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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: {78}{210}subtitles written by m06166 {2241}{2275}Straddling the Equator, {2278}{2363}600 miles off the western |coast of South America {2366}{2420}lies a special world. {2505}{2569}Here, more than a century |and a half ago {2571}{2622}a young British naturalist, |Charles Darwin, {2624}{2674}encountered the |community of creatures {2676}{2763}unlike any others on |the face of the Earth. {2850}{2902}The insights he gained |from his voyage {2904}{2951}to this remote corner |of the globe {2953}{3074}would forever change |our view of the natural world. {3704}{3806}Today, scientists aboard |the R/V (research vessel) Seward Johnson {3808}{3864}retrace the journey of Charles Darwin {3866}{3926}to the fabled Galapagos Islands. {3996}{4089}It's the expedition of a lifetime |for marine biologist Carole Baldwin {4091}{4140}from the Smithsonian Institution, {4142}{4172}whose interest in these islands {4174}{4267}reaches back to her first |reading of Darwin's journals. {4296}{4340}I've always dreamed |of coming here {4342}{4379}to see what Darwin saw {4381}{4444}and to continue the work |he began. {4455}{4545}And now, using the tools |of modern science and technology, {4547}{4607}we can go where |he could never go {4609}{4694}to explore world |he could only imagine. {4913}{4985}Arriving with Carole |is a team of scientists {4987}{5062}whose areas of interests |range from birds and reptiles {5064}{5112}to deep sea fish; {5158}{5212}their mission - to |add to our understanding {5214}{5266}of how life has |evolved on these islands, {5268}{5326}and in relatively |unexplored waters {5328}{5382}off their shores. {5696}{5763}Rocky outpost |in the vast Pacific, {5765}{5830}the Galapagos bear testament |to a volcanic birth {5832}{5862}and to natural forces {5864}{5928}that continually reshaped their features, {5930}{6010}creating fresh footholds for life. {6174}{6218}Compared to the age of the Earth {6220}{6272}these islands are young. {6366}{6402}Thrust up from |the floor of the sea {6404}{6446}over the past few million years {6448}{6474}they suggest the land {6476}{6548}that is still in the process |of creation. {7035}{7125}It was 1835 when Darwin climbed |up here from the shore {7127}{7199}to get a closer look |at this strange landscape. {7225}{7269}'Nothing,' he wrote in his journal {7271}{7349}'could be less inviting |at first appearance.' {7352}{7388}And when you've |hiked for an hour {7390}{7441}over these rivers |of frozen lava {7442}{7548}you do start to wonder |how anything could possibly live here. {7612}{7649}Then, suddenly, {7651}{7685}something moves. {8042}{8130}With Ecuadorian naturalist |Mathias Espinosa {8132}{8229}Dr Baldwin charts a course |of the expedition. {8231}{8328}More than 20 islands make up |the Galapagos Archipelago. {8401}{8428}As part of Ecuador {8430}{8475}they are a sanctuary |for species {8477}{8511}whose ancestors arrived here {8513}{8599}by wind and sea |from the distant mainland. {9080}{9150}There are lots of underground |caves on the island. {9152}{9187}These caverns and tunnels, {9189}{9256}which solidified around |streams of molten lava, {9258}{9330}are good places |to look for fossils. {9486}{9607}But for someone who is at home |in a wetsuit, mask and fins {9609}{9697}cave exploration is a real challenge. {10462}{10555}"Wow, it's really beautiful in here" {10605}{10647}But the inside of the tunnel {10649}{10710}is as beautiful as a great cathedral. {10712}{10739}It is scare feeling {10741}{10804}to be scrambling |around in the place {10806}{10879}where the roof can collapse any minute. {11018}{11129}"Watch your steps because |some rocks are loose, you know" |"Yeap" {11349}{11383}"Are you OK?" |"Yeap" {11420}{11482}The remains Carole and Mathias find, {11484}{11551}the ancient bones |of small birds and rodents, {11553}{11619}offer evidence of ongoing |changes of species {11621}{11686}and may shed light |on why some vanished, {11688}{11750}while others continued |to thrive. {12055}{12102}Found nowhere else on Earth, {12104}{12145}the Giant Galapagos tortoise {12147}{12208}is one of the island's survivors. {12255}{12303}Built like a half-ton tank, {12305}{12367}the hefty reptile |may not win any races, {12368}{12449}but he could live over a hundred years. {12618}{12697}Darwin's discovery |that tortoises on different islands {12699}{12747}have distinctly different shells {12749}{12789}was one of the key observations {12791}{12825}that led him to propose {12827}{12898}the theory of evolution |by natural selection, {12900}{12985}a concept that would |revolutionize biology. {13022}{13079}When we compare the shells |of these tortoises, {13081}{13140}the differences are really obvious. {13155}{13218}This one with its low dome shell {13220}{13258}feeds near the ground, {13260}{13333}while the ones |with the high arch shells {13335}{13395}can munch the leaves |others can't reach. {13527}{13590}Darwin realised that |both of these tortoises {13592}{13634}evolved from a single species {13636}{13675}that washed upon these shores {13677}{13718}millions of years ago. {13823}{13856}In the same way, {13858}{13900}a single species of finch {13902}{13937}that arrived here on the wind {13939}{14018}led, in time, to thirteen |different species, {14020}{14102}each with its own |distinctive beak. {14104}{14137}As with the tortoises, {14139}{14245}natural selection shaped their |beaks for special functions. {14266}{14332}Bigger beaks crack |the heavy seeds, {14334}{14440}and more slender bills |probe for tiny insects. {14506}{14582}In the thousands of years |since their ancestors arrived {14584}{14688}the Galapagos cormorants |have lost their ability to fly. {14747}{14811}With no natural predators |to threaten them {14813}{14895}the birds can nest |in safety on these shores. {14915}{14958}Over long generations {14960}{15032}strong wings, once |vital for escape, {15034}{15087}gave way to short stubby ones {15089}{15118}- more energy efficient {15120}{15210}and useful for steering |when swimming after fish. {15416}{15477}The Galapagos land iguana {15479}{15557}is another old creature |found nowhere else on Earth, {15559}{15615}a lizard whose favourite |food is the fruit {15617}{15672}of the giant prickly |pear cactus. {15708}{15763}The cactus's tree-like form {15765}{15811}may have evolved |as its defense. {15813}{15900}Taller stemmed plants were |beyond the reach of hungry reptiles. {15902}{15974}And, as a result, were more |likely to survive {15976}{16017}and reproduce. {16033}{16113}In this way animals |and plants shape one another. {16115}{16199}And the natural environment |shapes them both. {16309}{16366}For biologists like Dr. Baldwin {16368}{16447}the isolation of these islands |is a powerful lure, {16449}{16519}a place where the processes |and results of evolution {16521}{16590}may be more easily observed. {16645}{16714}Where the land meets |the sea in the Galapagos {16716}{16767}tide pools are plentiful. {16769}{16808}And they make a perfect playground {16810}{16852}for young sea lions. {16860}{16913}In these sheltered nurseries {16915}{16946}pups can frolic, {16948}{17002}free from the sharks and other predators {17004}{17110}that wait for them |in the deeper waters off shore. {18280}{18385}Nearly every creature here |depends on sea for its food. {18393}{18480}That is especially true |for the marine iguanas {18482}{18510}- the dragon-like lizards {18512}{18588}that Darwin called "the imps of darkness." {18635}{18678}As a marine biologist, {18680}{18785}I am fascinated by the adaptations |of these amazing reptiles. {18844}{18895}Unlike other lizards, {18897}{19054}they've evolved the ability to take advantage| of the resources of both the sea and the land. {19144}{19204}It's believed that land dwelling iguanas {19206}{19298}reached these islands by riding |on floating mats of vegetation, {19300}{19443}or by island hopping across fragments |of land that are now submerged. {19480}{19582}Almost invisible amid the black lava rocks where they bask, {19584}{19635}the descendants of those first pioneers {19637}{19742}evolved the sooty grey hides |that help them soak up the sun's heat {19744}{19842}before they set off |into the cold coastal waters to feed. {20000}{20066}Each day, when their body temperatures have risen {20068}{20135}the iguanas turn their attention to the sea {20139}{21088}and, like an alien army, {20190}{20251}they abandon their posts on the rocks {20253}{20319}and march into the waves |to feast on the seaweed {20321}{20369}that grows off the shore. {20555}{20616}Equally at home in two worlds, {20618}{20661}the amphibious lizards prosper {20663}{20700}in the wild Galapagos, {20702}{20740}where they state their claim {20742}{20812}as some of the islands' |best surfing spots. {21348}{21445}The Galapagos Islands are merely |the tip of the iceberg, {21447}{21478}or more properly, {21480}{21509}the volcano. {21513}{21599}And very little is known of |the wonders that lie underwater. {21617}{21670}Here, in the world |that Darwin saw {21672}{21746}only through the window |of a glass-bottomed bucket {21748}{21849}the real work of the marine biologist begins. {22105}{22154}The first thing you notice down here {22156}{22236}is the extraordinary abundance of marine life. {22238}{22334}The currents bring |both cold and warm water species to the islands {22336}{22430}and they all benefit from the nutrients |that well up from the deep. {22791}{22836}We also can't help noticing {22838}{22908}how tame all the creatures seem to be. {22910}{22935}Just as on land, {22937}{22976}the underwater inhabitants, {22978}{23026}like the inquisitive sea lions, {23028}{23063}have little fear of humans {23066}{23188}and they seem to enjoy |distracting me from my work. {24816}{24879}As comfortable as I am in the water, {24881}{24978}when I see a big shark, |my first reaction is fear. {25049}{25120}Though shark attacks on humans are rare {25122}{25170}it pays to be wary. {25179}{25238}Sharks aren't known |for their keen eyesight {25240}{25277}and in this murky water {25280}{25366}they might just mistake me |for something they'd like to eat. {25732}{25826}Hammerhead sharks swim in huge numbers |around these islands. {25840}{25889}Although they come close {25891}{25949}it's clear they're no threat to me. {25974}{26012}And as I watch them {26014}{26056}I become intrigued, {26060}{26170}wondering how their ugly |shaped heads evolved. {26388}{26461}We do know that |their heads contain sensors {26463}{26528}that pick up electromagnetic fields. {26590}{26700}This sixth sense may help |the sharks locate their prey {26748}{26815}But, whatever their secret, |it's working. {26817}{26869}They've been around |for millions of years {26871}{26959}while lots of other species |have gone extinct. {27058}{27110}In the sea, as on land, {27112}{27150}it's "eat or be eaten, {27152}{27195}adapt and survive {27197}{27277}and pass on your genes to the next generation." {27400}{27457}Scientists like Carole Baldwin {27459}{27542}have only begun to probe |the many marvels and mysteries {27544}{27590}that lurk in these waters. {27743}{27816}The diversity of sea |life is dazzling. {27818}{27871}But the same forces |that work on the land {27873}{27926}have shaped each creature here {27928}{28000}to survive in its own unique way. {28171}{28242}While some hunt for fish |in the open waters, {28244}{28295}others, like the stingray, {28297}{28369}use camouflage to hide |from predators, {28371}{28430}or to surprise their prey. {28783}{28895}Observing what's here is |just a part of Carole's work, {28912}{29006}collecting specimens |for study is another. {29030}{29091}Each tiny fish |that she takes home {29093}{29163}may add to our understanding |of natural selection {29165}{29235}and the interconnectiveness |of life in the sea. {29482}{29546}The marine ecosystem |of the Galapagos {29548}{29607}is enriched by mineral |laden gases {29609}{29702}continuously released by active |vents on the ocean floor, {29704}{29799}a sign that the islands are still |under construction. {32469}{32543}The lava rocks that |litter the sea floor {32545}{32640}are the home to one of the least |alluring of the Galapagos creatures {32642}{32722}- the spotted moray eel. {32724}{32827}The snake-shaped fish has a mouth |full of needle-sharp teeth {32829}{32949}and powerful jaws that can snap |with the force of a bear trap. {33072}{33112}I've met morays before {33114}{33179}and they're usually |shy and secretive. {33181}{33303}But there's something very |different about these morays... {33590}{33666}Morays, like sharks, |have poor eyesight {33668}{33725}but an excellent |sense of smell. {33727}{33748}I wonder: {33750}{33825}Is it the fishes I've collected |in my net that interests them? {33827}{33869}Or is it me? {33895}{33985}I'm not about to stick |around to find out. {34093}{34160}With her shallow water |collecting completed {34162}{34212}Dr. Baldwin returns to the ship, {34214}{34240}where the most exciting {34242}{34315}and risky part of her mission |gets on the way {34317}{34400}- the exploration of the deep waters |of the Galapagos Islands {34402}{34466}in the Johnson Sea-Link submersible. {34493}{34589}Capable of descending |to a depth of 3000 feet {34591}{34652}the sub can take |scientists into worlds {34654}{34747}that still today remain |veiled in mystery. {34775}{34848}This is to be Carole's |first sub dive, {34850}{34913}a daunting prospect for anyone. {36952}{36996}It's a little unnerving {36998}{37049}when the last link |to the ship is released {37051}{37103}and you leave the surface behind. {37105}{37130}I guess it's the way {37132}{37203}it must feel to be an astronaut |in a space capsule. {37211}{37257}You don't know whether |you'd be excited {37259}{37295}or terrified... {37325}{37373}I can't help thinking: {37375}{37443}one small crack in the sub's |plastic sphere {37445}{37491}and it's all over. {37600}{37702}But then I remember |how privileged I am to be here {37759}{37869}Every dive on the sub |is a voyage into the unknown... {37871}{37893}into a world {37895}{37963}that a generation ago |we could only dream about, {37965}{38029}and could never really hope to see. {38387}{38421}When we start to consider {38423}{38457}that less than one percent {38459}{38509}of the world's ocean |floor's been explored {38511}{38585}you realise that we may |know more about our space {38587}{38633}than we do about our planet. {38725}{38770}It's no exaggeration to say {38772}{38890}that the deep sea is the Earth's |last great frontier. {38957}{39008}At the depth of 300 feet {39010}{39132}the sub descends beyond the range |of traditional scuba gear. {39299}{39388}The sub's lasers frame |at remote controlled cameras {39390}{39434}and its robot arm |is made ready {39436}{39468}to collect living specimens {39470}{39537}to bring back to the |ship for studying. {39781}{39852}The sub has a whole |toolbox of devices {39854}{39899}for picking up deep sea dwellers. {39901}{39940}But we limit our collecting {39942}{40030}to the ones that are new |and important to our research. {40191}{40230}The first catch of the day, {40234}{40309}a peculiar fish with |the leg-like fins, {40311}{40374}rides in the craft's |collection bucket. {40541}{40596}Next to be whisked the board {40598}{40646}- an unusual eel. {40690}{40746}But not all those |who were chosen {40748}{40799}prove to be cooperative. {42334}{42384}Your first impression |of the bottom {42386}{42419}is of another world... {42500}{42543}But when you switch |on the lights {42545}{42581}and reach into the darkness {42583}{42679}you discover that there's |lots of life down here. {42882}{42949}You've just got to know |where to look. {44856}{44890}I hate to leave the bottom {44892}{44980}with the whole world down |here waiting to be discovered {45022}{45103}but it's a long slow ride |to the surface {45105}{45157}- thirty minutes from 3000 feet. {45159}{45227}And we've got work |to do aboard the ship. {46610}{46671}The dive has been |an incredible high {46673}{46719}and I can't wait |to see up close {46721}{46769}the amazing things |we've collected. {46820}{46902}"Hey, John! Come look |at this jell-o nose." {46919}{46980}"What do you have there?" |"Look at that! That's ..." {46986}{47075}Each new species will be |carefully studied by scientists {47077}{47164}that is Smithsonian and other |institutions around the world. {47267}{47350}And together we will try to find |answers to the questions about {47352}{47425}how they swim and feed |and reproduce. {47427}{47496}And how their special |adaptations help them survive {47498}{47542}in the deep waters |where they live. {47652}{47739}I have a real fascination |of everything we've found {47742}{47788}and it's an unbelievable experience {47790}{47841}to hold in my hands a creature {47843}{47929}that, until now, no-one |has ever seen alive. {48011}{48083}All of us on the team share |a tremendous respect {48085}{48122}for these sea creatures. {48124}{48220}And for the strategies they've evolved |to survive in the cold dark world {48222}{48273}where we wouldn't last a minute. {48518}{48614}It was many years after Charles Darwin |returned from the Galapagos {48616}{48684}before he arrived |at his profound conclusions {48686}{48753}about the evolution |of life on Earth. {48950}{48978}In their own way, {48980}{49032}the new species Carole Baldwin collected {49034}{49068}are as weird and wonderful {49070}{49127}as any that Darwin encountered. {49129}{49227}And in time, like the finches, |tortoises and iguanas on the land {49229}{49305}they, too, may yield clues |that will help to explain {49307}{49355}the secrets of their success. {49475}{49584}An observation Darwin jotted |in his journal in 1835 {49586}{49650}is as true today |as it was then. {49654}{49696}"These islands," he said {49698}{49770}"seem to be a little world |within themselves {49774}{49849}- a perennial source of new things." {50190}{50266}For my colleagues and me |the work is only beginning {50268}{50292}and it may be years {50294}{50332}before our studies will reveal {50334}{50386}the role that each of these |deep water dwellers {50388}{50439}plays in the world of the sea. {50458}{50546}But we know that they all |have secrets they can teach us. {50848}{50914}The unique creatures |of the Galapagos Islands {50916}{50944}and their surrounding waters {50946}{51033}share an important and vulnerable place {51035}{51112}in the great web of life |on our planet. {51244}{51291}Scientists now know {51293}{51349}that evolution is |an ongoing process {51351}{51407}and that living things everywhere {51409}{51450}are constantly changing, {51452}{51479}adapting, {51481}{51564}and giving rise to new forms. {51950}{51995}I was leaving the Galapagos {51997}{52069}with far more that |I'd hoped to find here. {52077}{52111}With my co-workers {52113}{52185}we discovered at least |a dozen new species, {52190}{52251}including some that might |have come and gone {52253}{52325}from the Earth without |ever being seen alive. {52403}{52503}My imagination had been fired |by this magical place {52522}{52571}As Darwin knew long before me, {52574}{52648}and as new generations of naturalists |will discover, {52650}{52708}the quest to unlock life's secrets {52710}{52734}is an adventure {52736}{52798}that will never end. {53776}{53920}Bill Raisner was an ultralight pilot. |Noel Archambault was an IMAX stereographer. |They were killed when their ultralight crashed |near the top of Cerro Azul, |on Isabela Island (one of the Galapagos) 19888