All language subtitles for Wonders of the Universe BBC 2011 EP01 Destiny BluRay 1080p x264 AC3 EN_Subtitles01.ENG

PROFESSOR BRIAN COX: Why are we here?

Where do we come from?

These are the most
enduring of guestions.

And it's an essential part
of human nature

to want to find the answers.

Now, we can trace our ancestry back
hundreds of thousands of years

to the dawn of humarıkiınd.

But in reality, our story extends
far further back in time.

Our story starts with the beginning
of the universe.

It began 13.7 billion years ago.

And today it's filled with
oöver a hundred billion galaxies,

each containing hundreds
of billions of stars.

In this series,
I want to tell that story.

Because ultimately,
we are part of the universe.

So its story İis our story.

It's a story that you couldn't tell
without something so fundamental

that's it's impossible to imagine
the universe without it.

It's woven into the very fabric
of the cosmos. Time.

The relentless flow of time has driven
the evolution of the universe

and created many extraordinary wonders.

These wonders take us
from the very first moments

in the life of the universe
to its eventual end.

This is Chankillo
on the northwestern coast of Peru.

And it's one of South America's
lesser known archaeological sites,

but for me, it is surely
one of the most fascinating.

Around two and a half
thousand years ago,

a civilisation we know
almost nothing about

built this fortified temple
in the desert.

Its walls were once brilliant white
and covered with painted figures.

Today, all but the smallest fragments
of the decorations are göne.

The details of this culture
and all traces of its language are lost.

And yet, if you stand
in the right place,

you can still experience
the true purpose of Chankillo

in fust the same way as you could
the day it was built.

But to do that, you have to be here
before the sun rises.

These towers form
an ancient solar calendar.

Now, at different times of year,
the sunrise point

is at a different place on the horizon.

Actually, December 21st,

which here in the Southern Hemisphere
is the summer solstice, the longest day,

and the sun Trises just
to the right of the rightmost tower.

Then as the year passes,
the surı moves through the towers,

until, on June 21st,
which is the winter solstice,

the shortest day,
it rises just to the left

of the leftmost tower.

Actually, just in between that mountain
you can see in the distance

and the leftmost tower.

So at any time of year,
if you watch the sun rise,

you can measure its position
and you can tell,

within an accuracy of two or three days,
the date.

Today's date is September the 15th,

and so that means that the sun will rise
between the fifth and the sixth towers.

Chankillo still works as a calendar,

because the sun still rises
in the same place today

as it did when these stones
were first laid down.

Now, that is a magnificent sight,
as the sun burns through the towers.

You can almost feel
the presence of the past here.

I mean, imagine what
it must have been like.

Thousands of citizens stood here
to greet the sun,

which was almost certainly a deity,
almost certainly their god.

What a magnificent achievement.

I mean, it's probably one
of our earliest attempts

to begin to measure the heavens.

Over the millennia,

that desire to measure
what's goling on in the sky

has led to modern astronomy

and the foundations
of our modern civilisation.

I might build öone in my garden.

(LAUGHS) I want one.

The 13 towers that line this ridge
stand testament

to our enduring fascination
with the clockwork of the heavens

and to the direct connection
between our lives and the cosmos.

The rising and setting of the sun
Pprovides an epic heartbeat

that allows us to mark
the passage of time.

A day on Farth is the 24 hours
it takes our planet

to rotate once on its axis.

Our months are based
on the 29 and a half days

it takes the moon to wax and wane
im the night sky.

And a year is the 365 and a guarter days

it takes us to orbit
öonce around the sun.

These familiar time scales
mark the passing of our lives,

but the life of the universe
plays out on a much grander scale.

When you look up into the night sky,
you don't just see stars,

those tiny points of light
are a million different clocks,

whose life spans mark out
the passage of time

over billions or even trillions
of years.

This film is about the greatest
expanses of time.

The deep time that shapes the universe.

From its fiery beginnings

through countless generations
of stars, planets and galaxies

to its eventual demise,

the fate of the universe
is determined by the passage of time.

Time scales in the cosmos
seem so unimaginabliy vast

it's almost impossible
to relate to them.

Yet there are places on Earth
where we can begin to encounter time

on these universal scales.

This is Ostional on the northern
Pacific coast of Costa Rica,

and I've come here
to witmess a natural event

that's been happening long before
there were arıy humans here to see it.

And I suppose it really is a window

into the distant past
of life on our planet.

(INDISTINCT)

Once the sun has dipped
below the horizon

and the moon conspired
to make the tides just right,

this beach is visited
by prehistoric creatures.

Ünder the cover of darkness,
they emerge from the ocean.

Playa Ostional is öone of the few
beaches in the world

where large numbers of sea turtles
make their nests.

But what makes this truly remarkable

is the sheer length of time
scenes like this have been playing out.

This is part of one of the oldest
life cycles on Earth.

On nights like these
for the last hundred million years,

turtles like this have been
hauling themselves out of the ocean

to lay their eggs.

It's an almost
incomprehensible time span.

I mean, a hundred million years ago
there were dinosaurs roaming the Earth

but the Earth itself
looked very different.

I mean, South America
was not connected to North America.

North America was somewhere
over close to Europe.

Australia was connected to Antarctica.

It really is guite wonderful
to be so close

to such an ancient cycle of life.

I can hear her breathing, actually.

(BREATHING HEAVILY)

It's a remarkable experience.

I mean,
it really is beautiful to see that

on öone night of many hundreds
of millions of nights

stretching back into the past.

And she's gone.

To witness a moment like this

is to open up a connection
to the deep past,

to experience time spans far longer
than the history of our own species.

Yet even the hundred million years
story of the turtles

only begins to connect us
with the vast sweep of cosmic time.

Our entire solar system is travelling
on an unimagğinabiy vast orbit,

spinning around the centre
of our galaxy.

Ittakes 250 million years

to make just one circuit
of the Milky Way.

In the entire history of the human race,

we've travelled less than a tenth
of one percent of that orbit.

These cycles seem eternal
and unchanging,

but as the story of time unfolds,

a fundamental truth is revealed.

Nothing lasts forever.

This is the most profound property
of time.

And it plays out
Just as vividiy here on Farth

aâs it does in the depths of space.

This is the Perito Moreno Glacier
in Patagonia in Southern Argentina,

and it's one of the hundreds of glaciers

that sweep down the continent
from the southern Patagonian ice fields.

And you know, if you carry on that way,

so south, about...
I don't know about 1000 kilometres

you get to the end of South America

and from then on
there's nothing till the Antarctic.

(LAUGHS) And it feels like that today.

The glacier is such
a massive expanse of ice,

but at first sight
just like the cycles of the heavens,

it appears fixed and unchanging.

(CRACKING)

Yet seen close-up,
it's continually on the move,

as it has been
for tens of thousands of years.

The whole face of the glacier
is moving into the lake,

about something like
that much every day.

And that means that well over
a guarter of a billion tons of ice

drop off the face of the glacier
into the lake every year.

It's about a million tons a day.

And you can hear it happening.

Just every now and again,
you hear this tremendous cracking sound.

It really is like the place is alive.

(RUMBLING)

You know, it's guite disturbing

when these enormous chunks
of ice fall into the lake.

Although this thing seems stable
and the movement seems glacially slow,

actually, there can be
really violent collapses.

It's an incredibly dynamic place to be.

This movement of the glacier provides
an İnsight into the nature of time.

It is simply the öordering of events
into seguences, öone step after another.

As time passes, snow falls, ice forms,

the glacier gradually inches
down the valley

and huge chunks of ice
fall into the lake below.

But even this simple seguvence
contains a profound idea.

Events always happen in the same order.

They're never jumbled up
and they never go backwards.

Now, that is something that
you would never see in reverse.

But interestingly, there's nothing
about the laws of physics

that describe how all those
water molecules are moving around

that prevent them from all getting
together on the surface of the lake,

jumping out of the water,
sticking together into a block of ice

and then gluing themselves back
onto the surface of the glacier again.

But interestingly, we do understand

why the world doesn't run in reverse.

There is a reason,
we have a scientific explanation,

and it's called the arrow of time.

We never see waves
travelling across lakes,

coming together and bouncing
chunks of ice back onto glaciers.

We are compelled to travel
into the future.

And that's because
the arrow of time dictates

that as each moment passes,
things change.

And önce these changes have happened,
they are never undone.

Permanent change is a fundamental part
of what it means to be human.

You know, we all age
as the years pass by.

People are born, they live and they die.

I suppose it's part of the joy
and tragedy of our lives.

But out there in the universe,
those grand and epic cycles

appear eternal and unchanging,
but that's an illusion.

See, in the life of the universe,
jJust as in our lives,

everything is irreversibly changing.

By building change upon change,

the arrow of time drives the evolutron
of the entire universe.

And as we look out
deep in to the cosmos,

we can see that story unfold.

This is an image of a tiny piece
of night sky

in the constellation of Leo.

It's actually where the mouth
of the lion would be.

And despite appearances,

it is oöne of the most interesting images
taken in recent astronomical history.

The interesting thing
is this little red blob here,

which looks very unremarkable.

But what that red blob is

is the afterglow
of an enormous cosmic explosion.

It's the death of a star
that was about, what,

40 or even 50 times
the mass of our sun.

Poetically named GRB 090423,

it was öonce a Wolf-Rayet star.

Shrouded by rapidiy swirling
clouds of gas,

it burned 10,000 times
more brightly than our sun.

But because it burned so brightiy,
it was extremely short-lived.

As it died,
the giant star collapsed in on itself.

That caused massive jets of light
and stellar materlal

to be ejected from its poles,

in an explosion that shone with
the light of ten million billion suns.

And it's the afterglow
of this catastrophic explosion

that is just visible from our planet
as a faint red dot.

But that's not what's so interesting
about GRB 090423.

You see, when we look up into the sky
at distant stars and galaxies,

then we're looking back in time,

because the light takes time
to journey from them to us.

And the light from that red dot
has been travelling to us

for almost the entire history
of the universe.

You see, what we're looking at here

is an event that happened
13 billion years ago.

I mean, that's only
about 600 million years

after the Big Bang,
after the universe began.

So this is something incredibly early
in the universe's history.

In fact,
this is the oldest single object

that we've ever seen.

What we're looking at here
is the explosive death

of one of the first stars
in the universe.

As it evolves, the universe passes
through distinct eras.

Vast ages, whose beginnings and endings

are marked by unigue milestones.

The births and deaths of its wonders.

The moment the first stars were born
is one of the most important changes

in the evolution of the cosmos.

It signals the end
of the Primordial Era

and marks the beginning
of the second great age of the universe.

The time in which we live,

the Stelliferous Era,

the age of the stars.

Starlight illuminates the night sky

and starlight illuminates our days.

Our sun is just one of 200 billion stars
in our galaxy.

And our galaxy is one of 100 billion
in the observable universe.

Countless islands of countless stars.

Although the universe
is over 13 billion years old,

we still live close to the start
of the Stelliferous Era.

And it's an age of astonishing
beauty and complexity in the universe.

The cosmos is absolutely
awash with stars,

surrounded by nebulae
and systems of planets.

There are countless billions of worlds
that we've yet to explore.

But the cosmos isn't static
and unchanging

and it won't always be this way.

Because as the arrow of time plays out,

it produces a universe
that is as dynamic as it's beautiful.

We've seen stars born
and we've seen stars die.

And we know that tomorrow
won't be the same as today.

Because the arrow of time
says the future

will always be different from the past.

But what drives this evolution?

Why is there a difference
between the past and the future?

MWhy is there an arrow of time at all?

We all have an intuitive understanding
of the arrow of time.

İt seems obvious to us
that things change

and the future will be
different to the past.

We know that because we see the effects

of the passing years all around us.

This is Kolmanskop, an abandoned
diamond-mining town in southern Namibia.

Now, this entire town
was founded in 1908,

when a worker,
who was building the railway

from the Port of Lüderitz inland,
into the centre of Namibia,

found a single diamond
here in this desert.

For 40 years, this was a thriving
community of up to 1000 people,

a place where you could
become a millionaire

picking diamonds out of the sand.

While the money rolled in,
they built grand houses

and lived a champagne lifestyle
in the desert.

But when the diamonds dried up
the town was abandoned

and for half a century,
it's fallen into disrepair

as it's slowly reclaimed by the sands.

The processes at play here
at Kolmanskop

are happening everywhere
in the universe.

Because it isn't simply
permanent change

that's central to the arrow of time,

it's decay.

But the scientific explanation
for why that is

didn't come from attempting
to understand

the effects of time in the universe.

It came from trying to build
a faster train.

Back in the 19th century,

engineers were concerned
with the efficiency of steam engines.

You know, how hot should the fire be?

What substance should you boil
in the steam engine?

Should it be water
or should it be something else?

These were profound guestions.

And out of those guestions
arose the science of thermodynamics.

It's when concepts like heat
and temperature and energy

entered the scientific vocabulary
for the first time.

Now, along with that
deeper understanding

emerged what is probably
the most important law of physics

for understanding
the evolution of the universe

and the passage of time.

It's called the second law
of thermodynamics.

The reason the second law
of thermodynamics was so profound

was because at its heart
it contained a radically new concept,

something physicists call "entropy”".

Entropy explains why,
left to the mercy of the elemenits,

mortar crumbles, glass shatters
and buildings collapse.

And a good way to üunderstand how
is to think of objects

not as single things, but as being
made up of many constituent parts,

like the individual grains
that make up this pile of sand.

Now, entropy is a measure

of how many ways
I can rearrange those grains

and still keep the sand pile the same.

And there are trillions and trillions
and trillions of ways of doing that.

I mean, pretty much anything
I do to this sand pile,

if I mess the sand around
and move it around,

then it doesn't change
the shape or the structure at all.

So, in the language of entropy,

this sand pile has high entropy,

because there are many, many ways
that I can rearrange

its constituents and not change it.

But now let me create
some order in the universe.

Now, there are approximately
as many sand grains

in this sandcastle
as there are in the sand pile.

But now, virtually anything
I do to it will mess it up,

will remove the beautiful order
from this structure.

And because of that,
the sandcastle has a low entropy.

Iİt's a much more ordered state.

So many ways
of rearranging the sand grains

without changing the structure,
high entropy.

Very few ways
of rearranging the sand grains

without changing the structure,
without disordering it, low entropy.

Now, imagine I was to leave
this castle in the desert all day,

then it's obvious
what's going to happen.

The desert winds
are going to blow the sand around

and this castle
is going to disintegrate.

It's going to become less ordered,

it's going to fall to bits.

But think about what's happening
on a fundamental level.

I mean, the wind is taking
the sand off the castle

and blowing it over there somewhere,
and making a sand pile.

There's nothing fundamental
in the laws of physics

that says that the wind couldn't
pick up some sand from over here,

deposit it here and deposit it
in precisely the shape of a sandcastle.

You know, in principle,
the wimd could spontaneously build

a sandcastle out of a pile of sand.

There's no reason
why that couldn't happen.

İt's just extremely, extremely unlikely,

because there are very few ways
of organising this sand

so that it looks like a castle.

It's overwhelmingly more likely

that when the wind
blows the sand around,

it will take the low entropy structure,
the castle,

and turn it into a high entropy
structure, the sand pile.

So entropy always increases.

Why is that? Because it's overwhelmingly
more likely that it will.

It seems incredible that a law
that says that sandcastles

don't spontaneously form on the wind

could solve one of the deepest
mysteries in physics.

But by saying entropy always increases,

the second law of thermodynamics
is able to explain

why time only runs in öone direction.

The second law of thermodynamics,
for me, demonstrates everything

that is powerful and beautiful
and profound about physics.

You see, here's a law that
entered science as a way of talking

about how heat moves around
and the efficiency of steam engines,

but it ended up being able to explain

one of the great mysteries
in the history of science.

Why is there a difference
between the past anıd the future?

You see, the second law says

that everything tends
from order to disorder.

That means that there is a difference
between the past and the future.

In the past,
the universe was more ordered,

and in the future,
the universe will be less ordered.

And that means that there's a direction
to the passage of time.

So the second law of thermodynamics

has introduced the concept

of an arrow of time into science.

The arrow of time has been
playing out in Kolmanskop

since the mining facility
Was abandoned in 1954.

But in the universe,
it's been playing out

for almost 14 billion years,

and it will have profound conseguences.

Because it means
stars cannot shine forever,

including the star at the centre
of our solar system.

At the end of its life, the sun
won't simply fade away to nothing.

As it begins to run out of fuel,
its core will collapse,

and the extra heat this generates
Will cause its outer layers to expand.

In around a billion years' time,

this will have a catastrophic effect
on our fragile world.

Gradually, the Farth
will become hotter and hotter.

So there will be one
last perfect day on Earth,

but eventually the existence of all life
on this planet will become impossible.

Long after life has disappeared,

the sun will have grown so much,
it will fill the entire horizon.

It will have become a red giant,
the last phase of its life.

Our planet might not
survive to this pornt,

but if it does, little more
than a scorched and barren rock

will remain to witness
the final death throes of our star.

(RUMBLING)

In six billion years,
our sun will explode,

throwing vast amounts of gas and dust

out into space
to form a gigantic nebula.

And at its heart will be
a faintly glowing ember,

all that remains
of our once-magnificent sun.

It will be smaller
than the size of the Earth,

less than a millionth of its current
volume and a fraction of its brightness.

Our sun will have become a white dwarf.

With no fuel left to burn,
a white dwarf's faint glow

comes from the last residual heat
from its extinguished furnace.

The sun is now dead,

its remarns slowly cooling

in the freezing temperatures
of deep space.

Looking at it from where
the Farth is now,

it would only generate
the same amount of light

as the full moon on a clear night.

The fate of the sun
is the same as for all stars.

One day, they must all eventually die

and the cosmos will be plunged
into eternal night.

And this is the most
profound conseguence

of the arrow of time.

Because this structured
universe that we inhabit

and all its wonders, the stars
and the planets and the galaxies,

carınot last forever.

The cosmos will eventually fade and die.

First will come the end
of the Stelliferocus Era,

the end of the age of starliğht.

The largest stars
are the first to disappear,

vrolentiy collapsing into black holes,

Just a few million years
after their formation.

But long after they're göne,
Just one iype of star will remailn.

This is a picture of the nearest star
to our solar system, Proxima Centauri.

Now, it's only 4.2 light years away,
but the reason it doesn't stand out

against the much more distant
stars in this photograph

is that Proxima Centauri
is incredibly tiny.

It's the kind of star
known as a red dwarf star,

and it's only about 11 to 12 percent
the mass of our sun.

But to our eyes, İt would appear
to shine 18,000 times less brightly.

But red dwarves do have one advantage

over their much more luminous
and magnificent stellar brethren.

And that's because they're so small,

they burn their nuclear fuel
incredibly slowly,

so they have life spans
of trillions of years.

And that means that stars
like Proxima Centauri

will be the last living stars
in the universe.

If we survive into the far
future of the universe,

then it's possible to imagine
our distant descendents

building their civilisation
around red dwarves,

to capture the energy
from those last fading embers of stars.

Just as our ancestors
crowded around campfires

for warmth on cold winters' nights.

The reason why Proxima Centauri
burns so slowly

is because its small size
and low gravity

meanı its core is under much
lower pressure than larger stars.

This also means that its interior
is constantly churning,

whipping up the surface
into a fiery turmoll.

Explosive solar flares
occur almost continually,

even though it burms so dimly.

But Proxima Centauri
will eventually die.

And like our sun,
it too will become a white dwarf.

As the age of starlight ends,

all but the dimmest flicker
of light in the universe will go out.

The faint glow of white dwarves
will provide the only illumination

in a dark and empty vord littered
with dead stars and black holes.

By this point, the universe
will be 100 trillion years old.

And yet, even now,
the vast mafjority of its lifespan

still lies ahead of it.

There are few places on Earth

where you can get an inkling
of what the far future has in store.

Well, this is Namibia's Skeleton Coast,

where the cold waters of the
South Atlantic meet the Namib Desert.

And it is one of the most
inhospitable places on Earth.

I mean, back in the 17th century,

Portuguese sailors
used to call this place

"the gates to hell",
because this dense fog that you see

pretty much every morning
along this coast,

coupled with the constantly
shifting shape of the sandbanks

meant that over the years,

literally thousands of ships
were wrecked along this coastline.

And even if you made it to shore,
that wasn't the end of your problems,

because the currents are so strong here

that there is no way
of rowing back out to sea.

And if you look that way,
there's just hundreds of miles

of inhospitable desert.

So, it genuinely
was a place of no return.

If you were shipwrecked here,
this was the end of your universe.

This is the Eduard Bohlen.

She was öonce an öcean-gorng steamer,

ferrying passengers and cargo
between here and Furope.

On the 5th of September, 1909,
she ran aground in thick fog.

Yek, like all the vessels
wrecked along this shoreline,

the time it takes her
to decay to nothing

will be far longer than her time at sea.

And in the far future of the cosmos,

a similar destiny awaits
the remaining white dwarves.

A black dwarf will be
the final fate of those last stars,

white dwarves that have become so cold

that they barely emit
any more heat or light.

Black dwarves are dark,
dense, decaying balls

of degenerate matter,

little more than the ashes of stars.

Their constituent atoms
are so severely crushed

that black dwarves are
a million times denser than our sun.

Stars take so long to reach this point
that after nearly 14 billion years,

we believe there are currentiy
no black dwarves in the universe.

But despite never seeing one,

we can still predict
how they will end their days.

Just as the iron that makes up this ship
will eventually rust

and be carried away by the desert winds,

so we thirik that the matter
inside black dwarves,

the last matter in the universe,

will eventually evaporate away
and be carried off

into the void as radiation,
leaving absolutely nothing behind.

With the black dwarves gone,

there won't be a single atom
of matter left.

All that will remain
of our önce-rich cosmos

will be particles of light
and black holes.

After an unimaginable length of time,

even the black holes
will have evaporated

and the universe will be
nothing but a sea

of photons gradually tending
towards the same temperature,

as the expansion of the universe
cools them towards absolute zero.

And when I say
unimaginable period of time,

I really mean it.

It's 10,000 trillion
trillion trillion trillion

trillion trillion trillion
trillion years.

Now, how big is that number?

Well, if I were to start
counting with a single atom

representing one year,
then there wouldn't be enough atoms

in the entire universe
to get anywhere near that number.

Once the very last remnants
of the very last stars

have finally decayed away to nothing

and everything reaches
the same temperature,

the story of the universe
finally comes to an end.

For the first time in its life,

the universe will be permanent
and unchanging.

Entropy finally stops increasing,

because the cosmos
carınot get any more disordered.

Nothing happens
and it keeps not happening,

forever.

It's what's known as the heat death
of the universe,

an era when the cosmos will remain

vast and cold and desolate
for the rest of time.

And that's because
there is no difference

between the past,
the present and the future.

There's no way
of measuring the passage of time,

because nothing in the cosmos changes.

The arrow of time
has simply ceased to exist.

İt's an inescapable
fact of the universe,

written into the fundamental
laws of physics.

The entire cosmos will die.

Every single öone
of the 200 billion stars in our galaxy

will go out.

And just as the death of the sun

means the end of life on our planet,

so the death of every star

will extingursh any possibility
of life in the universe.

The fact that the sun will die,

and it will incinerate the Earth
and obliterate all life

on our planet in the process,
might sound a bit depressing to you.

You might legitimately ask,

"Well, surely you could build
a universe in a different way,

"surely you could build it
so it didn't have to descend

"from order into chaos?"

Well, the answer is, "No, you couldn't,
if you wanted life to exist in it."

The arrow of time,
the seguence of changes

that slowly leads
the universe to its death,

is the very same thing that creates

the conditions for life
in the first place.

Because it takes time
for matter to form

and it takes time for gravity

to pull it together
into stars and planets.

The arrow of time
creates a bright window

in the universe's adolescence,
during which life is possible.

But it's a window
that doesn't stay open for long.

As a fraction
of the life span of the universe,

as measured from its beginning

to the evaporation
of the last black hole,

life as we know it is only possible

for one thousandth of a billion
billion billionth,

billion billion billionth,
billion billion billionth of a percent.

And that's why, for me,

the most astonishing wonder
of the universe

isn'ta star or a planet or a galaxy.

Itisn'tathing at all.
İt's an instant in time.

And that time is now.

Humans have walked the Farth
for just the smallest fraction

of that briefest of moments
in deep time.

But in our 200,000 years on this planet,

we've made remarkable progress.

İt was only
two and a half thousand years ago

that we believed that the sun was a god

and measured its orbit
with stone towers

built on the top of a hill.

Today, the language of curiosity
is not sun gods but science.

And we have observatories
that are almost infinitely

more sophisticated than the 13 towers,

that can gaze out
deep into the universe.

And perhaps even more remarkably,

through theoretical physics
and mathematics,

we can calculate what the universe
will look like in the distant future

and we can even make
concrete predictions about its end.

And I believe it's only by continuing
our exploration of the cosmos

and the laws of nature that gövern it

that we can truly understand ourselves

and our place
in this universe of wonders.

And that's what we've done
in our brief moment on planet Farth.

In 1977, a space probe called Voyager 7

was launched on a grand tour
of the solar system.

And it visited the great
gas-giant planets Jupiter and Saturn

and made some wonderful discoveries

before heading off
towards interstellar space.

13 years later,
after its mission was almost over,

it turned around
and took one last picture

of its home solar system.

And this is that picture.

And the beautiful thing
about this picture

is this single pixel of light

suspended against
the blackness of space.

Because that pixel,
that point, is planet Earth,

the most distant picture
of our planet ever taken

at six billion kilometres away.

And whilst 1 suppose
it has very limited scientific value,

for me, this tiny pornt of light

is the most powerful
and profound demonstration

of perhaps the most human of guüalities,

our unigue ability to reflect

on the universe's existence
and our place within it.

Just as we, and all life on Earth,

stand on this tiny speck
adrift in infinite space,

so life in the universe will only exist

for a fleeting, bright instant in time.

Because life, just like the stars
and the planets and the galaxies,

is just a temporary structure
on the lomg road from order to disorder.

But that doesn't make us insignificant,

because we are the cosmos
made conscious.

Life is the means by which
the universe understands itself.

And for me, our true significance
lies in our ability

and our desire to understand
and explore this beautiful universe.

(WE HAVE ALL THE TIME IN THE WORLD
BY LOUIS ARMSTRONG PLAYING)