Original subtitles

Abandoned cities,

ancient cultures nearly erased by time,

and colossal empires that simply vanished

without a trace.

How does a civilization become lost?

Is it decimated by wars,

or does it die off as the result

of some deadly plague or cataclysm?

What could cause a once‐thriving group of people‐‐

like the Mayans, for example‐‐

to just abandon their great cities,

never to return?

Well, that is what we'll try and find out.

Explorers John Lloyd Stephens

and Frederick Catherwood mount an expedition to investigate

reports of mysterious ruins

located in this remote, largely uncharted region.

After scouting and mapping miles of dark, impenetrable jungle,

they find some unusual features in the dense brush.

Oddly‐shaped stones,

peculiar carvings

and strange artifacts that could only be manmade.

It isn't long

before they realize they've made an incredible discovery:

The remains of the mysterious ancient Maya civilization,

deep in the rainforest.

And what was so remarkable

to Stephens and Catherwood is, eventually,

they found temples and platforms and pyramids.

There was monumental architecture and conical mounds

and other building platforms in the rainforest.

And to look at these cities in the jungle,

kind of coming out of the jungle was...

was just absolutely remarkable, and it got people's attention.

On their return to the United States,

Stephens and Catherwood publish an illustrated book

of their findings,

detailing 44 individual ruins.

Readers are astounded by the book's meticulous illustrations,

which portray a sophisticated ancient society.

And news of the astonishing find

quickly spreads around the world.

The Maya become more mysterious

as we collect more information.

They have a sophisticated writing system.

They obviously have a sophisticated religious system,

a calendar system.

And so, the calendar which would have been a very useful tool

for the Maya elite and priests to be able to understand,

say, for example, when there was gonna be a solar eclipse.

They were ancient astronomers and architects.

They have social structure

that we're just beginning to understand,

and their cities are remarkable.

At its peak,

the Maya civilization stretched from Guatemala and Belize

to western Honduras and El Salvador.

Their total population was estimated to be in the millions,

and concentrated in large city centers

like Copán, Tikal and Calakmul.

And then, suddenly, during the ninth century A. D.,

this advanced society just collapsed.

Vast cities, ornate palaces, towering pyramids‐‐

all of it completely abandoned,

left to be reclaimed by the jungle.

But why?

The mystery

of why Maya civilization collapsed is one

that archeology has been debating forever.

830 is right about when all of the cities in the Maya area

and all over Mesoamerica are falling apart.

They drop their tools, and they walk away.

They're abandoning those cities, and it's a mystery.

Where did the people go? Why did they leave?

If you have such a sophisticated civilization,

how do these things collapse?

What went wrong?

For decades,

archaeologists have speculated

as to what might have caused the sudden demise of the Maya.

Dozens of theories‐‐ blaming everything

from drought, to disease,

to devastating earthquakes‐‐ have been proposed.

Yet, the simple truth is no one knows what really happened.

But a recent study‐‐

using state‐of‐the‐art technology‐‐

might have provided a significant clue.

An airplane operated by the University of Houston's.

National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping

flies 2,000 feet above the thick jungle canopy.

As the plane reaches its target area,

an advanced scanning technology called "lidar" is used

to fire laser pulses through the trees at the ground below.

When the resulting data is later compiled

into a three‐dimensional rendering of the area,

the scientists are stunned by what they see.

Once lidar got involved,

we saw roads leading out into other city centers.

We saw thousands upon thousands of houses.

Collectively, all the areas that they covered

were over 60,000 new buildings that we didn't see before.

Previously, they thought

that the Maya reached probably a maximum level

of population of around five million.

But the estimates now take us up

to at least 15 to 20 million.

Ever since the rediscovery

of Maya ruins by Europeans in the 19th century,

nearly every piece of data uncovered about the Maya

raised more and more questions.

But now, after scientists began using lidar,

they finally started to find answers,

such as the possible cause

of the Maya civilization's collapse: War.

Once we started going out

and recording and mapping these sites,

we see defense warfare structures.

This is a remarkable thing that we never knew

that these defensive works were out there,

leading archeologists to scratch their heads

and basically say, "Oh, my gosh."

The Maya were warlike, and warfare was very important."

We know there was

warfare going on.

They were building all kinds of defensive structures.

Could that have something to do

with the vanishing of the Mayans?

More and more,

as the classic period went on,

monuments became full of war imagery

and people taking captives and people being beheaded.

So we know war was a factor.

If it was just war, the victors would have claimed the land,

and the losers would have beat it.

But that's not the fact.

Everybody left.

Why?

According to the Popol Vuh,

the written history of the Maya,

they believed that time was cyclical in nature.

Each cycle lasted for a fixed number of years,

at which time, a great cataclysm would wipe the slate clean

so a new world could be born from the old one's ashes.

So was this the real reason?

Did the Maya abandon their great cities and disband their culture

simply because an ancient prophecy

told them when exactly to do it?

BARNHART The timing is very interesting.

In 830, a great cycle is ending.

There was certainly evidence for them

to believe that things were going bad.

There were climate problems.

There were resource problems.

There were people fighting.

Were they timing the leaving of their cities

to the calendar that they created?

That's a... a big possibility.

Right or wrong, the Maya believed

that the end of their civilization was at hand.

And while that may seem like a farfetched notion,

there actually exists one group of people

that hold similar beliefs:

The descendants of the Maya.

When you talk to modern Maya people

in the Guatemalan Highlands,

people called day keepers, Ajq'ij‐‐

they are priests who still follow the calendar,

and they teach people that things begin

and they come to an end,

and that to be in harmony with the world, you need

to know these cycles and change before the world changes you.

It's very possible that back then,

when all the signs that the world was going a serious

wrong direction, that the Maya civilization

as a whole said, "These are the signs.

"The time is now.

Let's collectively change ourselves."

Was the collapse

of the Maya civilization

simply the result of a self‐fulfilling prophecy?

There are many who aren't so sure.

As far as they're concerned,

something more sinister happened.

And they believe the evidence can be found

by studying the fate of another ancient civilization,

one found much closer to home:

The Anasazi.

Set into the high cliffs

of Mesa Verde National Park in southwestern Colorado

is what many consider to be America's biggest mystery.

A mystery carved in solid rock.

Cliff Palace, as it has come to be known,

contains more than 150 chambers

connected by extensive ramps and stairways.

According to most archaeologists and historians,

it was constructed almost a thousand years ago

by a tribe of Ancestral Puebloans

known as the Anasazi.

The Ancestral Pueblo are a people

that grew up in the Four Corners area of the United States.

They're actually in an area called the San Juan Basin,

where they spent most of their culture's history,

all the way into Paleo‐Indian times,

which is about 12,000 years ago.

They're a culture we call Basket Maker,

and they did most of their cooking and gathering

in pit houses and weaved baskets.

I think one of the things that's the most admirable

about the Ancestral Pueblo is their ability to live

in such a resource‐poor environment.

It was highland desert.

There were not many natural plants to eat.

It was very difficult to grow corn.

There were not a whole lot of animals to hunt,

and yet they found a way to live in that niche

and survive.

Starting in the ninth century,

the Anasazi expanded their civilization

by building massive structures throughout the Southwest,

first in New Mexico's Chaco Canyon

and later in the cliffs of Mesa Verde.

There was a big explosion

in the kind of architecture they were making

and its scale and its sophistication.

There were already tens of thousands of little communities,

but now they started building these gigantic buildings.

We call them "great houses,"

and they were apartment complexes

but on a scale that the Pueblo had never made.

Hundreds of individual rooms

would make up these great houses,

and they could be upwards of five stories tall.

For years,

people studying the Anasazi have wondered

how a simple group of people

developed into an advanced civilization so quickly.

But perhaps an even more intriguing question is:

Why would those same people

go to such great lengths to build incredible structures,

only to abandon them?

And then, during the 1200s,

very mysteriously, suddenly, it disappeared.

When archaeologists looked at these remains

at the time of the civilization disappearance,

it was very sudden, as if people just grabbed what they could

and took off.

People just up and left.

They left behind all of their belongings.

And there is evidence that this activity occurred very quickly.

It was almost as if they left behind ghost towns.

So, what really happened to the Anasazi?

We know that drought must have been a factor,

because there were periods

when there was virtually no rain.

We can say they left for drought reasons,

but if these perfectly good places

were good again after the drought,

why didn't they come back?

It had to be more than just a practical.

"Well, we can't plant here anymore."

If it wasn't drought

that forced the Anasazi to leave their cliff dwellings,

then what was it?

According to some anthropologists,

the answer may lie in their own mythology

and a tale about a shadowy supernatural figure

known as the Gambler.

The story of the Gambler tells of a very powerful figure.

He challenges all the people of the Four Corners region

to these gambling matches, and he always wins.

And in these stories,

the people give away their goods.

Eventually, they're giving away even their homes and their food

and eventually themselves as slaves

to this powerful gambler figure.

And in their mythology,

they say the Gambler is the one who taught them

how to build these great houses

and asked them to do it, basically,

in terms of slavery.

They were then his to command.

Eventually, in the story,

the gods decide that the Gambler has overstepped.

He has become full of hubris.

He's behaving in a way he shouldn't.

So he's eventually defeated and banished from Chaco Canyon.

So, when the Gambler was finally defeated,

it's said that he laid some kind of curse on the land.

He said, "I will kill you with lightning,

"and I will send war and disease among you.

"May the cold freeze you.

"May the fire burn you.

May the waters drown you."

Some groups say he opened up some kind of vortex.

And because there was so much badness and so much suffering,

everyone made the decision to leave

and never go there again.

Many cultures have tales of a wily trickster,

someone who cheats people out of hearth and home

before laying a curse on their village

and vanishing in a puff of smoke.

But could the Anasazi legend of the Gambler

have actually been based on a real‐life event?

I went into museum collections,

and I found hundreds of gambling pieces excavated

from Pueblo Bonito and the other buildings in the canyon,

things like dice or pieces used in different guessing games.

There's a lot of archaeological evidence

for gambling at Chaco Canyon.

And I do think the stories are literal

in the sense that it was a major aspect of the society.

It has to do with actual people, historical events.

Does archaeological evidence of gambling

mean the Anasazi legend of the Gambler

is simply a parable about the dangers of unchecked vice?

Or were the Anasazi forced to flee from their homes

after being tormented by some sort

of dark, supernatural force?

Very often, abandoned villages or abandoned sites

are held to be haunted by the ghosts.

This is probably a very widespread notion that,

when a civilization collapses,

very often, something went wrong.

And it's not purely physical. It's something spiritual.

Today, Pueblo people will go to Chaco,

and they will honor their ancestors there.

But some groups of them say

that there was a very bad thing that happened there

and that their ancestors, for a long period of time,

didn't go there and they wanted nothing to do with it.

Could a deadly curse really have caused the Anasazi

to abandon their elaborate cliff dwellings?

There are those who believe that dark forces were responsible

and that similar forces were also behind

the mysterious disappearance of what might have been

the world's first civilization,

the one located at a place now known

as Gobekli Tepe.

While plowing his field,

shepherd Safak Yildiz spots a strangely shaped stone

emerging from the parched earth.

When he brushes away the dirt,

he realizes the stone may be part of a much larger object.

After reporting his find,

he is visited by archaeologist Klaus Schmidt

and a team from the German Archaeological Institute.

Further excavation reveals

the stone is actually part of a massive,

elaborately carved stone pillar,

one in what turns out to be dozens

that form an ancient underground complex.

Gobekli Tepe is arguably the most important

archaeological discovery in recent years.

We're talking about a whole series of stone circles

built on the top of a mountain.

If you can imagine Stonehenge in England

but multiply it by 20 times

and have these stones in circles

facing towards two massive, great monoliths

as much as 18 and a half feet tall,

weighing between 15 and 20 tons,

this is what we see at Gobekli Tepe.

Gobekli Tepe could very well be the first lost civilization.

We've only uncovered a small percentage of it,

like ten or 15%.

We have no idea, really, how much bigger this is

and what else we're gonna find there.

We have to ask ourselves:

Could Gobekli Tepe been

a place of commerce and trade?

And I think the answer is an undoubted yes,

because its construction would have necessitated

the presence of not just hundreds

but many thousands of people coming from across the region

who, at the beginning, were hunter‐gatherers.

While there are many theories,

the true purpose of Gobekli Tepe remains shrouded in mystery.

But no less mysterious than the stones themselves

is the lost civilization that fashioned them.

Because when sediment layers of the site were carbon‐dated,

it was shockingly revealed that Gobekli Tepe

is more than 12,000 years old.

Gobekli Tepe really did send shock waves

through the whole world of early prehistory,

because we'd never before known or imagined, even,

that simple hunter‐gatherers

could produce such spectacular monumental structures

as‐as are found at Gobekli Tepe.

Now, many of these pillars

also have remarkable carvings on them, wonderful carvings

and bas‐reliefs of animals, birds, insects,

all kinds of things.

So to fashion those and carve them

and set them up in these structures

was just absolutely amazing.

More than one‐third of Gobekli Tepe's stone pillars

contain elaborate bas‐relief carvings

of various animals.

But what has many archaeologists and historians puzzled

is that many of the species depicted,

like geese and armadillos and wild boar,

are not indigenous to the area.

That location just happens to be near where Noah

and the animals in the ark ended the long journey

through the flood.

And these giant pillars in Gobekli Tepe

have carvings of animals, many different kinds of animals.

Are these the animals from the ark?

Did the stories about those animals

end up being depicted in stone?

Could there really be a connection

between Gobekli Tepe and the Great Flood?

Perhaps.

But according to another audacious theory,

the animal carvings at Gobekli Tepe

may have been inspired by another,

even older biblical story.

Gobekli Tepe is located in the very area

that the Bible tells us the Garden of Eden was located.

It is said that Eden was where the four rivers of paradise

took their rise.

Two of those rivers were the Euphrates and the Tigris

that flowed through Mesopotamia.

And these both rose in the same area

as Gobekli Tepe.

Professor Klaus Schmidt, the German archaeologist,

even suggested himself

that this could be the area of Eden

and the point of foundation of civilization.

The Garden of Eden?

It's a fascinating theory

but one that is not without its problems.

Because archaeological evidence shows that Gobekli Tepe

was not only later abandoned,

but also backfilled and deliberately buried.

Why...

would anyone want to leave‐‐ and bury‐‐

paradise?

Around 8000 B. C.,

the people of Gobekli Tepe just vanish.

They just disappear.

So we have to ask ourself: Where did they go?

Did they just vanish into oblivion?

What we know is that recently archaeologists discovered

a number of human skulls that had been modified.

And what this means is that they had been sculpted,

or that they had been pierced,

uh, so that they could be hung up

perhaps on some kind of frame or platform.

They found skulls that are smashed in.

They found remains that look as if there's been some kind

of mass ritual or murder or sacrifice going on.

There may have actually been a skull cult there.

Do we know what these people were doing?

Of course not, because they were doing this

thousands of years before writing took place.

We can try and guess.

We‐we know important rituals took place there.

Klaus Schmidt would talk about this as Eden.

I think what he meant was this is an Edenic society.

Because if you look at the story

of the Garden of Eden in the Bible,

that's a hunter‐gatherer society.

That's before we discover agriculture.

And so the fact that here's this place, Gobekli Tepe,

it's really challenging our understandings

of our own origins, our own religious origins.

And you start thinking about what else we're gonna find.

It remains to be seen what will be found

in the rest of the site.

But, certainly, I'm sure Gobekli Tepe

has plenty more surprises for us.

Every new enclosure excavated,

every new piece of evidence puts another piece in the jigsaw

but also, at the same time,

raises new questions that we find very difficult to answer.

Whether Gobekli Tepe has

a connection to biblical stories or not,

one thing is certain:

Its builders chose to bury their great creation,

and we may never know why or where they went,

not unlike another ancient civilization

that also buried their most important artifacts,

giant stone heads that suggest

they might have possessed the ability to harness

one of the most powerful forces in the universe.

Archaeologist Matthew Stirling

is excavating an ancient site

once occupied by the Olmec people,

a lost Mesoamerican civilization

dating as far back as 1200 B. C.

As Stirling's team unearths and catalogs numerous artifacts,

they notice a number of unusually large,

rounded boulders buried nearby.

What emerges from the ground are, quite literally,

some of the largest archaeological finds

of the 20th century.

Over the next several decades,

17 colossal heads carved from solid basalt

were ultimately discovered in the area,

the largest measuring a staggering 11 feet tall

and weighing 50 tons.

When you walk up to these imposing,

you know, stone monuments,

you see these things are‐are huge,

with these just amazing lifelike features.

It would have taken thousands of people

to drag these stones through the rainforest,

through mud and swamps, onto the tops of their sites.

But perhaps what's most striking about these giant heads

is not their size

or how they were brought to the middle of the jungle

but rather who they seem to be depicting.

The colossal heads have

an African appearance.

But, also, equally,

they've been seen to have a Polynesian appearance as well.

Is it possible that the Olmec were the result

of transpacific or even transatlantic migrations

of peoples from other continents?

Although mainstream historians dismiss the notion

that the Olmec originated in Asia or Africa,

the appearance of the Olmec heads

suggests that it is possible.

But not only do we not know where the Olmec came from,

we also don't know where they went.

One of the real frustrations to archaeologists

who study the Olmec

is that we don't have a single Olmec skeleton

that we can look at and analyze.

For over a thousand years,

the Olmec were the culture in the middle of Mesoamerica.

But then they faded away.

And why exactly they stopped

is something we're not sure of.

The Olmec disappeared so completely,

all that's left of them are scattered remains,

some sculptures and figurines.

Which means, if we're to answer the riddle

of the Olmecs' disappearance, there's only one place to look:

Those huge, imposing stone heads,

staring back at us through time

with their odd, sphinxlike gazes.

One of the most remarkable discoveries

in connection with the art of the Olmec

is the presence of magnetism.

In a number of different statues,

when a compass is brought up to them,

the needles move.

Archaeologists in the late 1960s and early 1970s

used magnetometers to find many

of the most remarkable colossal heads.

The Olmec heads

probably gave off magnetic signatures,

because they're made of basalt,

a dense volcanic rock that becomes magnetic

as it cools.

So, by making the heads of basalt

that came from the volcano itself,

that same energy

was inherited by those colossal heads.

What all of this suggests is that the Olmec

went out and deliberately chose rocks

that had this magnetic effect.

Magnetic stones.

If the Olmec were harnessing magnetism,

what were they using it for?

There are many theories about how the Olmecs

may have used magnetism.

One interesting speculation is whether they could have moved

some of the large stones using magnetic levitation.

It's very simple to get magnets

to either attract or repel each other

if their poles are opposing.

It's difficult to imagine even using modern moving technology

to move very large stones.

Yet they were moved.

Levitation?

It's a fascinating theory,

although one that's hard to prove,

not unlike another theory that suggests

that the Olmec may have been using the magnetic properties

in their giant stone heads for healing purposes.

Colossal head ten from San Lorenzo has what appears to be

these little multiperforated beads

all over all of the head in his headdress.

In a recent excavation, the lead archeologists found thousands,

144,000 of these little magnetic cubes.

And they could have been then strung together in mats

and possibly, in this case, the headdress.

And leading some archeologists to say,

"What about the magnetic qualities

that might have been used in possible healing?"

We know the importance

of magnets used in certain therapies.

And did the Olmec‐‐ did they already discover

the important health benefits of‐of magnetic therapy?

If the Olmec leaders

were using the power of magnetism

for some type of healing,

it may have had the opposite affect.

Magnetic fields can be healing or harmful.

In some cases, people who have been exposed

to very strong magnetic fields

have lapsed into comas, had seizures.

Some people have even died after being exposed

to very strong magnetic fields.

So, could the presence

of magnetism in the art objects

that were fashioned by the Olmecs

have had something to do

with why they deliberately buried many

of their statues and figurines?

We do not have any definitive answers.

But what we do know is

that the Olmec culture dissolved.

It disappeared almost into oblivion.

Did the Olmecs meddle with magnetic powers

that were simply beyond their ability to control?

Recent findings suggest

such a fantastic notion is entirely possible.

Theirs is a cautionary tale

of technology run amok, and, just like our next example,

the consequence of trying to harness a power

far too deadly to be contained.

Located more than 2,000 miles

west of South America,

it is one of the most remote and desolate islands in the world.

It is also the home of nearly 1,000 moai,

a collection of giant megalithic stone sentinels

whose purpose remains as mysterious

as the lost civilization that carved them.

Located in what is now Cambodia,

this enormous, 402‐acre temple complex was once part

of the thriving city of Angkor, the capital of the Khmer Empire.

Although most historians agree

that the Khmer people were most likely vanquished

by a series of devastating wars, the real reason

for their complete disappearance is unknown.

Located on an island

in what is now Dare County, North Carolina.

This English colony was originally conceived in 1585

as part of Sir Walter Raleigh's plan to settle North America.

When English explorers returned

to check in on the colony in 1590,

they found that its estimated 121 inhabitants

had vanished.

The only clue they left behind was the word "Croatoan,"

mysteriously carved into a tree.

All of these, and more,

are examples of civilizations that simply vanished.

But why?

And how?

Perhaps the answer can be found

by examining a more recent cataclysm,

one that forced an entire city to be abandoned.

A magnitude nine point earthquake

triggers a devastating tsunami

along the country's eastern shore.

Giant waves up to 50 feet tall

are sent crashing into the coast,

killing almost 16,000 people

and destroying hundreds of buildings,

including the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.

As seawater pours into the plant,

it triggers a chain reaction

that leads to three nuclear meltdowns,

multiple hydrogen explosions,

and a massive flood of radioactive contamination

into the surrounding area.

200,000 people are immediately evacuated.

In less than 48 hours, this once‐thriving city

becomes a ghost town.

An entire city

was abandoned

in the middle of the Fukushima crisis.

Something like from

a post‐apocalyptic science fiction movie.

Food still on the shelf in stores.

People literally did not go down

into the house to grab their coats.

They just got theirselves

and their family into the car and drove

because of the danger of radiation leakage.

The Japanese didn't

prepare adequately for tsunamis

because this was just an unforeseen consequence

of a catastrophically large earthquake.

The earthquake that caused the tsunami was one

of the‐the nastiest earthquakes ever recorded.

Nobody had envisioned this level

of catastrophe happening all at once.

We know that no one will ever go and live there again.

This place is gonna have to be vacant for years

because it's radioactive.

We tend to think that just because we live in a world

with advanced technology, modern medicine,

and the ability to fly around the world in a single day,

that our civilization is safe from extinction.

But disasters,

like the one at Fukushima, prove that is not the case.

I look at an event like Fukushima and see a pattern:

That we are not that different

than the people that lived in the past.

We have, as civilizations, again and again created technologies,

and forgotten the power of nature.

Civilizations disappear rapidly.

So we have to ask ourselves whether, in past ages,

natural catastrophes can have combined

with the presence of human civilizations

to create cataclysms that completely obliterated

entire civilizations.

Whether by natural catastrophe

or by war, famine or disease,

all civilizations, even our own,

are destined not to last forever.

But is there any way to stop the inevitable from happening,

or are we really doomed

to repeat the mistakes of the past?

A panel of experts from the Future of Humanity Institute

publish the results of a survey regarding

the global catastrophic risks

that humanity will face in the 21st century.

The results of the questionnaire are both surprising

and concerning,

because the experts agree that there is a one‐in‐five chance

of human extinction before the year 2100.

At the 2008 Oxford conference,

participants considered nanotechnology,

artificial intelligence and war to be the three categories

that were most likely to bring about such an event.

Personally, the one that keeps me awake at night

is the unbridled development of artificial intelligence.

It's partially because of the weaponization

of artificial intelligence,

and what I like to refer to as the dark triad of offensive,

lethal, autonomous machines.

The possibility of programming errors

or of users deliberately inflicting these

upon enemy populations is

the type of thing that makes me nervous.

The development of artificial intelligence

is supposed to make lives a lot easier,

but in practice might represent

the biggest existential threat of all.

When we see a civilization that effectively disappears

without a record of precisely why they left,

the answer is often rooted in the development

of advanced technology,

because advanced technology enables a larger population

to live in a smaller area.

But if something happens to the resources themselves,

then you don't have the capacity

to support the population anymore.

When I look at an episode like

Rome making an incredible drainage system

out of lead pipes, and then everyone goes nuts‐‐.

Is it all that different than human society

building up technology to the point where we forget

that we're really just part of an ecosystem

that's much more powerful than us no matter what we build?

We have a tendency to assume that we can always

innovate our way out of the crisis of the moment.

There's also no guarantee that technology will save

a civilization when it's faced with an existential threat.

Will we live to see the day

when our own civilization comes to an end?

Given how advanced we've become, it seems unlikely

that all of our current technology‐‐

our cities, architecture, culture‐‐

could ever be reduced to a giant pile of rocks

and a few carvings, but then again,

maybe it's our naive belief that it can't happen to us

that makes our demise inevitable.

So is there any way we can prevent it?

Perhaps the answer will be one more that for now remains

unexplained.

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