All language subtitles for Super Fast Falcon BBC Natural World 2018 1080p HDTV EN Sub_Subtitles01.ENG

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The peregrine falcon...

..the fastest animal on Earth.

They live on the edge of what is
physically possible,

seeming to challenge
the very forces of nature.

They can reach speeds three times
faster than a cheetah...

..withstand forces up to 18G...

..twice that of our best fighter
pilots.

And can take on prey double their
size.

To understand exactly how they're
able to do this,

we'll work with the world's top
scientists.

Using state-of-the-art technology...

..to put them to the test.

They seem to just live in a

different world of time perception
to us. Yeah, absolutely.

Follow a young family of peregrines
in downtown Chicago.

And see if one special bird can rise
to the ultimate challenge...

..against an Olympic skier.

We'll reveal what it takes to be the
world's fastest animal.

Peregrines are birds of prey.

Like their cousins,
the hawks and owls,

they've sharp talons
and keen eyesight.

But peregrines are in a class apart.

Their prey is among the most
difficult to catch...

..other birds.

A successful hunt needs
extraordinary agility...

..and above all, speed.

By diving at 200mph,

peregrines can catch even the
fastest fliers.

Their hunting prowess has seen them
spread across the planet.

They live on every continent,
except Antarctica.

From coastal cliffs...

..to Arctic tundra.

And now they've moved into a whole
new world...

..ours.

One city in particular provides a
perfect window

into their high-speed lives.

Chicago,

home to 2.7 million people,

and over 40 peregrine falcons.

This metropolis is as unnatural as
anywhere on Earth.

But the soaring skyscrapers emulate
the wild cliff habitats

peregrines are accustomed to.

As many as six nests can be found in
one square mile

of downtown real estate.

It's now early May.

In the window box of this 28th-floor
apartment,

a male peregrine carefully shelters
four eggs.

His partner does most of the
incubating,

but she's on a much-needed break.

This is the Perry family.

For the last three years, they've
made their home on this balcony,

living alongside its curious
residents.

But today is no ordinary day.

A tiny crack on the shell marks the
beginning of a new life.

And a rare opportunity to follow

a peregrine family growing up in the
wild.

On the other side of the world, in a
captive breeding facility,

a more unusual parent is also
awaiting an arrival.

The chick inside is well overdue.

You're taking a long time,
aren't you?

Are you going to come out and say
hello?

I could do with a cup of tea now,
though, I tell you. Cor!

But, you know, all I've got to
do is sit here and watch and wait.

It's not like the job they've got
inside the egg,

which is really tough.

Lloyd Buck has been fascinated with
birds since he was a boy.

Good boy! Clever boy!

Now he and his wife,
Rose, have a very special family,

including Arnie,

Lily, and Moses, a four-year-old
peregrine falcon.

Lloyd and Rose love and care for
them all...

Good boys.

Well, this one here is Luna.

..and educate others about the
importance

of protecting birds in the wild.

The nice wing feathers are starting
to grow now, you can see. Yes!

They also train them to star in
films.

But for Lloyd, it's the peregrines
that he most loves to fly.

They're my ultimate bird.

I've loved peregrines since I was a
young boy.

As much as you fly them, and as much
as you get that bond with them,

there's always that little bit of
wildness still there.

As Lloyd puts his birds to the test,

they'll reveal the secrets of the
peregrine's high-speed world.

And now there's a new addition to
their family.

The peregrine chick inside begins to
cut a perfect line,

using a tiny bump on its beak,
known as an egg tooth.

Finally, 60 hours of waiting.

No sleep, and all of a sudden,

they've just gone crazy.

It's amazing to see.

Wow! Look at that.

He's nearly out.

Already you can see all the little
attributes

that are going to help them
when they're old enough to fly.

And to think that this little chick,

in about 45 days' time,

will be fully grown,

and have everything it needs to be
the fastest animal on the planet.

Over the next few months, with
Lloyd's expert guidance,

the tiny chick must learn to master

every skill needed to be a top
aerial hunter.

But first, it's got a lot of growing
up to do.

In the wild, peregrine parents have
just 12 weeks

to raise their young to
independence.

The Chicago window-box is now home
to three fluffy chicks.

All but one successfully hatched.

Their mother makes a sharp call

to encourage them to open their
beaks wide.

While she diligently tends to the
chicks,

her partner has his work cut out
trying to find their next meal.

But city living has some surprising
advantages.

As the sun beats down on Chicago's
buildings,

it generates rising thermals of hot
air...

..helping him to lift off and soar
almost effortlessly.

Chicago's waterfront location
attracts migrating birds to prey on.

And street lighting means 24-hour
hunting.

A real help with three hungry mouths
to feed.

Now, at seven days old,

the chicks have already reached
their first milestone,

they've fully opened their eyes.

Peregrines rely on their vision

to spot and track their prey
at high speeds.

It's crucial for their survival.

But just how good is peregrine
eyesight?

To find out, Lloyd's headed to the
Lake District

with his four-year-old peregrine,
Moses.

He's enlisted the help of Professor
Graham Martin.

First, Moses is fitted with a GPS
telemetry device,

which tracks the exact distance
he's flying.

He's been trained to catch a bright
yellow lure.

Lloyd positions himself one
kilometre away.

Will Moses spot the lure?

OK, Graham. The hood is off, the
hood is off.

Come on, Mo, come on.

Gone, gone, gone. 200 metres.

A very straight track to you,
400 metres.

A straight track shows he's locked
onto his target...

500 metres,

crossing the stream now.

800 metres.

..which is more than can
be said for Lloyd.

Where is he? Just crossing over the
river.

Oh, there he is, here he is.

Hey, hey, hey! Hey!

I've got him,
I've got him.

I had no idea where you were, my
boy, till that last second.

Spotting the lure at one kilometre
away seems easy enough for Moses.

But how will he fare when Lloyd
doubles the distance?

Now... Hood is off. Hood is off.

Even at two kilometres...
Come on, Mo. Come on.

..Moses heads straight for his
target.

1.6 kilometres, 1.9 kilometres.

Here he is, here he is.

The bird must be with you.

Brilliant. Look at that.

It's actually brilliant.

Well, what do you think? I think we
can just go for broke.

Do you want to try the three?

I think that would be a real push,

but we ought to try if he's so
easily done 2K.

So, yeah, let's try 3K.

Three kilometres. 1.8 miles.

So Graham's on that track in the
very far distance.

It is amazing, though. It's such a
small thing, really,

for him to see at that distance.

Peregrine eyesight is twice as sharp
as hawks'.

But spotting a lure this far away is
an incredible challenge.

No-one is sure he can do it.

Hood is off, hood is off.

He's still looking down the valley,
still looking for you.

Still looking, and he's off, he's
off.

Keeping quite high.

Moving back towards us.

Coming right overhead now,
just gone overhead.

Moses appears to be struggling.

He circles to try and pick out the
target.

Come on, my boy, come on.

Moving away from us now.

He's definitely picked up a straight
line now.

1.4, 1.8.

Come on. Just going directly away
from us.

2.8 kilometres.

He must be very close to you now.

Come on. 2.9 kilometres.

What a boy!

You top man!

He's on the lure, he's on the lure,
so he's done it.

You are a mean machine.

Come on. Amazing, Graham. I'm quite
impressed with him, to be honest.

Brilliant. Well done.

Excellent. You had a little circle
before you came in, didn't you?

Just getting your bearings.

Moses spotted the tennis-ball-sized
lure from three kilometres away.

So exactly how is he able to do
this?

Peregrines have large eyes,

taking up at least 50% of their
skull.

For us, it's only 5%.

The optics of the eye

project an image of the world onto
the retina...

..which is packed with
light-sensitive cells called cones.

The most important part of the
retina is called the fovea...

responsible for ultra-sharp vision
or high visual acuity.

But the peregrine's secret is that
each eye has two foveas.

The first is for spotting close
objects.

Here, the peregrine looks through
both eyes using binocular vision.

The second is for spotting things
far away.

Now the peregrine looks sideways,

through one eye at a time,

using monocular vision.

So to spot a target three
kilometres away...

Moses turns his head

as if staring through a telescope.

The peregrine's superior eyesight
gives it a big hunting advantage.

Any of the species that you care to
think of that he preys upon,

his vision is so much better.

For something like a pigeon, he's
four times better in his acuity.

This means a peregrine can spot its
target

and gather speed for an attack,

long before its prey knows
it's coming.

So, at three kilometres, say, he
can see the prey,

but the pigeon wouldn't see him

until he was only three quarters of
a kilometre away.

The vision difference translates
into a really important

time difference when you're actually
hunting prey.

This hunting advantage is vital

when it comes to feeding a growing
family.

And peregrines grow up fast.

The Chicago chicks are now five
weeks old,

and about 30 times heavier than when
they hatched.

They've been ringed, sexed,

and named by the
Chicago Peregrine Program.

This is Tyler,

his sister, Commodore,

and brother, Fred.

Mum's bringing larger prey to
satisfy growing appetites.

The three boisterous chicks need up
to 11 meals a day.

Tyler is quite happy to feed
himself.

He seems to be getting the hang of
it.

But his sister may have bitten off
more than she can manage.

The bigger they grow, the more they
explore.

These lodgers are making quite the
mess.

While their landlord cleans up
inside...

..these untidy house guests simply
sit by and watch.

Their behaviour is becoming more
unruly by the day,

but it's all good exercise for their
growing flight muscles.

And after all, it's not every day a
peregrine comes to stay.

In Somerset, the newest member of
Lloyd's family has come home.

It's been 12 weeks since Lloyd
watched him hatch.

Good boy.

He's now fully grown, and wearing a
hood to keep him calm.

Hello.

Hello. Are you all right?

Oh, he's lovely. He is, isn't he?

He is, he's a real sweetie. Yeah.

There's a good boy.
Lloyd's called him Rudy.

There he is, little Rudy.

I don't think we've ever had a
falcon so calm so quickly.

Over the next few months,

Lloyd will teach him every skill a
young peregrine needs, but first,

it's critical that Lloyd earns his
trust.

He must sit quietly and avoid eye
contact.

This helps Rudy relax, and he tucks
into his first meal.

It's an important step, as now
training can begin.

Lloyd will teach Rudy to hunt a
yellow lure.

He starts with a line attached for
safety.

First, a small hop.

That was brilliant. He's a good boy.

So, he's just building that bond,

and I've got this lure,

and it's a good game.

Then 30 metres more.

Rudy! Rudy!

You didn't brake, Rudy.

That's what your tail's for.

Rudy! Hey!

And a little further, with no
strings attached.

Good boy.

So that's his first free flight
today.

He's shortcut the whole process by
about four days,

because he's progressed at his own
speed, which is what you want.

Rudy!

Finally, he needs to catch it in the
air.

Good lad. Here, here.

Oh, nearly.

Oh, good boy.

Good lad.

In less than a week, Rudy has learnt
the aim of the game -

to catch the lure.

But in the wild, learning to hunt
food at high speeds isn't easy.

Less than half of peregrines make it
to adulthood.

You couldn't get a better example,
really,

of survival of the fittest, than
with these guys.

They've got to be at the top of
their game all the time.

Once their parents stop feeding them
and they're fledged,

they're on their own, literally.

The Chicago peregrine chicks are
nearly fully grown.

And their food demands are higher
than ever.

It's a good thing their parents are
expert hunters.

A city diet can consist of over 100
different species,

many not found in wilder hunting
grounds.

But their favourite?

Pigeons.

In a straight chase, a pigeon can
reach 50mph,

and weave and dive between the
city's buildings for cover.

So one peregrine's strategy is to
flush them into open skies.

No luck this time.

But sometimes making the most of an
opportune moment

is as good a strategy as any.

A perfect strike at lightning speeds
takes precision timing.

So how do peregrines do it?

Lloyd and avian expert Graham want
to find out more.

But first, they need something for a
peregrine to catch.

Meet the prey drone, designed by
gadget guru Chris Watts.

It can perform aerial manoeuvres
that mimic bird flight.

And with safety guards and an
on-board camera,

it's the perfect device to film a
peregrine in hot pursuit.

For the battle arena, a secluded
valley in the Lake District.

So, are you set? I'm all set, yeah.

OK. OK, going up now.

Yeah, yeah. Are you happy? Yeah.

It's the prey drone against Lloyd's
four-year-old peregrine, Moses.

Start going away.

Go, go, go. Go, my boy.

Wow! Look at that, straight after
it.

Not yet, stay as you are, stay as
you are, stay as you are...

Climb, climb, climb, climb, climb!

OK. Shall I come back down? No, no,
hold your height, hold your height.

Hold it there, hold it there.

Dive, dive, dive, dive, dive!

No matter what the prey drone tries,
the result is the same...

He's got it. Oh!

..every time.

Oh! That's it. He got it then.

Just like that.

So how does Moses time these perfect
strikes?

He rarely chases directly after the
drone.

Instead, he cuts corners to
intercept its flight path.

Recent research using prey drones
suggests

that adult peregrines use the
same method

as missiles to track their targets.

Moses moves to maintain the same
line of sight with the drone.

This means he will intercept the
flight path of his quarry.

But what happens at the moment Moses
strikes?

The drone camera provides a unique
view.

Right, let's have a look.
Here we go.

Just so you know, this is real time.

OK. This is how quickly it actually
happens.

Wow! Whoa!

Wow! That's so fast. Real-time is
very fast.

We'll need to see that much, much

slower to understand what's going
on.

We should be able to just go through
frame by frame.

Here we go. There he is, there he
is.

Look at that. He's still absolutely
stable.

He lurches forwards. Look at that.
The pupils wide open.

He's absolutely locked on, feet well
spread.

There, there, look.

From my point of view, it's all
under visual control.

I mean, it's just very, very rapid
feedback from the eye,

through the brain, back to the feet.

I mean, that's incredible.

They seem to just live in a

different world of time perception
to us.

Yeah, absolutely. I think humans can
sometimes do this sort of thing.

When you watch a first-class
cricketer

doing a fantastic catch and they

get absolute timing and precision
just right.

Yeah. It's the same as those talons
suddenly going, bang!

And it's literally in no time at
all.

The strike took just one-fifth of a
second.

But the final component of a perfect
catch is a deadly set of tools.

Their feet have warty pads for extra
grip,

and talons around two centimetres
long, to lock onto their prey.

Their long toes have a ratchet
mechanism

to hold their feet locked shut
with no muscular effort.

But it's their powerful beak that
makes the kill.

A hornlike bump called a tomial
tooth

is used to dislocate the prey's
neck.

Deadly tools and an elite targeting
system combine for a hunting

masterclass above the Chicago
skyline.

A perfectly timed strike.

An essential skill for all young
peregrines to master.

But first, they need to learn to
fly.

And in a city, this is a treacherous
task.

The chicks are almost 100 metres
above the ground,

with traffic lurking below.

There's no room for error.

It's little wonder this is the most
dangerous period in an urban

peregrine's life.

The nest is down to two.

Tyler has made his way onto the
ledge above.

His siblings seem more cautious,

but their parents are trying to
entice them away from the nest

by taking their next meal out of
their reach.

If any chicks want food, they'll
need to take a leap of faith.

Tyler tries for the roof of an
adjacent building.

But landing is tricky.

A balcony saves the day.

And soon, his courage is rewarded.

A few days later, Tyler is joined by
his sister, Commodore.

And finally, Fred leaves the
balcony.

The first few days are full of
challenges.

They have difficulty dealing with
Chicago's famous wind...

..navigating obstacles...

..and they simply don't know which
areas to avoid altogether.

Thankfully, their parents are still
providing food,

even if sometimes they don't receive
much thanks for it.

Time for a more advanced lesson.

The food pass.

Adults share kills this way,
and for the chicks,

it's perfect for practising their
flying skills.

No luck this time.

So Mum arrives to show how it's
done.

Now for another go.

Mastering the food pass is the next
step towards fending for themselves.

And no amount of rain is going to
stop Lloyd and Rose from teaching

five-month-old Rudy this next
lesson.

Apparently there's a bit of rain
coming in.

It's time for Rudy to learn the art
of the chase.

With Lloyd as the designated
back-seat driver,

good communication is essential.

Slower, slower.

Hold it there, hold it there.
Quicker, quicker.

Oh, come on!

There he is, here he is! Oh!

OK. Hey!

Are you coming?

We're nearly at the end. Yeah.

Oh! I have to stop. Yeah, stop.

Rudy, hey!

Rudy hasn't quite got the hang of
it.

Stop, stop, stop, Rudy.

He's going down. Yeah.

Yeah, he's down. Good lad.

On there. There's a good boy.

Time for round two.

OK, go. There he goes.

Go, go, go, go, go. Quicker,
quicker,

quicker, quicker, quicker, quicker.

Faster, faster. Hey, hey!

Let him come in. Slower, slower.

Now speed up, Rose. Go for it!

Go for it! Go for it!

Faster, faster, faster.

Flat out, flat out, flat out, flat
out!

Slower. Let him come in.

Hey, hey! Let him come in.

A bit slower.

Not yet. OK.

That's it. Now quicker, quicker,
quicker. Go, go, go,

go, go!

Hey, hey!

Slower, slower.

Whenever you're ready, it's yours.

Good lad!

Good boy.

Oh, that was brilliant!
There he goes.

In less than ideal conditions,

Rudy has learnt how to chase down
his target...

..in his very own food pass.

Back in Chicago, the fledglings have
made

their first attempt to catch a
bird.

A parrot,

of the plastic variety.

At eight weeks old, they have become
far more proficient flyers.

They spend hours chasing each other.

This may seem like fun, but it's
essential

to hone their hunting skills.

But in the city, a poorly timed
practice

can turn deadly in an instant.

A fledgling tries to grab live prey.

It fails...

..and pulls out...

..leaving its diligent parent to
pick up the pieces.

Peregrines can carry their own body
weight,

but getting airborne takes time.

A narrow escape.

Their parents won't keep risking
their lives for much longer.

And there is still one final skill
for the fledglings to learn...

..perhaps the hardest of them all.

It's the peregrine's greatest
hunting strategy...

..and the key to being the fastest
animal in the world.

When faced with a fast-winged
opponent,

peregrines catch rising thermals...

..and soar high above the city.

They judge the right moment...

..fold their wings...

..and dive.

This is called the stoop.

It's how peregrines reach world
record speeds of around 200mph,

to catch even the fastest birds.

The stoop is the peregrine's most
iconic manoeuvre.

Lloyd has brought six-month-old Rudy

to a hilltop in Somerset to teach
him this final skill.

Hey, hey!

Hey!

Hoo-ee! He makes a few false starts.

Hey!

But with Lloyd's encouragement...

Hey, hey!

..instinct kicks in.

Hey!

Rudy performs his first ever stoop.

Just like wild peregrines,

high-speed diving is written
in his DNA.

It's perfect conditions today,

a really good updraught up through
this gully here behind us,

up onto the hill. He's absolutely
really loving it.

The first time today,

I've seen him doing what I would
call proper stooping,

where he's really tucking his wings
in,

and sustaining it for more than just
a fraction of a second.

So, you're getting there, Rudy,
aren't you, mate, yeah?

And he's fit and strong now.

He's looking nice and strong and fit
on the wing.

He can sustain that speed,

he can tolerate all that pressure on
his muscles and just keep it going.

With practice, Rudy will learn to
stoop faster and faster.

But what is the secret to reaching
such high speeds?

To find out, Lloyd's brought his
four-year-old peregrine, Moses,

to one of the highest crags in
Britain.

Fleetwith Pike stands a staggering
648 metres above the valley floor.

And to entice Moses down...

..the drone is back.

At the bottom is
Professor Christoph Bruecker,

who's recording his speed using GPS
telemetry.

Come on. This is it, my boy.

He's looking. He's looking. Keep
moving it around, Chris.

He's gone, he's gone, he's gone.

Full stoop, full stoop.

Whoo-hoo!

There he goes.

Holy shmoly!

No, it's already 150 kilometres per
hour.

Wow!

Wow, great.

Hi, Christoph. He looked pretty good
from up here.

He went off like a little rocket.
What kind of speed did we get?

So, the maximum speed that we got
was 117 kilometres per hour.

Hoo-hoo! Well done. Superb.

Moses reached over 100mph in just
two seconds.

It's hard to imagine, but this is a
leisurely pace for a peregrine.

They will only ever go as fast as
they need to.

But watching peregrines stoop like
this has led Christoph to make some

ground-breaking discoveries about
how they reach top speeds.

In a specialist laboratory,

he and his team have created exact
replicas of peregrines,

and placed them in wind tunnels.

They reveal how a specific body
position called the cupped wing

might help peregrines to reach high
speeds.

In this streamlined shape,

drag is reduced and air is directed
under the wings,

through a narrow channel.

This squeezes the air, so it flows
faster,

increasing the peregrine's speed.

This is the Venturi Effect.

Formula 1 cars use the same
principle

to increase grip and go faster.

Using the Venturi Effect,

the peregrine can reach speeds up to
150mph.

To go even faster,

the bird wraps its wings around its
body,

and effectively goes into free
fall...

..a rare, high-risk manoeuvre, as no
wings means no control.

Any error could result in a fatal
crash.

Such high speeds exert huge
pressures on the body.

So how do peregrines cope?

A nictitating membrane helps protect
their eyes during the stoop,

just like a pair of in-built
goggles.

Nasal cones are thought to slow air
flow,

helping the peregrine to breathe.

And with strong bones
and a stiff tail,

they can withstand forces up to 18G
in a high-speed turn...

..twice that of our best fighter
pilots.

Meaning a stooping peregrine

can pull out of a dive without
losing speed.

This is key to catching their prey.

Flying at the very limits of what's
possible requires extraordinary

control, skill and experience.

It's a lot to learn for any young
bird.

Wow! Look at that.

The journey starts early.

It's all in miniature.

It's just got to grow.

At seven days old, they fully open
their eyes.

At five weeks old, they take their
first flights.

He's going to be a little pocket
rocket, I think.

Before long, they master the food
pass.

And finally, they learn to stoop.

The Chicago fledglings have learned
all the skills

they need to make it on their
own.

And city living will give them the
best chance possible,

as urban peregrines have a higher
chance

of making it through their first
year than their rural cousins.

But for eight-month-old Rudy,

there is still one more milestone up
ahead.

It's time to see if he can put all
his skills together.

800 miles away...

..in the Swiss Alps.

Lloyd's devised the ultimate test.

A series of hunts in an unfamiliar,
extreme environment.

Has Rudy got what it takes?

So this challenge is going to be far
from easy for Rudy.

Because with the weather, with the
winds, with the terrain...

..it requires incredible focus and
determination

from this little falcon.

This is Schilthorn,

altitude 2,970 metres.

Home to golden eagles...

..chamois, and Rudy's opponent...

..Olympic freestyle skier
Jonas Hunziker.

For Rudy, this is the toughest
opponent imaginable.

Jonas will use world-class tricks,

speed and agility to outmanoeuvre
his opponent.

This is my home. This is my
environment.

But it's the fastest bird in the
world,

and you don't really know what's
going to happen.

To succeed, Rudy will have to use

the same key skills any adult
peregrine needs to catch its prey.

All of Rudy's training with the lure
will now come into play.

OK, three, two, one, go.

OK, he's on you, Jonas, he's on you.

Jonas is faster than anything Rudy's
chased before.

To catch him, Rudy needs speed.

He stoops, reaching 86mph in one
second.

Strong, narrow wings and a stiff
tail help Rudy to twist and turn,

mimicking the skier's agility.

In the snow park, the competition is
about to get tougher

as it reaches new heights.

Rudy is struggling to get close,

but his excellent eyesight stays
locked onto his target.

As they battle in the air, his
reactions are put to the test.

Rudy's trying to use his targeting
skills,

but Jonas gives him the slip.

Here we are. Jonas, he's right
behind you.

Oh, he nearly hit it there.
He's trying again.

Keep going, keep going.

He battles turbulence, but with
precision timing, he strikes.

He's got it, he's
got it. Whoo-hoo!

I tried to trick him with speed and
with tricks, and variety,

and in the end, I had no chance.

Rudy has risen to the challenge and
outwitted his opponent.

He's definitely earned his peregrine
wings.

The pressure that was going on his
little shoulders, you know,

as a young bird,

bringing all those skills that he's
learned over the past four months

together, and then trying them out,

but trying them out at a speed I
don't think we can even comprehend.

The months of training
have all paid off.

He's mastered every skill a
peregrine needs

to be a high-speed hunter.

For centuries, the secrets behind

the fastest bird on Earth

remained a mystery.

Peregrines have captured the
curiosity of science,

as we look towards them for our
aerodynamic answers.

They've conquered the globe, even
the newest habitat of all.

But it's their superfast skills that
makes them

one of the most successful
birds on our planet.

Right, let's have a go.

For me, I've learnt so much during
this process

about how they do what they do,
how far they can see,

how they achieve those incredible
speeds,

but there's also that little bit of
mystery left, and I like that.

I don't think I ever want to know
completely how they do what they do.