting idea,o,

The first galaxies are beginning gunpowder weapons.ecting idea,o,

The first galaxies are beginning 1492 AD.r weapons.ecting idea,o,

The first galaxies are beginning There are roughly 400 million,o,

The first galaxies are beginning people in the world, but it iso,

The first galaxies are beginning still divided in two.but it iso,

The first galaxies are beginning In the Americas, the.but it iso,

The first galaxies are beginning civilizations of the Aztecs,iso,

The first galaxies are beginning Mayans and Incas have allcs,iso,

The first galaxies are beginning arisen, while halfway around the

The first galaxies are beginning world, in the aftermath of thehe

The first galaxies are beginning fall of Rome, Europe has cracked

The first galaxies are beginning like an egg into individualacked

The first galaxies are beginning states. egg into individualacked

The first galaxies are beginning For Italian-born Christophercked

The first galaxies are beginning Columbus, this means he canrcked

The first galaxies are beginning appeal for funding from aanrcked

The first galaxies are beginning succession of European rulersked

The first galaxies are beginning until he finally convinces theed

The first galaxies are beginning king and queen of Spain to backd

The first galaxies are beginning his expeditions.f Spain to backd

The first galaxies are beginning It has taken all of Earth'sbackd

The first galaxies are beginning history to make Columbus''sbackd

The first galaxies are beginning journey possible.olumbus''sbackd

The first galaxies are beginning For tacking into the wind, heckd

The first galaxies are beginning uses triangular sails, ad, heckd

The first galaxies are beginning technology copied from the heckd

The first galaxies are beginning Arabs; to guide him, thehe heckd

The first galaxies are beginning compass, an invention from heckd

The first galaxies are beginning China.s, an invention from heckd

The first galaxies are beginning And guiding the needle, am heckd

The first galaxies are beginning magnetic field formed with thekd

The first galaxies are beginning core of the planet itself. thekd

The first galaxies are beginning Although Columbus is looking for

The first galaxies are beginning a new way to sail to India, what

The first galaxies are beginning he does instead is, finally andt

The first galaxies are beginning forever, connect the two halvest

The first galaxies are beginning of the world.ect the two halvest

The first galaxies are beginning The voyage is not justwo halvest

The first galaxies are beginning significant in American history.

The first galaxies are beginning As you'll see, it's a pivotalry.

The first galaxies are beginning event in all of human history.y.

The first galaxies are beginning Nothing will ever be the same.y.

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: The end of the Ice.

The first galaxies are beginning Age marooned large pockets ofce.

The first galaxies are beginning humanity on separate sides ofce.

The first galaxies are beginning the globe for over 15,000 years.

The first galaxies are beginning Now, that's all about to change.

The first galaxies are beginning >> The voyage of Christophernge.

The first galaxies are beginning Columbus in 1492 is taught asge.

The first galaxies are beginning one of the most significantasge.

The first galaxies are beginning events in American history.asge.

The first galaxies are beginning In fact, it's one of the mostge.

The first galaxies are beginning significant events in all oftge.

The first galaxies are beginning human history.ents in all oftge.

The first galaxies are beginning Prior to that voyage, the great.

The first galaxies are beginning world zones had existed largely.

The first galaxies are beginning in isolation.ad existed largely.

The first galaxies are beginning By crossing the Atlantic,argely.

The first galaxies are beginning Columbus opens up the vastrgely.

The first galaxies are beginning American world zone-- these two.

The first galaxies are beginning enormous continents of North and

The first galaxies are beginning South America, with the millions

The first galaxies are beginning of people that are living there,

The first galaxies are beginning the resources that areing there,

The first galaxies are beginning available.ces that areing there,

The first galaxies are beginning And for the first time, peoplee,

The first galaxies are beginning living in Eurasia become awaree,

The first galaxies are beginning of this other part of the world.

The first galaxies are beginning Until the voyage of Columbus,ld.

The first galaxies are beginning these people may as well haveld.

The first galaxies are beginning been living on different haveld.

The first galaxies are beginning planets, so isolated were they..

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: A trade networkey..

The first galaxies are beginning that started with the firstkey..

The first galaxies are beginning civilizations, connected Europe,

The first galaxies are beginning Asia, and Africa, now reachespe,

The first galaxies are beginning across the Atlantic.w reachespe,

The first galaxies are beginning In this vast new global network,

The first galaxies are beginning new hubs will form, and onceork,

The first galaxies are beginning again, power will shift.onceork,

The first galaxies are beginning >> For most of the last 2,000rk,

The first galaxies are beginning years, Europe hasn't been thatk,

The first galaxies are beginning important.ope hasn't been thatk,

The first galaxies are beginning Then, we get the age ofen thatk,

The first galaxies are beginning Columbus, and what do you know,,

The first galaxies are beginning this is exactly the time where,,

The first galaxies are beginning we see the rise of the West.re,,

The first galaxies are beginning This is when the West startsre,,

The first galaxies are beginning taking over, when it gets itself

The first galaxies are beginning smack bang in the middle of thef

The first galaxies are beginning biggest exchange network thethef

The first galaxies are beginning world has ever seen.work thethef

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Now, foods that had

The first galaxies are beginning been isolated on disconnectedhad

The first galaxies are beginning continents begin to move aroundd

The first galaxies are beginning the world. begin to move aroundd

The first galaxies are beginning Maize from the Americas shows up

The first galaxies are beginning in Egypt and China.icas shows up

The first galaxies are beginning Potatoes from the Andes prove up

The first galaxies are beginning perfectly suited to the soils of

The first galaxies are beginning Ireland and Russia. the soils of

The first galaxies are beginning The old Fertile Crescent grainsf

The first galaxies are beginning like wheat begin to feed theinsf

The first galaxies are beginning Americas.t begin to feed theinsf

The first galaxies are beginning New foods mean more calories,nsf

The first galaxies are beginning more energy.an more calories,nsf

The first galaxies are beginning Within three centuries ofies,nsf

The first galaxies are beginning Columbus' voyage, the population

The first galaxies are beginning of the world will more thanation

The first galaxies are beginning double to 900 million. thanation

The first galaxies are beginning But the unequal hands dealt toon

The first galaxies are beginning the two hemispheres now play out

The first galaxies are beginning in a deadly climax. now play out

The first galaxies are beginning European conquistadors, play out

The first galaxies are beginning inheritors of the agricultureout

The first galaxies are beginning and animals of the Fertileureout

The first galaxies are beginning Crescent, and the trade spreadut

The first galaxies are beginning along the vast networks of theut

The first galaxies are beginning old world, come bearing guns,eut

The first galaxies are beginning riding horses, and carryings,eut

The first galaxies are beginning infectious diseases.arryings,eut

The first galaxies are beginning The result-- slaughter.yings,eut

The first galaxies are beginning In the years following Columbus'

The first galaxies are beginning first voyage, 95% of the native'

The first galaxies are beginning population in the Americas will'

The first galaxies are beginning die from European guns and will'

The first galaxies are beginning germs.om European guns and will'

The first galaxies are beginning Once the hemispheres arend will'

The first galaxies are beginning connected, nothing can ever bel'

The first galaxies are beginning the same., nothing can ever bel'

The first galaxies are beginning Take the incredible story ofbel'

The first galaxies are beginning sugar.he incredible story ofbel'

The first galaxies are beginning Chemically, it's the only source

The first galaxies are beginning of fuel for our brains, a source

The first galaxies are beginning substance we are programmed toce

The first galaxies are beginning crave.nce we are programmed toce

The first galaxies are beginning Raw sugar comes mostly from toce

The first galaxies are beginning sugar cane.omes mostly from toce

The first galaxies are beginning Once again, a grass will play ae

The first galaxies are beginning central role in the story ofy ae

The first galaxies are beginning mankind.role in the story ofy ae

The first galaxies are beginning First cultivated more than 6,000

The first galaxies are beginning years ago in Asia, Europeans,000

The first galaxies are beginning discovered sugar in the Middle00

The first galaxies are beginning East during the Crusades andle00

The first galaxies are beginning carried it home.Crusades andle00

The first galaxies are beginning Europe was hooked.usades andle00

The first galaxies are beginning But there's virtually nowhere in

The first galaxies are beginning Europe where sugar can grow.e in

The first galaxies are beginning >> Then, we have Christophere in

The first galaxies are beginning Columbus and the discovery of in

The first galaxies are beginning the New World.he discovery of in

The first galaxies are beginning And the Spanish conquistadors,in

The first galaxies are beginning yes, they initially are verys,in

The first galaxies are beginning interested in the gold and thein

The first galaxies are beginning silver.ted in the gold and thein

The first galaxies are beginning But really, they just want toein

The first galaxies are beginning make it rich, they don't careein

The first galaxies are beginning how they're going to make iteein

The first galaxies are beginning rich.hey're going to make iteein

The first galaxies are beginning And once the gold and the silver

The first galaxies are beginning has been looted, the next steper

The first galaxies are beginning is to open sugar plantations.per

The first galaxies are beginning The Spanish themselves don't.per

The first galaxies are beginning want to work in the sugarn't.per

The first galaxies are beginning plantations. in the sugarn't.per

The first galaxies are beginning They start looking around for ar

The first galaxies are beginning new labor force.ng around for ar

The first galaxies are beginning And over on the other side of ar

The first galaxies are beginning the Atlantic, there is a placear

The first galaxies are beginning where they can buy slaves.lacear

The first galaxies are beginning And if we look at the history of

The first galaxies are beginning slavery, the number oneistory of

The first galaxies are beginning destination of slaves fromory of

The first galaxies are beginning Africa are sugar plantations. of

The first galaxies are beginning So the history of sugar shapesof

The first galaxies are beginning the development of historyapesof

The first galaxies are beginning through the Middle East, through

The first galaxies are beginning the Crusades, through thethrough

The first galaxies are beginning conquest of Meso-America, andugh

The first galaxies are beginning even the history of slavery from

The first galaxies are beginning Africa to the Americas.very from

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: In the year 1700,om

The first galaxies are beginning mankind has hit a wall.r 1700,om

The first galaxies are beginning Most humans continue to live0,om

The first galaxies are beginning simple lives more like ourve0,om

The first galaxies are beginning ancient ancestors' than our own.

The first galaxies are beginning >> When you think back to thewn.

The first galaxies are beginning world in 1700, most people were.

The first galaxies are beginning farmers, most people practicede.

The first galaxies are beginning small scale subsistenceacticede.

The first galaxies are beginning agriculture.subsistenceacticede.

The first galaxies are beginning Most manufacturing was done ine.

The first galaxies are beginning workshops.acturing was done ine.

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: In 1700, it takese.

The first galaxies are beginning over a year for cargo andtakese.

The first galaxies are beginning information to circle thetakese.

The first galaxies are beginning planet, longer than it wouldese.

The first galaxies are beginning take us today to get to Mars.se.

The first galaxies are beginning What's holding us back is how we

The first galaxies are beginning power our lives.s back is how we

The first galaxies are beginning In Egypt of 2000 BC, 90% of alle

The first galaxies are beginning work was done by human muscle,le

The first galaxies are beginning with animals kicking in thele,le

The first galaxies are beginning rest.animals kicking in thele,le

The first galaxies are beginning By 1700, in Europe, the majority

The first galaxies are beginning of work, 70%, is still driven by

The first galaxies are beginning human muscle. is still driven by

The first galaxies are beginning Muscle power alone can't clearby

The first galaxies are beginning the path to the modern age.earby

The first galaxies are beginning But there is a breakthroughearby

The first galaxies are beginning hidden deep within the Earth.rby

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: As our history ofby

The first galaxies are beginning the world in two hours racesofby

The first galaxies are beginning towards a close, mankind has hit

The first galaxies are beginning a wall. a close, mankind has hit

The first galaxies are beginning Human progress is stalled by the

The first galaxies are beginning limits of our muscle.lled by the

The first galaxies are beginning To break through, we'll need ahe

The first galaxies are beginning new way to power our lives andhe

The first galaxies are beginning the entire history of the world.

The first galaxies are beginning Remember that, billions of years

The first galaxies are beginning ago, iron from exploding starsrs

The first galaxies are beginning was gathered up into planetarsrs

The first galaxies are beginning Earth during its formation.arsrs

The first galaxies are beginning Thousands of years ago, manarsrs

The first galaxies are beginning started using this iron forarsrs

The first galaxies are beginning tools and weapons. iron forarsrs

The first galaxies are beginning To keep our forges burning, wers

The first galaxies are beginning began cutting down our forests.s

The first galaxies are beginning Now, 300 years ago, in Britain,s

The first galaxies are beginning iron is in high demand and the,s

The first galaxies are beginning trees are running out. and the,s

The first galaxies are beginning The British need a new source of

The first galaxies are beginning fuel, and thanks to the decayedf

The first galaxies are beginning remains of ancient ferns, theydf

The first galaxies are beginning have one-- coal.nt ferns, theydf

The first galaxies are beginning But coal itself won't powerheydf

The first galaxies are beginning mankind into the modern world.df

The first galaxies are beginning There's one more fateful twistdf

The first galaxies are beginning in the story.ore fateful twistdf

The first galaxies are beginning As the quest for coal takesistdf

The first galaxies are beginning miners ever deeper into theistdf

The first galaxies are beginning ground, water begins floodingtdf

The first galaxies are beginning the tunnels.r begins floodingtdf

The first galaxies are beginning To pump out the water, a newgtdf

The first galaxies are beginning invention is needed.r, a newgtdf

The first galaxies are beginning In 1712, Thomas Newcomen newgtdf

The first galaxies are beginning produces a pump powered byewgtdf

The first galaxies are beginning burning coal and driven byewgtdf

The first galaxies are beginning steam.g coal and driven byewgtdf

The first galaxies are beginning Newcomen's machine is the firstf

The first galaxies are beginning practical steam engine.he firstf

The first galaxies are beginning It is this combination-- energyf

The first galaxies are beginning and engine, fuel and machine--yf

The first galaxies are beginning that will free man from thee--yf

The first galaxies are beginning limits of his own muscle and--yf

The first galaxies are beginning change the world. muscle and--yf

The first galaxies are beginning The Industrial Revolutionand--yf

The first galaxies are beginning begins.ustrial Revolutionand--yf

The first galaxies are beginning Along with political revolutions

The first galaxies are beginning in America and, later, France,ns

The first galaxies are beginning this technological revolution,ns

The first galaxies are beginning forever transforms the landscape

The first galaxies are beginning of the world.forms the landscape

The first galaxies are beginning >> And before long, the Atlantic

The first galaxies are beginning World has become the newAtlantic

The first galaxies are beginning economic, therefore cultural,tic

The first galaxies are beginning therefore political, thereforeic

The first galaxies are beginning military, leader and willeforeic

The first galaxies are beginning utterly dominate globallleforeic

The first galaxies are beginning geopolitics from that moment toc

The first galaxies are beginning this.litics from that moment toc

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Trains thundert toc

The first galaxies are beginning across the countryside.ndert toc

The first galaxies are beginning By the 1870s, the internalrt toc

The first galaxies are beginning combustion engine has arrived,oc

The first galaxies are beginning and the Germans invent itsved,oc

The first galaxies are beginning killer app, the automobile.ed,oc

The first galaxies are beginning Oil, the substance which thed,oc

The first galaxies are beginning ancients considered tooh thed,oc

The first galaxies are beginning flammable to be of any use,ed,oc

The first galaxies are beginning becomes the most important,ed,oc

The first galaxies are beginning commodity on the planet, fueling

The first galaxies are beginning even more innovation.et, fueling

The first galaxies are beginning The telegraph and telephone move

The first galaxies are beginning messages at lightning speed.move

The first galaxies are beginning With electricity, mankinded.move

The first galaxies are beginning reclaims the night fromnded.move

The first galaxies are beginning darkness.the night fromnded.move

The first galaxies are beginning The hub of power has shifted.ove

The first galaxies are beginning In 1800, Europeans and their.ove

The first galaxies are beginning descendants controlled 35% ofove

The first galaxies are beginning the land on Earth.lled 35% ofove

The first galaxies are beginning By 1900, they control 85%. ofove

The first galaxies are beginning By the 20th century, fossilofove

The first galaxies are beginning fuels and the internalossilofove

The first galaxies are beginning combustion engine have amplified

The first galaxies are beginning everything, including warfare.ed

The first galaxies are beginning >> That technology meant that.ed

The first galaxies are beginning military power and militaryat.ed

The first galaxies are beginning conquest was something thatat.ed

The first galaxies are beginning could be international--hatat.ed

The first galaxies are beginning international in a way that ited

The first galaxies are beginning had never been before. that ited

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: In the 20thhat ited

The first galaxies are beginning century, almost three times ased

The first galaxies are beginning many people are killed as a ased

The first galaxies are beginning result of war as in the previous

The first galaxies are beginning 2,000 years of human historyious

The first galaxies are beginning combined.rs of human historyious

The first galaxies are beginning >> The application of theoryious

The first galaxies are beginning industrial skills, thetheoryious

The first galaxies are beginning industrial technologies of theus

The first galaxies are beginning inventors of the 18th centuryeus

The first galaxies are beginning reach their culmination, Iuryeus

The first galaxies are beginning think, with these extraordinarys

The first galaxies are beginning events.with these extraordinarys

The first galaxies are beginning And it's all being driven agains

The first galaxies are beginning by the micro-fossilized bodiesns

The first galaxies are beginning of organic entities thatbodiesns

The first galaxies are beginning disappeared into ancient swampss

The first galaxies are beginning millions and millions of yearsss

The first galaxies are beginning ago.ions and millions of yearsss

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: The Industrialarsss

The first galaxies are beginning Revolution also allows the human

The first galaxies are beginning population to explode. the human

The first galaxies are beginning It has taken 200,000 years ofman

The first galaxies are beginning human history-- from the dawn of

The first galaxies are beginning man to the year 1900-- for theof

The first galaxies are beginning population to reach 1.6 billion.

The first galaxies are beginning Now, within the 100 years of the

The first galaxies are beginning 20th century, it nearlyrs of the

The first galaxies are beginning quadruples to more than sixf the

The first galaxies are beginning billion.es to more than sixf the

The first galaxies are beginning >> The 20th century is the moste

The first galaxies are beginning extraordinary moment in humanste

The first galaxies are beginning history.inary moment in humanste

The first galaxies are beginning Never before have we seen change

The first galaxies are beginning on such a scale.e we seen change

The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Today, humanschange

The first galaxies are beginning number close to seven billion.ge

The first galaxies are beginning We are the dominant players onge

The first galaxies are beginning the planet.dominant players onge

The first galaxies are beginning We have learned to harnesss onge

The first galaxies are beginning 50,000 times more energy thannge

The first galaxies are beginning our ancestors just 10,000 yearse

The first galaxies are beginning ago.ancestors just 10,000 yearse

The first galaxies are beginning This energy drives our fast-arse

The first galaxies are beginning paced lives and a literalst-arse

The first galaxies are beginning worldwide web, a network that,se

The first galaxies are beginning as we have seen, has been in the

The first galaxies are beginning making for as long as humans the

The first galaxies are beginning have walked the Earth.humans the

The first galaxies are beginning Our two-hour story is coming toe

The first galaxies are beginning an end, a story that reallyg toe

The first galaxies are beginning began 14 billion years ago withe

The first galaxies are beginning a tiny universe where everything

The first galaxies are beginning was all in one place. everything

The first galaxies are beginning Then, the Big Bang-- all thehing

The first galaxies are beginning energy that has ever existedhing

The first galaxies are beginning created in an instant.xistedhing

The first galaxies are beginning Gravity sculpted our universe.ng

The first galaxies are beginning For billions of years, stars and

The first galaxies are beginning supernovas created all thers and

The first galaxies are beginning elements we would eventually and

The first galaxies are beginning need.nts we would eventually and

The first galaxies are beginning Then, an extreme Earth tooky and

The first galaxies are beginning shape and settled into just thed

The first galaxies are beginning right conditions to support thed

The first galaxies are beginning life. conditions to support thed

The first galaxies are beginning As the planet evolved, life thed

The first galaxies are beginning competed for energy, and grewhed

The first galaxies are beginning more and more complex.nd grewhed

The first galaxies are beginning Eventually, the conditions wered

The first galaxies are beginning right for our species to rise.ed

The first galaxies are beginning We mastered stone and fire.se.ed

The first galaxies are beginning When the Ice Age came, we spread

The first galaxies are beginning around the planet.ame, we spread

The first galaxies are beginning And when the ice melted, we were

The first galaxies are beginning stranded on differented, we were

The first galaxies are beginning continents. differented, we were

The first galaxies are beginning We learned to bend plants andere

The first galaxies are beginning animals to our will.lants andere

The first galaxies are beginning We built cities, thenants andere

The first galaxies are beginning civilizations.s, thenants andere

The first galaxies are beginning We created a vast network thatre

The first galaxies are beginning linked empires, joinedork thatre

The first galaxies are beginning continents, then crossed oceans.

The first galaxies are beginning Just when it seemed we hadceans.

The first galaxies are beginning reached our human limit, weeans.

The first galaxies are beginning found the energy and technology.

The first galaxies are beginning to carry us into the future.ogy.

The first galaxies are beginning On Earth, the seeds of the past.

The first galaxies are beginning have bloomed into a presentpast.

The first galaxies are beginning filled with energy andesentpast.

The first galaxies are beginning creativity. energy andesentpast.

The first galaxies are beginning The stories of billions of lives

The first galaxies are beginning have played out against thelives

The first galaxies are beginning backdrop of a universe almostves

The first galaxies are beginning too vast to comprehend.almostves

The first galaxies are beginning In everything that we do, in all

The first galaxies are beginning that we are, we remain livingall

The first galaxies are beginning monuments to the past as wengall

The first galaxies are beginning continue to make history everyll

The first galaxies are beginning day.inue to make history everyll

The first galaxies are beginning .Captioning sponsored by everyll