All language subtitles for Touched By Auschwitz BBC 720p HDTV EN Sub

af Afrikaans
ak Akan
sq Albanian
am Amharic
ar Arabic
hy Armenian
az Azerbaijani
eu Basque
be Belarusian
bem Bemba
bn Bengali
bh Bihari
bs Bosnian
br Breton
bg Bulgarian
km Cambodian
ca Catalan
ceb Cebuano
chr Cherokee
ny Chichewa
zh-CN Chinese (Simplified)
zh-TW Chinese (Traditional)
co Corsican
hr Croatian
cs Czech
da Danish
nl Dutch
en English
eo Esperanto
et Estonian
ee Ewe
fo Faroese
tl Filipino
fi Finnish
fr French
fy Frisian
gaa Ga
gl Galician
ka Georgian
de German
el Greek
gn Guarani
gu Gujarati
ht Haitian Creole
ha Hausa
haw Hawaiian
iw Hebrew
hi Hindi
hmn Hmong
hu Hungarian
is Icelandic
ig Igbo
id Indonesian
ia Interlingua
ga Irish
it Italian
ja Japanese
jw Javanese
kn Kannada
kk Kazakh
rw Kinyarwanda
rn Kirundi
kg Kongo
ko Korean
kri Krio (Sierra Leone)
ku Kurdish
ckb Kurdish (Soranî)
ky Kyrgyz
lo Laothian
la Latin
lv Latvian
ln Lingala
lt Lithuanian
loz Lozi
lg Luganda
ach Luo
lb Luxembourgish
mk Macedonian
mg Malagasy
ms Malay
ml Malayalam
mt Maltese
mi Maori
mr Marathi
mfe Mauritian Creole
mo Moldavian
mn Mongolian
my Myanmar (Burmese)
sr-ME Montenegrin
ne Nepali
pcm Nigerian Pidgin
nso Northern Sotho
no Norwegian
nn Norwegian (Nynorsk)
oc Occitan
or Oriya
om Oromo
ps Pashto
fa Persian
pl Polish
pt-BR Portuguese (Brazil)
pt Portuguese (Portugal)
pa Punjabi
qu Quechua
ro Romanian
rm Romansh
nyn Runyakitara
ru Russian
sm Samoan
gd Scots Gaelic
sr Serbian
sh Serbo-Croatian
st Sesotho
tn Setswana
crs Seychellois Creole
sn Shona
sd Sindhi
si Sinhalese
sk Slovak
sl Slovenian
so Somali
es Spanish
es-419 Spanish (Latin American)
su Sundanese
sw Swahili
sv Swedish
tg Tajik
ta Tamil
tt Tatar
te Telugu
th Thai
ti Tigrinya
to Tonga
lua Tshiluba
tum Tumbuka
tr Turkish Download
tk Turkmen
tw Twi
ug Uighur
uk Ukrainian
ur Urdu
uz Uzbek
vi Vietnamese
cy Welsh
wo Wolof
xh Xhosa
yi Yiddish
yo Yoruba
zu Zulu
Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:05,520 --> 00:00:07,120 Auschwitz - 2 00:00:07,120 --> 00:00:09,040 the most infamous place on earth. 3 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:16,800 More than a million people were murdered here... 4 00:00:20,000 --> 00:00:22,960 ..but, astonishingly, there were some who survived. 5 00:00:27,880 --> 00:00:30,000 This film tells the surprising story 6 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:32,440 of what happened to them after Auschwitz. 7 00:00:38,080 --> 00:00:42,000 TRANSLATION: I did ask why, what he had in the dream, 8 00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:44,320 and then he says, "It's always the same dream." 9 00:00:44,320 --> 00:00:49,200 A woman is sitting, an old woman, on his chest with very long fingernails 10 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:51,840 and she's stabbing him into his chest. 11 00:00:59,000 --> 00:01:02,080 TRANSLATION: I can't understand how I'm still alive. 12 00:01:02,080 --> 00:01:05,560 It's a miracle we're still alive and that I've got to 80 years old. 13 00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:18,520 What I tell my children - not to explode at little things. 14 00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:23,240 Anger will drive you out of this world. 15 00:01:29,800 --> 00:01:30,880 It was very dark... 16 00:01:32,240 --> 00:01:36,320 ..and the smallest act of kindness appeared like a large spark. 17 00:01:36,320 --> 00:01:39,120 I choose to remember the sparks - 18 00:01:39,120 --> 00:01:40,160 that's my motto. 19 00:01:40,160 --> 00:01:43,480 Hey, you guys. We got Dad a Father's Day present from everybody. 20 00:01:43,480 --> 00:01:46,320 From all of us - that's great. From us too? Uh-huh. 21 00:01:46,320 --> 00:01:50,520 'What I got out of it is, you get through things, horrible things.' 22 00:01:50,520 --> 00:01:53,440 If my father can get through that and come out as cheerful 23 00:01:53,440 --> 00:01:55,280 and as wonderful as he is, 24 00:01:55,280 --> 00:01:58,600 certainly, I can get through whatever struggle I have. 25 00:01:59,680 --> 00:02:02,400 I believe in kindness. 26 00:02:02,400 --> 00:02:04,280 And you got that from Auschwitz? 27 00:02:05,320 --> 00:02:06,600 Strangely, yes. 28 00:02:08,640 --> 00:02:09,760 THEY GREET EACH OTHER 29 00:02:10,880 --> 00:02:13,400 Different people around the world, 30 00:02:13,400 --> 00:02:16,520 of different religious and ethnic origins, 31 00:02:16,520 --> 00:02:19,120 all with different ways of rebuilding a life. 32 00:02:20,200 --> 00:02:24,080 But different people who are all the same in one way - 33 00:02:24,080 --> 00:02:26,800 they were all touched by Auschwitz. 34 00:02:46,120 --> 00:02:48,680 A beach resort on the coast of the Mediterranean... 35 00:02:52,280 --> 00:02:56,200 ..distinguished by the fact that Adolf Hitler would have liked to see 36 00:02:56,200 --> 00:02:59,040 virtually every single one of these people dead. 37 00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:08,720 Because this is Israel... 38 00:03:11,560 --> 00:03:13,840 ..the place more Holocaust survivors 39 00:03:13,840 --> 00:03:16,560 moved to after the war than anywhere else. 40 00:03:20,200 --> 00:03:21,840 TRANSLATION: They kept on telling us 41 00:03:21,840 --> 00:03:23,920 that we were getting closer and closer. 42 00:03:23,920 --> 00:03:26,120 We just wanted to glimpse out of the porthole, 43 00:03:26,120 --> 00:03:27,760 just for a moment. 44 00:03:33,480 --> 00:03:37,040 And this is Tel Aviv - it's really Tel Aviv. 45 00:03:37,040 --> 00:03:41,200 It was a really magical night, so wonderful, simply a dream. 46 00:03:46,840 --> 00:03:51,320 When Halina Birenbaum arrived in Tel Aviv in 1947, 47 00:03:51,320 --> 00:03:54,640 it was not yet in an independent country. 48 00:03:54,640 --> 00:03:57,560 This place was not called Israel but Palestine. 49 00:04:01,360 --> 00:04:05,160 But the murder of six million Jews by the Nazis gave a new impetus 50 00:04:05,160 --> 00:04:08,640 to the call for a Jewish state to be created in the Middle East. 51 00:04:11,520 --> 00:04:15,320 The solution of the Jewish problem cannot be brought about 52 00:04:15,320 --> 00:04:17,760 unless the Jewish people will be given the right 53 00:04:17,760 --> 00:04:20,640 and will be helped by the United Nations to establish 54 00:04:20,640 --> 00:04:24,280 Palestine once and for all as a Jewish homeland. 55 00:04:35,600 --> 00:04:38,000 In the 1940s, large numbers of Jews 56 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:40,440 travelled to British controlled Palestine. 57 00:04:45,200 --> 00:04:48,920 Here they joined several hundred thousand Jews who had already 58 00:04:48,920 --> 00:04:50,920 settled here in the 1920s and '30s. 59 00:04:55,640 --> 00:04:58,840 There were strict quotas on the number of Jews allowed in 60 00:04:58,840 --> 00:05:00,400 and many were turned away. 61 00:05:05,200 --> 00:05:08,520 But for those who managed to get to this land, 62 00:05:08,520 --> 00:05:11,040 there was the promise of a new beginning. 63 00:05:26,840 --> 00:05:30,400 Many immigrants started their new lives on a kibbutz... 64 00:05:32,280 --> 00:05:35,400 ..a farm, based on collective ideals. 65 00:05:50,440 --> 00:05:52,280 Halina Birenbaum was one of them. 66 00:05:53,520 --> 00:05:55,800 She arrived here in 1947. 67 00:05:56,960 --> 00:06:00,560 A survivor of Auschwitz, she came as an 18-year-old, 68 00:06:00,560 --> 00:06:04,240 without family, full of idealistic dreams about what a place 69 00:06:04,240 --> 00:06:06,520 inhabited by fellow Jews would be like. 70 00:06:08,480 --> 00:06:12,280 But she found that the settlers who were already here did not 71 00:06:12,280 --> 00:06:14,080 welcome her as she'd expected. 72 00:06:16,600 --> 00:06:19,720 TRANSLATION: They didn't want to listen to our stories. 73 00:06:19,720 --> 00:06:24,120 They looked at us with rejection, disrespect, utter disrespect, 74 00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:27,480 because we weren't human beings. We were worth nothing. 75 00:06:27,480 --> 00:06:30,200 "Why didn't you come earlier to build?" they said. 76 00:06:30,200 --> 00:06:32,880 "You came. "Well, now it's already prepared." 77 00:06:43,640 --> 00:06:47,360 Incredibly, the fact that Halina had suffered here in Auschwitz 78 00:06:47,360 --> 00:06:48,600 worked against her. 79 00:06:50,720 --> 00:06:54,960 Many existing members of the Kibbutz hadn't endured the Holocaust - 80 00:06:54,960 --> 00:06:57,400 they'd settled in the Middle East before the war. 81 00:07:00,080 --> 00:07:03,880 And now they made a series of bitter comments to her. 82 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:11,720 "You just followed like sheep. You didn't defend yourselves. 83 00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:13,640 "Why didn't you defend yourselves? 84 00:07:13,640 --> 00:07:16,240 "What happened to you? You're to blame. 85 00:07:16,240 --> 00:07:20,560 "You didn't do anything. That kind of thing wouldn't happen to us. 86 00:07:20,560 --> 00:07:23,120 "Don't tell us about it - it's a disgrace. 87 00:07:23,120 --> 00:07:26,800 "Don't tell the young people, you'll crush their fighting spirit." 88 00:07:30,080 --> 00:07:33,040 NEWSREEL: In May of 1948, a new Jewish state, Israel, 89 00:07:33,040 --> 00:07:35,520 was born in a bath of blood. 90 00:07:35,520 --> 00:07:39,480 Thus for the first time since the Roman legion destroyed Jerusalem 91 00:07:39,480 --> 00:07:43,040 in the year 70 AD, the Jewish people have a nation of their own. 92 00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:46,000 Her flag became a symbol of hope in a troubled world. 93 00:07:50,600 --> 00:07:54,200 Halina was now a citizen of an independent Israel. 94 00:07:54,200 --> 00:07:57,880 She soon fell in love with another new Israeli - 95 00:07:57,880 --> 00:07:59,960 like her, an immigrant from Poland. 96 00:08:01,720 --> 00:08:04,520 He's got something good in his heart for me. 97 00:08:04,520 --> 00:08:07,320 If anything will happen to me, I can always turn to him 98 00:08:07,320 --> 00:08:09,000 and he will always help me. 99 00:08:14,400 --> 00:08:17,720 TRANSLATION: I thought that amongst the girls that were in the kibbutz, 100 00:08:17,720 --> 00:08:20,800 she was so much more suitable for me. 101 00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:23,840 That's what I thought. 102 00:08:26,560 --> 00:08:30,440 At the age of 21, Halina gave birth to a son, 103 00:08:30,440 --> 00:08:32,440 but she found it hard to be a mother. 104 00:08:34,240 --> 00:08:38,760 I yell at him about everything. I didn't want to hit him. 105 00:08:38,760 --> 00:08:42,120 I thought that instead of hitting, I'll yell at him - 106 00:08:42,120 --> 00:08:43,920 that's how I'll teach him. 107 00:08:43,920 --> 00:08:46,320 I'd give speeches during my yelling. 108 00:08:59,160 --> 00:09:02,400 One of the reasons Halina found parenting difficult was 109 00:09:02,400 --> 00:09:04,160 because of what happened here. 110 00:09:09,240 --> 00:09:11,840 This is Majdanek camp in Poland. 111 00:09:14,400 --> 00:09:16,440 The Nazis sent Halina and her mother 112 00:09:16,440 --> 00:09:19,480 to the camp from the Warsaw Ghetto in 1943. 113 00:09:21,560 --> 00:09:25,200 When they first arrived, Halina was not too worried. 114 00:09:27,600 --> 00:09:32,320 And now they'll take us to a shower and give us different clothes, 115 00:09:32,320 --> 00:09:34,320 and they'll take us to these barracks 116 00:09:34,320 --> 00:09:37,760 and whoever is willing and can work, nothing will happen to you. 117 00:09:37,760 --> 00:09:40,680 The barracks you see over there, there's probably beds 118 00:09:40,680 --> 00:09:43,360 and food and water and everything will be good. 119 00:09:45,360 --> 00:09:48,200 Halina was taken into one of the shower rooms at the camp 120 00:09:48,200 --> 00:09:50,560 and was washed clean... 121 00:09:50,560 --> 00:09:52,480 but suddenly she became anxious. 122 00:09:56,280 --> 00:09:58,440 My mum is not coming in 123 00:09:58,440 --> 00:10:02,040 and everything is turning upside down in my stomach. 124 00:10:02,040 --> 00:10:04,720 "What? Is she not going to come? 125 00:10:04,720 --> 00:10:07,040 "She'll never be here again, my mother?" 126 00:10:09,840 --> 00:10:12,840 Her mother had been led a few yards away towards a small building 127 00:10:12,840 --> 00:10:14,280 at the back of the shower block. 128 00:10:19,520 --> 00:10:21,280 Here were gas chambers. 129 00:10:29,240 --> 00:10:33,440 Almost certainly in one of these, Halina's mother was murdered. 130 00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:42,840 I have no words at all. 131 00:10:42,840 --> 00:10:44,240 I didn't cry. 132 00:10:44,240 --> 00:10:47,840 It was beyond tears. It's all over. 133 00:10:47,840 --> 00:10:49,840 There is nothing any more. 134 00:10:49,840 --> 00:10:53,280 There is no sky, no more earth, 135 00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:56,760 as if they took and broke my legs and hands. 136 00:10:56,760 --> 00:10:59,440 So I started to go round the shower. 137 00:10:59,440 --> 00:11:01,440 "Mother is gone. 138 00:11:01,440 --> 00:11:04,720 "Mother is gone. Mother is gone." 139 00:11:11,720 --> 00:11:14,000 At the age of just 13, 140 00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:17,200 Halina had to fight to survive in Majdanek, 141 00:11:17,200 --> 00:11:20,760 then Auschwitz and a series of other Nazi camps, 142 00:11:20,760 --> 00:11:22,760 all without her mother by her side. 143 00:11:30,520 --> 00:11:33,360 After the war was over, when she was in Israel, 144 00:11:33,360 --> 00:11:36,120 Halina once again missed her mother's love and help 145 00:11:36,120 --> 00:11:38,120 as she struggled with her new baby. 146 00:11:39,520 --> 00:11:42,960 At night he used to cry and I didn't know how to handle it. 147 00:11:42,960 --> 00:11:46,200 Everything was so different, so new. 148 00:11:46,200 --> 00:11:49,200 When a child is born, there are so many sleepless nights 149 00:11:49,200 --> 00:11:51,960 and I just wasn't ready for these kind of things. 150 00:11:55,320 --> 00:11:59,760 And once her son could talk, Halina also had to decide how best 151 00:11:59,760 --> 00:12:03,000 to explain the number the Nazis had tattooed on her arm. 152 00:12:06,600 --> 00:12:10,120 When the child was small and he saw the number on my arm, 153 00:12:10,120 --> 00:12:13,520 he asked, "Why did you draw on your hand?" 154 00:12:13,520 --> 00:12:17,640 So I said, "I didn't draw it. There was a war and people were bad." 155 00:12:17,640 --> 00:12:21,000 "Who were the people?" "They were the Germans." 156 00:12:24,240 --> 00:12:27,840 Soon Halina was telling her son about all the horrors 157 00:12:27,840 --> 00:12:29,920 she had experienced during the war. 158 00:12:31,960 --> 00:12:34,920 At the age of five he knew what happened to you? 159 00:12:34,920 --> 00:12:36,520 Yes, and he was scared. 160 00:12:37,520 --> 00:12:40,600 TRANSLATION: Mum told me horrifying stories. 161 00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:41,880 Horrible. 162 00:12:41,880 --> 00:12:45,040 Things that were completely aggravating, 163 00:12:45,040 --> 00:12:48,280 that extract so much rage and anger and even violence, 164 00:12:48,280 --> 00:12:51,600 like internal, that I never knew what to do with them. 165 00:12:54,880 --> 00:12:58,040 There isn't a day when she doesn't speak of what happened, 166 00:12:58,040 --> 00:13:00,920 from different aspects, and I have to listen. 167 00:13:00,920 --> 00:13:04,320 I'm there to absorb and listen, until at the end 168 00:13:04,320 --> 00:13:08,200 I can't cut her off and say, "Mother, you already said that. 169 00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:10,520 "Mother, I already know this story. 170 00:13:10,520 --> 00:13:13,440 "This you already told me a long time ago." I can't. 171 00:13:13,440 --> 00:13:15,600 I don't want to hurt her. 172 00:13:15,600 --> 00:13:18,080 I also want to give her a chance to let it out. 173 00:13:19,560 --> 00:13:23,760 I feel I've got some sort of role 174 00:13:23,760 --> 00:13:25,880 and have had from a young age. 175 00:13:25,880 --> 00:13:28,520 A child doesn't need this role at a young age - 176 00:13:28,520 --> 00:13:30,640 he needs to be a child. 177 00:13:30,640 --> 00:13:33,200 It didn't allow me to be a child. 178 00:13:36,560 --> 00:13:37,720 HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE 179 00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:43,560 Yakov has a very successful career in the music industry in Israel, 180 00:13:43,560 --> 00:13:47,040 but it's proved difficult for him to escape the events of his childhood. 181 00:13:51,360 --> 00:13:53,000 I went to therapy, 182 00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:55,720 with breaks here and there from one therapist to another. 183 00:13:55,720 --> 00:13:58,440 Overall, 40 years of therapy. 184 00:13:58,440 --> 00:14:00,200 It took me a long time to peel it away 185 00:14:00,200 --> 00:14:04,120 and get to the places where I could, for instance, be mad at my mother. 186 00:14:11,320 --> 00:14:13,480 In Israel, the problems faced by children 187 00:14:13,480 --> 00:14:15,640 of Holocaust survivors are well-known. 188 00:14:17,040 --> 00:14:19,800 Here in Jerusalem is the headquarters of an organisation 189 00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:23,560 that offers support, not just to Holocaust survivors 190 00:14:23,560 --> 00:14:27,360 but their children as well - the so called "second generation". 191 00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:32,440 Very often, all kinds of expectations 192 00:14:32,440 --> 00:14:35,280 that were put on the second generation, 193 00:14:35,280 --> 00:14:38,800 like, you know, "You didn't suffer what we went through 194 00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:40,640 "so you can achieve." 195 00:14:40,640 --> 00:14:45,560 You were also named after somebody who is dead, so you have to fulfil 196 00:14:45,560 --> 00:14:49,200 not only your own life but also the life of the person who is dead. 197 00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:55,520 THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE 198 00:14:57,480 --> 00:15:01,400 At AMHA, one of the counsellors with experience of the problems 199 00:15:01,400 --> 00:15:05,800 faced by children of Holocaust survivors is Dr Giselle Cycowicz. 200 00:15:08,480 --> 00:15:10,360 'It's terrible. 201 00:15:10,360 --> 00:15:15,440 'It's a terrible load for a child to grow up under this kind of misery,' 202 00:15:15,440 --> 00:15:19,600 to live with constant reminder of horror... 203 00:15:21,120 --> 00:15:22,600 ..both as a Jew... 204 00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:26,440 ..and as a child. 205 00:15:26,440 --> 00:15:28,160 You are a teenager. 206 00:15:28,160 --> 00:15:34,800 You want to break out, as this is the nature of a teenager, 207 00:15:34,800 --> 00:15:38,000 but you always have on your back that load. 208 00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:44,160 Dr Cycowicz also believes that it's important to 209 00:15:44,160 --> 00:15:46,800 remember that none of this is the parents' fault. 210 00:15:48,320 --> 00:15:50,560 It's not a question of blame. 211 00:15:50,560 --> 00:15:52,760 It's just a question of being inflicted, 212 00:15:52,760 --> 00:15:55,680 like somebody's inflicted with cancer. 213 00:15:56,800 --> 00:16:00,240 You cannot blame the mother that she has cancer, 214 00:16:00,240 --> 00:16:05,720 but what it does to the child is it puts on a burden to be 215 00:16:05,720 --> 00:16:09,360 the caretaker of somebody who should be his caretaker, 216 00:16:09,360 --> 00:16:11,880 you know, a reversal of roles. 217 00:16:13,120 --> 00:16:17,720 Dr Cycowicz has a special empathy with Holocaust survivors 218 00:16:17,720 --> 00:16:20,240 because she is a Holocaust survivor herself, 219 00:16:20,240 --> 00:16:24,040 having been sent to Auschwitz in 1944. 220 00:16:26,520 --> 00:16:29,360 Today, here in West Jerusalem, 221 00:16:29,360 --> 00:16:31,720 she is on a visit to counsel another survivor. 222 00:16:33,200 --> 00:16:37,600 Dr Cycowicz's patient is a woman who's plagued by bad dreams. 223 00:16:59,640 --> 00:17:01,000 For Dr Cycowicz, 224 00:17:01,000 --> 00:17:04,720 conversations like this aren't just of benefit to her patients. 225 00:17:06,960 --> 00:17:10,200 Well, I get part of... SHE LAUGHS 226 00:17:10,200 --> 00:17:13,880 ..of her therapy, when I treat her. 227 00:17:17,240 --> 00:17:18,600 'It helps me.' 228 00:17:19,720 --> 00:17:21,840 I think it helps me. 229 00:17:21,840 --> 00:17:24,920 It helps me. I don't need to be distant from it. 230 00:17:24,920 --> 00:17:29,840 I don't believe that you chase away thoughts and you don't think of it. 231 00:17:31,320 --> 00:17:33,000 But with her own children, 232 00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:37,160 Dr Cycowicz was careful how she talked about her traumatic past. 233 00:17:37,160 --> 00:17:40,520 Though she didn't hide that she'd been in Auschwitz from them, 234 00:17:40,520 --> 00:17:43,360 she never went into detail about how she'd suffered. 235 00:17:45,240 --> 00:17:46,320 You know, my mother is 236 00:17:46,320 --> 00:17:49,680 very strong and she made a life for herself, 237 00:17:49,680 --> 00:17:52,640 and she continued and we grew up in a positive environment. 238 00:17:52,640 --> 00:17:54,880 In other words, she was... 239 00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:57,680 She wasn't someone who the Holocaust broke her 240 00:17:57,680 --> 00:17:59,960 and we were in this home, this dysfunctional home. 241 00:18:01,320 --> 00:18:05,960 I think we had a very normal home and, like my sister said, 242 00:18:05,960 --> 00:18:10,160 there were stories here and there about things, but... 243 00:18:10,160 --> 00:18:14,880 it wasn't part of our consciousness - "Our mother's a survivor." 244 00:18:17,680 --> 00:18:21,240 Dr Cycowicz has a PhD in psychology and knows how valuable 245 00:18:21,240 --> 00:18:24,840 science can be in helping families deal with a difficult past... 246 00:18:26,240 --> 00:18:30,360 ..but she also believes in the power of a non-scientific force. 247 00:18:33,680 --> 00:18:35,960 I never stopped believing in God. 248 00:18:35,960 --> 00:18:39,840 I know that my faith was never shaken. 249 00:18:40,840 --> 00:18:47,360 I believe that if something doesn't go well, there is a reason for it, 250 00:18:47,360 --> 00:18:49,640 there must be a reason to it, 251 00:18:49,640 --> 00:18:54,040 and in time I find out what the reason is. 252 00:18:54,040 --> 00:18:58,280 Do you think in time you'll find out what the reason for Auschwitz was? 253 00:18:58,280 --> 00:19:00,080 I will not find it out, 254 00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:03,720 but people who live a hundred years from now will know. 255 00:19:03,720 --> 00:19:06,480 Some cataclysm will happen in the world. 256 00:19:06,480 --> 00:19:08,960 But couldn't the reason Auschwitz happened just be 257 00:19:08,960 --> 00:19:10,800 that the Nazis wanted to kill people? 258 00:19:12,040 --> 00:19:13,280 That's a reason. 259 00:19:13,280 --> 00:19:18,240 These were the tools of God to carry out this awful thing. 260 00:19:18,240 --> 00:19:20,440 He picked a Hitler and he picked... 261 00:19:20,440 --> 00:19:22,520 SHE CLEARS HER THROAT 262 00:19:22,520 --> 00:19:26,600 It was part of the instruments... 263 00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:29,760 ..that carried this out. 264 00:19:33,680 --> 00:19:36,000 There are also many survivors of Auschwitz 265 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:38,720 who don't possess a religious faith, 266 00:19:38,720 --> 00:19:40,760 like Halina Birenbaum, 267 00:19:40,760 --> 00:19:44,280 seen here at an Israeli school on Holocaust Memorial Day. 268 00:19:50,920 --> 00:19:53,160 TRANSLATION: 'There is no God. 269 00:19:53,160 --> 00:19:55,200 'There's no need to fast any more.' 270 00:20:13,680 --> 00:20:17,320 Halina believes passionately that it's important people hear 271 00:20:17,320 --> 00:20:19,800 and understand her story. 272 00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:23,480 She's written a book about her life and often talks in schools. 273 00:20:33,920 --> 00:20:37,520 But she also recognised in recent years that her own previous 274 00:20:37,520 --> 00:20:39,720 suffering might have led her to make mistakes 275 00:20:39,720 --> 00:20:41,720 in her dealings with her son. 276 00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:45,560 I said, "I ask for your forgiveness." 277 00:20:45,560 --> 00:20:48,600 And I hugged him and I kissed him and he kissed me, 278 00:20:48,600 --> 00:20:50,480 and since then it's OK. 279 00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:57,760 To hear that apology, it was worth it all, really. 280 00:20:57,760 --> 00:21:00,640 Since then, a new phase was created in my relationship 281 00:21:00,640 --> 00:21:03,040 with my mother that continues to this day. 282 00:21:06,760 --> 00:21:08,040 FAMILY CONVERSATION 283 00:21:13,080 --> 00:21:16,280 Even though the relationship between Halina and Yakov has entered 284 00:21:16,280 --> 00:21:20,840 this new phase, the subject of the Holocaust remains a contentious one. 285 00:22:25,840 --> 00:22:26,960 ALL SING A FOLK SONG 286 00:22:43,440 --> 00:22:45,480 As for Giselle Cycowicz, 287 00:22:45,480 --> 00:22:48,720 she has one piece of advice for the next generation. 288 00:22:53,120 --> 00:22:55,560 'What I tell my children,' 289 00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:59,600 and this is what I would like to really bring across, 290 00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:03,160 not to explode at little things. 291 00:23:03,160 --> 00:23:05,520 Anger. 292 00:23:05,520 --> 00:23:08,600 And there is a saying in the books - 293 00:23:08,600 --> 00:23:11,480 anger will drive you out of this world. 294 00:23:15,040 --> 00:23:20,120 I am not big enough to revenge six million Jews 295 00:23:20,120 --> 00:23:21,880 and I don't have the wish. 296 00:23:21,880 --> 00:23:23,320 I cannot do it. 297 00:23:24,880 --> 00:23:26,000 BIG BAND JAZZ PLAYS 298 00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:39,720 Auschwitz survivors didn't just flock to Israel after the war - 299 00:23:39,720 --> 00:23:42,720 many of them came here, to America. 300 00:23:45,240 --> 00:23:49,720 This is Highland Park in the state of Illinois, 301 00:23:49,720 --> 00:23:52,440 the home of Max Epstein, 302 00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:54,880 a retired university professor with a wife, 303 00:23:54,880 --> 00:23:57,440 three children and five grandchildren. 304 00:23:59,440 --> 00:24:03,040 'There are some, I don't know about schools specifically, but...' 305 00:24:03,040 --> 00:24:06,720 And, as his son and daughter-in-law tell him via the internet, 306 00:24:06,720 --> 00:24:09,600 another grandchild due to arrive soon. 307 00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:11,320 'Yeah, we're really excited.' 308 00:24:11,320 --> 00:24:14,160 You are really excited? 'Really. Really.' 309 00:24:14,160 --> 00:24:17,320 Because the baby is going to be the next generation? 310 00:24:19,120 --> 00:24:22,680 Yeah. As my father said to me, 311 00:24:22,680 --> 00:24:26,520 he said, "So you're carrying, in your tummy, 312 00:24:26,520 --> 00:24:29,360 "Max's victory over Hitler." 313 00:24:29,360 --> 00:24:32,600 Oh, my goodness! Oh, my goodness! That is... 314 00:24:33,720 --> 00:24:36,400 That's hitting it right on the nose. 315 00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:39,000 THEY LAUGH 316 00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:43,160 Victory over Hitler because Max suffered in Auschwitz, 317 00:24:43,160 --> 00:24:47,440 but despite his own treatment by the Nazis, Max has lived a happy life. 318 00:24:48,840 --> 00:24:52,000 He is another Auschwitz survivor who has not let anger drive him 319 00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:53,680 out of this world. 320 00:24:55,640 --> 00:24:56,960 You already made that. 321 00:24:57,880 --> 00:25:02,440 'I cannot make myself judge people.' 322 00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:04,200 I believe in kindness. 323 00:25:05,360 --> 00:25:06,760 And you got that from Auschwitz? 324 00:25:07,920 --> 00:25:09,760 Strangely, yes. 325 00:25:09,760 --> 00:25:12,200 As a philosophy, yes, that's true. 326 00:25:14,080 --> 00:25:15,520 Yeah, that's true. 327 00:25:22,520 --> 00:25:25,240 But when Max first arrived at Auschwitz, 328 00:25:25,240 --> 00:25:27,760 what he sensed was an atmosphere of horror. 329 00:25:42,880 --> 00:25:45,720 They took us down from the train. 330 00:25:45,720 --> 00:25:47,400 Waiting... 331 00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:49,120 with...I and my mother. 332 00:25:50,160 --> 00:25:53,000 Max and his mother, as Polish Jews, 333 00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:55,760 were sent to Auschwitz from a ghetto in 1944. 334 00:25:59,920 --> 00:26:03,880 This was the period of the most frenzied killing at Auschwitz, 335 00:26:03,880 --> 00:26:06,440 as hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews, 336 00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:09,200 like those pictured here, arrived at the camp. 337 00:26:11,360 --> 00:26:12,480 Er... 338 00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:17,400 It didn't take more than about 20 minutes. 339 00:26:18,480 --> 00:26:22,840 The smell, you know, it was like burning hair, you know, organic. 340 00:26:24,360 --> 00:26:26,320 So it was crystal clear - 341 00:26:26,320 --> 00:26:28,600 four crematoria going full blast. 342 00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:33,400 Big Hungarian liquidation, 400,000, came in. 343 00:26:35,160 --> 00:26:38,040 On arrival at Auschwitz, Max and his mother were separated. 344 00:26:39,280 --> 00:26:40,920 Max was now on his own. 345 00:26:45,880 --> 00:26:49,760 Auschwitz-Birkenau was divided into many sub camps, 346 00:26:49,760 --> 00:26:52,960 and once or twice Max's mother was able to come near to the wire 347 00:26:52,960 --> 00:26:58,280 between her camp and the section of Auschwitz where he was imprisoned. 348 00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:02,720 So she actually came and we talked and we screamed to each other. 349 00:27:05,760 --> 00:27:08,280 And I remember, you remember of course, 350 00:27:08,280 --> 00:27:10,640 being a young punk. 351 00:27:10,640 --> 00:27:12,680 She cried... 352 00:27:12,680 --> 00:27:15,200 And I said, "Why are you crying? What you crying? 353 00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:18,520 "We are going to be dead anyway, so what's the point?" 354 00:27:18,520 --> 00:27:21,600 You know, smartass kind of kid. 355 00:27:26,560 --> 00:27:29,400 Max was sent to work at a factory in the countryside 356 00:27:29,400 --> 00:27:31,120 less than a mile from the camp. 357 00:27:32,280 --> 00:27:36,200 Here, one German soldier picked him out from the other prisoners. 358 00:27:40,080 --> 00:27:42,720 So I started walking with him, he says to me, 359 00:27:42,720 --> 00:27:46,560 "Listen, I don't give a damn what you do. 360 00:27:46,560 --> 00:27:50,320 "I don't like seeing small boys being beaten." 361 00:27:52,840 --> 00:27:56,000 Max only worked at the factory for a few weeks, 362 00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:59,520 but the compassionate way in which this German soldier treated him - 363 00:27:59,520 --> 00:28:02,560 by trying to protect him from the appalling brutality 364 00:28:02,560 --> 00:28:05,520 that was all around - has affected Max ever since. 365 00:28:15,480 --> 00:28:16,760 It was very dark... 366 00:28:18,120 --> 00:28:22,240 ..and the smallest act of kindness appeared like a large spark. 367 00:28:22,240 --> 00:28:25,040 I choose to remember the sparks - 368 00:28:25,040 --> 00:28:27,240 that's my motto - and that's what I live by. 369 00:28:32,600 --> 00:28:37,040 Kindness...because there is always kindness. 370 00:28:42,880 --> 00:28:46,160 NEWSREEL: General Eisenhower comes to see with his own eyes 371 00:28:46,160 --> 00:28:49,880 the atrocities in Nazi prison camps captured by the Allied armies. 372 00:28:49,880 --> 00:28:53,280 Once the Nazi concentration camps were liberated, 373 00:28:53,280 --> 00:28:57,720 the world discovered the full horror of Hitler's regime. 374 00:28:57,720 --> 00:29:00,240 As for the horror he himself had suffered, 375 00:29:00,240 --> 00:29:02,520 Max was doing his best to forget it. 376 00:29:02,520 --> 00:29:05,400 'to summon members of Congress and high-ranking... ' 377 00:29:05,400 --> 00:29:09,200 I decided I'm going to erase the goddamned thing... 378 00:29:12,240 --> 00:29:17,360 ..from my conscience and from everything that I do. 379 00:29:17,360 --> 00:29:19,160 Erase, erase, erase it. 380 00:29:19,160 --> 00:29:21,880 I mean completely erase it. Why? 381 00:29:23,480 --> 00:29:25,760 It's an important part of your life. 382 00:29:27,840 --> 00:29:34,520 Because I was amazed and... elated that I survived 383 00:29:34,520 --> 00:29:38,200 and I can now go after what I want. 384 00:29:42,120 --> 00:29:46,640 The chief thing he now wanted was his mother. 385 00:29:46,640 --> 00:29:51,280 After many weeks of searching, he managed to find her. 386 00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:56,440 She came out, pleasantly surprised. 387 00:29:56,440 --> 00:29:59,720 More than that. More than that. 388 00:29:59,720 --> 00:30:01,960 Much more than that. 389 00:30:01,960 --> 00:30:04,440 What was her reaction? Well, it's... 390 00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:13,240 I presume it must have been profound. 391 00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:22,040 Now, I am a family man. 392 00:30:22,040 --> 00:30:24,480 I belong to a family. 393 00:30:24,480 --> 00:30:26,400 I'm not alone. 394 00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:42,240 In 1948, Max and his mother were living in the new state of Israel, 395 00:30:42,240 --> 00:30:45,520 having first moved to Palestine after the war ended. 396 00:30:51,080 --> 00:30:53,640 Unlike some Holocaust survivors, 397 00:30:53,640 --> 00:30:56,240 Max experienced no prejudice against him. 398 00:30:58,360 --> 00:31:00,720 I spoke Hebrew freely. 399 00:31:00,720 --> 00:31:04,120 I immediately integrated into society, 400 00:31:04,120 --> 00:31:06,720 my best friend was an Israeli-born. 401 00:31:13,520 --> 00:31:16,480 I had no problems at all. 402 00:31:18,560 --> 00:31:23,120 There was no question, even in the kibbutz already. 403 00:31:23,120 --> 00:31:26,280 MUSIC: Hava Naglia by Andre Rieu 404 00:31:42,760 --> 00:31:46,440 It was a beautiful time. It was gorgeous. 405 00:31:46,440 --> 00:31:48,720 From a... 406 00:31:48,720 --> 00:31:51,680 It was really pastoral. 407 00:31:54,120 --> 00:31:57,720 When the new state of Israel was attacked by neighbouring Arabs, 408 00:31:57,720 --> 00:32:00,760 Max fought in the Israeli armed forces. 409 00:32:00,760 --> 00:32:02,440 This turned out to offer him 410 00:32:02,440 --> 00:32:06,080 another way of putting his experience in Auschwitz behind him. 411 00:32:09,240 --> 00:32:12,520 The best thing they could have done for me. 412 00:32:12,520 --> 00:32:16,400 That was the best catharsis that one could offer. 413 00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:18,240 Just like that. 414 00:32:18,240 --> 00:32:22,280 Out of victimhood, out of talking about it, 415 00:32:22,280 --> 00:32:25,640 not speaking about the fact that you're participating in an event 416 00:32:25,640 --> 00:32:28,640 that happens 1-2,000 years. 417 00:32:36,360 --> 00:32:42,000 After just a few years in Israel, Max decided on a dramatic change. 418 00:32:45,120 --> 00:32:48,480 Max's father had always had great ambitions for him. 419 00:32:48,480 --> 00:32:51,040 And even though he'd died in the ghetto, 420 00:32:51,040 --> 00:32:54,040 his influence on Max was still strong. 421 00:32:55,320 --> 00:32:58,160 You know, it's a very interesting thing. 422 00:32:58,160 --> 00:33:01,200 A dead father still controls your life. 423 00:33:01,200 --> 00:33:02,880 Did you know that? 424 00:33:04,480 --> 00:33:07,040 I wanted the opportunity to succeed. 425 00:33:07,040 --> 00:33:11,200 Look, I'm satisfying my father's wish. 426 00:33:12,520 --> 00:33:14,200 That's what he wanted. 427 00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:17,160 MUSIC: Sing, Sing, Sing by The Wynford Big Band 428 00:33:26,240 --> 00:33:31,800 To further his career, Max moved to America with his mother in 1953. 429 00:33:44,400 --> 00:33:47,440 They soon settled here in Chicago. 430 00:33:57,920 --> 00:34:02,560 Max pursued his academic studies at Northwestern University, 431 00:34:02,560 --> 00:34:06,120 eventually becoming a professor of electrical engineering. 432 00:34:11,040 --> 00:34:15,400 He remained a bachelor, living with his mother until his late 30s. 433 00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:18,840 Then, he met the woman who was to become his wife. 434 00:34:21,320 --> 00:34:23,640 Having been a bachelor for so long, 435 00:34:23,640 --> 00:34:25,880 what was it that attracted you about...? 436 00:34:25,880 --> 00:34:28,280 Well, first of all, she was very beautiful. 437 00:34:28,280 --> 00:34:30,200 What do you mean, "was"? 438 00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:31,760 I'm sorry. 439 00:34:33,520 --> 00:34:35,880 50 years and still an error. 440 00:34:35,880 --> 00:34:39,520 Yeah, but she was beautiful 441 00:34:39,520 --> 00:34:44,120 and my mother was very impressed with her 442 00:34:44,120 --> 00:34:48,520 because she had an extremely neat purse. 443 00:34:49,680 --> 00:34:52,040 My mother says, "She's so neat." 444 00:34:52,040 --> 00:34:54,960 So, instead of asking for the purse, 445 00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:56,880 I ask for the hand. 446 00:34:56,880 --> 00:34:58,760 HE CHUCKLES 447 00:35:05,880 --> 00:35:10,560 Max and Judy eventually settled in Highland Park, a suburb of Chicago, 448 00:35:10,560 --> 00:35:14,080 and over the next few years, raised three children. 449 00:35:23,160 --> 00:35:25,080 On a special anniversary, 450 00:35:25,080 --> 00:35:28,360 Max's daughter Deborah and her family arrive for a visit. 451 00:35:28,360 --> 00:35:32,160 Oh. Hi, guys! Hi. Hi! 452 00:35:32,160 --> 00:35:33,600 Hey, you guys. 453 00:35:33,600 --> 00:35:36,640 We got Dad a Father's Day present from everybody. 454 00:35:36,640 --> 00:35:39,120 From us too? Uh-huh. Happy Father's Day. 455 00:35:40,640 --> 00:35:43,240 Max didn't keep his background a total secret 456 00:35:43,240 --> 00:35:45,360 from his children and grandchildren, 457 00:35:45,360 --> 00:35:49,240 but he did spare them the details of his wartime experience. 458 00:35:49,240 --> 00:35:51,200 It's at the start of the next zone. Mm? 459 00:35:51,200 --> 00:35:53,400 It starts at the start of the next zone. 460 00:35:54,560 --> 00:35:59,160 I don't think... This is worse. Try by itself. Try by itself. 461 00:35:59,160 --> 00:36:03,920 He made a point of never... talking about the horrors 462 00:36:03,920 --> 00:36:05,840 and the atrocities. 463 00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:10,200 It's going the other way. 464 00:36:10,200 --> 00:36:13,320 'I think the way he's dealt with his background has been a help. 465 00:36:13,320 --> 00:36:17,440 'Not what he went through, but how he has chosen to talk about it,' 466 00:36:17,440 --> 00:36:20,680 and focus on it, and relay the experiences to us. 467 00:36:25,920 --> 00:36:30,040 In Auschwitz, the Nazis tattooed a number on Max's arm, 468 00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:33,720 but to his children, he made it into a joke. 469 00:36:35,040 --> 00:36:37,440 They just wanted to know what this is. 470 00:36:37,440 --> 00:36:39,440 So, I said this is a number. 471 00:36:39,440 --> 00:36:40,640 If I lose my arm, 472 00:36:40,640 --> 00:36:42,800 they will know where to return it. 473 00:36:52,760 --> 00:36:56,240 What I got out of it is you get through things, horrible things. 474 00:36:56,240 --> 00:36:58,280 There's a resilience that can carry you 475 00:36:58,280 --> 00:37:01,200 so, I mean I've never gone through anything that horrible in my life, 476 00:37:01,200 --> 00:37:03,160 of course, but if I've gone through hard times 477 00:37:03,160 --> 00:37:05,240 and I've been depressed, I would say it's... 478 00:37:05,240 --> 00:37:07,400 In the back of my mind, I've always felt, you know, 479 00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:08,800 if my father can get through that 480 00:37:08,800 --> 00:37:11,800 and come out as cheerful and as wonderful as he is, 481 00:37:11,800 --> 00:37:14,960 certainly, I can get through whatever struggle I have. 482 00:37:14,960 --> 00:37:16,400 CLAMOUR 483 00:37:19,400 --> 00:37:21,600 But in the 1970s, 484 00:37:21,600 --> 00:37:25,760 Max's policy of not speaking openly about the Holocaust was tested. 485 00:37:26,840 --> 00:37:29,760 This is a real white victory for our people today 486 00:37:29,760 --> 00:37:32,520 and it's something that they'll remember for the future. 487 00:37:32,520 --> 00:37:35,160 The National Socialist Party of America, 488 00:37:35,160 --> 00:37:37,840 a racist group wearing the swastika, 489 00:37:37,840 --> 00:37:40,920 wanted to march through various areas of Chicago, 490 00:37:40,920 --> 00:37:43,920 including Skokie, a Jewish suburb. 491 00:37:43,920 --> 00:37:46,600 They lied as usual, see, Pop just told me 492 00:37:46,600 --> 00:37:49,640 that we'd be in front of the trees and not behind them. 493 00:37:49,640 --> 00:37:53,440 Not surprisingly, there were widespread protests. 494 00:37:53,440 --> 00:37:56,600 CROWD CLAMOURS 495 00:37:56,600 --> 00:37:58,880 In the wake of the controversy, 496 00:37:58,880 --> 00:38:02,600 the local community decided to establish a Holocaust museum. 497 00:38:03,960 --> 00:38:06,640 The newest version of the museum is on this site, 498 00:38:06,640 --> 00:38:08,280 northwest of the city. 499 00:38:08,280 --> 00:38:11,240 When Max was approached to help 500 00:38:11,240 --> 00:38:14,760 and speak about his own wartime experiences, 501 00:38:14,760 --> 00:38:17,160 he just didn't think he could say no. 502 00:38:17,160 --> 00:38:22,520 My attempt to erase the Holocaust from my memory and just 503 00:38:22,520 --> 00:38:27,880 continue to live as if it didn't exist has become a complete failure. 504 00:38:27,880 --> 00:38:32,880 I just wanted to forget it, but it's impossible to do that. 505 00:38:32,880 --> 00:38:35,080 It is a responsibility, it really is. 506 00:38:35,080 --> 00:38:36,760 It answers the same question - 507 00:38:36,760 --> 00:38:41,040 for decent men to do nothing is what causes evil to triumph. 508 00:38:41,040 --> 00:38:46,720 So, I think that I, as a survivor, am supposed to what? 509 00:38:46,720 --> 00:38:49,160 Move away or disappear? 510 00:38:49,160 --> 00:38:56,560 That would be nothing but desertion of what I think, 511 00:38:56,560 --> 00:39:02,600 what I believe, is an obligation. 512 00:39:02,600 --> 00:39:05,960 For Max, there is one final victory. 513 00:39:07,240 --> 00:39:09,480 I am 150% winner. 514 00:39:11,240 --> 00:39:15,880 I have very successful children and grandchildren. 515 00:39:15,880 --> 00:39:20,600 They are all hard-working, committed to raise children 516 00:39:20,600 --> 00:39:24,560 and making it the most important thing in their life. 517 00:39:24,560 --> 00:39:27,080 That means not only did I do it, 518 00:39:27,080 --> 00:39:30,880 but the next generation is carrying it. 519 00:39:39,160 --> 00:39:42,240 Most people who were sent to Auschwitz were like Max - 520 00:39:42,240 --> 00:39:45,000 they were Jewish. 521 00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:46,680 MAN SPEAKS OVER LOUDSPEAKER 522 00:39:49,800 --> 00:39:53,960 But many thousands of non-Jews also suffered in Auschwitz. 523 00:39:59,360 --> 00:40:03,640 Here at a commemoration ceremony at Auschwitz-Birkenau 524 00:40:03,640 --> 00:40:07,920 is someone who experienced life in the camp at the age of nine. 525 00:40:09,400 --> 00:40:11,280 His name is Hermann Hollenreiner. 526 00:40:12,920 --> 00:40:14,480 SPEECH CONTINUES 527 00:40:19,120 --> 00:40:21,120 FEMALE SPEAKER INTRODUCES GUESTS 528 00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:30,600 Hermann Hollenreiner, known as Mano to his family and friends, 529 00:40:30,600 --> 00:40:33,000 was born and bred in Germany. 530 00:40:39,160 --> 00:40:42,000 He comes from a Sinti background. 531 00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:45,600 The Germans called him a Zigeuner or Gypsy. 532 00:40:54,040 --> 00:40:57,640 One whole section of Auschwitz-Birkenau was designated 533 00:40:57,640 --> 00:41:02,480 by the Nazis the Zigeunerlager - the Gypsy camp. 534 00:41:02,480 --> 00:41:06,280 Unusually for Auschwitz, the Nazis allowed those imprisoned 535 00:41:06,280 --> 00:41:10,440 in the Zigeunerlager to stay together in family groups. 536 00:41:12,320 --> 00:41:14,560 Here, at any one time, 537 00:41:14,560 --> 00:41:19,120 up to 15,000 men, women and children were crammed together. 538 00:41:19,120 --> 00:41:21,800 Several hundred thousand Sinti and Roma 539 00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:25,560 were murdered during the Second World War by the Nazis. 540 00:41:25,560 --> 00:41:28,480 19,000 died in Auschwitz alone. 541 00:41:32,800 --> 00:41:37,400 Mano was sent with his family to the Gypsy camp in 1943. 542 00:41:41,280 --> 00:41:44,080 TRANSLATION: We would pull out the grass like rabbits 543 00:41:44,080 --> 00:41:46,160 so that we could just eat it 544 00:41:46,160 --> 00:41:48,600 and if an SS caught us, we would get beaten. 545 00:41:48,600 --> 00:41:50,320 That was also bad. 546 00:41:50,320 --> 00:41:53,640 But then everything that happened in Birkenau was bad. 547 00:41:59,640 --> 00:42:04,240 We had to get up early, then work, sweep the floor. 548 00:42:04,240 --> 00:42:07,080 We had to work in the forest, that was over there, 549 00:42:07,080 --> 00:42:10,480 and then the crematorium, we had to bring the dead there, 550 00:42:10,480 --> 00:42:14,480 the small children, we had to put them in a wheelbarrow. 551 00:42:16,240 --> 00:42:20,200 Soon, I can't talk about this any more. Seriously. 552 00:42:25,560 --> 00:42:28,720 I can't understand how I'm still alive. 553 00:42:28,720 --> 00:42:33,440 It's a miracle we're still alive and that I've got to 80 years old. 554 00:42:37,040 --> 00:42:42,360 The Gypsy camp was liquidated by the Nazis on 2nd August, 1944. 555 00:42:42,360 --> 00:42:45,680 Nearly 3,000 were murdered. 556 00:42:47,480 --> 00:42:50,080 But Mano and his family had been transferred 557 00:42:50,080 --> 00:42:53,440 to another concentration camp just weeks before. 558 00:43:00,360 --> 00:43:03,320 By the time the camps were finally liberated, 559 00:43:03,320 --> 00:43:05,400 in the spring of 1945, 560 00:43:05,400 --> 00:43:10,160 Mano had become separated from his mother, father and sister. 561 00:43:17,360 --> 00:43:21,240 There were now millions of displaced people in Europe. 562 00:43:25,440 --> 00:43:27,920 Mano was just one of them. 563 00:43:27,920 --> 00:43:29,880 He was lost and sick... 564 00:43:31,120 --> 00:43:33,560 ..and just 11 years old. 565 00:43:37,680 --> 00:43:41,080 TRANSLATION: I got so ill, I was unconscious. 566 00:43:41,080 --> 00:43:43,400 I didn't know anything any more. 567 00:43:43,400 --> 00:43:46,440 And the French, they took me with them. 568 00:43:52,760 --> 00:43:55,560 And then I came to France. 569 00:43:55,560 --> 00:44:00,080 All of the others who were with me, and who'd also been in the camps, 570 00:44:00,080 --> 00:44:03,640 were picked up, and I was just standing there all alone. 571 00:44:03,640 --> 00:44:06,920 And such a language I'd never heard before in my life. 572 00:44:06,920 --> 00:44:09,480 I had no idea where I was. 573 00:44:15,840 --> 00:44:18,720 He was here, in Paris, 574 00:44:18,720 --> 00:44:21,400 with no way of finding his parents. 575 00:44:24,480 --> 00:44:27,520 Suddenly, Madame Fouquet came. 576 00:44:27,520 --> 00:44:30,240 She was from Alsace, she knew German. 577 00:44:30,240 --> 00:44:34,120 She approached me and just took me with her to her flat. 578 00:44:37,680 --> 00:44:42,720 Madame Fouquet brought Mano to this building on the outskirts of Paris. 579 00:44:42,720 --> 00:44:46,240 She lived here in a two-roomed flat on the second floor 580 00:44:46,240 --> 00:44:50,240 with her family including her 16-year-old son Paul. 581 00:44:54,800 --> 00:44:57,160 TRANSLATION: My mother explained to us 582 00:44:57,160 --> 00:45:00,200 that she'd taken in a young deportee for a few days. 583 00:45:05,840 --> 00:45:09,080 He arrived in our lives like that and we supported him. 584 00:45:09,080 --> 00:45:11,720 We did what we could to help him. 585 00:45:14,680 --> 00:45:17,320 They were like parents to me. 586 00:45:17,320 --> 00:45:19,360 They would give me their last food. 587 00:45:19,360 --> 00:45:23,000 They were really there for me. They bathed me. Everything. 588 00:45:23,000 --> 00:45:26,560 And with Paul, he was three years older than me, or four years. 589 00:45:26,560 --> 00:45:31,160 He would, like, grab my hand and go for a walk with me and stuff. 590 00:45:35,000 --> 00:45:38,920 We tried to calm him, explain to him. 591 00:45:40,640 --> 00:45:45,080 He was nervous, he moved a lot. He shook all the time. 592 00:45:48,520 --> 00:45:51,600 I only wanted to sleep on the plain floor 593 00:45:51,600 --> 00:45:54,160 and I ate with my hands. 594 00:45:54,160 --> 00:45:58,040 What did I know from a knife and fork? 595 00:46:05,160 --> 00:46:07,520 Mano appeared so emotionally disturbed 596 00:46:07,520 --> 00:46:11,200 that he was admitted to this hospital in Paris for treatment. 597 00:46:11,200 --> 00:46:14,080 He found the experience terrifying. 598 00:46:18,480 --> 00:46:20,800 In the mental hospital, 599 00:46:20,800 --> 00:46:22,400 there were 10 or 15 ill children 600 00:46:22,400 --> 00:46:25,720 and everything was messy and they ate their own faeces. 601 00:46:25,720 --> 00:46:27,880 And they screamed and stuff. 602 00:46:33,800 --> 00:46:36,080 But it was to get worse. 603 00:46:36,080 --> 00:46:40,160 Mano was subjected to a new experimental form of treatment - 604 00:46:40,160 --> 00:46:43,120 electric shocks to the brain. 605 00:46:44,880 --> 00:46:47,520 That was horrible, the electric shock. 606 00:46:47,520 --> 00:46:50,000 They gave me 10 or 15. 607 00:46:52,400 --> 00:46:53,680 That was horrible. 608 00:46:54,960 --> 00:46:56,680 That was horrible. 609 00:47:06,480 --> 00:47:09,280 Then came this professor who got me out of there. 610 00:47:09,280 --> 00:47:12,400 He had a good look at me and questioned me a little bit 611 00:47:12,400 --> 00:47:14,560 and then I was sent to a children's home, 612 00:47:14,560 --> 00:47:16,200 a good children's home. 613 00:47:16,200 --> 00:47:18,960 It was maybe 100km from Paris. 614 00:47:21,160 --> 00:47:24,640 Meanwhile Mano's parents, who'd survived the war, 615 00:47:24,640 --> 00:47:26,720 had been looking for him. 616 00:47:26,720 --> 00:47:30,520 And in 1947, he was finally traced. 617 00:47:30,520 --> 00:47:33,920 At long last, Mano could return home. 618 00:47:35,360 --> 00:47:39,440 MUSIC: Im Munchen Steht Ein Hofbrauhaus by Alfons Bauer 619 00:48:03,680 --> 00:48:06,320 I saw my sister again and my father. 620 00:48:10,280 --> 00:48:12,880 My mum hugged me, everyone cried, 621 00:48:12,880 --> 00:48:16,400 and all the Sinti who were my relatives came and they hugged me. 622 00:48:16,400 --> 00:48:19,880 I couldn't speak a word of German, only French. 623 00:48:40,600 --> 00:48:44,120 One was back with one's parents. 624 00:48:44,120 --> 00:48:46,360 One would feel good again. 625 00:48:47,480 --> 00:48:50,000 I did love my parents. 626 00:49:02,160 --> 00:49:05,240 Mano and his family travelled around various towns 627 00:49:05,240 --> 00:49:08,560 and villages in Bavaria, selling door-to-door 628 00:49:08,560 --> 00:49:13,000 and putting on prize boxing matches, challenging local youths. 629 00:49:15,720 --> 00:49:18,800 They also lived part of the time in Munich, 630 00:49:18,800 --> 00:49:24,400 and it was here in a dancehall that Mano met a young woman called Else. 631 00:49:25,960 --> 00:49:30,120 What did you find attractive about her? 632 00:49:31,600 --> 00:49:35,280 She was very sexy. It's true. 633 00:49:35,280 --> 00:49:38,560 There was something about her that I liked. 634 00:49:39,920 --> 00:49:41,520 Else soon discovered 635 00:49:41,520 --> 00:49:44,800 that her new boyfriend was not only of Sinti origin, 636 00:49:44,800 --> 00:49:46,880 he was also illiterate. 637 00:49:48,200 --> 00:49:51,960 Else's mother seemed to find it all rather amusing. 638 00:49:53,360 --> 00:49:57,720 TRANSLATION: She jokingly said to my father, 639 00:49:57,720 --> 00:50:00,520 "Well, Else will bring us a son-in-law now, 640 00:50:00,520 --> 00:50:02,640 "a Gypsy who can't read and write." 641 00:50:04,360 --> 00:50:06,880 She didn't know how serious it was already 642 00:50:06,880 --> 00:50:10,800 cos I was already pregnant with the first child. 643 00:50:10,800 --> 00:50:13,520 You have only yourself to blame. 644 00:50:13,520 --> 00:50:17,760 Yes, and that's how it continued, everything went really fast. 645 00:50:19,760 --> 00:50:24,800 What I learnt very quickly was that he was insecure in a way. 646 00:50:24,800 --> 00:50:26,920 He'd always pick a quarrel. 647 00:50:28,760 --> 00:50:32,240 I felt like someone who had to protect him. 648 00:50:36,920 --> 00:50:42,480 Mano and Else married in 1957 and had three children. 649 00:50:42,480 --> 00:50:45,640 Their daughter Carol still lives with them. 650 00:50:46,760 --> 00:50:50,240 And Mano also lives with the legacy of the war. 651 00:50:52,280 --> 00:50:56,080 Well, I am nervous. Feelings of anxiety still. 652 00:50:56,080 --> 00:50:58,960 I still get feelings of anxiety. 653 00:50:58,960 --> 00:51:03,320 If I see a movie with SS in it, I switch over because I get so angry. 654 00:51:03,320 --> 00:51:04,720 Yeah. 655 00:51:12,080 --> 00:51:14,560 TRANSLATION: I think a child takes a father as he is. 656 00:51:14,560 --> 00:51:18,000 As a child, I just thought, "That's how he is." 657 00:51:18,000 --> 00:51:19,720 But now I know where it comes from. 658 00:51:19,720 --> 00:51:22,080 He's very nervous. Super nervous. 659 00:51:22,080 --> 00:51:26,840 And that, for me, is a direct result of the concentration camps. 660 00:51:40,240 --> 00:51:43,440 The nightmare which he has is the one I've always known about, 661 00:51:43,440 --> 00:51:47,120 even as a child. He's always dreamt this. 662 00:51:47,120 --> 00:51:51,080 He expresses himself by screaming, like an animal. 663 00:51:51,080 --> 00:51:54,480 First of all, you don't think this is a human who's screaming. 664 00:51:54,480 --> 00:51:57,520 And the next day, he would tell me that he's had this dream 665 00:51:57,520 --> 00:52:00,920 and it's always the same dream. 666 00:52:00,920 --> 00:52:04,240 I did ask why... about what he had in the dream 667 00:52:04,240 --> 00:52:06,640 and then he says it's always the same dream. 668 00:52:06,640 --> 00:52:10,000 A woman is sitting, an old woman, on his chest 669 00:52:10,000 --> 00:52:11,680 with very long fingernails, 670 00:52:11,680 --> 00:52:14,840 and she's stabbing him into his chest. 671 00:52:18,600 --> 00:52:21,400 I do think that it affects me. 672 00:52:22,680 --> 00:52:23,920 I think... 673 00:52:23,920 --> 00:52:27,200 Well, I think children of Holocaust survivors, 674 00:52:27,200 --> 00:52:30,280 they somehow inherit their anxiety. 675 00:52:33,520 --> 00:52:38,000 I do think that one is more distrustful towards other people... 676 00:52:39,920 --> 00:52:43,960 ..because one never knows what's behind what they're saying. 677 00:52:56,280 --> 00:52:57,800 THEY TALK IN GERMAN 678 00:53:00,480 --> 00:53:02,560 Several years into their marriage, 679 00:53:02,560 --> 00:53:06,600 Mano embarked on a new career as an antiques dealer. 680 00:53:06,600 --> 00:53:10,160 He and his wife would travel around southern Germany and Austria 681 00:53:10,160 --> 00:53:13,680 searching for furniture they could buy and sell. 682 00:53:13,680 --> 00:53:16,000 And even though money was tight, 683 00:53:16,000 --> 00:53:18,920 Mano always believed in enjoying himself. 684 00:53:20,480 --> 00:53:23,640 TRANSLATION: I drove expensive cars. 685 00:53:23,640 --> 00:53:26,480 I spent money like it was going out of fashion. 686 00:53:26,480 --> 00:53:31,760 I mean we didn't have money, but still I'd buy them on credit. 687 00:53:33,560 --> 00:53:35,960 Yes, at the time, I didn't have a winter coat, 688 00:53:35,960 --> 00:53:38,440 but I had a big nice car. 689 00:53:42,800 --> 00:53:45,280 My life insurance was worth a car. 690 00:53:45,280 --> 00:53:47,840 I got 120,000 for that 691 00:53:47,840 --> 00:53:51,520 and I instantly bought the car in cash in Karlsruhe. 692 00:53:51,520 --> 00:53:54,560 I even got it a little bit cheaper for cash. 693 00:53:54,560 --> 00:53:58,640 Then I got two Mercedes SLs. I paid in cash for them too. 694 00:53:58,640 --> 00:54:02,280 And my wife almost cried because we bought these cars 695 00:54:02,280 --> 00:54:05,400 and she'd have preferred to have bought another house. 696 00:54:05,400 --> 00:54:08,440 But you know what women are like. 697 00:54:14,000 --> 00:54:18,920 MUSIC: Fountains Of Rome: The Villa Medici Fountain by London Symphony Orchestra and Lamberto Gardelli 698 00:54:24,640 --> 00:54:27,920 Mano never forgot the generosity of the French family 699 00:54:27,920 --> 00:54:31,040 who'd offered him a home in the months after the war. 700 00:54:31,040 --> 00:54:33,160 But he lost touch with them. 701 00:54:33,160 --> 00:54:37,200 Until a few years ago, he learnt that one of his oldest friends 702 00:54:37,200 --> 00:54:41,880 now lived here in Ceillac, high in the French Alps. 703 00:54:46,520 --> 00:54:52,680 This is the home of Paul who first befriended Mano back in 1945. 704 00:55:09,360 --> 00:55:11,040 THEY GREET EACH OTHER 705 00:55:26,080 --> 00:55:27,320 THEY TALK IN FRENCH 706 00:55:30,720 --> 00:55:34,200 Paul retired to Ceillac with his wife. 707 00:55:34,200 --> 00:55:37,240 And they now live in the village close to their children, 708 00:55:37,240 --> 00:55:40,360 grandchildren and great-grandchildren. 709 00:55:44,080 --> 00:55:46,960 Paul had always told them about Mano, 710 00:55:46,960 --> 00:55:50,360 his friend who had suffered in the Gypsy camp at Auschwitz, 711 00:55:50,360 --> 00:55:53,640 but had lost hope of ever seeing him again. 712 00:55:56,960 --> 00:56:00,000 TRANSLATION: It's just sad that we met so late. 713 00:56:00,000 --> 00:56:01,840 That was my parent's fault. 714 00:56:01,840 --> 00:56:04,520 They were happy that we were travelling, on a journey, 715 00:56:04,520 --> 00:56:06,560 like it used to be for the Sinti. 716 00:56:06,560 --> 00:56:10,920 But I would always think of Auntie Fifine, of Paul, and of Felix. 717 00:56:10,920 --> 00:56:13,680 I would always think of being with them. 718 00:56:26,880 --> 00:56:31,000 They all cared for me a lot otherwise I just wouldn't be here. 719 00:56:31,000 --> 00:56:33,640 After a time, he was like a brother to me. 720 00:56:33,640 --> 00:56:36,520 And Auntie Fifine... 721 00:56:36,520 --> 00:56:38,760 For me, they were like angels. 722 00:56:39,880 --> 00:56:42,560 The most important thing, he says, 723 00:56:42,560 --> 00:56:44,560 is that you found each other again. 724 00:56:45,760 --> 00:56:48,560 Yes, it's true. 725 00:56:51,120 --> 00:56:54,800 Mano, like all those imprisoned in the Gypsy camp, 726 00:56:54,800 --> 00:56:58,640 experienced life in Auschwitz-Birkenau, 727 00:56:58,640 --> 00:57:01,560 but there was also another Auschwitz. 728 00:57:16,560 --> 00:57:20,080 This is Auschwitz main camp, 729 00:57:20,080 --> 00:57:23,520 a mile-and-a-half away from Auschwitz-Birkenau. 730 00:57:27,200 --> 00:57:29,560 It's the original Auschwitz, 731 00:57:29,560 --> 00:57:32,040 opened in 1940 by the Nazis 732 00:57:32,040 --> 00:57:35,560 in order to terrorise the local Polish population. 733 00:57:35,560 --> 00:57:38,400 It was also a place of murder. 734 00:57:40,320 --> 00:57:44,520 Over half of the Poles first sent to Auschwitz in 1940 735 00:57:44,520 --> 00:57:46,760 were dead within 20 months. 736 00:57:47,960 --> 00:57:53,880 Tadeusz Smreczynski arrived here in 1944 at the age of 19. 737 00:57:55,280 --> 00:57:57,480 Whilst in the hands of the Nazis, 738 00:57:57,480 --> 00:58:01,440 he would experience a life-changing moment of great insight. 739 00:58:01,440 --> 00:58:03,680 But before that could happen, 740 00:58:03,680 --> 00:58:06,800 he had to survive his first day in Auschwitz. 741 00:58:08,480 --> 00:58:11,320 TRANSLATION: We were all sitting quietly, 742 00:58:11,320 --> 00:58:14,720 thinking about our fate and our families 743 00:58:14,720 --> 00:58:18,360 because we knew that this was the last day of our lives. 744 00:58:21,520 --> 00:58:26,600 He was taken to the most feared place inside Auschwitz main camp. 745 00:58:28,360 --> 00:58:29,680 Block 11. 746 00:58:31,160 --> 00:58:33,040 A prison within a prison. 747 00:58:35,520 --> 00:58:37,760 Tadeusz was charged, in part, 748 00:58:37,760 --> 00:58:40,520 with helping others to escape from the Germans. 749 00:58:41,600 --> 00:58:45,720 In this room he was subjected to a parody of a trial - 750 00:58:45,720 --> 00:58:48,360 one that lasted just a few minutes. 751 00:58:51,920 --> 00:58:55,600 When my turn came I went into the room... 752 00:58:57,640 --> 00:59:01,760 ..and was asked to provide my personal details... 753 00:59:08,160 --> 00:59:11,520 ..but the sentence was not passed. 754 00:59:16,520 --> 00:59:19,960 Tadeusz didn't know it yet, but he'd been lucky. 755 00:59:19,960 --> 00:59:22,520 Most people who were tried in Block 11 that day 756 00:59:22,520 --> 00:59:24,520 were taken from Auschwitz main camp 757 00:59:24,520 --> 00:59:27,480 and murdered in the gas chambers of Birkenau. 758 00:59:29,680 --> 00:59:34,040 But for reasons he was never told, Tadeusz was not one of them. 759 00:59:36,280 --> 00:59:40,280 We were supplied with striped uniforms 760 00:59:40,280 --> 00:59:43,640 and we became the prisoners of Auschwitz. 761 00:59:43,640 --> 00:59:46,480 It was positively surprising to us, 762 00:59:46,480 --> 00:59:50,080 because it meant a chance for life. 763 00:59:55,080 --> 00:59:58,800 Tadeusz endured around six weeks in Auschwitz main camp. 764 01:00:01,480 --> 01:00:04,120 Then he was selected to go on a journey. 765 01:00:18,880 --> 01:00:21,280 He was taken 350 miles away, 766 01:00:21,280 --> 01:00:22,800 through the Alps. 767 01:00:34,320 --> 01:00:37,000 An area of exceptional beauty 768 01:00:37,000 --> 01:00:40,160 where people were facing their tragic fate. 769 01:00:43,280 --> 01:00:46,520 Eventually he reached the city of Linz in Austria. 770 01:00:51,080 --> 01:00:54,800 Tadeusz was now imprisoned in a new concentration camp - 771 01:00:54,800 --> 01:00:59,080 one that in 1944 used to be on this spot. 772 01:01:00,680 --> 01:01:02,480 Here he had an insight 773 01:01:02,480 --> 01:01:04,680 that was to change the rest of his life. 774 01:01:09,480 --> 01:01:13,800 Looking at it all, I felt that life could only regain sense 775 01:01:13,800 --> 01:01:17,480 if you try and do good to other people. 776 01:01:25,160 --> 01:01:27,760 I decided that if I survive, 777 01:01:27,760 --> 01:01:29,600 I would become a doctor. 778 01:01:30,800 --> 01:01:34,400 I was inspired by prisoners who were doctors 779 01:01:34,400 --> 01:01:37,160 who were helping others in the camp. 780 01:01:40,600 --> 01:01:43,720 MUSIC: Russian National Anthem 781 01:01:49,000 --> 01:01:50,560 The war ended, 782 01:01:50,560 --> 01:01:53,600 and Tadeusz returned to a different Poland - 783 01:01:53,600 --> 01:01:56,520 one no longer occupied by the Nazis, 784 01:01:56,520 --> 01:01:59,400 but, instead, dominated by Communists, 785 01:01:59,400 --> 01:02:01,120 backed by Stalin. 786 01:02:06,600 --> 01:02:09,560 Tadeusz went to Krakow in southern Poland. 787 01:02:13,000 --> 01:02:15,600 Here he began his studies to become a doctor. 788 01:02:17,840 --> 01:02:20,560 By now, he'd fallen in love. 789 01:02:23,000 --> 01:02:24,920 TRANSLATION: He was really good looking, 790 01:02:24,920 --> 01:02:26,400 which you can see on the photos. 791 01:02:27,600 --> 01:02:32,400 I invited him to a couple of big parties. 792 01:02:35,520 --> 01:02:39,360 After the war we started to have some fun. 793 01:02:45,240 --> 01:02:48,320 All seemed to be going well for Tadeusz. 794 01:02:48,320 --> 01:02:50,240 Not only was he in love, 795 01:02:50,240 --> 01:02:53,520 but he'd gained a place at the prestigious Jagiellonian University 796 01:02:53,520 --> 01:02:55,320 here in Krakow - 797 01:02:55,320 --> 01:02:59,480 one of the most famous universities in the whole of Europe. 798 01:02:59,480 --> 01:03:01,480 He did well in his studies, 799 01:03:01,480 --> 01:03:03,880 and seemed set on a hugely successful career... 800 01:03:05,120 --> 01:03:07,520 ..until one day he was taken aside 801 01:03:07,520 --> 01:03:10,120 and asked to join the Communist Party. 802 01:03:12,400 --> 01:03:15,360 Sticking to his principles, he refused. 803 01:03:19,720 --> 01:03:27,360 I totally rejected Communism in the form it existed. 804 01:03:29,880 --> 01:03:31,680 After he qualified as a doctor, 805 01:03:31,680 --> 01:03:34,880 the Communist authorities refused to allow him to work in a clinic 806 01:03:34,880 --> 01:03:36,600 and pursue medical research. 807 01:03:37,920 --> 01:03:40,680 Instead he was forced to join the army 808 01:03:40,680 --> 01:03:44,680 and sent to the opposite end of Poland from his wife and child. 809 01:03:46,120 --> 01:03:49,720 I asked a lieutenant why they were taking me to the army 810 01:03:49,720 --> 01:03:54,080 at this point in time, when I stood a chance of an academic career. 811 01:03:54,080 --> 01:03:58,920 He said, "Because you are an enemy by class." 812 01:04:01,440 --> 01:04:04,400 After six years, he was able to leave the army, 813 01:04:04,400 --> 01:04:07,320 and he set up as a doctor in the coal mining town 814 01:04:07,320 --> 01:04:10,320 where his wife came from, in the south of Poland. 815 01:04:13,240 --> 01:04:15,400 There was only one problem. 816 01:04:15,400 --> 01:04:16,760 His house and surgery 817 01:04:16,760 --> 01:04:19,960 were only a ten-minute drive away from Auschwitz. 818 01:04:22,800 --> 01:04:25,200 So close, that the road they lived on 819 01:04:25,200 --> 01:04:28,840 was subsequently renamed Victims of Auschwitz Street. 820 01:04:38,160 --> 01:04:41,600 Living this near to Auschwitz was not easy for Tadeusz. 821 01:04:47,200 --> 01:04:51,400 The stress was really present when passing by the camp. 822 01:04:54,880 --> 01:05:00,400 Nearly every bit of the camp reminded me of something. 823 01:05:00,400 --> 01:05:02,840 So it was upsetting. 824 01:05:07,920 --> 01:05:10,800 Then there was another legacy of the camp - 825 01:05:10,800 --> 01:05:14,080 the number the Nazis had tattooed on his arm. 826 01:05:15,240 --> 01:05:17,520 HE SPEAKS IN POLISH 827 01:05:21,000 --> 01:05:25,760 TRANSLATION: I had it cut out by a friend of mine. 828 01:05:25,760 --> 01:05:28,040 There's a dot left, and a scar, 829 01:05:28,040 --> 01:05:31,120 which is practically invisible. 830 01:05:33,080 --> 01:05:36,840 I was convinced that its absence would make it easier for me 831 01:05:36,840 --> 01:05:38,520 to forget those times. 832 01:05:40,480 --> 01:05:43,120 But none of this changed my memory. 833 01:05:45,120 --> 01:05:48,760 It's all so deeply fixed in my memory 834 01:05:48,760 --> 01:05:53,080 that it can't be removed by any scalpel. 835 01:06:07,000 --> 01:06:10,000 Tadeusz had always dreamed of living in Krakow. 836 01:06:11,920 --> 01:06:15,080 When he retired, he and his wife moved to a flat 837 01:06:15,080 --> 01:06:16,600 in the suburbs of the city. 838 01:06:18,320 --> 01:06:21,880 The rest of his family are full of admiration 839 01:06:21,880 --> 01:06:24,920 for the way he has coped with the past. 840 01:06:24,920 --> 01:06:28,320 TRANSLATION: It was a generation that received no care whatsoever, 841 01:06:28,320 --> 01:06:32,080 and they had to deal with their own psychological issues by themselves. 842 01:06:32,080 --> 01:06:33,200 THEY SPEAK IN POLISH 843 01:06:39,320 --> 01:06:43,640 As a family man, he's very warm and caring. 844 01:06:47,240 --> 01:06:51,280 He was enormously loaded with work, but he was there for us 845 01:06:51,280 --> 01:06:53,800 as much as he could be. 846 01:06:56,560 --> 01:06:59,080 And Tadeusz was careful not to burden others 847 01:06:59,080 --> 01:07:01,560 with the horrors he had experienced. 848 01:07:03,240 --> 01:07:06,480 Only exceptionally I would talk of it, 849 01:07:06,480 --> 01:07:08,880 if someone started on the topic. 850 01:07:08,880 --> 01:07:12,840 Otherwise I thought it too drastic a subject of conversation 851 01:07:12,840 --> 01:07:16,400 for those who did not share the experience. 852 01:07:21,240 --> 01:07:24,440 Tadeusz's former house and surgery near Auschwitz 853 01:07:24,440 --> 01:07:27,040 is now the home of his son Piotr and his family. 854 01:07:29,200 --> 01:07:30,800 He's also a doctor, 855 01:07:30,800 --> 01:07:34,120 and sees patients in the house just as his father did. 856 01:07:35,640 --> 01:07:39,560 Their first son, Pawel, was born with serious brain damage, 857 01:07:39,560 --> 01:07:41,240 and Tadeusz, true to his belief 858 01:07:41,240 --> 01:07:44,280 that life can only have meaning if you help others, 859 01:07:44,280 --> 01:07:46,160 cared for him as much as he could. 860 01:07:49,720 --> 01:07:53,800 TRANSLATION: Grandfather loved Pawel more than anything, 861 01:07:53,800 --> 01:07:56,640 and spent a lot of time with him. 862 01:07:56,640 --> 01:08:00,640 He would sit beside him, stroke his back 863 01:08:00,640 --> 01:08:05,040 or march across the room and sing, because Pawel loved it. 864 01:08:07,600 --> 01:08:14,520 I know that, unfortunately, life can sometimes contain surprises, 865 01:08:14,520 --> 01:08:17,880 and that whatever cheerful and positive future 866 01:08:17,880 --> 01:08:19,760 you imagine for yourself 867 01:08:19,760 --> 01:08:23,360 can suddenly be changed into something very different. 868 01:08:25,960 --> 01:08:30,600 Tadeusz's life, of course, changed forever because of Auschwitz. 869 01:08:30,600 --> 01:08:32,520 He's still kept awake at night 870 01:08:32,520 --> 01:08:34,760 by the memories he has of the place. 871 01:08:35,800 --> 01:08:37,400 But, more than anything, 872 01:08:37,400 --> 01:08:39,560 he's affected by one piece of music 873 01:08:39,560 --> 01:08:42,040 that he always associates with the camp. 874 01:08:45,720 --> 01:08:50,800 Once in Auschwitz, when on the way to the kitchen, 875 01:08:50,800 --> 01:08:53,240 where we were paving the floor, 876 01:08:53,240 --> 01:08:58,120 I suddenly heard someone singing an aria from Tosca. 877 01:08:59,440 --> 01:09:04,320 # E lucevan le stelle 878 01:09:10,640 --> 01:09:14,920 # Ed olezzava la terra 879 01:09:14,920 --> 01:09:18,600 # Stridea l'uscio dell'orto... # 880 01:09:18,600 --> 01:09:22,880 The last part of Cavaradossi's before his death. 881 01:09:24,360 --> 01:09:28,600 # E un passo sfiorava la rena... # 882 01:09:31,640 --> 01:09:37,240 Still, today, I get incredibly emotional about it. 883 01:09:40,320 --> 01:09:43,280 It was another prisoner, hidden from view, 884 01:09:43,280 --> 01:09:45,200 who was singing the aria. 885 01:09:48,360 --> 01:09:54,000 # Mi cadea fra le braccia... # 886 01:09:56,160 --> 01:10:00,080 The SS men ran over and the singing suddenly stopped. 887 01:10:01,920 --> 01:10:04,040 ARIA FADES 888 01:10:09,320 --> 01:10:14,000 And I asked what happened. 889 01:10:15,880 --> 01:10:18,680 He was killed. 890 01:10:20,320 --> 01:10:27,560 # L'ora e fuggita 891 01:10:27,560 --> 01:10:35,560 # E muoio disperato! 892 01:10:37,920 --> 01:10:45,480 # E muoio disperato! # 893 01:10:50,000 --> 01:10:56,920 If I come across that aria from Tosca on radio or TV... 894 01:10:56,920 --> 01:11:01,640 everything comes back - 895 01:11:01,640 --> 01:11:08,680 the emotional experiences and the wickedness of this world. 896 01:11:11,600 --> 01:11:13,160 DOORBELL RINGS 897 01:11:13,160 --> 01:11:15,200 THEY GREET EACH OTHER 898 01:11:15,200 --> 01:11:17,400 SHE CHUCKLES 899 01:11:19,760 --> 01:11:23,280 Tadeusz stays as close as he can to his family. 900 01:11:25,680 --> 01:11:29,120 Arriving for this family gathering are his sister, 901 01:11:29,120 --> 01:11:32,480 together with his grandson Piotr and his girlfriend. 902 01:11:46,200 --> 01:11:49,240 TRANSLATION: Grandad's got strong principles, 903 01:11:49,240 --> 01:11:51,040 and he always stands by them. 904 01:11:51,040 --> 01:11:52,960 There are no circumstances 905 01:11:52,960 --> 01:11:56,440 under which he'd depart from his principles. 906 01:11:57,880 --> 01:12:00,680 At the same time, he's a man full of empathy 907 01:12:00,680 --> 01:12:03,480 who always gives priority to the family. 908 01:12:03,480 --> 01:12:06,320 That's why now I can say that I would like to live my life 909 01:12:06,320 --> 01:12:08,400 the way Grandad has lived his. 910 01:12:10,720 --> 01:12:13,800 Tadeusz chose to live his life in his original homeland 911 01:12:13,800 --> 01:12:15,880 after the war, 912 01:12:15,880 --> 01:12:19,840 but many other survivors moved across Europe and made a new start. 913 01:12:29,680 --> 01:12:32,080 One French survivor of the camp 914 01:12:32,080 --> 01:12:33,440 ended up in London. 915 01:12:35,880 --> 01:12:37,520 Her name is Freda Wineman. 916 01:12:39,160 --> 01:12:42,320 Well, it was a very nice district. 917 01:12:42,320 --> 01:12:45,120 Green, and it was lovely. 918 01:12:45,120 --> 01:12:46,440 It was exciting, you know. 919 01:12:46,440 --> 01:12:47,480 It was a... 920 01:12:49,200 --> 01:12:52,440 It was a lovely city, 921 01:12:52,440 --> 01:12:53,760 and I liked this suburb, 922 01:12:53,760 --> 01:12:56,240 and I found relations, so it was nice. 923 01:12:56,240 --> 01:12:58,440 NEWSREEL JINGLE 924 01:13:01,280 --> 01:13:05,440 Freda didn't know it, when she arrived in Britain in 1948, 925 01:13:05,440 --> 01:13:07,920 but as she adapted to this new country, 926 01:13:07,920 --> 01:13:10,760 she was going to face a number of problems. 927 01:13:10,760 --> 01:13:13,400 One of them would be not only unexpected 928 01:13:13,400 --> 01:13:15,320 but also hugely traumatic. 929 01:13:16,800 --> 01:13:18,080 But to start with, 930 01:13:18,080 --> 01:13:20,320 she just had the minor difficulty of coming to terms 931 01:13:20,320 --> 01:13:21,960 with the British character. 932 01:13:23,320 --> 01:13:26,360 They always say everything is fine, you know. 933 01:13:26,360 --> 01:13:28,360 The weather is fine. 934 01:13:28,360 --> 01:13:32,080 "How are you?" "I'm fine." So you were not used to it. 935 01:13:32,080 --> 01:13:34,080 If you ask a French person how they are, 936 01:13:34,080 --> 01:13:36,480 they give you a whole medical list. 937 01:13:36,480 --> 01:13:39,600 And they were not as warm, I thought, the British. 938 01:13:39,600 --> 01:13:42,760 They were not so outgoing, they were very reserved. 939 01:13:42,760 --> 01:13:45,440 Too reserved for my liking. It was difficult. 940 01:13:47,600 --> 01:13:50,080 NEWSREEL: Now we're going up the street - 941 01:13:50,080 --> 01:13:51,680 summer 1950, 942 01:13:51,680 --> 01:13:55,040 no workers standing idle and the shops open again. 943 01:13:57,480 --> 01:13:59,080 When she first came to Britain, 944 01:13:59,080 --> 01:14:01,840 Freda tried to talk about what had happened to her. 945 01:14:03,880 --> 01:14:05,400 People didn't want to hear. 946 01:14:05,400 --> 01:14:09,600 I had the impression that everybody wanted to start a new life. 947 01:14:09,600 --> 01:14:12,880 You know, make a life for themselves again. 948 01:14:12,880 --> 01:14:17,560 And trying to bury whatever they went through. 949 01:14:19,440 --> 01:14:21,960 But nobody wanted to know. 950 01:14:22,920 --> 01:14:24,240 It was difficult. 951 01:14:32,800 --> 01:14:35,040 It was especially difficult for Freda, 952 01:14:35,040 --> 01:14:37,840 because the memory of what she had experienced at Auschwitz 953 01:14:37,840 --> 01:14:40,000 haunted her as she slept. 954 01:14:41,880 --> 01:14:45,320 I already had nightmares all the time. 955 01:14:45,320 --> 01:14:49,960 I was in the enclosure of the crematorium... 956 01:14:51,400 --> 01:14:54,400 ..and I heard the door were going to close... 957 01:14:54,400 --> 01:14:58,680 and then I woke up. Can you imagine what state I was? 958 01:15:00,960 --> 01:15:03,680 This is the past that Freda had to deal with. 959 01:15:05,000 --> 01:15:09,080 When she'd arrived at Auschwitz, on a Jewish transport from France, 960 01:15:09,080 --> 01:15:13,240 she'd been separated from her mother and younger brother. 961 01:15:13,240 --> 01:15:14,920 They were taken to one of the four 962 01:15:14,920 --> 01:15:18,680 crematoria/gas chamber complexes in the camp. 963 01:15:18,680 --> 01:15:19,880 One was here... 964 01:15:21,080 --> 01:15:23,680 ..the gas chamber in the semi-basement of the building 965 01:15:23,680 --> 01:15:26,040 next to an undressing room. 966 01:15:26,040 --> 01:15:29,760 It was in one of these factories of death in Auschwitz 967 01:15:29,760 --> 01:15:33,600 that Freda's mother and younger brother Marcel were murdered. 968 01:15:37,360 --> 01:15:41,440 Freda was sent to the women's camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau. 969 01:15:41,440 --> 01:15:43,800 Here women were crammed together in conditions 970 01:15:43,800 --> 01:15:46,320 that were appalling even for Auschwitz. 971 01:15:53,000 --> 01:15:57,040 And the inmates were still subjected to regular selections for death. 972 01:16:01,000 --> 01:16:04,440 Directly in front of them was one of the killing factories. 973 01:16:07,800 --> 01:16:11,000 Our barracks were so near the crematoriums, 974 01:16:11,000 --> 01:16:14,520 and we could see the smoke and smell the fire. 975 01:16:14,520 --> 01:16:16,480 Not just smoke, fire. 976 01:16:16,480 --> 01:16:20,640 I couldn't believe that anybody could inflict such horror 977 01:16:20,640 --> 01:16:22,200 on another person. 978 01:16:25,760 --> 01:16:29,080 But, despite the horrors of Auschwitz-Birkenau, 979 01:16:29,080 --> 01:16:30,920 Freda did not give up hope. 980 01:16:32,600 --> 01:16:37,320 I felt, even then, I was only 19, 20, 981 01:16:37,320 --> 01:16:40,640 I felt I really had no teenage years, nothing, 982 01:16:40,640 --> 01:16:42,760 because we lived under the occupation, 983 01:16:42,760 --> 01:16:47,920 and now I'm here, I haven't even lived yet, you know. 984 01:16:47,920 --> 01:16:54,320 So there was still a little light in me that wanted to live, you know. 985 01:16:58,840 --> 01:17:01,560 Back in London, in 1949, 986 01:17:01,560 --> 01:17:03,520 Freda's life was transformed. 987 01:17:04,680 --> 01:17:08,040 She fell in love and was soon married. 988 01:17:08,040 --> 01:17:11,200 He was an exceptionally nice person. 989 01:17:11,200 --> 01:17:16,240 He had all the qualities I thought would be lovely for me. 990 01:17:22,080 --> 01:17:26,160 Her husband, David Wineman, came from a wealthy family. 991 01:17:26,160 --> 01:17:28,080 So wealthy that he lived with his parents 992 01:17:28,080 --> 01:17:30,800 in a huge house in North London. 993 01:17:30,800 --> 01:17:33,960 And straight after she was married, Freda lived there with him. 994 01:17:37,680 --> 01:17:39,120 This is the house. 995 01:17:40,800 --> 01:17:42,440 They're taking it to pieces. 996 01:17:43,960 --> 01:17:46,920 Unfortunately we can't see anything. 997 01:17:46,920 --> 01:17:49,320 It's been sold. 998 01:17:49,320 --> 01:17:51,400 I can't recognise it. 999 01:17:51,400 --> 01:17:53,200 It's not there any more. 1000 01:17:53,200 --> 01:17:54,680 Well, it was very big. 1001 01:17:54,680 --> 01:17:57,080 It had a lot of land, it had a rose garden, 1002 01:17:57,080 --> 01:18:00,960 it had a vegetable garden, it had an orchard, 1003 01:18:00,960 --> 01:18:04,320 it had two big lawns, 1004 01:18:04,320 --> 01:18:08,600 and then it had six or seven bedrooms. 1005 01:18:09,960 --> 01:18:12,240 After the birth of their first daughter, 1006 01:18:12,240 --> 01:18:15,280 Freda and David even discussed buying their own huge house 1007 01:18:15,280 --> 01:18:16,640 in North London. 1008 01:18:18,720 --> 01:18:20,440 This one. This is the house. 1009 01:18:23,160 --> 01:18:25,240 It's also a nice house! 1010 01:18:30,320 --> 01:18:31,880 I liked the house, you know, 1011 01:18:31,880 --> 01:18:34,840 it was up for sale, so we considered it, but... 1012 01:18:36,560 --> 01:18:38,920 For us, it would have been just right. 1013 01:18:42,880 --> 01:18:45,880 Do you ever drive by it and think of what might have been? 1014 01:18:45,880 --> 01:18:47,920 Sure. SHE CHUCKLES 1015 01:18:52,760 --> 01:18:54,200 But... 1016 01:18:57,840 --> 01:18:59,560 ..everything collapsed. 1017 01:19:09,160 --> 01:19:12,000 Well, he looked so well, nobody thought he was ill, 1018 01:19:12,000 --> 01:19:15,000 but he had, unfortunately, hepatitis. 1019 01:19:15,000 --> 01:19:18,120 And in a matter of three months he wasn't here any more. 1020 01:19:20,520 --> 01:19:24,960 I was often quite down. It wasn't easy. 1021 01:19:24,960 --> 01:19:29,640 It was very, very hard to overcome, to live with it. 1022 01:19:29,640 --> 01:19:34,280 And I think for ten years I lived like... 1023 01:19:34,280 --> 01:19:36,240 in a nightmare, you know. 1024 01:19:39,520 --> 01:19:42,800 I couldn't believe that he had gone. 1025 01:19:42,800 --> 01:19:47,040 I still spoke in "we" not "I", you know. 1026 01:19:47,040 --> 01:19:48,760 So... 1027 01:19:52,960 --> 01:19:56,480 But I had to come to terms with what had happened. 1028 01:20:02,400 --> 01:20:04,680 Freda's husband hadn't made a will, 1029 01:20:04,680 --> 01:20:07,080 so now she had to bring up her two daughters 1030 01:20:07,080 --> 01:20:09,000 in real financial hardship. 1031 01:20:13,240 --> 01:20:15,640 Instead of living in a grand house, 1032 01:20:15,640 --> 01:20:19,920 they lived here in a small flat, with no central heating. 1033 01:20:22,760 --> 01:20:24,680 We didn't have an awful lot of money, 1034 01:20:24,680 --> 01:20:27,600 when we was children, to throw around. 1035 01:20:27,600 --> 01:20:31,200 I think we were self-conscious about asking for things, 1036 01:20:31,200 --> 01:20:34,000 because times had been tough, 1037 01:20:34,000 --> 01:20:38,120 and times before had been even tougher. 1038 01:20:38,120 --> 01:20:39,960 Are these small enough, Sandra? 1039 01:20:39,960 --> 01:20:42,360 I'm sure it's fine. 1040 01:20:42,360 --> 01:20:43,920 They'll be very nice. 1041 01:20:43,920 --> 01:20:47,360 'She would tell us things about people's bravery, 1042 01:20:47,360 --> 01:20:49,720 'or her escape attempts, 1043 01:20:49,720 --> 01:20:53,080 'to try not to traumatise us too much. 1044 01:20:53,080 --> 01:20:55,120 'It did have some effect.' 1045 01:20:55,120 --> 01:20:57,600 I, particularly, was always scared of the dark. 1046 01:20:57,600 --> 01:21:00,520 You know, never knew which nasty was hiding 1047 01:21:00,520 --> 01:21:02,760 round a dark doorway or a corner. 1048 01:21:02,760 --> 01:21:06,880 I must say, I must get the same knife as you have here. 1049 01:21:06,880 --> 01:21:10,320 All these things might be an effect, 1050 01:21:10,320 --> 01:21:12,960 or it might just have been me and not liking the dark, 1051 01:21:12,960 --> 01:21:17,360 of being a scaredy-cat, but who knows? 1052 01:21:17,360 --> 01:21:24,040 It's the advantage of having a little bit of home grown food. 1053 01:21:24,040 --> 01:21:27,240 'We were aware that Mum had bad dreams, 1054 01:21:27,240 --> 01:21:30,080 'because we'd wake up and hear it. 1055 01:21:30,080 --> 01:21:32,520 'With hindsight, there is stuff. 1056 01:21:32,520 --> 01:21:36,600 'She couldn't bear to have the fridge or the cupboard empty,' 1057 01:21:36,600 --> 01:21:38,840 because, the thought was, 1058 01:21:38,840 --> 01:21:40,880 she was not going to be hungry again, 1059 01:21:40,880 --> 01:21:43,400 like they were hungry in the camps. 1060 01:21:50,680 --> 01:21:54,080 For Freda herself, there's another abiding legacy. 1061 01:21:55,320 --> 01:21:57,120 'Cleanliness. 1062 01:21:57,120 --> 01:21:59,800 'Cleanliness - I think we are over-clean... 1063 01:22:01,160 --> 01:22:04,200 '..because we have been so dirty.' 1064 01:22:04,200 --> 01:22:07,720 Are they good enough for compote? Or are they too... 1065 01:22:07,720 --> 01:22:09,400 No, they're all right for compote. 1066 01:22:09,400 --> 01:22:12,760 'I think we are obsessed by cleanliness.' 1067 01:22:15,480 --> 01:22:19,320 Because we are pleased that we are so clean now. 1068 01:22:21,400 --> 01:22:24,120 Come and play with Kitty. 1069 01:22:24,120 --> 01:22:25,680 Here. 1070 01:22:25,680 --> 01:22:28,400 She likes it. 1071 01:22:28,400 --> 01:22:31,840 Even now, so many years after the end of the war, 1072 01:22:31,840 --> 01:22:34,160 one of Freda's granddaughters 1073 01:22:34,160 --> 01:22:38,120 thinks she can still detect the influence of the past. 1074 01:22:38,120 --> 01:22:41,400 'Oh, it certainly defines her, very much so.' 1075 01:22:41,400 --> 01:22:44,160 I suspect it's probably brought out character traits 1076 01:22:44,160 --> 01:22:46,320 that were there anyway, 1077 01:22:46,320 --> 01:22:49,280 but it's certainly brought them to the fore. 1078 01:22:49,280 --> 01:22:52,040 No? 1079 01:22:52,040 --> 01:22:54,080 No? Had enough of that? 1080 01:22:54,080 --> 01:22:57,680 I suppose the determination, stubbornness, 1081 01:22:57,680 --> 01:23:02,400 very much single-minded about getting something done. 1082 01:23:02,400 --> 01:23:06,600 Equally, the kind of putting on the right image, 1083 01:23:06,600 --> 01:23:09,280 so always wanting to be well-presented, 1084 01:23:09,280 --> 01:23:11,560 do well, look well. 1085 01:23:12,760 --> 01:23:15,000 I know I have a remarkable grandmother, 1086 01:23:15,000 --> 01:23:18,880 not only because of her agility, her sprightliness for her age, 1087 01:23:18,880 --> 01:23:21,400 but kind of her personal experiences, 1088 01:23:21,400 --> 01:23:22,920 her life story. 1089 01:23:27,120 --> 01:23:28,880 At the age of 91... 1090 01:23:28,880 --> 01:23:31,280 I do not tell you my story in bitterness... 1091 01:23:31,280 --> 01:23:33,680 ..Freda still regularly talks to schoolchildren 1092 01:23:33,680 --> 01:23:36,560 about her experience during the war, 1093 01:23:36,560 --> 01:23:40,560 and the lessons that she thinks should be taken from it. 1094 01:23:40,560 --> 01:23:44,440 Your children, and their children, 1095 01:23:44,440 --> 01:23:49,080 need to understand that these kind of things happened 1096 01:23:49,080 --> 01:23:55,200 and, most importantly, you and they need to counter this intolerance, 1097 01:23:55,200 --> 01:23:57,480 prejudice and hatred. 1098 01:23:57,480 --> 01:24:03,400 Yes, we hope that by conveying our personal experiences first-hand 1099 01:24:03,400 --> 01:24:08,160 we can help to put across real stories to you, who are the future. 1100 01:24:22,520 --> 01:24:25,080 There's been an unexpected benefit for Freda 1101 01:24:25,080 --> 01:24:28,120 as a result of talking in public about her past. 1102 01:24:29,400 --> 01:24:32,120 She no longer suffers nightmares. 1103 01:24:33,520 --> 01:24:37,640 No longer dreams of being trapped in one of the crematoria of Auschwitz. 1104 01:24:39,880 --> 01:24:43,040 And those who have heard her stories, 1105 01:24:43,040 --> 01:24:46,720 not least her own grandchildren, have benefited as well. 1106 01:24:47,800 --> 01:24:50,160 This appalling thing happened to her, 1107 01:24:50,160 --> 01:24:52,840 and she, being a normal person just like we are, 1108 01:24:52,840 --> 01:24:56,280 managed to find extraordinary strength and perseverance. 1109 01:24:56,280 --> 01:24:59,160 And it's the strength and the determination 1110 01:24:59,160 --> 01:25:02,200 and the willpower which is extraordinary. 1111 01:25:02,200 --> 01:25:05,480 That she survived - there is now 12 of us, 1112 01:25:05,480 --> 01:25:07,680 grandchildren and great-grandchildren. 1113 01:25:07,680 --> 01:25:10,520 THEY CHAT 1114 01:25:13,000 --> 01:25:14,760 We realise how close we were 1115 01:25:14,760 --> 01:25:16,360 to not being here. 1116 01:25:17,360 --> 01:25:19,640 So, yeah, it makes us appreciate 1117 01:25:19,640 --> 01:25:21,800 our grandmother quite a lot. 1118 01:25:23,240 --> 01:25:25,000 What's this one? SHE GASPS 1119 01:25:25,000 --> 01:25:26,320 Oh! 1120 01:25:26,320 --> 01:25:27,720 Oh! Ah! 1121 01:25:27,720 --> 01:25:31,040 For her own grandchildren and great-grandchildren, 1122 01:25:31,040 --> 01:25:34,120 Freda has one final message. 1123 01:25:34,120 --> 01:25:38,200 I would say, personally, they should have a happy life. 1124 01:25:38,200 --> 01:25:40,640 And they should be tolerant. 1125 01:25:41,840 --> 01:25:43,960 And they should make sure 1126 01:25:43,960 --> 01:25:46,520 that if anything like that should happen again, 1127 01:25:46,520 --> 01:25:48,920 you know, they should watch out. 1128 01:25:50,280 --> 01:25:52,400 They should remember who they are. 1129 01:25:55,160 --> 01:25:57,320 They should live up to it. 1130 01:26:07,840 --> 01:26:11,400 Survivors like Freda endured their time in Auschwitz, 1131 01:26:11,400 --> 01:26:16,120 were liberated, and then tried to build a new life after the war. 1132 01:26:19,920 --> 01:26:23,000 But the vast majority of the people the Nazis sent here 1133 01:26:23,000 --> 01:26:25,600 were touched by Auschwitz in a different way. 1134 01:26:29,200 --> 01:26:34,560 Around 1,100,000 people never left here alive. 1135 01:26:37,280 --> 01:26:40,560 These innocent men, women and children 1136 01:26:40,560 --> 01:26:43,840 suffered the more usual fate of those sent to Auschwitz. 1137 01:26:45,800 --> 01:26:47,880 They were murdered by the Nazis. 93053

Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.