All language subtitles for forbidden.history.s06e02.720p.hdtv.x264-w4f[eztv]_Track03

Narrator: PRESERVED IN
ITALY'S TURIN CATHEDRAL

IS ONE OF CHRISTIANITY'S
MOST FAMOUS HOLY RELICS.

THE TURIN SHROUD IS SAID
TO BE THE BURIAL CLOTH

IN WHICH JESUS WAS WRAPPED
AFTER HIS CRUCIFIXION

OVER 2,000 YEARS AGO.

THE SHROUD COMPLETELY INSPIRES
THOSE WHO BELIEVE IN IT

BECAUSE WE HAVE TO REMEMBER,

JESUS LEFT NO PHYSICAL TRACE
OF HIMSELF ON EARTH.

HE WROTE NOTHING.

THERE'S NO ARCHAEOLOGICAL
EVIDENCE, ACTUALLY,

THAT HE EXISTED,
BUT IF THE SHROUD IS REAL,

THEN THIS IS TANGIBLE PROOF
THAT HE DID.

THE TURIN SHROUD MIGHT BE
THE SILVER BULLET

THAT PROVES BEYOND
A SHADOW OF DOUBT

THE EXISTENCE OF JESUS CHRIST.

Narrator: INCREDIBLY,
IT SEEMS JESUS'S IMAGE

WAS SOMEHOW IMPRINTED ON THE
TURIN SHROUD WHEN HE WAS BURIED.

ALTHOUGH THE IMAGE
IS VERY FAINT,

A NEGATIVE IS MUCH CLEARER.

COULD THIS REALLY BE
THE FACE OF JESUS

AFTER HIS DEATH
CROWNED WITH THORNS?

MILLIONS OF CHRISTIAN
FAITHFUL BELIEVE SO,

AS DO SOME SCIENTISTS.

I THINK WE CAN BE
CERTAIN THAT THIS IS

THE BURIAL WRAPPING JESUS.

Narrator: SKEPTICS DISAGREE.

UNFORTUNATELY,
IT'S A PRETTY OBVIOUS FAKE

FROM THE MIDDLE AGES.

Narrator: WHAT IS THE TRUTH?

IS THE TURIN SHROUD GENUINE,

OR CAN OTHER AMAZING
EXPLANATIONS

SOLVE THE PUZZLE
OF ITS MYSTERIOUS PROPERTIES?

IT'S NOT THE BURIAL CLOTH
OF JESUS CHRIST.

IT'S THE WORLD'S
FIRST PHOTOGRAPH CREATED

BY THE WORLD'S GREATEST GENIUS,
LEONARDO DA VINCI.

♪

♪

♪

-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com

CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS

Narrator: TURIN CATHEDRAL
IS HOME TO ONE OF

THE MOST FAMOUS CHRISTIAN RELICS
ON THE PLANET --

THE TURIN SHROUD.

THE TURIN SHROUD IS SO ICONIC
'CAUSE IT REPRESENTS

WHAT MIGHT BE THE ONLY PHYSICAL,
TANGIBLE PROOF OF JESUS CHRIST.

Selwood: THE SHROUD
GIVES A FACE TO A MAN

WHOSE LEGACY HAS DOMINATED
SO MUCH OF HUMAN HISTORY.

HIS PHYSICAL ANATOMY
IS VISIBLE ON THIS SHROUD,

AND THAT'S INCREDIBLY POWERFUL
FOR MANY PEOPLE.

Narrator: BUT IS THE
TURIN SHROUD REALLY THE GENUINE

BURIAL CLOTH OF JESUS?

TODAY, THE TURIN SHROUD
IS DISPLAYED TO THE PUBLIC

ONLY ON RARE OCCASIONS,

BUT A MODERN COPY
IS ON PERMANENT DISPLAY

IN THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SHROUD
NEAR TURIN CATHEDRAL.

♪

BRUNO BARBERIS IS
THE SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR

OF TURIN'S INTERNATIONAL CENTER
FOR STUDY OF THE SHROUD.

WE CAN SEE THE MOST IMPORTANT
THING -- THE DOUBLE HUMAN IMAGE.

HERE WE CAN SEE THE FACE,
THE CHEST,

THE HANDS, AND THE LEGS.

THE BLOOD IMAGE ARE CLEARLY
DISTINGUISHABLE

DUE TO THE FACT
THAT THEY ARE MORE RED.

IN MY OPINION, THE PROBABILITY
THAT IT'S NOT A FAKE

BUT IS REALLY THE BURIAL CLOTH
OF JESUS OF NAZARETH

IS VERY, VERY HIGH.

♪

Narrator: SKEPTICS, HOWEVER,

ARE CONVINCED
THAT THE TURIN SHROUD

IS NOT JESUS'S GENUINE
BURIAL CLOTH,

PARTLY BECAUSE THE FIRST
SOLID HISTORICAL EVIDENCE

OF THE SHROUD'S EXISTENCE

ISN'T UNTIL IT APPEARED
IN FRANCE IN THE 1350s,

NEARLY 1,400 YEARS
AFTER JESUS'S DEATH.

Nickell: THE SHROUD SHOWS UP

UNDER VERY SUSPICIOUS
CIRCUMSTANCES

IN THE HANDS OF
A SOLDIER OF FORTUNE NAMED

GEOFFROI DE CHARNY,
AND HE NEVER WAS ABLE TO SAY

QUITE PRECISELY HOW HE,
A MAN OF MODEST MEANS,

HAD ACQUIRED THE MOST
HOLY RELIC IN CHRISTIANITY.

Narrator: ADDING TO DOUBTS ABOUT
THE SHROUD'S AUTHENTICITY,

A FRENCH CLERIC OF THE TIME
DENOUNCED IT AS A FORGERY.

WHEN THE SHROUD WAS FIRST
EXHIBITED IN THE 1350s,

THE LOCAL BISHOP COMPLAINED AND
SAID THAT THIS WAS A BAD THING,

THIS WAS MISLEADING PEOPLE,

AND HE SAID HE EVEN MET
THE PAINTER WHO HAD PAINTED IT.

Narrator: DESPITE THIS,
THE LEGEND OF THE SHROUD

AS THE TRUE BURIAL CLOTH
OF JESUS

CONTINUED TO GROW
OVER THE CENTURIES.

A FIRE DAMAGED IT IN 1532,

CAUSING BURN MARKS
AND WATER STAINS.

BUT NUNS QUICKLY
PATCHED IT UP.

AND IN 1578, IT WAS MOVED
FROM FRANCE TO TURIN,

WHERE IT'S BEEN TREASURED
EVER SINCE.

YET GIVEN THE SHROUDS
CRYPTIC ORIGINS,

TODAY, THE VATICAN IS
OFFICIALLY CAUTIOUS

ABOUT WHETHER THE SHROUD
IS GENUINE OR NOT.

THE CHURCH DOESN'T
ACTUALLY SAY ITSELF

THAT THIS IS A LITERAL
IMAGE OF CHRIST.

THEY REFER TO IT NOT AS
A RELIC, BUT AS AN ICON,

THAT IT'S A
REPRESENTATION OF JESUS,

SO IF YOU WANT,
THE CHURCH ITSELF

SEEMS TO BE KEEPING
ITS OPTIONS OPEN.

Narrator: TRUE BELIEVERS AND
SKEPTICS ALIKE WANT TO RESOLVE

THE DEBATE ABOUT THE SHROUD
ONCE AND FOR ALL.

FOR OVER 40 YEARS, BOTH SIDES
HAVE TURNED TO SCIENCE

TO PROVIDE
THE DEFINITIVE ANSWER.

THE FIRST LARGE-SCALE SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION OF THE SHROUD

WAS CARRIED OUT
IN THE LATE 1970s

BY THE SHROUD OF TURIN
RESEARCH PROJECT.

BARRIE SCHWORTZ
WAS A PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPERT

ON THE PRIMARILY AMERICAN TEAM.

WE DID A MYRIAD OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHY,

BUT WE ALSO
DID SPECTRAL ANALYSES,

X-RAY AND X-RAY FLUORESCENCE,
AND REFLECTANCE ANALYSIS.

SO WE HAD ALL OF THESE DIFFERENT
PIECES OF EQUIPMENT.

AT THAT MOMENT IN TIME,
THEY WERE STATE-OF-THE-ART.

AND IRONICALLY, THE SINGLE
QUESTION WE WENT TO ANSWER,

HOW WAS THE IMAGE FORMED,
WE WERE UNABLE TO ANSWER.

WE KNEW OF NO MECHANISM
THAT COULD MAKE AN IMAGE

WITH THE CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
THAT WE FOUND ON THE SHROUD.

AND BECAUSE OF THAT,
I CAME TO ACCEPT THAT THIS WAS

MOST LIKELY THE BURIAL SHROUD
OF THE HISTORIC JESUS.

Narrator: SINCE SCHWORTZ'S TEAM
EXAMINED THE TURIN SHROUD

IN THE LATE 1970s,

MANY OTHERS HAVE DONE
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES OF THEIR OWN.

SOME HAVE AGREED THAT
IT'S LIKELY TO BE AUTHENTIC,

BUT MANY OTHERS HAVE
DECLARED THE SHROUD

TO BE A MEDIEVAL FAKE.

Selwood: SO NOW WE HAVE
ALL THESE SCIENTIFIC PROOFS

THAT THE SHROUD IS REAL

ALONG WITH THE SCIENTIFIC PROOFS
THAT IT ISN'T.

THE DEBATE RAGES,
BUT THIS IS ONE OF

THE MOST CENTRAL ARTIFACTS
IN CHRISTIANITY IF IT'S REAL.

♪

Narrator: ONE OF THE MOST RECENT
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES,

PUBLISHED IN 2018

BY FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGIST
DR. MATTEO BORRINI,

EMPLOYED BLOODSTAIN-PATTERN
ANALYSIS,

A TECHNIQUE OFTEN USED
IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS.

MORNING, PEOPLE.

SO, READY TO START
WITH EXPERIMENT?

YEAH? VERY GOOD.

IN THE FIRST PART OF HIS
RECREATED EXPERIMENT,

DR. BORRINI IS COMPARING
THE BLOOD PATTERN

ON THE TURIN SHROUD
TO HOW JESUS WOULD HAVE BLED

IF HE WAS CRUCIFIED
ON A TRADITIONALLY SHAPED CROSS.

SO, NOW YOUR ARM IS EXTENDED

LIKE THE CLASSICAL
CRUCIFIXION POSITION,

SO WITH THE ARM
COMPLETELY HORIZONTAL.

SO, NOW -- EXACTLY.

WE SEE HERE THE BLEEDING WITH
THE ARM COMPLETELY EXTENDED.

SO WHAT WE SEE IS THAT
THERE IS JUST BLEEDING

THAT IS GOING DOWN,
FOLLOWING THE LAW OF GRAVITY,

GOING DOWN 90 DEGREES.

HOWEVER, WHAT WE SEE IN
THE TURN SHROUD IS NOT THIS.

Narrator: INSTEAD, THE BLOOD
FROM JESUS'S WRISTS,

AS SEEN ON THE TURIN SHROUD,

DIDN'T DRIP AT A
90-DEGREE ANGLE TO HIS ARMS,

BUT DRIPPED ALONG
THE LENGTH OF HIS ARMS.

BUT THIS DOESN'T NECESSARILY
MEAN THE TURIN SHROUD IS A FAKE.

WE HAVE A VERY PARTICULAR
IMAGE OF CHRIST ON THE CROSS.

AND THAT'S BECAUSE OF CENTURIES
OF MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE ART

THAT HAVE FIXED THIS VISION
IN OUR MIND.

BUT ACTUALLY, ROMAN CRUCIFIXIONS
EQUALLY TOOK PLACE

ON X-SHAPED CROSSES,
T-SHAPED CROSSES,

OR SIMPLY EVEN NAILING
THE VICTIM TO A TREE

THAT WAS STILL LIVING,
SO CHRIST'S CRUCIFIXION

ACTUALLY COULD HAVE TAKEN
ANY ONE OF THESE FORMS.

Narrator: AS A RESULT OF THIS,

DR. BORRINI REPEATS THE
EXPERIMENT IN CASE JESUS WAS

CRUCIFIED WITH HIS HANDS NAILED
HIGH ABOVE HIS HEAD.

♪

YES. HERE YOU SEE --

I WILL HOLD YOUR ARM
SO YOU WILL NOT FEEL THE PAIN

OF A PROPER
CRUCIFIED PERSON.

AS YOU CAN SEE HERE, THE BLOOD
IS COMING DOWN QUITE VERTICALLY.

NOW, THIS IS THE DIRECTION

THAT WE HAVE
IN THE TURIN SHROUD.

SCIENTIFIC TESTING
COULD SUPPORT

THE AUTHENTICITY
OF THE TURIN SHROUD

IF JESUS'S HANDS WERE NAILED
HIGH ABOVE HIS HEAD.

BUT WHAT ABOUT EVIDENCE
SUGGESTING THE SHROUD

IS A MEDIEVAL FORGERY?

AND IF IT IS A FAKE, WHO WOULD
HAVE HAD THE MOTIVE AND SKILL

TO CREATE SOMETHING
SO CONVINCING

THAT IT'S FOOLED MILLIONS
OF PEOPLE FOR CENTURIES?

♪

♪

Narrator: THE TURIN SHROUD

MAY BE CHRISTIANITY'S
MOST FAMOUS HOLY RELIC.

BUT IS IT THE GENUINE
BURIAL CLOTH OF JESUS,

OR IS IT A REMARKABLE FAKE

THAT CONTINUES TO FOOL MILLIONS
OF PEOPLE AFTER CENTURIES?

FOR OVER 40 YEARS,

SCIENTISTS HAVE SEARCHED
FOR THE DEFINITIVE ANSWER.

THE SINGLE BEST SCIENTIFIC
DATA POINT WE HAVE ON THE SHROUD

IS CARBON DATING
THAT WAS DONE IN 1988.

IT WAS DONE IMMENSELY
SCIENTIFICALLY AND INDEPENDENTLY

AND OVERSEEN
BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

STRIPS OF THE CLOTH
WERE SENT TO OXFORD,

TO ARIZONA, AND TO ZURICH,

AND THEY ALL TESTED
INDEPENDENTLY OF EACH OTHER.

AND THE RESULTS THAT CAME BACK
WITH A 95% CERTAINTY

WERE THAT THE LINEN DATED FROM
BETWEEN 1260 AND 1390.

Narrator: SO IF THE
CARBON DATING WAS ACCURATE,

THE TURIN SHROUD IS
A MEDIEVAL FAKE

DATING TO THE
13th OR 14th CENTURIES.

HOWEVER, BELIEVERS IN THE SHROUD

HAVE SUGGESTED
THE STUDY WAS FLAWED,

EVEN THOUGH MOST EXPERTS
ACCEPT THE DATING RESULTS.

ONE SHROUD RESEARCHER
IN PARTICULAR, LYNN PICKNETT,

BELIEVES IT'S A MEDIEVAL FORGERY
AND CLAIMS TO HAVE IDENTIFIED

THE PERSON WHO
FAKED IT SO CONVINCINGLY.

VERY FEW PEOPLE WOULD HAVE HAD
THE MOTIVE AND TALENT

BESIDES ONE OF
THE GREATEST ARTISTS,

SCIENTISTS, AND INVENTORS
OF ALL TIME --

LEONARDO DA VINCI.

WE CAN'T BE CERTAIN
WHO COMMISSIONED LEONARDO

TO FAKE THE SHROUD,

BUT ALMOST CERTAINLY,
IT WAS SOMEONE IN THE VATICAN,

PERHAPS EVEN THE POPE,

BECAUSE IN THOSE DAYS,
THEY WERE VERY CORRUPT.

AND BASICALLY, THEY WANTED
THE ULTIMATE CHRISTIAN RELIC

THAT WOULD PULL IN THE PUNTERS
AND LINE THEIR POCKETS.

FROM THE LATE MEDIEVAL AGES,

THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT
COMMERCIAL VALUE

IN HAVING HOLY RELICS
BECAUSE YOU WOULD DRAW PILGRIMS

NOT ONLY TO YOUR CHURCH
BUT TO YOUR CITY,

AND THAT WAS A SIGNIFICANT
SOURCE OF INCOME.

WE KNOW LEONARDO WAS GIVEN
A ROOM IN THE VATICAN,

A SECRET ROOM.

WE DON'T KNOW MUCH ABOUT
WHAT HAPPENED IN THERE,

BUT WHATEVER IT WAS, IT INVOLVED
A MACHINE MADE OF MIRRORS.

AND IT IS SAID THAT WHATEVER
WENT ON IN THAT ROOM,

THE GERMAN MIRROR MAKERS THAT
WERE EMPLOYED RAN OUT SCREAMING

THAT IT WAS SORCERY.

AND IT SEEMED TO INVOLVE
HUGE FLASHES OF LIGHT.

Narrator: LYNN BELIEVES
THAT LEONARDO DA VINCI

HAD THE EQUIPMENT AND SKILLS,
EVEN IN THE 15th CENTURY,

TO EXPERIMENT WITH PHOTOGRAPHY.

SHE CLAIMS THE TURIN SHROUD
IS ACTUALLY

THE WORLD'S FIRST PHOTOGRAPH.

Gough:
I PERSONALLY HAVE NO DOUBT

THAT LEONARDO HAD
THE TECHNOLOGICAL KNOW-HOW

AND MEANS TO FAKE
THE TURN SHROUD.

LEONARDO INVENTED SO MANY
INNOVATIVE THINGS

THAT HAVE ONLY COME TO
MASS PRODUCTION -- HELICOPTERS,

FLYING MACHINES, ALL SORTS
OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVICES

THAT WERE HUNDREDS OF YEARS
AHEAD OF THEIR TIME.

AND HE WAS WORKING
WITH CAMERA TECHNOLOGY.

HE BUILT A CAMERA OBSCURA,

WHICH HE CALLED ARTIFICIAL EYE,
WITH A LITTLE HOLE IN ONE WALL,

AND YOU PROJECTED IMAGES
THROUGH IT ONTO THE INNER WALL.

WHAT YOU HAD TO DO IS YOU PUT
A CLOTH IN THE CAMERA OBSCURA,

COAT IT WITH
LIGHT-SENSITIVE CHEMICALS --

CHEMICALS THAT WERE READILY
AVAILABLE IN LEONARDO'S DAY,

FOR EXAMPLE,
EGG WHITE AND URINE,

AND BASICALLY,
THE LIGHT HITS IT,

AND THE IMAGE FORMS.

Narrator: BUT DEVELOPING
A PHOTOGRAPH USING

A CAMERA OBSCURA
CAN TAKE SEVERAL DAYS.

SO IT'S VERY UNLIKELY
LEONARDO DA VINCI

GOT SOMEONE TO STAND STILL FOR
SO LONG IN FRONT OF THE PINHOLE.

INSTEAD, LYNN BELIEVES

THAT LEONARDO USED
THE BODY OF A CORPSE

AND THE CAST OF
A JESUS-LIKE FACE

TO CREATE HIS PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE
OF JESUS ON THE SHROUD.

THE IDEA THAT LEONARDO DA VINCI
COULD HAVE EFFECTIVELY CREATED

A RENAISSANCE-ERA
PHOTOGRAPH OF JESUS

ISN'T QUITE AS OUTLANDISH
AS IT MAY SEEM

BECAUSE FOR ONE THING,
THE IDEA OF THE CAMERA OBSCURA

WAS KNOWN 500 YEARS
BEFORE LEONARDO.

AND WE KNOW FROM HIS DRAWING
OF THE VITRUVIAN MAN

THAT HE WAS FASCINATED

BY THE WAY THAT HUMAN BODIES
MOVE AND SO ON.

SO IT MIGHT HAVE BEEN
THAT THE TURIN SHROUD

WAS ONE OF LEONARDO'S
MORE BIZARRE EXPERIMENTS.

LEONARDO HAD NO COMPUNCTION
ABOUT DOING TERRIBLE THINGS

TO CORPSES IN HIS
ANATOMICAL RESEARCHES.

HE WOULD HAVE EXPERIMENTED
UNTIL HE GOT IT RIGHT.

HE WOULD HAVE CRUCIFIED
A CORPSE.

Narrator: THEN LYNN BELIEVES
LEONARDO DA VINCI

ILLUMINATED HIS CAST OF
A JESUS-LIKE FACE

AND THE CRUCIFIED CORPSE,

PROJECTING THEIR IMAGES
THROUGH A CRYSTAL LENS

ONTO THE LIGHT-SENSITIVE CLOTH
IN THE CAMERA OBSCURA.

AFTER A COUPLE OF DAYS,
YOU TAKE THE CLOTH OUT

AND YOU WASH IT IN COLD WATER.

AND YOU'RE LEFT WITH
THE LIGHT BITS.

THE DARK BITS JUST WASH AWAY.

SO YOU'VE GOT A NEGATIVE IMAGE,
ESSENTIALLY,

AND THERE YOU HAVE IT,
THE SHROUD OF JESUS.

AND THEN YOU PAINT BLOOD ON
AND YOU'VE GOT IT.

AND THE PILGRIMS COME IN,
AND THEY GO, "WOW."

Narrator:
IT'S AN EXTRAORDINARY IDEA.

CAN IT REALLY BE SUBSTANTIATED

THAT LEONARDO DA VINCI
CRUCIFIED A CORPSE IN ORDER

TO CREATE CHRISTIANITY'S
BEST-KNOWN HOLY RELIC?

LYNN PICKNETT IS COMMITTED
TO TRYING TO PROVE

THIS THEORY BEYOND DOUBT.

YET THERE'S STILL
THE POSSIBILITY

THAT THE TURIN SHROUD
IS GENUINE, AND TO THIS DAY,

SCIENTISTS CONTINUE
CARRYING OUT EXPERIMENTS

TO TRY TO VERIFY
ITS AUTHENTICITY.

♪

Narrator:
PRESERVED IN TURIN CATHEDRAL

IS ONE OF CHRISTIANITY'S
MOST RENOWNED HOLY RELICS --

THE TURIN SHROUD.

SAID TO BE JESUS'S BURIAL CLOTH,
BLOODSTAIN-PATTERN ANALYSIS

HAS HINTED THAT
SOME OF THE BLOOD STAINS ON IT

COULD BE
PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACCURATE.

SKEPTICS, HOWEVER,
BELIEVE IT'S A MEDIEVAL FORGERY,

PERHAPS EVEN AN EARLY PHOTOGRAPH
TAKEN BY LEONARDO DA VINCI.

BUT ALTHOUGH RADIOCARBON TESTS
HAVE DATED THE SHROUD

TO THE 13th OR 14th CENTURIES,

SOME PEOPLE HAVE
IDENTIFIED INACCURACIES

IN THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS USED.

Selwood: SO, ONE PROMINENT
LINE OF ARGUMENT

IS THAT SOOT FROM THE FIRE
THAT THE SHROUD SUFFERED

IMPREGNATED THE FIBERS,

AND THAT HAS THROWN OFF
THE CARBON DATING.

WELL, IT'S A THEORY
THAT YOU CAN PUT FORWARD.

BUT THE SCIENTISTS WHO
CONDUCTED THE CARBON DATING

HAVE ADDRESSED THESE ISSUES
AND SAY ABSOLUTELY NOT.

THEIR TESTS TAKE ACCOUNT
OF THESE FACTORS.

I HAVE FRIENDS
THAT ARE PRO-SHROUD.

I FELT -- WHEN THE
CARBON DATING WAS DONE,

I FELT GENUINELY SORRY FOR THEM

BECAUSE I KNEW THEY WERE
BRIEFLY -- ONLY BRIEFLY --

THEY WERE DEVASTATED.

AND THEN THEY CAME UP
WITH SEVERAL HOPEFUL THEORIES,

AND THEY WERE BACK OFF
AND RUNNING AGAIN.

Narrator: ONE LONGSTANDING
TURIN SHROUD RESEARCHER

WHO DOUBTS THE RELIABILITY
OF THE CARBON-DATING RESULTS

IS STEPHEN MATTINGLY,

RECENTLY RETIRED AFTER
MORE THAN 30 YEARS OF WORKING

AS A PROFESSOR OF MICROBIOLOGY
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS.

♪

Mattingly: WHEN THE
RADIOCARBON DATE CAME OUT,

THAT KIND OF CONVINCED ME
AT THE TIME THAT IT WAS MEDIEVAL

AND IT WAS SOME KIND OF FAKE.

BUT SINCE I'VE THOUGHT ABOUT IT
AND GOT INVOLVED IN RESEARCH

AND THOUGHT ABOUT IT
SCIENTIFICALLY,

I REALIZE NOW THAT IT IS
THE ACTUAL SHROUD OF JESUS.

Narrator:
ACCORDING TO MATTINGLY,

THE SHROUD WAS DATED
INACCURATELY TO MEDIEVAL TIMES,

NOT ONLY BECAUSE OF
THE MEDIEVAL FIRE,

BUT ALSO BECAUSE
AIRBORNE BACTERIA

ACCUMULATED ON THE SHROUD
OVER THE CENTURIES.

Mattingly: A COMMON CONTAMINANT,
BACILLUS SUBTILIS,

ARE IN THE AIR EVERYWHERE.

EACH DAY, THEY'RE ADDING
NEW CARBON, RADIOACTIVE CARBON.

SO THE CONTAMINATION ISSUE
IS SOMETHING WE CAN'T DEAL WITH

AS FAR AS THE SHROUD OF TURIN
IS CONCERNED.

Narrator: MOST SIGNIFICANTLY,
MATTINGLY BELIEVES

THAT NOT ONLY DID
AIRBORNE BACTERIA

AFFECT THE CARBON DATING
OF THE SHROUD,

SKIN BACTERIA ALSO CREATED
THE MYSTERIOUS IMAGE

OF JESUS ON THE SHROUD.

MATTINGLY SAYS THAT TO CREATE
A REALLY STRONG IMAGE ON CLOTH,

YOU NEED HUGE NUMBERS
OF BACTERIA.

AND HE SAYS THAT'S EXACTLY
WHAT HAPPENED

AS A RESULT
OF JESUS'S CRUCIFIXION,

HIS BLOODY DEATH PROVIDED
THE PERFECT CONDITIONS

FOR BACTERIA
TO MULTIPLY ON HIS SKIN.

Mattingly: WE KNOW THAT THEY
ADDED A CROWN OF THORNS

EARLY ON, AND ANYBODY THAT'S
EVER HAD A WOUND IN THE HEAD

KNOWS THAT IT BLEEDS FOREVER.

THERE ARE REPORTS OF
OVER 100 SCOURGE MARKS

ON THE BODY, FRONT AND BACK,
THAT WOULD ALSO BLEED.

SO WE HAVE AN INDIVIDUAL

THAT, ESSENTIALLY,
IS BLEEDING CONTINUOUSLY.

AND THERE ARE
CONSEQUENCES TO THAT --

MOST IMPORTANTLY,
THE FACT THAT JESUS'S

OWN SKIN BACTERIA BEGAN TO GROW.

THEY HAD ALL THE NUTRIENTS
THEY NEEDED,

AND THEY WERE DOUBLED
EVERY 30 MINUTES.

SO WHEN THE SHROUD WAS REMOVED,

IT LEFT THE EXCESS BACTERIA
FROM HIS SKIN ON THE SHROUD.

AND THAT'S WHAT CREATED
THIS WONDERFUL IMAGE.

♪

Narrator: TO DEMONSTRATE
SCIENTIFICALLY

THAT JESUS'S SKIN BACTERIA

COULD HAVE CREATED
THE IMAGE ON THE TURIN SHROUD,

MATTINGLY IS GOING TO COAT
HIS HAND WITH SOME SKIN BACTERIA

GROWN IN HIS HOME LABORATORY

AND THEN IMPRINT HIS HAND
ON SOME CLOTH.

AND I BEGIN COATING MY FINGERS.

THIS IS
STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS,

WHICH I OBTAINED
FROM MY OWN HAND AND GREW IT UP.

AND WE JUST KEEP REPEATING THIS.

♪

Narrator: BUT SKEPTICS
FIND IT DIFFICULT

TO BELIEVE BACTERIA
ON JESUS'S BODY

COULD HAVE CREATED THE IMAGE
ON THE TURIN SHROUD,

AND THEY POINT TO THE BIBLE
FOR SUPPORTING EVIDENCE.

THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS, THOSE THAT
SEE THINGS THE SAME WAY --

MATTHEW, MARK, AND LUKE --

THEY DO SPEAK ABOUT JESUS'S BODY
BEING WRAPPED IN A SHROUD.

BUT JOHN, WHICH MANY THINK
IS THE MOST ACCURATE GOSPEL,

ACTUALLY DOESN'T.

IT TALKS ABOUT LINEN STRIPS
AND EVEN A SEPARATE HEADPIECE.

BUT PERHAPS THE MOST FASCINATING
THING ABOUT THE GOSPELS

IS WHAT THEY DON'T SAY.

IF THERE HAD BEEN AN IMAGE
ON THE SHROUD,

YOU WOULD EXPECT THEM
TO HAVE RECORDED THAT.

Narrator:
ACCORDING TO MATTINGLY, HOWEVER,

JESUS'S IMAGE ON THE SHROUD
MAY SIMPLY HAVE NEEDED TIME

TO DEVELOP AFTER THE SHROUD
WAS REMOVED FROM HIS BODY.

AS HIS EXPERIMENT SHOWS,
AN IMAGE CREATED BY BACTERIA

DOES TAKE A LONG TIME
TO DEVELOP.

Mattingly: YOU REALLY CAN'T
SEE MUCH RIGHT NOW.

THIS WILL CONTINUE
TO DEVELOP OVER TIME.

Narrator: THE HOPED-FOR IMAGE
ON THE CLOTH

IS JUST BARELY VISIBLE FOR NOW.

BUT THE EXPERIMENT WAS BRIEF.

AND MATTINGLY SAYS
THAT JESUS'S BODY WAS COVERED

WITH BILLIONS MORE BACTERIA
THAN HIS OWN HAND.

AND JESUS'S IMAGE ALSO HAD
MUCH LONGER TO FORM

ON HIS BURIAL SHROUD.

TO DEMONSTRATE THE PRINCIPLE,

MATTINGLY SHOWS AN IMAGE
OF HIS HAND ON HIS COMPUTER

THAT HE CREATED WITH BACTERIA
YEARS AGO.

THIS WAS DONE
ABOUT 20 YEARS AGO,

AND THE COLOR
HAS DEVELOPED OVER TIME.

THIS IS THE NEGATIVE,
AND IT SHOWS EVEN MORE DETAIL.

♪

Narrator: ALTHOUGH HIS THEORY
IS VERY CONTROVERSIAL,

AS A RESULT OF HIS EXPERIMENTS,

MATTINGLY IS CONVINCED THAT
THE IMAGE ON THE TURIN SHROUD

WAS CREATED BY BACTERIA

MULTIPLYING ON JESUS'S SKIN
DURING HIS BLOODY DEATH.

AS A CHRISTIAN, HE FINDS JESUS'S
IMAGE ON THE SHROUD REASSURING.

Mattingly: I HAVE NO TROUBLE
BEING A CHRISTIAN

AND A SCIENTIST,

BUT THE TRUTH HAS TO BE
THROUGH SCIENCE.

I THINK WE CAN BE CERTAIN
THAT THIS IS

THE BURIAL WRAPPING OF JESUS.

WE TALK ABOUT WANTING
TO SEE HIS FACE IN OUR PRAYERS,

AND HERE IT IS.

HERE IS HIS FACE.

WHAT DOES JESUS LOOK LIKE?

WE KNOW WHAT HE LOOKS LIKE.
WE KNOW HOW TALL HE WAS.

WE KNOW MANY THINGS ABOUT HIM
BECAUSE OF THE SHROUD.

Narrator:
COULD STEPHEN MATTINGLY'S

REMARKABLE THEORY BE TRUE?

DID BACTERIA FROM JESUS'S BODY

REALLY CREATE THE IMAGE
ON THE TURIN SHROUD?

SOME SKEPTICS BELIEVE
JESUS'S PHYSICAL REPRESENTATION

ON THE SHROUD ISN'T REALISTIC,

SUGGESTING THAT THE SHROUD
MAY BE A MEDIEVAL FAKE.

TO HELP SOLVE THE MYSTERY,
SOME LOOK FOR CLUES

IN THE HISTORY
OF ROMAN CRUCIFIXIONS.

♪

Narrator: CHRISTIANITY'S
MOST FAMOUS HOLY RELIC,

THE TURIN SHROUD,

IS SAID TO BE
JESUS'S BURIAL CLOTH

BEARING THE BLOODY IMPRINTS
OF HIS CRUCIFIED BODY.

BUT IS IT, IN FACT,
A MEDIEVAL FORGERY?

THE HISTORY OF ROMAN
CRUCIFIXIONS OFFERS A CLUE.

McMahon:
PEOPLE WHO WERE CRUCIFIED

WERE NORMALLY CRUCIFIED
AS SEDITIONARIES.

THEY'D COMMITTED TREASON
AGAINST THE ROMAN STATE.

AND SO, NORMALLY, THEY WERE
LEFT TO JUST HANG THERE,

BEING PECKED UP BY THE BIRDS
AND EATEN BY ANIMALS,

AND THEIR BODY WOULD HAVE
ROTTED ON THE CROSS.

SO THE IDEA OF SOMEBODY
BEING TAKEN DOWN FROM THE CROSS

AND BEING GIVEN A LOVELY BURIAL
WITH A SHROUD --

HIGHLY UNLIKELY.

Narrator: SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
ALSO PROVIDES IMPORTANT CLUES

ABOUT WHETHER THE TURIN SHROUD
IS GENUINE.

BLOODSTAIN-PATTERN ANALYSIS
HAS SHOWN

JESUS'S WRIST WOUNDS
ARE REALISTIC

IF HE WAS CRUCIFIED WITH
HIS HANDS HIGH ABOVE HIS HEAD.

BUT WHAT ABOUT OTHER BLOODSTAINS
ON THE SHROUD?

IN PARTICULAR,
THE BIBLE MENTIONS A WOUND

CAUSED BY A ROMAN SOLDIER
WHO STABBED JESUS IN THE CHEST.

BELIEVERS IN THE AUTHENTICITY
OF THE TURIN SHROUD

SAY THE CHEST WOUND
LEFT THIS BLOODSTAIN

AND, ALSO, ON THE BACK
OF JESUS'S BODY,

THIS WIDE BELT OF BLOOD.

IS THIS REALISTIC?

TO REPLICATE THE SPEAR WOUND,

FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGIST
DR. MATTEO BORRINI

USES A SIMPLE METHOD -- A SPONGE
ON THE END OF A SPATULA.

Borrini: THIS IS THE MOST
TO-REALITY REPRODUCTION

OF WHAT COULD HAPPEN.

AND HERE YOU SEE THE
DIRECTION OF THE BLOOD

FOLLOWING THE GRAVITY.

BUT WE HAVE A PROBLEM.

HERE THE BLOOD IS GOING DOWN

AND IS NOT GOING,
IN ANY WAY, BEHIND.

Narrator: THEN HOW COULD
THE BELT OF BLOOD

ON THE BACK OF JESUS'S BODY
ON THE TURIN SHROUD

HAVE BEEN CAUSED
BY THE SPEAR WOUND?

IT'S BEEN SAID BY SOME THAT
THE BELT OF BLOOD

COULD HAVE BEEN CREATED
IF JESUS CONTINUED TO BLEED

AFTER HE WAS TAKEN DOWN,
DEAD, FROM THE CROSS

AND WAS LYING FLAT IN HIS TOMB.

BUT IS THIS POSSIBLE?

I WANT TO TRY TO REPLICATE
THIS SECOND BLEEDING,

SO THIS, FOR US,
IS REPRESENTING THE SHROUD.

AND THIS IS THE INDIVIDUAL
BLEEDING THROUGH THE WOUND

ON THE CHEST.

♪

IT'S EXPANDING.

AND NOW WE MOVE THE BODY,
IF YOU CAN HELP ME.

VERY GOOD. GREAT.

NOW LOOK AT THIS.

THERE IS A BIG POOL OF BLOOD
HERE ON THE FUNERARY CLOTH.

AND THIS IS WHAT WE DO NOT SEE
IN THE SHROUD OF TURIN.

AND THIS IS ABSOLUTELY
NON-REALISTIC.

Narrator: OVERALL,
BLOOD-PATTERN ANALYSIS

CANNOT RECREATE
THE WIDE BELT OF BLOOD

ON THE BACK OF THE TURIN SHROUD,
SUPPOSEDLY CAUSED

BY THE SPEAR WOUND
TO THE FRONT OF JESUS'S BODY.

♪

McMahon: I THINK IT'S FAIR TO
SAY THAT PROFESSOR BORRINI'S

TEST PRETTY MUCH PROVES
THAT THE SHROUD IS A FAKE,

AT LEAST ON THE CRITERIA
THAT HE USED,

MAINLY BECAUSE THE FRONT
AND THE BACK SIMPLY DON'T MATCH

IN TERMS OF THE WOUNDS
AND THE DIRECTION OF BLOOD.

IN MY PERSONAL OPINION,
I THINK THAT THE SHROUD OF TURIN

WAS MADE IN THE MEDIEVAL TIME

WHERE THE MAJORITY OF PEOPLE
WERE ILLITERATE

SO WERE NOT ABLE TO READ
THE BIBLE AND THE GOSPELS,

SO WAS LIKE A PAINTING
TO EDUCATE PEOPLE.

Narrator: IF THE TURIN SHROUD
WAS CREATED AS A PAINTING

TO ENLIGHTEN
MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANS,

THIS COULD EXPLAIN
ANOTHER SURPRISING

FEATURE OF THE SHROUD.

WHILE THE AVERAGE
HEIGHT OF A MAN

IN PALESTINE 2,000 YEARS AGO
WAS ABOUT 5 FEET, 5 INCHES,

JESUS, AS HE APPEARS
ON THE SHROUD, IS MUCH TALLER,

BETWEEN 5-FEET-10 AND 6-FEET-1.

WHEN YOU LOOK AT
THE SHROUD IMAGE,

IMMEDIATELY, YOU'RE STRUCK BY
THIS VERY LONG, THIN FIGURE

THAT'S VERY UNNATURAL
IN ITS ELONGATION.

AND HAVING STUDIED
CHRISTIAN ICONOGRAPHY,

I RECOGNIZED THAT THIS WAS
JUST FRENCH GOTHIC ART,

WAS THE MOST OBVIOUS
EXPLANATION,

AND THAT FIT, YOU SEE,

WITH ITS ORIGIN IN FRANCE
IN THE GOTHIC PERIOD.

Narrator: IT'S CONCEIVABLE THAT
JESUS'S ELONGATED BODY

ON THE TURIN SHROUD

JUST INDICATES
HE WAS UNUSUALLY TALL.

BUT THE SUGGESTION
THAT THE SHROUD

IS A GOTHIC MEDIEVAL PAINTING

DESIGNED TO EDUCATE THE FAITHFUL
IS A STRONG POSSIBILITY.

IF THE TURIN SHROUD IS
ACTUALLY A PAINTING,

IN THEORY, IT SHOULD BE
POSSIBLE TO REPLICATE IT,

RECREATING ON CLOTH
A VERY SIMILAR IMAGE OF JESUS.

BUT CAN A CONVINCING
FULL-SCALE REPLICA

OF THE TURIN SHROUD
BE CREATED TODAY?

♪

Narrator: THE FAMOUS
TURIN SHROUD IS SAID TO BE

THE BURIAL CLOTH IN WHICH
JESUS WAS WRAPPED

AFTER HIS CRUCIFIXION.

MANY PEOPLE,
INCLUDING SOME SCIENTISTS,

BELIEVE THE IMAGE ON THE
TURIN SHROUD IS GENUINELY JESUS,

AMAZINGLY SHOWING US
EXACTLY WHAT HE LOOKED LIKE.

BUT HISTORICAL
AND SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE,

INCLUDING ANALYSIS
OF THE SHROUD'S

PHYSICAL REPRESENTATION
OF JESUS AND HIS BLOODSTAINS,

LEADS MANY PEOPLE
TO THINK OTHERWISE.

THERE IS NO EVIDENCE
THAT THIS IS THE ACTUAL

BURIAL SHROUD OF CHRIST.

IN FACT, IT HAPPENS THAT MOST OF
THE EVIDENCE POINTS TOWARDS IT

BEING A MEDIEVAL CREATION.

Selwood: THE TURIN SHROUD
IS NOT GENUINE.

IT IS A VERY IMPRESSIVE,
HIGHLY ACCOMPLISHED,

RATHER WONDERFUL
PIECE OF MEDIEVAL ART.

Narrator: IF THE TURIN SHROUD IS
TRULY A PIECE OF MEDIEVAL ART

DESIGNED TO EDUCATE
THE CHRISTIAN FAITHFUL,

THEN IT SHOULD BE POSSIBLE
TO CREATE A CONVINCING,

FULL-SCALE REPLICA OF IT.

♪

LUIGI GARLASCHELLI,

FORMER PROFESSOR
OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA
IN ITALY,

HAS TRIED TO DO THIS.

BUT BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO CREATE

A REALISTIC REPLICA
OF THE SHROUD,

GARLASCHELLI FIRST RULED OUT
HOW IT WASN'T MADE.

Garlaschelli: IF WE THINK THAT
IT WAS A MEDIEVAL ARTIST

WHO MADE THE SHROUD,

PROBABLY, THE FIRST ATTEMPT
HE DID WAS TO SEE

WHAT THE PRINT OF A REAL BODY
LEAVES ON A LINEN CLOTH.

SO WE TRIED, ACTUALLY, THIS.

WE COVERED A VOLUNTEER
WITH RED PAINT,

AND WE PUT A SHEET FLAT ON HIM.

AND THIS IS THE RESULT.

AS YOU SEE, IT LOOKS VERY BAD.

IT'S DISTORTED.

LOOK AT THE FACE --
COMPLETELY AWFUL.

SO THIS IS NOT
HOW THE SHROUD WAS MADE.

IT'S NOT THE CONTACT PRINT
OF A REAL BODY.

Narrator: INSTEAD, GARLASCHELLI
TRIED TO RECREATE THE SHROUD

USING A TECHNIQUE
KNOWN AS BAS RELIEF,

RUBBING THE OUTSIDE OF A SHEET

TO REVEAL THE CONTOURS
OF THE BODY WRAPPED WITHIN.

Garlaschelli: WE HAVE A
VOLUNTEER UNDER THE SHEET,

AND WE HAVE RUBBED,
WITH A DRY PIGMENT, THE CLOTH,

SO WE HAVE FOLLOWED
THE SHAPE OF THE BODY.

AS YOU CAN SEE,
IT'S NOT DISTORTED.

THIS IS MORE SHROUD-LIKE.

Narrator:
UNLIKE THE REST OF THE BODY,

A REAL FACE STILL
APPEARS DISTORTED

USING THE BAS-RELIEF TECHNIQUE.

SO THE FACE OF JESUS
IN THIS IMAGE

WAS CREATED USING A
CONTOURED, FLAT, PLASTER MOLD.

♪

SO, THIS IS A VERY
SIMPLE TECHNIQUE

AVAILABLE IN THE MIDDLE AGE.

♪

THIS IS THE ONLY WAY YOU CAN
HAVE A FACE UNDISTORTED.

Narrator: GARLASCHELLI
IS USING BLUE PIGMENT

TO HIGHLIGHT THE FACT
THAT THE COLOR DOESN'T MATTER.

HE SAYS THE FAINT IMAGE
OF JESUS ON THE SHROUD

IS A KIND OF GHOST IMAGE
OF REDDISH ACIDIC IMPURITIES

LEFT BEHIND BY
THE ORIGINAL COLORED PIGMENT

THAT HAS COMPLETELY FADED AWAY
OVER THE CENTURIES.

♪

NOW WE WILL HAVE TO
ARTIFICIALLY AGE THIS IMAGE

BECAUSE THE SHROUD
HAD CENTURIES TO DO SO,

BUT WE WANT TO DO THAT
IN AN HOUR,

SO WE WILL PUT IT INTO AN OVEN
AT 160 DEGREES CELSIUS

TO SIMULATE THE AGING.

♪

Narrator:
AFTER AN HOUR IN THE OVEN,

THE IMAGE IS WASHED
TO REMOVE THE PIGMENT.

ONLY THE PIGMENT'S
ACIDIC IMPURITIES

NOW REMAIN ON THE CLOTH,
WHICH IS THEN IRONED DRY.

NOW THE PIGMENT IS GONE,
AND THIS IS THE IMAGE

ON THE SURFACE OF THE LINEN --
NOTHING BEHIND.

AND THE FINAL TEST WOULD BE

TO TAKE THE NEGATIVE
OF THIS IMAGE

AND SEE IF IT LOOKS LIKE
THAT OF THE SHROUD.

SO JUST A QUICK TEST
WITH A CELLPHONE.

AND...
[ CAMERA SHUTTER CLICKS ]

ALL RIGHT.

YEAH, THIS IS THE NEGATIVE.

IT LOOKS LIKE
THE SHROUD OF TURIN.

♪

Narrator: AFTER ADDING HIS
HOMEMADE FACIAL REPLICA

TO A SIMILARLY AGED BAS RELIEF
OF THE VOLUNTEER'S BODY,

GARLASCHELLI THEN
PAINTED ON BLOODSTAINS

IN ORDER TO CREATE A FULL-SCALE
DUPLICATE OF THE TURIN SHROUD.

PERSONALLY, I FIND
PROFESSOR GARLASCHELLI'S

BAS-RELIEF ANALYSIS
EXTREMELY CONVINCING.

THE IMAGE THAT RESULTED
FROM THIS TECHNIQUE

IS ONE THAT CLOSELY RESEMBLES
WHAT WE SEE ON THE SHROUD,

SO, REALLY, A REMARKABLE JOB.

♪

Narrator:
OTHERS AREN'T CONVINCED

BY GARLASCHELLI'S RE-CREATION

AND SAY THAT IT DOESN'T PROVE
THE TURIN SHROUD WAS PAINTED.

IN PARTICULAR,
SHROUD RESEARCHER LYNN PICKNETT

REMAINS CONVINCED
THAT THE TURIN SHROUD

IS THE WORLD'S FIRST PHOTOGRAPH
CREATED BY LEONARDO DA VINCI.

AND SHE CLAIMS TO HAVE FOUND
FURTHER EVIDENCE TO PROVE IT.

♪

Narrator:
PRESERVED IN TURIN CATHEDRAL

IS ONE OF CHRISTIANITY'S
MOST FAMOUS HOLY RELICS --

THE TURIN SHROUD.

SAID TO BE JESUS'S BURIAL CLOTH,

IT BEARS THE BLOODY IMPRINT
OF HIS CRUCIFIED BODY.

SKEPTICS BELIEVE
THAT IT ISN'T GENUINE

AND IT IS, IN FACT,
A PIECE OF MEDIEVAL ART.

A PROMISING ATTEMPT
TO REPLICATE THE SHROUD

USING A BAS-RELIEF TECHNIQUE

SUGGESTS IT COULD BE
A MEDIEVAL PAINTING.

BUT SHROUD RESEARCHER
LYNN PICKNETT REMAINS CONVINCED

THAT IT IS INSTEAD
THE WORLD'S FIRST PHOTOGRAPH

CREATED BY THE ONE AND ONLY
LEONARDO DA VINCI.

Picknett:
THE SHROUD HAS OFTEN BEEN SAID

TO BEHAVE LIKE A PHOTOGRAPH.

WHEN SEEN IN
PHOTOGRAPHIC NEGATIVE,

IT ALMOST LEAPS INTO LIFE,
INTO FOCUS.

IT'S QUITE ASTONISHING.

Narrator: LYNN'S THEORY THAT
THE TURIN SHROUD

IS THE WORLD'S FIRST PHOTOGRAPH
IS VERY CONTENTIOUS.

BUT SHE HAS CARRIED OUT
EXPERIMENTS

THAT INDICATE IT IS POSSIBLE.

BY PROJECTING AN ILLUMINATED
CAST OF A GIRL'S HEAD

ONTO A CLOTH
IN A CAMERA OBSCURA,

JUST LIKE THE ONE SHE BELIEVES
WAS USED BY LEONARDO DA VINCI,

SHE WAS ABLE TO CREATE
A RECOGNIZABLY SHROUD-LIKE IMAGE

OF THE GIRL'S FACE.

AS FOR THE FACE
THAT LEONARDO USED

WHEN HE CREATED
THE TURIN SHROUD,

LYNN BELIEVES,
VERY CONTROVERSIALLY,

THAT LEONARDO USED HIS OWN FACE
TO REPRESENT JESUS.

LEONARDO WOULD HAVE THOUGHT,

"YEAH, WELL, YOU'RE NOT GONNA
GET JESUS, OBVIOUSLY.

YOU'RE GOING TO GET MY FACE."

LEONARDO WAS A HERETIC.

HE HAD VERY PASSIONATE BELIEFS,
AND THEY WEREN'T CHRISTIAN.

IN FACT, THERE'S
EVERY REASON TO BELIEVE

THAT HE HATED CHRISTIANITY,
AND THEREFORE,

FAKING THE TURIN SHROUD
WAS AN ACT OF REBELLION.

IT JUST WOULD HAVE
APPEALED TO HIM.

♪

Narrator: LYNN'S ENTIRE THEORY
ABOUT LEONARDO DA VINCI,

HOWEVER, IS CONSIDERED
VERY FAR-FETCHED

BY MOST OBSERVERS.

THE CLAIM THAT LEONARDO DA VINCI
MADE THE SHROUD OF TURIN --

IT'S JUST NOT CREDIBLE.

I LOVE THIS THEORY
THAT LEONARDO DA VINCI

SOMEHOW CREATED
THE TURIN SHROUD.

HE WAS AN AMAZING VISIONARY MAN,
BUT EVEN HE COULDN'T HAVE

CREATED SOMETHING
BEFORE HE WAS BORN.

Narrator: THE PROBLEM IS THAT
LEONARDO WASN'T BORN UNTIL 1452,

WHEREAS THE FIRST GENERALLY
ACCEPTED HISTORICAL ACCOUNT

OF THE SHROUD PLACES IT
IN FRANCE 100 YEARS EARLIER.

HOWEVER, LYNN CLAIMS
THAT THE TURIN SHROUD

ISN'T THE SAME SHROUD AS THE ONE
DISPLAYED IN THE 1350s.

SHE SAYS IT'S SIGNIFICANT
THAT THIS EARLIER SHROUD

WAS SOON DENOUNCED BY THE LOCAL
BISHOP AS AN ARTISTIC FORGERY.

Picknett: UNFORTUNATELY, IT WAS
A BLATANT PAINTING,

SO, CLEARLY, WHAT HAPPENED WAS

THE CHURCH LIKED THE IDEA
OF HAVING A SHROUD,

THE ULTIMATE CHRISTIAN RELIC,
JESUS'S OWN IMAGE AND BLOOD.

BUT THEY DIDN'T WANT THAT ONE.

Narrator: ACCORDING TO LYNN,

THE ORIGINAL,
UNCONVINCING SHROUD

WAS SECRETLY SWITCHED
BY THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

IN THE LATE 15th CENTURY

WHEN IT WAS TAKEN
FROM FRANCE TO ITALY.

LEONARDO'S NEW,
MUCH MORE REALISTIC SHROUD

WAS THEN DISPLAYED
IN ITS PLACE

IN ORDER TO ATTRACT
AS MANY PILGRIMS AS POSSIBLE.

♪

DESPITE CRITICS WHO SAY
THIS IS A FANCIFUL

AND HIGHLY UNLIKELY STORY,

LYNN CLAIMS TO HAVE FOUND
FURTHER EVIDENCE

THAT LEONARDO DA VINCI REALLY
DID CREATE THE TURIN SHROUD.

SHE'S FOUND CLUES
IN THE SALVATOR MUNDI,

THE FAMOUS PICTURE OF JESUS

SAID TO HAVE BEEN PAINTED
BY LEONARDO.

IF YOU SPLIT THE SALVATOR MUNDI
DOWN THE MIDDLE

AND YOU HAVE THAT ON ONE SIDE
AND ON THE OTHER SIDE,

YOU HAVE A PICTURE
OF THE SHROUD OF TURIN,

WHAT YOU GET IS ASTONISHING.

EVERY SINGLE TINY FEATURE
LINES UP EXACTLY.

THE SALVATOR MUNDI,
STRANGE THOUGH IT MAY SEEM,

IS ACTUALLY ALSO LEONARDO.

BUT THERE'S MORE.

SALVATOR MUNDI IS HOLDING
A GLOBE -- A CRYSTAL GLOBE.

AND PEOPLE HAVE SAID,
"WELL, OF COURSE,

THE NAME MEANS
SAVIOR OF THE WORLD,

SO THAT'S IT --
HE'S GOT THE WORLD IN HIS HAND."

BUT IT'S ACTUALLY A CRYSTAL.

AND WHAT DID LEONARDO USE TO
CREATE THE IMAGE OF THE SHROUD?

A CAMERA OBSCURA IN WHICH HE PUT
A LENS MADE OF CRYSTAL.

THIS IS HIS NEAREST THING
TO A CONFESSION

HE CREATED THE TURIN SHROUD.

♪

Narrator: WHATEVER THE TRUTH IS
ABOUT THIS AMAZING THEORY,

THE DEBATE ABOUT
THE TURIN SHROUD

WILL SURELY CONTINUE FOR YEARS.

IS IT THE WORLD'S
FIRST PHOTOGRAPH?

IS IT A MEDIEVAL PAINTING?

OR IS IT THE GENUINE
BURIAL CLOTH OF JESUS,

IMPRINTED, PERHAPS, BY BACTERIA

WITH THE IMAGE
OF HIS CRUCIFIED BODY?

ALTHOUGH CARBON DATING
HAS PROVIDED

COMPELLING SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE

SUGGESTING THAT THE TURIN SHROUD
IS NOT GENUINE,

BELIEVERS CONTINUE TO DISPUTE
THE STUDY'S ACCURACY.

I JUST THINK THIS TELLS US THAT
BELIEVERS WILL ALWAYS FIND FAULT

WITH ANY AMOUNT OF EVIDENCE
THAT THEY'RE PRESENTED WITH.

Garlaschelli:
I THINK THAT FOR SOME PEOPLE,

THE IDEA THAT THE SHROUD
IS THE REAL THING

THAT WRAPPED JESUS CHRIST'S BODY

IS TOO BEAUTIFUL
TO BE IMPOSSIBLE.

McMahon: YOU COULD SAY
THAT THE TURIN SHROUD SHOWS

THAT WE'RE A WORLD DIVIDED
BETWEEN BELIEVERS

AND NONBELIEVERS,
BETWEEN THOSE WHO WANT PROOF --

SCIENTIFIC, RATIONAL PROOF,
IF YOU WANT,

AND THOSE WHO BELIEVE
THAT FAITH IS IMPORTANT.

FOR THEM, BELIEVING THAT IT IS
THE IMAGE OF JESUS IS ENOUGH.

THAT SENSE OF WONDER
IS ENOUGH FOR THEM.

Selwood: IN A WAY, THE SHROUD
BRINGS OUT WONDERFULLY

THAT CONFLICT THAT WE ALL HAVE

BETWEEN THE RATIONAL
AND THE ROMANTIC.

IT'S WONDERFUL TO BELIEVE
THAT THE SHROUD MIGHT BE REAL.

IT'S A LITTLE TEDIOUS TO HAVE
SCIENCE TELL ONE IT ISN'T,

BUT WE ALL HAVE WITHIN US
THAT NEED FOR BOTH.

THAT SPARK OF THE IMAGINATION
IS ALWAYS THERE,

AND FOR SO LONG AS HUMANS
HAVE THAT,

THE SHROUD WILL HAVE
ITS SUPPORTERS.

Narrator: AND SO, REGARDLESS
OF THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE

INDICATING WHETHER IT IS

OR ISN'T THE GENUINE
BURIAL CLOTH OF JESUS,

FOR MILLIONS OF PEOPLE,

THE TURIN SHROUD
WILL UNDOUBTEDLY

LONG REMAIN ONE OF THE WORLD'S

MOST REVERED AND ICONIC
RELIGIOUS TREASURES.