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[WAVES CRASHING]

>> Water, the liquid
that oceans are made of.

And it fills endless depths.

Only few will venture out
into the endless, open ocean

of this vast underwater world.

Most of the ocean inhabitants
live in the city, as it were,

like human societies.

Very close together
with friendly neighbors

and nasty co-tenants.

While dangerous robbers lurk
around at the edge of town.

To assert yourself
here, you have

to be equipped with all kinds
of tricks and clever strategies,

or lie and cheat.

[MUSIC PLAYING]

Coral reefs are the largest
structures in the world.

They're giant
submerged metropolises.

Millions of
different inhabitants

live in these cities.

A universe with coral
palaces and soaring towers.

Every neighborhood has a chief.

The entire street
belongs to this guy.

No trespassing, OK?

A typical large city with
all the noise and ruckus.

[UNDERWATER SOUNDS]

Even this little porcupine
fish bleats around.

It creates this sound
with its swim bladder.

Two small harlequin shrimps are
nibbling on this blue sea star.

If someone else shows
up, he will catch hell.

Another harlequin shrimp
busy pulling a bite out

of a sea star.

Moray eels in disagreement.

A scorpion fish shuffles
across the ocean floor.

[UNDERWATER SOUNDS]

Everything and everybody
makes a lot of noise.

A boxer crab threatens
everybody that

comes by, holding two poisonous
anemones in its claws.

At least the anemone reef
looks peaceful, or does it?

The clownfishes are
having a huge squabble.

Who does this anemone belong to?

We can hardly see this
fish, but he's easy to hear.

A crocodile fish.

[CREAKING NOISE]

Does this giant puffer
fish hear something?

[MUSIC PLAYING]

It's a ray that's getting away.

A dispute amongst the members
of the cichlid family.

Who is stronger, and
especially, who is louder?

[GRUNTING NOISES]

To walkman fish are noisily
trying to woo a female.

Big city noise everywhere,
especially when

a large structure
is being torn down.

Everybody lives in their own
way in this noisy metropolis.

Some hover above it all, but
others are more down to earth,

and literally live
in the coral sand.

These goatfishes for example.

They plow through
the ocean floor

and catch smaller animals
between their teeth.

They use their
barbels like a dowser.

With them they can detect even
the weakest electric fields

that point them
towards small prey.

These gobies also dredge
through the sand and feed

on what they find in there.

There's another way of
finding prey in the sand.

This blue spotted stingray
uses its wings like shovels.

And there's always a chance
of stealing something.

While one works,
others just stand by

and feed on what's left
over, maybe a piece

of crab or a mussel.

You have to be very
familiar with this area

to find the best morsels.

This triggerfish uses a
strong stream of water.

The fish blows away
the sand to unearth

whatever is hidden inside it.

Others are quick to
steal whatever they can.

The triggerfish is a commanding
fish and most reef inhabitants

are easily intimidated
by him, except for

these strange visitors that
don't seem to show fear.

In any case, it's best to
cover them up with sand.

It's not easy for a
small fish in a big city.

There's always somebody
with bad intentions.

And you have to be
extra careful not

to get swallowed, like these
moon wrasses, for example.

So it's always safer for
the smallest among the reef

inhabitants to
show up in schools.

It's difficult to keep an eye
out for only one little fish.

And as a result, the predator
often grabs blindly at nothing

and comes up empty.

To show up in a big
mob is always safest.

Others are easily distracted
at the sight of so much prey

all at once.

This easygoing giant
pufferfish would never

have a chance here anyway.

Being part of a school of fish
is always the best protection

from predators.

The slow ones are being ignored.

No danger here.

The school distributes
the danger.

If there are 1,000 fishes,
any of them can be the target,

and 999 are going
to be just fine.

But what about loners or
those that live as a couple?

Seahorses, for
example, camouflage

themselves to look
like the coral branches

they're holding onto.

Even more difficult to see--

where is the animal here?

Only the eye betrays this
trumpet fish's camouflage.

They do everything to
not look like themselves.

Ornate ghost pipefishes.

They're inseparable, a couple.

The female is already carrying
eggs in her extended belly.

Before long the male
will fertilize her eggs.

They are still regular fishes
despite their unique costume.

This one looks like
torn off seagrass.

The spiny waspfish rocks back
and forth in the current.

Not a monster, but
ingenious camouflage.

A spider crab that's decorated
its head with a sponge.

This will deter any predator.

Another great camouflage, a
barrel decorated with rocks.

Only the movement of the
gills betrays this stonefish.

Even a smack with a
fin doesn't bother him.

The fish knows it
will not hurt him.

It only shoves him a
little further to the side.

Similarly tough are its
cousins, the scorpionfishes.

They lie there as if
dead, especially when

others around them freak out.

And even when moray eels fight
with lionfishes for food.

The scorpionfish lies
in wait for his chance.

And then immediately becomes
completely motionless again.

The only difference is that
it raises its dorsal fins

with the poisonous barbs inside.

It's complete still,
but now also armed.

This large anglerfish virtually
blends into the background

tangle of algae and leaves.

Right now, the anglerfish
is on high alert.

It ejects a large cloud in
order to throw off predators.

It's not the time to
feed or catch anything.

It's angling rod is lying
flat on the fish's back.

The white tip at the end of
the rod is used to lure pray.

The anglerfish feels
threatened by something.

Finally, it gives
up its camouflage

and moves further over
using its fins to float.

As soon as the fish
retracts the fins,

it sinks to the ocean floor.

Anglerfishes come in all
kinds of shapes and sizes.

Their trick is ingenious, using
the angling rod as a lure.

And every curious little
fish becomes dinner.

Many animals, including
ocean inhabitants,

communicate with a mixture
of sounds and behavior.

Everybody has to look out
for their own survival

in this metropolis
of ocean inhabitants.

But it seems maybe not
quite everybody does it

by themselves.

The partner goby has come to
an agreement with two pistol

shrimps.

The goby keeps an eye on
things while the shrimps

keep maintaining their hole.

Larger rocks at the entrance
are ideal for securing it.

They're an experienced team.

The shrimps keep
in constant contact

with the goby, and even
massage the fish's belly.

The goby will get nervous
without these gestures

from the shrimps.

The pistol shrimps need a
cool and collected bouncer

at their entrance.

Teamwork.

This is where the
anemones settle

with their poisonous tentacles.

Whoever gets caught by
those will pay for it dearly

or lose their life.

No wonder that there
is virtually no one who

likes to settle here.

The little clownfishes
are the only ones

that know how to deal
with these tentacles.

They cover themselves with the
slime of the anemones tentacles

and are protected
from the poison.

The clowns are safe in here.

And in return, will
protect their anemone

as well as they can.

This seems like a sensible deal.

But on occasion, the anemone
will pull the tentacles

inside its column
shaped body, which means

the clownfish's home is gone.

When this happens, they panic
and look for another anemone

that they can hide in
for the time being.

Unfortunately, this one
is already occupied,

and the next one as well.

And this means having to
fight its current owner.

There's much to
lose for the clowns.

Without the anemone,
they can't procreate.

The clownfishes
attach their eggs

to the bottom of the
column-shaped foot

of their anemone, hidden
behind the poisonous tentacles.

Both male and female
tend to the eggs.

They find fresh water on them.

The eyes of the babies are
already clearly visible.

The clowns are very
protective of their eggs.

It takes the two of them
to protect their offspring.

And only in conjunction
with the anemone.

Everybody in the
reef has to take

special care of their young.

If they don't, it means their
species will simply die out.

So it's not surprising
that everybody gives it

their best effort.

This triggerfish has
hidden its offspring

in a small hollow in
the sandy ocean floor.

And this means having
to constantly protect

this open egg site.

On occasion, they
blow and fan the eggs,

but mostly they keep an
eye out for predators.

This means grave danger.

One of the sea urchins
is wandering straight

towards the nest.

The eggs have to be protected
at all cost, but how?

The triggerfish seems to
consider the alternatives.

But then it blows and
then rams the sea urchin.

Again and again until it breaks.

The sea urchin's guts
spill out into the open.

A few more hits
for good measure.

The danger has been averted.

Everything else is easy.

Two little damselfishes
cling to a coral branch.

A pretty and obviously
inseparable pair.

They appear to have
something important to do.

And there it is.

The female has been
laying eggs and glued them

to a coral branch.

Over and over again, both
of them sweep past the eggs

to keep them clean.

Two very busy parents
in the middle of town.

Not far from them, the same
kind of damselfish, but this one

is feeding on the eggs,
not tending to them.

This damselfish's
priorities have changed.

Its partner is gone and it's
impossible to bring the eggs

through by itself, so
it feeds on its own eggs

to at least recycle
the nutrients.

There are many
different strategies

to give one's
offspring a good start.

Some are surprisingly easy.

The mass mating of
the black seabreams.

The males are so
generous with their sperm

that often a cloud of it will
engulf the entire wedding

party.

Countless couples and
constantly in motion.

A predator would
have a hard time

to find its bearings in
this schooling behavior.

The fishes' instincts
cause them to mass mate

in order to ensure the
survival of their species.

Cardinalfishes have
their own clever means

of child protection.

It's not time yet.

The couple are still flirting
and courting with each other,

going around and around.

We'll leave them to
it and take a detour

to a couple not quite as
gentle with each other.

Monkfishes live in
groups, and their nests

are very close to one another.

As a result, all the fishes are
alerted to a predator nearing

their nests.

Hermit crabs love to feast on
the eggs of the monkfishes,

so the protective parents
are all getting nervous.

The hermit crab is still far
enough away and currently

busy with something else.

The hermit crab's best
defense is its house

that it carries
around for protection.

The patience of the
monkfishes is wearing thin.

Now everyone attacks in
order to bowl the crab away

from their nests.

They're clearly telling this
hermit crab to take a hike.

But they should have stayed
with their offspring,

because there's new
danger approaching.

A gaggle of rainbow
wrasses takes

advantage of this
unique opportunity

and ravages the monkfish nests.

The predators are quick,
brutal, and in the majority.

Most of the monkfish
eggs will be devoured.

An attack of this
kind would never

happen to the cardinalfishes,
because they are mouth brooders

and don't have to watch over
a nest that's out in the open.

The males carry the eggs in
their mouths, up to 20,000

of them.

A mobile nursery.

They're safe here in
their father's mouth,

unless, of course,
he gets eaten.

During the night, when it's
dark, the danger is greatest.

These underwater cities have
a very active night life

with special attractions.

Basket starfishes come out
and sit in the current.

It's a night active
type of brittle star.

With their arms full
of tiny little hooks,

they filter plankton out
of the water to feed.

A very elegant feather star.

It's on the move to find a
better spot to filter plankton.

This Spanish dancer is even
more graceful and elegant

than the brittle stars.

It's a type of nudibranch.

The giant pufferfish is relaxed
and spends the night dozing off

on the sandy bottom.

Others prefer the safety
of their quiet bedroom.

A surgeon fish.

Everybody settles
in for the night

as comfortably as possible.

The parrotfish tucks itself
away in its mucous cocoon

for protection
against predators.

Everybody's sleeping
arrangements are different.

The poor triggerfish
has to stand guard

by its nest all night long.

There's no time to rest.

Some of the predators
are quite soft-footed.

A cone snail has
spotted a small fish.

The snail is fast and
the prey disappears

in the blink of an eye.

The night is still
young and still full

of danger and terror.

These lionfishes pose danger
to the cardinalfishes.

Lionfishes suck in their prey.

Even if they choke on it.

They're hanging around
waiting for their chance.

This poor cardinal is sideways
in the lionfish's mouth,

eggs and all.

Lionfishes aren't the
most elegant predators,

with all their attachments
and frayed fins.

But this is all part
of their camouflage.

They're harder to see and
blend into the background.

Outside the reef, the
lionfishes hunt as a school.

They drive their prey towards
one another with their fanned

out fins.

They prefer to attack from
above, cornering their prey.

This is not a different
location, just different light.

These special blue
lights totally

change the appearance
of the reef.

Now we can see that the
coral polyps are bright red

and they clearly stand out
from their environment.

A new and fascinating
perspective

on the communication of
many ocean inhabitants.

And suddenly, an
eruption of sorts.

It looks like smoke,
but in reality, it's

a type of reproduction.

A carpet anemone is
ejecting its sperm.

In the blue light, it looks
like a dramatic eruption.

A hermit crab as
a magic lantern.

The blue light brings
out these colors.

An entire group of
lionfishes on a food foray.

The animals don't
seem to know any fear.

It seems that they're well
aware of the poison they

carry in their back spines.

They even use the light
of our dive torches

to their advantage.

There's no nightly
rest to be had here.

With the first daylight, new
life comes into the reef city.

They all seem to start
going again, ponderously,

with armored fins.

As pedestrians, and as
light and quiet as possible.

Mother and daughter,
elegant and synchronous.

Some have to hustle
along on 10 legs.

This spider crab runs straight
into a brittle star gathering.

A giant smashup in
the early morning.

Wildly flopping around,
everybody tries to get away.

As in every city, there are also
shopping opportunities here.

This moray eel knows
her shops well.

She rushes to her favorite
store every morning.

The same with this
bluespotted ray.

But they haven't opened yet.

It leans on one fin as
if to say it's waiting.

Similar problems in
a branch further up.

These sweetlips are also
waiting to be tended to.

Here they come.

A little late this morning.

The small cleaner wrasses are
starting to open their shop

and are hungry.

They're ready to read their
customers of parasites.

This ray is also being served.

It likes to have
its gills cleaned.

This is a barter business.

One side gets cleaned,
the other fed.

A very fair deal.

Clownfishes seem to be
excluded from this business

because they can't
leave their anemone.

In their case, the cleaner
fishes make house calls.

This snake eel is also
otherwise engaged,

and the cleaner shrimps are
also making house calls for him.

Finally, it's the moray's turn.

It has a lot of nutritious
freeloaders on its skin

and in its gills.

All of a sudden,
the cleaners leave.

Why?

This titan triggerfish
is no better off.

The treatment has stopped
before he was finished.

The cleaner fishes have
new customers, clients that

never come to see them before.

And they're now being
preferred over old customers.

The point is that
these new clients

will like the service here so
much that they will come back

again.

The regular customers have
to be patient and wait

until the new
clients are finished.

Cleaner fishes operates solely
according to economic rules.

This guy has also come
for the first time

and quite enjoys their service.

Sometimes it's too much
of a good thing, tough.

This small blackspotted puffer
just wants to look around

and is not asking for a
cleaning at this time.

It swims away quickly,
and clearly annoyed.

It's time to go back to
the regular customers

before they get impatient
and leave for good.

Digging deep, where
the gills are dirtiest.

One last time through
the mouth and it's

as good as new, the
teeth squeaky clean.

Now this male moray can start
looking for a suitable female.

She is clearly not
interested in male visitors.

This next dugout also
does not look encouraging.

These two have already found
each other, a strange pair

with a triggerfish as roommate.

They seem to get
along just fine.

It's difficult to
cut in as a stranger.

It would also be
well-advised to stay away

from this giant triggerfish.

This, on the other hand, might
be a different situation.

It's important to be patient.

This female moray does not
seem to be too reluctant.

She's showing her teeth, which
is not a sign of aggression.

Quite the opposite.

She finally agrees to a date.

The two of them are
getting to know each other.

Moray eels are very
gentle with their mates.

And they're good for
another surprise as partners

of a phenomenal hunting party.

These types of hunting parties
have to find each other first

in this big city.

The right place for the
moray and her partner.

The morays cooperate
with the groupers.

It's not so far fetched.

The grouper hunts in the open
and the moray inside the reef.

The moray is able to get in
between cracks and crevices

that the grouper can't get to.

Together they're a strong team.

A grouper that's trying to
convince this moray to hunt

with him.

The grouper signals this to the
moray by rocking back and forth

and shaking for all it's worth.

All for nothing.

This moray doesn't understand
and stays in its cave.

Next try.

Maybe the moray will react
this time and swim with him.

Again, no luck.

Finally, this moray seems
to understand the grouper

and is hungry.

The grouper tilts its
head and the moray

accepts his invitation.

Together, they swim
through the reef.

The moray prefers to swim
between the dark alleyways,

and the grouper
decides it's safer

to stay on the main
streets around the reef.

This is not the right place.

The grouper expected to
find scared prey here.

The moray takes a
break and waits.

It's not going to
happen this way.

Again, another invitation to go.

They continue through the
reef to another coral head.

Also nothing for
them here either.

The moray is getting
ambitious as well now

and initiates a hunt on her own.

She might be better at
finding hunting spots.

They're successful in
this next coral head.

And then everything
happens very quickly.

The fishes are panicked
and both hunters

are able to profit from that.

This coral city offers
living space for millions.

Many hideouts and
crevices provide

protection for everybody.

My home is my castle.

While some escape
between sharp corals,

others curl up in a ball.

Octopuses don't have
bones and are therefore

able to change shape.

Their homes are usually
very tight and space saving.

They like to live a bit further
apart from their neighbors,

because they're not
necessarily always friends

with one another.

It might be best to put up a
wall of stones between them.

The ocean offers
many hideouts, which

is synonymous with survival
for many ocean inhabitants.

There can also be
hideouts that nature never

intended to be there, such
as this giant wreck, 240

feet deep.

A research submarine on
its way into the deep

comes across a sunken freighter.

It's an artificial world with
countless nooks and crevices

to offer protection and a home
for many ocean inhabitants.

The wreck has long
been overgrown

with all kinds of sea life.

The side of the hull
has become a living wall

made of corals and sponges.

Sunfishes, with their odd form
of movement, patrol this area.

They're looking for jellyfish.

In steerage, where the
current is strongest,

filter feeders have
found a new home,

such as these sea fan corals.

They feed on the tiny
plankton particles.

A unit that has grown together
made of technical, manmade,

and organic structures.

Even the steel anchor
has grown a second skin

made of living beings.

It offers these
delicate creatures

a solid structure to grow on.

They have all made a comfortable
home in this sunken world.

Not even the lights
of the sub disturb

any of the wreck inhabitants.

New life has been created
out of the tragedy

of this sunken ship.

Ingenious, life renewing
cycle of nature.

The morays are sharing a home.

They seem to be exceptionally
friendly towards one another,

even with this conger
eel as their neighbor.

Even the octopus remains
unharmed by the morays.

A unique environment
made of steel

that offers many different
opportunities for ocean

inhabitants to use it.

Even this fishing net offers
a conger eel a place to hide.

The original destination of the
sub is located a bit deeper,

a picturesque, underwater
city full of ancient amphora

architecture.

An antique merchant
vessel sank here.

Only the clay containers,
once filled with Greek wine,

are still visible.

Now they offer
homes and protection

to many ocean inhabitants.

Similar to the
reef, hiding places

are essential for
staying alive down here.

The amphorae have a
very special shape.

They taper towards
the bottom, so they

could be stored sitting
upright in a layer of sand

in the hull of the ship.

The amphorae and their
precious contents

were safe during transport.

Spiny lobsters welcome
these types of caves.

Conger eels also feel safe
in this mass of amphorae

and shards of clay, as
if it was made for them

and their slender, long bodies.

The city of amphorae
on the ocean floor

provides countless opportunities
to observe, disappear,

and be unseen.

Maybe that's why this city seems
to be very calm and orderly,

even when the conger eel
swims above everybody's abode.

Nobody panics because
they only have

to withdraw slowly into
their homes and they're safe.

The same goes for
this forkbeard.

The conger eel's only chance
to make pray down here

is to hide himself
and ambush somebody.

The sunfishes also don't
have much luck feeding here

for the same reasons
as the conger eel.

On the other side of
the globe, the Spencer

Gulf in Southern Australia.

Every year hundreds of giant
cuttlefishes meet up to mate.

The rocky seabed offers
great holes and caves

to hide the eggs.

The females are
smaller than the males

and seem to be a bit shy,
keeping their arms tucked

tightly together.

The males, on the other hand,
present every bit of themselves

openly to impress the females,
but also other males that

are potential rivals.

When the going gets
tough, it's always

a good idea to hide behind
the safety of a cloud of ink.

Without much success.

Escape in reverse.

Only the strongest of them
have a chance with the females.

He is a winner and
courts his female

by changing his color
to interesting stripes.

She has agreed to mate with
him and they hug tightly.

He deposits his sperm package
into her mantle opening.

Immediately afterwards,
she withdraws

into one of the caves
on the ocean floor

in order to avoid
courtship from other males.

A clear signal.

The male is protecting his
female from other rivals.

But there's always
the unexpected.

A so-called sneaker
male tries to cut in.

This male is much
smaller and pretends

to be another female by acting
like one, very demure and shy.

All seems to be fine in the den.

He's busy chasing
away other rivals

from this new supposed female.

Especially now that
there are two females

under his protection.

It can't hurt.

The two supposed females
on the bottom below him

are getting closer
to each other.

The sneaker male and the female.

They mate in secret under the
protection of the strong male.

As soon as the sneaker
male is found out,

it gets dangerous
for him, but he

has achieved what he came for
and mated with this female.

The beatings are
nothing compared

to the glory of his success.

Intelligent
strategies and tricks

are essential for survival
under water and part

of everyday life.

A final dive into the
magical world of sharks.

This spot on a sand bank
close to the Bahama Islands

has great attraction
for these lemon sharks.

They come here by the hundreds.

Nobody exactly knows why.

This sandy plateau in the
middle of the open ocean

is easy for
scientists to get to.

This experiment
will show how sharks

react to their own reflections.

The metal mirror stands
upright on the sea bed.

The animals that swim towards
it will see their own reflection

coming closer.

How will these
lemon sharks react?

Now the researchers have
to have strong nerves.

Things stay surprisingly calm.

The foreign object
is almost ignored,

as if it had been there forever.

The sharks either swim
past it or underneath it.

The scientists
expected a bit more.

And soon, the sharks lose
all interest in the mirror.

Some sharks even calmly
drop to the sea bed to rest.

The only ones alarmed
by this behavior

are the remoras that
like to keep moving.

They let go of
their shark and see

if they can't hitch a ride
with a more active individual.

Shark hopping.

This one isn't a
good choice either,

so they continue
to yet another one.

All of a sudden, something
happens to the mirror

and the peaceful
afternoon on the sand bank

changes quickly into
the complete opposite.

The rope that the mirror
is attached to loosens

and the mirror falls over.

Suddenly, and seemingly
out of nowhere,

several sharks
rush to the mirror

and show great interest in it.

They smell and touch it, and
they get more and more excited.

What happened all of a sudden?

None of the scientists
have any idea

how to explain this
change in behavior.

The animals that were calm and
collected only a second ago

are now completely
out of their minds.

And the situation quickly
escalates into a mass attack

on the mirror.

Do they mistake their own
reflection for an opponent?

It's time for the
divers to leave

because it's not safe anymore.

A communication of
the ocean inhabitants

continues to offer new
and exciting insights,

though we will probably
never fully understand them.

[UNDERWATER SOUNDS]