Original subtitles

{1}{1}23.976 {5202}{5281}My father never... {5346}{5502}...to any of us, his children,|ever discussed that expedition. {5513}{5603}Occasionally,|an odd statement came out... {5609}{5689}...but he never let us read his diaries|when he was alive. {5693}{5753}They were locked up. {5794}{5913}My father never spoke.|He did say they had a tough time. {5918}{5969}We were a bit too young|to listen to him. {6009}{6122}But apart from that at all,|l never heard him speak much about it. {6286}{6367}{Y:i}The 1 9 1 4 Imperial|Trans-Antarctic Expedition... {6371}{6454}{Y:i}...under the leadership of polar explorer|Sir Ernest Shackleton... {6458}{6605}{Y:i}...would have been the last great|journey in the heroic Age of Discovery. {6686}{6733}{Y:i}It was a daring scheme. {6737}{6845}{Y:i}A small party was to cross|the Antarctic continent for the first time. {6850}{6883}{Y:i}According to legend... {6887}{6985}{Y:i}...Shackleton announced the expedition|in a now-famous advertisement. {7019}{7091}''Men wanted for hazardous journey. {7096}{7190}Small wages, bitter cold... {7195}{7245}...long months of complete darkness... {7250}{7360}...constant danger,|safe return doubtful. {7370}{7493}Honor and recognition|in case of success. Ernest Shackleton.'' {7510}{7602}My grandfather, Col. Orde-Lees,|was always looking for an opportunity... {7654}{7693}...to do something exceptional. {7702}{7797}And such an ad would have been catnip|to my grandfather. {7801}{7864}He couldn't resist it. {7893}{8005}Chippy McNish saw|an advertisement in the paper... {8010}{8065}...looking for men to go to Antarctica... {8118}{8190}...and it said that you might not return. {8212}{8287}So he went and seen about it|and got there. {8394}{8433}{Y:i}Five thousand men... {8438}{8554}{Y:i}...from sailors to Cambridge-educated|scientists, responded. {8566}{8706}{Y:i}Like Ernest Shackleton, they were|drawn by hopes of adventure and glory. {8710}{8777}l had a dream when l was 22... {8781}{8877}...that someday l would go to|the region of ice and snow... {8881}{9030}...and go on and on till l came|to one of the poles of the Earth. {9143}{9231}{Y:i}Exploration had earned Shackleton|fame and a knighthood... {9235}{9318}{Y:i}...but he had still|not realized his dream. {9322}{9398}{Y:i}Twice before, he had set out|to claim the South Pole... {9402}{9463}{Y:i}...and twice|he had returned defeated... {9467}{9585}{Y:i}...ultimately losing this prize|to Norwegian Roald Amundsen. {9709}{9807}{Y:i}Shackleton's new venture|captured the British imagination. {9811}{9875}{Y:i}Not all, however, were impressed. {9880}{9951}{Y:i}First Lord of the Admiralty|Winston Churchill, for one... {9955}{10030}{Y:i}...viewed the famous explorer|as a mere adventurer... {10036}{10087}{Y:i}...and dismissed his latest project. {10091}{10198}{Y:i}''Enough life and money has been spent|on this sterile quest, '' he wrote. {10202}{10357}{Y:i}''The pole has already been discovered.|What is the use of another expedition?'' {10405}{10529}{Y:i}Nevertheless, in August 1 9 1 4, after|seven frantic months of preparation... {10534}{10684}{Y:i}...Shackleton and his crew of 2 7 men|were poised for departure. {10714}{10765}{Y:i}But even as his ship set sail... {10770}{10894}{Y:i}...the world in which Shackleton's dream|had been conceived was coming apart. {11085}{11153}{Y:i}World War I broke out in Europe. {11177}{11277}{Y:i}Shackleton offered his ship and men|to Britain's war effort. {11282}{11417}{Y:i}The Admiralty declined the offer|in a single word: ''Proceed. '' {11502}{11597}{Y:i}Shackleton's ship, Endurance,|was named for his family motto: {11602}{11645}{Y:i}''By endurance we conquer. '' {11649}{11749}{Y:i}The phrase that summed up|Shackleton's own drive and resilience. {11753}{11809}{Y:i}He was determined not to repeat|earlier mistakes... {11813}{11910}{Y:i}...that had cost him the prize|of the South Pole. {11956}{12005}{Y:i}Following the successful Norwegians... {12010}{12109}{Y:i}...Shackleton brought along|69 Canadian sled dogs. {12250}{12333}{Y:i}Food supplies would also be depoted|for the six-man sledging party... {12338}{12455}{Y:i}...that would make the 1 500-mile journey|across the Antarctic continent. {12506}{12571}{Y:i}Shackleton's own ship|would approach Antarctica... {12575}{12682}{Y:i}...from the ice-strewn waters|of the little-known Weddell Sea. {12727}{12795}{Y:i}The sea's gateway was the island|of South Georgia... {12799}{12858}{Y:i}...the Endurance's last port of call. {12862}{12930}{Y:i}An outpost of humanity|amidst the frozen wastes... {12934}{13013}{Y:i}...the island was home|to small whaling communities... {13017}{13084}{Y:i}...run by company men. {13113}{13195}{Y:i}A local priest romantically|described these whalers... {13199}{13282}{Y:i}...as a ''motley race of former noblemen|and other fallen creatures... {13286}{13355}{Y:i}...who now strip blubber or render oil. {13360}{13477}{Y:i}Many, if not most, are at odds with life. '' {13499}{13629}{Y:i}Ernest Shackleton had something in|common with these loners and outsiders. {13633}{13730}{Y:i}Born in Ireland, he had married the|daughter of a well-to-do English lawyer... {13734}{13809}{Y:i}...but he was an indifferent|husband and father. {13813}{13945}{Y:i}A restless soul, he had always been|happiest on his far-flung expeditions. {13950}{13989}{Y:i}He once wrote to his wife: {13994}{14103}{Y:i}''Sometimes I think I am no good|at anything but being away in the wilds. '' {14107}{14263}Shackleton was not your 9-to-5 man,|your commuting type. {14270}{14374}He wanted to be a great man. He was|searching for greatness, for reputation. {14422}{14499}And in a sense, l think|he would have stuck at nothing... {14503}{14593}...to achieve fame and fortune. {14677}{14765}{Y:i}For all of November,|Shackleton and his crew waited... {14769}{14865}{Y:i}...hoping that unusually icy conditions|in the Weddell Sea that austral spring... {14870}{14923}{Y:i}...would improve. {14944}{15030}{Y:i}Expedition photographer Frank Hurley|began his record... {15034}{15150}{Y:i}...by capturing images of exotic wildlife|for an eager British audience. {15154}{15199}{Y:i}The sale of film and photo rights... {15203}{15290}{Y:i}...had been crucial|to financing the costly venture. {15805}{15870}{Y:i}Perce Blackborow,|a young Welsh stowaway... {15874}{15939}{Y:i}...sometimes served|as Hurley's assistant. {15943}{16002}{Y:i}Blackborow had fallen in love|with the Endurance... {16006}{16081}{Y:i}...when she had docked in Buenos Aires|on her way south. {16085}{16159}{Y:i}Mrs. Chippy,|the carpenter's popular tomcat... {16163}{16265}{Y:i}...also along for the ride, had fallen|overboard on the outward journey. {16270}{16357}{Y:i}The ship had turned around|to pick him up. {16374}{16477}{Y:i}The crew took advantage of their last|opportunity to send letters home. {16482}{16555}{Y:i}Navigator Huberht Hudson|wrote his father: {16559}{16649}''Dear old Dad,|just a line before we sail. {16654}{16761}We've had a very good time so far,|and l think we shall do well. {16765}{16894}l hope to be home again within 1 9 months|and go straight to the front. {16898}{16985}What a glorious age we live in!'' {17037}{17109}{Y:i}By early December,|Shackleton could delay no longer... {17113}{17184}{Y:i}...if he were to take advantage|of the Antarctic summer. {17189}{17261}{Y:i}All his resources had been committed|to the expedition... {17266}{17350}{Y:i}...and behind him, Europe was at war. {17354}{17465}{Y:i}Twice before, he had seen|his dream snatched from him. {17639}{17762}{Y:i}He was now 40 years old,|and this was his last chance. {17781}{17937}{Y:i}On December 5, 1 9 1 4, the Endurance|left the island and headed south. {19229}{19290}{Y:i}On the third day,|they encountered the enemy. {19305}{19423}{Y:i}The huge, compacted chunks|of surface water known as ''pack ice. '' {19490}{19538}{Y:i}The pack stretched to the horizon... {19542}{19631}{Y:i}...broken only by gaps of open water|known as leads. {19694}{19798}{Y:i}The challenge would be to navigate|the shifting, 1 000-mile tangle of leads... {19802}{19869}{Y:i}...all the way to the continent. {20314}{20418}{Y:i}Dr. Alexander Macklin, a Scottish|surgeon and one of the dog minders... {20422}{20538}{Y:i}...recorded his observations of the ship's|high-spirited captain, Frank Worsley. {20542}{20633}Worsley specialized in ramming,|and l have a sneaking suspicion... {20637}{20722}...that he often went out of his way|to find a nice piece of floe... {20726}{20822}...at which he could drive|at full speed and cut in two. {20826}{20889}He loved to feel the shock,|the riding up... {20894}{20995}...and the sensation as the ice gave|and we drove through it. {21491}{21566}{Y:i}Some days,|the ship was held up by ice. {21570}{21671}{Y:i}On others, she made long runs|in open water. {21766}{21882}{Y:i}After six weeks of travel, the Endurance|was only 1 00 miles from the continent... {21886}{22009}{Y:i}...when she entered a field of heavy|brash ice, slowing the ship to a crawl. {22014}{22101}{Y:i}Capt. Worsley|recorded a fateful decision. {22106}{22202}The character of the pack has again|changed. The floes are very thick. {22206}{22302}We cannot push through except|with a very great expenditure of power. {22306}{22358}We therefore prefer|to lie to for a while... {22362}{22477}...to see if the pack opens at all|when this northeast wind clears. {22570}{22657}{Y:i}When day broke, the men found the ice|had closed around the ship. {22661}{22756}{Y:i}No water was visible in any direction. {22761}{22871}{Y:i}As the days passed,|the ice showed no sign of relenting. {22910}{22997}{Y:i}The event that sealed their fate|was recalled years later... {23001}{23106}{Y:i}...in a radio interview by expedition|meteorologist Leonard Hussey. {23110}{23205}On the 1 4 of February, 1 91 5,|the temperature suddenly dropped... {23209}{23277}...from 20 degrees above zero|to 20 degrees below... {23281}{23357}...and the whole sea froze over|and we froze in with it. {23362}{23453}{Y:i}An unexpected lead opened up|400 yards ahead... {23457}{23531}{Y:i}...offering a chance|to reach open water. {23536}{23610}Of course we had no explosive|to blast our way out. {23614}{23689}We just had picks and shovels. {24153}{24265}{Y:i}For 48 hours,|the men attacked the ice. {25785}{25868}{Y:i}Frank Hurley, who filmed the men's|exhausting bid for freedom... {25873}{25906}{Y:i}...wrote in his diary: {25910}{25958}All hands hard at it till midnight... {25962}{26034}...when a survey is made|of the remaining two-thirds. {26038}{26117}Itis reluctantly determined|to relinquish the task... {26122}{26221}...as the remainder of the ice|is unworkable. {26790}{26874}{Y:i}They were trapped until spring,|some seven months away. {26878}{27004}{Y:i}Beyond even radio contact, no one|in the world knew where they were. {27021}{27150}{Y:i}They had been thwarted only|one day's sail from their destination. {27349}{27409}{Y:i}In his diary, Dr. Macklin wrote: {27414}{27487}Itwas more than tantalizing.|Itwas maddening. {27491}{27599}Shackleton, at this time, showed|one of his sparks of real greatness. {27604}{27760}He did not rage at all, or show outwardly|the slightest sign of disappointment. {27766}{27860}He told us simply and calmly|that we must winter in the pack. {27865}{27981}Never lost his optimism|and prepared for the winter. {28126}{28225}{Y:i}Optimism was at the very core|of Ernest Shackleton's personality. {28230}{28309}{Y:i}Known to all as ''the Boss, ''|he was a born leader... {28313}{28433}{Y:i}...who was, from his youth, driven|by a romantic quest for adventure. {28437}{28506}{Y:i}At 1 6, he had shipped out|as a cabin boy. {28510}{28621}{Y:i}By 2 4, he was certified as a master|in the merchant marine service. {28626}{28689}{Y:i}Shortly after,|he was chosen as an officer... {28694}{28795}{Y:i}...on Robert Falcon Scott's|historic first voyage. {28810}{28914}{Y:i}There, he saw tensions flare among men|of different personalities and classes... {28918}{28977}{Y:i}...thrown together in close quarters... {28981}{29094}{Y:i}...and watched as morale eroded|under Scott's inadequate leadership. {29098}{29188}{Y:i}Shackleton knew he could do better. {29488}{29545}{Y:i}Now his own expedition|was in trouble... {29550}{29649}{Y:i}...trapped in the pack ice,|drifting helplessly north. {29740}{29813}{Y:i}The crew, restless. {30143}{30241}{Y:i}Col. Thomas Orde-Lees,|the storekeeper and motor expert... {30246}{30326}{Y:i}...irritated everyone|with his superior airs. {30330}{30406}{Y:i}In a characteristic diary entry,|he observed: {30410}{30503}l have made a point of sitting|at the same table as the 4th officer... {30508}{30582}...and the carpenter,|who is a perfect pig in every way. {30586}{30678}l've done this to try and accommodate|oneself to ideas and ways... {30682}{30742}...less refined than one's own. {30794}{30900}{Y:i}Others shared his distaste|for mingling with different classes. {30905}{31029}{Y:i}McNish, the carpenter, had blunt words|of his own for the superior motor expert. {31045}{31187}Orde-Lees is laid up with a sprained|back. He was shoveling snow yesterday. {31192}{31273}The first work he has done|since we left London. {31409}{31492}{Y:i}Shackleton insisted the men keep|to a strict daily routine... {31497}{31583}{Y:i}...and carefully monitored their morale. {31881}{31981}{Y:i}When dissension threatened, Shackleton|was prepared to act forcefully. {31985}{32087}{Y:i}John Vincent, a heavyweight wrestling|champion caught bullying the sailors... {32092}{32150}{Y:i}...was summoned to Shackleton's cabin. {32154}{32222}{Y:i}He left demoted. {32267}{32357}{Y:i}Everyone, including the Boss himself,|would work together. {32361}{32417}{Y:i}Seaman Walter How remembered: {32421}{32521}Everybody mucked in. Itdidn't matter|who they were or what they were. {32526}{32608}Their qualifications|didn't count for anything. {32613}{32723}{Y:i}Scientist James Wordie found himself|assigned to a cleaning brigade. {32728}{32807}Everybody was prepared|to join in whatever was happening... {32812}{32865}...whether it be scrubbing the floor.... {32869}{32957}And l think Shackleton himself,|with his lrish background... {32961}{33079}...and ability to communicate and join in,|made everybody feel that they were one. {33098}{33213}Itwas a team|and not a them-and-us situation. {33623}{33671}He also communicated to his men... {33676}{33766}...that he put them|above the object of the expedition. {33770}{33841}The object was great,|but they were more important. {33862}{33966}{Y:i}Second-in-command Frank Wild|had been with Shackleton in 1 909... {33970}{34037}{Y:i}...when the Boss,|running out of supplies... {34042}{34137}{Y:i}...gave up the pole in order|to save his party from certain death. {34144}{34281}{Y:i}Wild had watched him turn back|just 97 miles short of the prize. {34286}{34359}{Y:i}One night, with both men|close to starvation... {34363}{34470}{Y:i}...Shackleton had forced upon Wild|a biscuit from his own meager rations. {34474}{34505}{Y:i}Wild recorded: {34509}{34586}l do not suppose that anyone else|can thoroughly realize... {34590}{34662}...how much generosity|and sympathy was shown by this. {34666}{34751}l do. By God,|l shall never forget it. {34938}{35017}{Y:i}The floating landscape|convulsed into pressure ridges... {35021}{35085}{Y:i}...became more difficult to negotiate. {35089}{35196}{Y:i}Ice claimed their entire horizon. {35330}{35438}{Y:i}As they drifted, Shackleton was mindful|of the fate of the ship Belgica. {35442}{35514}{Y:i}She also had been frozen|for a winter on the pack... {35518}{35648}{Y:i}...and her crew had succumbed|to infighting, and ultimately, insanity. {36055}{36191}{Y:i}The men turned to the dogs, who quickly|became indispensable companions. {36455}{36490}{Y:i}Hurley recorded: {36494}{36545}A few words about my dogs. {36550}{36633}Shakespeare, aliases Tatchco,|the Holy Hound, and Bug Whiskers... {36638}{36725}...is a magnificent animal, somewhat|resembling an English sheepdog. {36730}{36789}He is a noble creature,|dignified in gait... {36793}{36904}...master of the team in battle|and a leader in canine sagacity. {36926}{37013}A good leader will ferret out|the best track through broken country... {37018}{37146}...will not allow fights in the team,|or indulge in capricious antics. {37161}{37251}A team of nine dogs|can haul about 1 000 pounds. {37255}{37324}My team is one of the best. {38251}{38365}{Y:i}The birth of four puppies|captivated the entire company. {38370}{38505}{Y:i}Tom Crean, tough sailor that he was,|became their adopted father. {39285}{39378}{Y:i}The men passed the long months|with soccer matches. {39431}{39481}{Y:i}With theatrical evenings.... {39622}{39678}{Y:i}With weekly gramophone concerts... {39875}{39958}{Y:i}...and a memorable|haircutting tournament. {39962}{39997}{Y:i}McNish recorded: {40001}{40118}We do look a lot of convicts, and we are|not much short of that life at present... {40122}{40214}...but still hoping to get|to civilization someday. {40482}{40573}{Y:i}By May, they had been trapped|for over three months. {40577}{40630}{Y:i}The sun disappeared|beneath the horizon... {40634}{40751}{Y:i}...leaving days dark as night|until the end of winter. {40818}{40870}{Y:i}The neat piles of sledging supplies... {40874}{40985}{Y:i}...mocked Shackleton's ambition|and the dreams of his men. {41093}{41169}{Y:i}Meanwhile, ominous forces were at work. {41191}{41298}{Y:i}Ice, their old enemy,|menaced the helpless ship. {41350}{41423}{Y:i}Under pressure|of the tightly congested pack... {41428}{41558}{Y:i}...huge blocks of ice buckled|into ridges, threatening to crush her. {41747}{41821}{Y:i}In July, a blizzard raked the Endurance. {41825}{41935}{Y:i}As the ice groaned and heaved,|Shackleton paced his cabin. {41939}{41986}{Y:i}Capt. Worsley recalled: {41990}{42093}He said to me,|''The ship can't live in this, skipper. {42098}{42242}lt's only a matter of time.|What the ice gets, the ice keeps.'' {42318}{42467}{Y:i}The Endurance survived, but as winter|turned to spring, assaults continued. {42568}{42661}{Y:i}In an interview 40 years later,|sailor Walter How... {42666}{42738}{Y:i}...still remembered the ship|staggering under the blows. {42742}{42898}The ice got around to the starboard|quarter, and lifted her bodily as it were... {42902}{42983}...and then she listed|very heavily to port... {42988}{43054}...and the timbers began|to crack and groan. {43058}{43121}Did you hear the timbers|going as the ice tided? {43125}{43281}You couldn't avoid it. Itwas there like|heavy fireworks and blasting of guns. {43554}{43657}{Y:i}Together, Shackleton and Wild|surveyed ice damage. {43706}{43741}{Y:i}Orde-Lees recorded: {43746}{43826}Sir Ernest must have gone through|terrible anxiety lately... {43830}{43942}...though he is so inscrutable that no one|could have detected anything unusual. {43946}{44033}l know for a fact that he did not once|lie down for three days... {44038}{44131}...and l don't think he had undressed|for 1 0 days. {44234}{44330}{Y:i}Tirelessly, the men worked|to cut the ice away from the ship. {44334}{44433}{Y:i}Even the usually stoic McNish|was shaken. He wrote: {44438}{44554}There were times when we thought it|was not possible the ship could stand it. {44558}{44657}Everyone got our warm clothes put up|in as small a bundle as possible. {44661}{44753}l have placed my loved one's photos|inside Bible. {44779}{44853}{Y:i}In late October, the ice struck|with renewed force... {44858}{44983}{Y:i}...opening planks of the starboard side.|Water flooded the hold. {44987}{45129}{Y:i}All hands manned the pumps for three|days and nights to save the Endurance. {45145}{45177}{Y:i}Hurley wrote: {45181}{45225}The ship groans and quivers. {45230}{45331}Windows splinter|while the deck timbers gape and twist. {45335}{45403}Amid these profound|and overwhelming forces... {45407}{45517}...we are the absolute embodiment|of helpless futility. {45725}{45862}{Y:i}On October 2 7, 1 9 1 5, 1 0 months|after their entrapment in the ice... {45866}{45961}{Y:i}...Shackleton gave the order|to abandon ship. {45966}{46021}{Y:i}Seaman How recalled: {46025}{46096}Shackleton sent Frank Wild|along forward... {46101}{46231}...who explained to us|that it was a case of ''get out.'' {46517}{46629}Previously, Sir Ernest|had probably seen the red light... {46633}{46761}...and sledges were packed|with as much stores as possible. {47074}{47222}You've got to remember that a sailor|is a sailor and that's his ship, his home. {47226}{47337}Once he's off that ship,|he's at a loss. {47369}{47405}The adventurers of the expedition... {47459}{47555}...the people that expected to stay,|and knew what they were up against... {47560}{47673}...like Tom Crean, Worsley,|Shackleton himself, Wild... {47690}{47763}...they adapted a little bit easier... {47767}{47816}...but it was still tough. {48021}{48114}{Y:i}They had been reduced to a fraction|of their original provisions... {48118}{48213}{Y:i}...and to three of the ship's|four lifeboats. {48473}{48557}{Y:i}It was minus 1 5 degrees Fahrenheit. {48581}{48635}{Y:i}Tents and clothing had been salvaged... {48640}{48725}{Y:i}...but there were not enough|fur sleeping bags to go around. {48758}{48869}{Y:i}William Bakewell, an American sailor,|recalled the lottery Shackleton arranged. {48890}{48945}There was crooked work|in the drawing... {48949}{49031}...as Sir Ernest, Mr. Wild,|Capt. Worsley and other officers... {49036}{49098}...all drew wool bags. {49103}{49198}The fine warm fur bags|went to the men under them. {49306}{49422}{Y:i}In the chill morning, Shackleton gathered|the company to explain his plan. {49426}{49467}{Y:i}Dr. Macklin recorded: {49471}{49561}As always with him,|what had happened had happened. {49566}{49645}Without emotion, melodrama|or excitement he said: {49649}{49766}''Ship and stores have gone,|so now we'll go home.'' {49930}{50069}{Y:i}This calm front belied the night|Shackleton passed, pacing the ice alone. {50073}{50185}The thoughts that came to me|in the darkness were not cheerful. {50190}{50277}The task now was to secure|the safety of the party... {50281}{50349}...and to that l must apply|every bit of knowledge... {50354}{50431}...that experience of the Antarctic|had given me. {50442}{50513}There is nothing that can crush a man... {50518}{50594}...as to see his dreams|crumble to the dust. {50598}{50691}But on the other hand, he realized... {50695}{50826}...if the one goal had disappeared,|we'll have another one. {50830}{50960}And so, if l can't cross the continent,|l'm going to bring all my men back alive. {50965}{51073}Because you mustn't forget|that polar exploration was littered... {51091}{51149}...with dead bodies. {51185}{51340}This almost fanatic-- Itwas a fanatic|desire to bring his men back alive. {51345}{51490}This then became the driving force.|Itwas the only thing he cared about. {51522}{51677}That change from aiming to attain|what you had set out... {51691}{51805}...to extricating yourself from defeat... {51810}{51945}...is a strain that has broken many a man.|Itdid not break Shackleton. {52060}{52145}{Y:i}Shackleton's first impulse was|to march to the nearest land... {52150}{52217}{Y:i}...some 350 miles to the west. {52222}{52327}{Y:i}The men were allowed 2 pounds|of possessions, with few exceptions. {52331}{52382}{Y:i}Hussey was allowed to keep his banjo... {52386}{52463}{Y:i}...which Shackleton called|''vital mental medicine. '' {52468}{52531}{Y:i}But there could be|no extra mouths to feed. {52535}{52661}{Y:i}On Shackleton's orders, three puppies|and Mrs. Chippy... {52666}{52713}{Y:i}...were shot. {52750}{52837}l feel sure that it is the right thing|to attempt a march. {52841}{52897}lf we can make 5|or 7 miles a day... {52901}{53013}...our chance of reaching safety|will be greatly increased. {53075}{53170}Itwill be better for the men|to feel they are on their way to land... {53176}{53231}...than to sit down and wait. {53334}{53473}{Y:i}But after three days of hard slogging,|they were still within sight of the ship. {53478}{53557}{Y:i}The march to land had proved futile. {53570}{53659}{Y:i}Now there was nothing to do|but watch and wait. {54318}{54414}{Y:i}Food and supplies were salvaged|from the collapsing ship. {54445}{54494}{Y:i}The men scoured her broken deck... {54498}{54586}{Y:i}...retrieving what they could|and hauling it back to camp. {54622}{54733}{Y:i}Frank Hurley conducted a salvage|operation to his submerged darkroom. {54738}{54765}{Y:i}He wrote: {54770}{54837}l hacked through|the thick walls of the refrigerator... {54842}{54897}...to retrieve the negatives|stored therein. {54902}{54977}They were located beneath 4 feet|of mushy ice... {54981}{55105}...and by stripping to the waist|and diving under, l hauled them out. {55480}{55561}{Y:i}Together he and Shackleton|selected 1 20 negatives... {55566}{55631}{Y:i}...and sealed them in tin canisters. {55636}{55711}{Y:i}The remaining 400,|Shackleton had Hurley destroy... {55715}{55797}{Y:i}...so he would not be tempted|to recover them later. {55814}{55945}{Y:i}Hurley retained a single vest-pocket|Kodak camera and three rolls of film. {55981}{56101}{Y:i}On November 2 1, the broken ship|sank for good beneath the ice. {56157}{56210}{Y:i}Shackleton recorded simply: {56214}{56290}At 5 p.m. she went down. {56305}{56370}l cannot write about it. {56435}{56526}{Y:i}Now nothing remained|of the Endurance and her long battle... {56530}{56599}{Y:i}...except Hurley's images. {56843}{56969}Once the ship had gone,|my grandfather, l know... {56974}{57095}...felt ill, not at ease on the ice. {57100}{57189}Itwas a new thing.|l mean, he'd seen snow as a kid... {57194}{57316}...but never set foot on an iceberg|like that. So it was a new... {57323}{57385}...a new ballgame, so to speak. {57409}{57507}ln their minds was,|like any human being, l think: {57511}{57574}''Are we going to get out alive?'' {57714}{57827}{Y:i}The drift of the pack had carried the men|1 300 miles since they were trapped. {57832}{57918}{Y:i}Now they hoped the same drift|would bring them to land. {57922}{58021}{Y:i}If not, they were bound for open sea. {58077}{58109}{Y:i}Hurley wrote: {58113}{58222}Itis beyond conception even to us that|we are dwelling on a colossal ice-raft... {58226}{58358}...with 5 feet of frozen water separating|us from 2000 fathoms of ocean. {58362}{58514}And drifting along under the caprices of|wind and tides, to heaven knows where. {58646}{58765}{Y:i}Timbers from the ship were used|to build a new home: Ocean Camp. {58775}{58841}{Y:i}The wheelhouse became the new galley. {58845}{58951}{Y:i}Hurley ingeniously converted part|of the ship's boiler into a stove... {58955}{59049}{Y:i}...which was fuelled by penguin skin|and seal blubber. {59109}{59157}{Y:i}A daily routine was established. {59162}{59260}{Y:i}Hunting for penguins and seals|became the main activity. {59657}{59737}{Y:i}Each man knew rescue was impossible. {59749}{59865}{Y:i}They were managing to stay alive,|but to what end? {59946}{60029}They had a pretty miserable time|on the ice. {60049}{60144}But having said that, in the end... {60151}{60209}...at every turn... {60222}{60323}...Shackleton's enemy was not the ice... {60328}{60450}...but it was his own people|in the sense it was their morale. {60454}{60561}That was the foe. He had to prevent|their morale from crumbling. {60566}{60642}The ice was nothing.|Anybody can deal with the ice... {60646}{60742}...but to deal with the human spirit,|that is very difficult. {61687}{61737}{Y:i}One month after abandoning ship... {61742}{61841}{Y:i}...a bout of sciatica sent Shackleton|to his tent for two weeks. {61846}{61898}{Y:i}Emerging after his forced confinement... {61902}{62008}{Y:i}...he made the surprising decision|to attempt a second march to land. {62023}{62089}{Y:i}In his memoir he related: {62094}{62219}A buzz of pleasurable anticipation went|round the camp at this announcement. {62224}{62291}{Y:i}Nothing was further from the truth. {62620}{62716}{Y:i}The men dragged the loaded lifeboats|weighing more than a ton apiece... {62721}{62831}{Y:i}...hacking their way through pressure|ridges that obstructed their passage. {62901}{63001}{Y:i}At times they trudged|up to their knees in snow. {63258}{63328}{Y:i}On the fourth day|McNish dug in his heels. {63334}{63453}{Y:i}Earlier, he had proposed to build a sloop|from the wreckage of the Endurance. {63458}{63520}{Y:i}Shackleton had rejected the plan. {63525}{63637}{Y:i}Now McNish openly rebelled|and refused to continue. {63641}{63765}{Y:i}His duty to obey orders, he asserted,|had ended with abandonment of the ship. {63802}{63873}{Y:i}Chippy was a man who didn't like|to be told what to do. {63878}{63961}You know what l mean?|lt's all on who you were. {63966}{64045}lf Chippy didn't like it,|Chippy would tell you. {64050}{64161}That's just the kind of man he was.|l mean, authority meant nothing to him. {64211}{64294}{Y:i}Shackleton called the men together|and read ship's articles... {64298}{64361}{Y:i}...dramatically asserting his command. {64366}{64429}{Y:i}Despite the loss of the ship,|he announced... {64433}{64517}{Y:i}...all men would be paid wages|until they reached port. {64670}{64793}{Y:i}McNish backed down.|Mutiny was averted. {64833}{64903}No leader on the edge|of survival can tolerate... {64907}{64991}...the least threat to his authority. {64996}{65138}And Shackleton, in fact, was prepared|to shoot the carpenter if necessary. {65142}{65254}And he would have been justified|because there was a hidden danger here. {65258}{65371}That the carpenter was only voicing... {65375}{65455}...the opinions of two or three|other members of the crew... {65459}{65499}...and more for all we know. {65503}{65573}And had this not been|crushed immediately... {65578}{65659}...the whole party|would have disintegrated. {65699}{65757}{Y:i}Two days after the standoff|with McNish... {65761}{65841}{Y:i}...Shackleton was forced|to realize his own error. {65846}{65917}{Y:i}He called a halt to the march. {65944}{65998}{Y:i}In his diary Shackleton wrote: {66002}{66081}Turned in but could not sleep.|Am anxious. {66085}{66153}Everyone working well|except the carpenter: {66158}{66269}l shall never forget him|in this time of strain and stress. {66439}{66493}{Y:i}Shackleton had put down the rebellion... {66498}{66609}{Y:i}...but he could not quell all doubts|that threatened to erode his authority. {66630}{66734}{Y:i}A week of backbreaking effort|had left his men worse off than before. {66738}{66815}{Y:i}Precious equipment had been left behind. {66820}{66937}{Y:i}Life at their new base, Patience Camp,|would be much harder. {67021}{67091}{Y:i}More questions arose|about the Boss's judgment. {67096}{67163}{Y:i}Food was running out,|but Shackleton had imposed... {67169}{67274}{Y:i}...strict limitations on the amount|of penguin and seal meat stockpiled... {67279}{67357}{Y:i}...insisting he would get them|off the ice before winter. {67422}{67553}{Y:i}Lionel Greenstreet, the first officer,|openly questioned the Boss' philosophy: {67557}{67683}His sublime optimism all the way through|is, to my mind, absolute foolishness. {67687}{67793}Everything was going to turn out all right|and no notice was taken of things... {67797}{67904}...possibly turning out otherwise.|And here we are. {67918}{67953}{Y:i}Shackleton retorted: {67957}{68020}You're a bloody pessimist. {68038}{68117}{Y:i}For once, Orde-Lees voiced|the fears of many. {68121}{68178}{Y:i}They had to have meat,|he put on record... {68182}{68253}{Y:i}...in the event of another winter|on the floes. {68273}{68382}Itwas important to have,|just like ammunition, to have supplies. {68386}{68466}And the famous thing,|the statement of Wellington, wasn't it? {68470}{68615}That ''the army marches on its stomach''?|That seemed to him to be elementary. {68833}{68926}{Y:i}In the end, it was the Boss's vision|that prevailed. {68934}{69081}Shackleton's great characteristic|was the ability to compel loyalty... {69086}{69241}...even against his men's|better judgment. {69270}{69361}Now this has got to do... {69366}{69487}...with some force of character,|some flame that burns within a man. {69574}{69688}{Y:i}Game grew scarcer.|There was no food for the dogs. {69712}{69767}{Y:i}Shackleton gave Wild|the unhappy command... {69772}{69832}{Y:i}...to shoot some of the dog teams. {69859}{69939}{Y:i}Hurley paid a last tribute|to his old companion. {69943}{70041}Hail to the thee, old leader Shakespeare.|l shall ever remember thee: {70046}{70129}Fearless, faithful and diligent. {70281}{70412}{Y:i}Within weeks, the remaining teams|were shot, and this time eaten. {70417}{70455}{Y:i}McNish wrote: {70459}{70530}Frank Wild shot the last|of our faithful dogs... {70534}{70601}...of which we kept|the five young ones for food. {70605}{70700}And their flesh tastes a treat|after living so long on seal meat... {70706}{70805}...and this last 1 4 days|on almost nothing. {71057}{71110}{Y:i}As the men drifted|to the edge of the pack... {71114}{71183}{Y:i}...the ice began to disintegrate|around them. {71188}{71260}{Y:i}One day Orde-Lees|awoke feeling seasick. {71265}{71377}{Y:i}The ice had become so thin that the swell|of the ocean could be felt through it. {71382}{71466}{Y:i}Soon, nothing would be left|beneath them. {71802}{71930}Finally, Shackleton felt|that they had to get onto their boats... {71934}{72052}...and make for an island|to escape from the ice. {72065}{72141}The problem then was, where were|they going to go? {72146}{72261}And there's an intriguing collection|of island silhouettes... {72293}{72387}...which Worsley took with him so that|when they saw a little land... {72391}{72441}...they knew where they were. {72446}{72515}Otherwise how did they know|what they would see? {72520}{72635}Their navigation, however brilliantly|it was done, was primitive. {72643}{72751}And they embarked on this|boat journey from the ice... {72801}{72872}...not knowing where|they were going to end up. {72895}{72949}{Y:i}Several landfalls were possible. {72954}{73086}{Y:i}The closest were Clarence and Elephant|Islands, some 1 00 miles to the north. {73106}{73181}{Y:i}Deception Island,|over 1 50 miles to the west... {73186}{73279}{Y:i}...was known to have supplies|for shipwrecked mariners. {73302}{73377}{Y:i}Shackleton chose Deception Island. {73465}{73533}{Y:i}Their three small lifeboats|would carry all 28 men... {73537}{73629}{Y:i}...on a journey that would last|no one knew how long. {73746}{73850}{Y:i}Sailor William Bakewell|recalled the landmark day of departure: {73877}{73918}Our first day in the water... {73924}{74013}...was one of the coldest|and most dangerous of the expedition. {74023}{74060}The ice was running riot. {74065}{74141}Itwas a hard race|to keep our boats in the open leads. {74146}{74209}We had many narrow escapes|from being crushed... {74213}{74294}...when the larger masses|of the pack would come together. {74410}{74464}{Y:i}During the first few days|of their journey... {74469}{74559}{Y:i}...they pulled their boats|from the water each evening to sleep. {74563}{74638}{Y:i}Without the movie camera|and with little film to spare... {74642}{74699}{Y:i}...it would be left to artist|George Marston... {74704}{74802}{Y:i}...to record their tenuous camps|on the drifting ice. {74903}{75022}{Y:i}Leonard Hussey and Walter How|recalled the night when disaster struck: {75026}{75166}We were drifting over the sea on a piece|of ice and we were cold and frozen. {75178}{75229}Pitch dark night once... {75234}{75315}...and the ice split right across|under the men's tent. {75319}{75381}There were eight of us turned in there. {75386}{75459}One poor chap, name of Holness... {75463}{75550}...him and his sleeping bag|dropped into the drink. {75554}{75601}Shackleton looked into the crack... {75606}{75686}...and he saw a man|floating in his sleeping bag. {75709}{75821}{Y:i}Shackleton grabbed Holness and|lifted him in his bag up onto the ice... {75825}{75925}{Y:i}...knowing he could survive|only minutes in the freezing water. {75962}{76085}{Y:i}Seconds later the ice-edges|came together with tremendous force. {76151}{76241}l remember Shackleton saying|to Holness, ''Are you all right?'' {76246}{76297}''Yes, sir,'' he said, ''l'm quite all right. {76302}{76432}Only thing l regret, my bloody tobacco's|down there in the drink.'' {76678}{76718}{Y:i}Shackleton recorded: {76722}{76851}Constant rain and snow squalls blotted|out the stars and soaked us through. {76855}{77000}Occasionally the shadows of silver,|snow and fulmar petrels flashed close. {77005}{77079}And all around we could hear|the killers blowing... {77083}{77195}...their short, sharp hisses sounding|like sudden escapes of steam. {77426}{77429}The sheer hardship of the rowing. {77429}{77533}The sheer hardship of the rowing. {77586}{77669}My father said that|at the end of a watch... {77674}{77751}...your hands had to be|chipped off the oars. {77755}{77840}And it's very hard to imagine|what it must be like... {77850}{77970}...when you try to get some sleep.|Your hands must be totally frozen. {77974}{78060}Your clothes are probably soaked|and you're hungry. {78079}{78169}{Y:i}The days passed|in painful rowing and bailing. {78197}{78246}{Y:i}Stable ice could not be found... {78250}{78341}{Y:i}...and nights were now spent|sitting helpless in the black sea. {78345}{78375}{Y:i}To complete their misery... {78379}{78465}{Y:i}...many of the men|were now suffering from dysentery. {78491}{78597}l think they only had one hot drink a day. {78601}{78756}And he said that they|only ate a ship's biscuit... {78777}{78829}...which in his own phrase: {78834}{78957}''You look at it for breakfast, you suck it|for lunch and you eat it for dinner.'' {79034}{79127}What kept them from cracking... {79132}{79211}...was Shackleton's sheer willpower,|his leadership. {79216}{79276}This flame that burns within him. {79281}{79363}And this was manifested|in different ways. {79367}{79457}Either it was Shackleton playing... {79462}{79537}...the consummate mariner|at the prow of the boat... {79542}{79679}...leading his little squadron to safety,|or it was mothering his men. {79684}{79787}Suddenly turning around and comforting|somebody or preparing food for him. {79792}{79865}And acting, basically,|like a hen with one chicken. {79870}{79975}And the next minute he was a martinet,|driving his men on. {80114}{80164}lt's hard to imagine... {80169}{80317}...and yet they probably were seeing|things of great beauty on that journey. {80633}{80692}We were all laced together,|the three boats... {80697}{80809}...on account of the bad weather,|and during the night several whale... {80814}{80902}...l don't know what species,|were blowing around us. {80906}{80983}And had they gone|over one of our tow ropes... {80987}{81062}...the three boats would have|certainly disappeared. {81066}{81133}And also us. {81196}{81318}{Y:i}For days and nights with no sleep,|the helmsmen manned the tillers. {81322}{81417}{Y:i}When Worsley was relieved of his shift,|he had to be lain in the boat... {81422}{81533}{Y:i}...and opened slowly from his|crouching position like a jackknife. {81665}{81781}{Y:i}Overwhelmed by misery and fear,|some of the men broke down and wept. {81785}{81885}{Y:i}Now Shackleton knew|he must make for land at any cost. {81890}{81998}{Y:i}Changing course,|they struck out for Elephant Island. {82086}{82182}{Y:i}On the evening of the sixth day,|the skies to the northwest darkened... {82186}{82241}{Y:i}...and a gale swept down. {82297}{82408}{Y:i}Swamped with water, one of the|lifeboats was in danger of sinking. {82462}{82541}{Y:i}Orde-Lees, who up until then|had disdained to row... {82545}{82649}{Y:i}...rose to the crisis|and bailed for his companions' lives. {82669}{82785}My grandfather was always a man|who wanted to do a feat. {82789}{82887}Rowing, there's no|possibility of doing a feat. {82891}{82965}l mean, everybody's|on the same oar rowing, like that. {82970}{83073}Bailing out? Saving everybody's life?|Gosh, l mean, that's sort of... {83077}{83161}...a part made in heaven|for my grandfather... {83166}{83258}...because everybody would be aware|he'd been up all night bailing them out. {83263}{83333}So gentlemen don't row... {83337}{83432}...but by Jove, they'd do anything|necessary to save people's lives. {83644}{83704}{Y:i}When dawn broke, Shackleton recorded: {83709}{83761}The weather was very thick|in the morning. {83765}{83833}lndeed, at 7 a.m.|we were under the cliffs... {83837}{83921}...which plunged sheer to the sea|before we saw them. {83963}{84022}{Y:i}Elephant Island. {84038}{84102}{Y:i}The men had been|seven bleak days at sea... {84106}{84182}{Y:i}...and over five months on drifting ice. {84186}{84294}{Y:i}It was a year and four months|since they had touched land. {84645}{84749}{Y:i}With frostbitten fingers,|Hurley recorded the landing. {85204}{85254}{Y:i}In his diary, Hurley wrote: {85258}{85381}Many of the party were emaciated|by exhaustion, fatigue and exposure. {85385}{85526}Many suffered from temporary|aberration, or shivering as with palsy. {85530}{85605}{Y:i}The men reeled|along the beach as if drunk... {85610}{85694}{Y:i}...some burying their faces in the stones. {85734}{85806}{Y:i}Wordie recalled more chilling behavior. {85810}{85871}Some fellows were half-crazy. {85876}{86011}One got an axe and did not stop|until he had killed about 1 0 seals. {86320}{86377}{Y:i}Shackleton ordered food prepared. {86395}{86480}{Y:i}It was the first hot meal in three days. {86781}{86849}{Y:i}Hurley described the first night. {86854}{86917}Tents were hastily erected,|all turned in... {86921}{87010}...and almost instantly|were deep in slumber. {87026}{87083}How delicious to wake in one's sleep... {87088}{87197}...and listen to the croaks of penguins|mingling with the sea. {87242}{87331}To fall asleep and awaken again,|and feel this is real. {87335}{87398}We have reached land. {87458}{87614}{Y:i}Land, such as it was, was a low sliver|of beach that offered no shelter. {87645}{87704}{Y:i}Two days later, Shackleton led the men... {87709}{87792}{Y:i}...to a second location|on the western side of the island. {87806}{87911}{Y:i}The new campsite was called|Cape Wild, after Frank Wild. {87916}{88015}{Y:i}To the sailors it was Cape Bloody Wild. {88070}{88138}{Y:i}The boats landed in sleet and rain. {88142}{88226}{Y:i}By night a gale blew up,|ripping one of the tents to shreds... {88230}{88300}{Y:i}...and blowing equipment out to sea. {88310}{88415}{Y:i}Men crawled under the boats for shelter,|and lay shivering in their tunics... {88421}{88487}{Y:i}...as the wind heaped snow upon them. {88492}{88577}{Y:i}The blizzard raged for five days. {88737}{88839}l think l spent, this morning,|the most unhappy hour of my life. {88843}{88891}All attempts seemed so hopeless... {88895}{88982}...and fate seemed absolutely|determined to thwart us. {88986}{89094}Men sat and cursed, not loudly,|but with an intensity that showed... {89098}{89200}...their hatred of this island|on which we had sought shelter. {89513}{89625}Shackleton had saved his men|in the sense he'd got them all alive... {89629}{89766}...out of the ice and on to terra firma.|But now how to get back to civilization? {89770}{89874}Elephant lsland was off... {89878}{90026}...any conceivable shipping route.|Not only that, she was nowhere near... {90030}{90133}...the routes of the whalers and sealers|that used to come down there. {90137}{90265}So somehow Shackleton|had to get his men... {90270}{90400}...to a port of call, even if it was only|a lonely island where the sealers came. {90473}{90607}{Y:i}Staring down impossible odds,|Shackleton made a bold decision. {90628}{90734}{Y:i}He would not wait,|he would sail for rescue. {90770}{90833}{Y:i}Cape Horn, the closest land,|was beyond reach... {90837}{90911}{Y:i}...as it would mean sailing against|the prevailing wind. {90916}{91003}{Y:i}In the path of the westerlies|was the island they'd set out from: {91009}{91051}{Y:i}South Georgia. {91062}{91122}{Y:i}The plan was made. {91126}{91209}{Y:i}Shackleton would take|a 22-and-a-half-foot-long boat... {91213}{91319}{Y:i}...800 miles across|the world's most dangerous ocean. {91406}{91466}{Y:i}Work began immediately|on the James Caird. {91470}{91567}{Y:i}Earlier, McNish had raised her gunnels|with wood from packing cases. {91571}{91661}{Y:i}Now he scavenged the other|two boats to reinforce her. {91665}{91762}{Y:i}The seams were sealed with|Marston's oil paints and seal's blood. {91766}{91833}{Y:i}Her deck was canvassed. {91853}{91973}Itwasn't only that McNish was a good|shipwright, a good ship's carpenter... {91977}{92086}...but he appeared to have|something extra. {92090}{92246}He had a streak of ingenuity... {92265}{92383}...of the real ability to improvise... {92387}{92454}...to make something out of nothing. {92458}{92612}And l think this is connected with|a strain of perversity, of cussedness. {92617}{92772}And here's another paradox:|This was the mutineer who'd come good. {92837}{92942}{Y:i}Shackleton chose the strongest and|most seasoned sailors for the journey. {92946}{93065}{Y:i}With the greatest pride, McNish recorded|his own inclusion in the 6-man crew. {93069}{93145}{Y:i}He would be joined|by Tom Crean and Tim McCarthy... {93150}{93251}{Y:i}...both Irish sailors and stalwarts|of the voyage to Elephant Island. {93256}{93337}{Y:i}The demoted boatswain John Vincent|was also redeemed. {93341}{93405}{Y:i}Shackleton recognized|his strength and skill... {93409}{93535}{Y:i}...the result of years on trawlers in the|brutal conditions of the North Atlantic. {93597}{93682}{Y:i}Captain Frank Worsley had navigated|the boats to Elephant Island. {93686}{93793}{Y:i}Now he would have to find a tiny speck|of land in a limitless ocean. {93798}{93882}{Y:i}Pacing the shore, he checked|and rechecked the chronometer... {93886}{93945}{Y:i}...that would be critical to his navigation. {93976}{94096}{Y:i}Frank Wild, Shackleton's right-hand,|would be in charge of those left behind. {94101}{94166}{Y:i}As the expedition was split|for the first time... {94170}{94241}{Y:i}... Wild's unenviable commission|was the care of 2 1... {94245}{94400}{Y:i}...demoralized, partially incapacitated|men on a deserted, wind-raked island. {95058}{95204}{Y:i}On April 22, 1 9 1 6, McNish finished|his work and the weather cleared. {95722}{95813}{Y:i}Moored offshore, the Caird was loaded|with 2 tons of stone ballast... {95817}{95873}{Y:i}...for stability in the towering waves. {96010}{96143}{Y:i}Water from ice laboriously melted|over a blubber flame was stored in kegs. {96197}{96247}{Y:i}They took food for four weeks. {96251}{96341}{Y:i}Beyond this they knew|they could not survive. {96433}{96522}{Y:i}Standing on the beach, Hurley|captured the moment of departure... {96526}{96628}{Y:i}...as the men left behind|bravely cheered the Caird on her way. {96749}{96805}{Y:i}On board the Caird, Worsley reflected: {96820}{96877}The men ashore formed|a pathetic group. {96881}{96943}As long as they thought|we could see them... {96949}{97049}...they kept up a wonderful appearance|of optimism and heartiness. {97281}{97340}{Y:i}Elephant Island receded|into the distance... {97345}{97439}{Y:i}...as the Caird departed on a day|of rare sunshine and calm seas. {97753}{97822}{Y:i}Soon the Caird was in rougher waters. {97869}{97933}{Y:i}By the second day, the weather|had grown severe... {97937}{98002}{Y:i}...and water began pouring|into the little boat. {98161}{98210}{Y:i}Frank Worsley recalled: {98214}{98288}Bruised and soaked with never|a long enough interval... {98293}{98357}...for our bodies to warm|our steaming clothes... {98361}{98443}...our feet and legs had swelled and|began to be frostbitten... {98449}{98538}...with the temperature|at times nearly down to zero. {98578}{98646}{Y:i}McNish alone attempted|to keep a sea log... {98650}{98724}{Y:i}...but on the ninth day,|he abruptly broke it off. {98764}{98831}{Y:i}They worked round the clock|in four-hour shifts... {98836}{98923}{Y:i}...three men vainly attempting to sleep|on the rocky ballast below... {98927}{99003}{Y:i}...while three others held watch above,|bailing, pumping... {99007}{99092}{Y:i}...trimming the sails,|fighting to keep the Caird afloat. {99389}{99449}They were in a 22-foot-6|little rowing boat. {99453}{99544}And it is absolutely staggering,|the height of the waves. {99558}{99607}There were some incredible waves... {99652}{99724}...which might nowadays|be called non-negotiable waves... {99729}{99776}...where you'd head up to the top... {99781}{99850}...and not get over the top|and you'd slide back down. {99854}{99940}So it was an extraordinary|journey of survival. {100130}{100211}{Y:i}In the end,|everything depended on Worsley. {100216}{100301}{Y:i}He had learned to navigate|in the high surf of the South Pacific... {100305}{100382}{Y:i}...but nothing could compare|to his present challenge. {100386}{100429}{Y:i}To chart the Caird's position... {100433}{100515}{Y:i}... Worsley needed to read|the sun's relation to the horizon. {100519}{100590}{Y:i}But the sun rarely appeared|in the overcast sky... {100594}{100692}{Y:i}...and the horizon became almost|impossible to find behind the waves. {100697}{100801}{Y:i}Even to attempt a sextant reading, he had|to be braced by men on either side... {100805}{100883}{Y:i}...as the boat heaved and pitched|her way through the water. {100949}{101049}You mustn't forget,|every degree mistake you make... {101053}{101129}...is 60 miles of latitude. {101133}{101233}And they only had|about 1 0 miles leeway... {101237}{101322}...in 800 miles in order to reach safety. {101368}{101425}{Y:i}In 800 miles of stormy travel... {101429}{101501}{Y:i}... Worsley was able to take|only four sightings. {101539}{101622}{Y:i}The remainder of the journey|he navigated by dead reckoning... {101626}{101715}{Y:i}...the experienced sailor's instinctive|gauging of speed and direction... {101719}{101780}{Y:i}...or ''merry guesswork, ''|as he called it. {101897}{102009}{Y:i}On the 1 0th day, Worsley believed|that they were a little over halfway. {102061}{102097}{Y:i}He recalled: {102112}{102181}Two of the party|were very close to death. {102185}{102257}Shackleton kept a finger|on each man's pulse. {102261}{102346}Whenever he noticed that a man|seemed extra cold and shivered... {102350}{102460}...he would immediately order another hot|drink to be prepared and served to all. {102465}{102559}He never let the man know|that it was on his account. {102633}{102734}{Y:i}Vincent's upper lip was torn away|by a frozen metal cup. {102781}{102842}Oh, God, it must have been desperate. {102846}{102914}That's all--|Itmust have been desperate. {102957}{103087}My father's ears,|his two ears, suffered frostbite. {103091}{103161}They were like bones. {103230}{103306}{Y:i}On the evening of May 7,|the 1 4th day at sea... {103310}{103372}{Y:i}...a piece of kelp floated by. {103393}{103441}{Y:i}Land was near. {103451}{103499}{Y:i}Worsley recalled this moment: {103504}{103590}We looked at each other|with cheerful, foolish grins. {103594}{103677}The thoughts uppermost were,|''We've done it!'' {103833}{103938}{Y:i}With land in sight,|new ordeals arose to test their limits. {103948}{104041}{Y:i}A wind drove them perilously close|to the island's cliffs. {104045}{104111}{Y:i}Soon this wind increased|into hurricane force... {104116}{104181}{Y:i}...descending upon them from|the darkening skies. {104209}{104266}This is where Worsley|came into his own... {104270}{104349}...because he understood the way|a sailing ship worked... {104353}{104495}...and so he performed a miracle|with a round-bottomed whaler... {104530}{104651}...whose profession was making leeway,|not built for sailing into the wind. {104656}{104788}Somehow he clawed his way offshore|and into the wind. {104821}{104894}{Y:i}The hurricane raged for nine hours. {104941}{105035}{Y:i}Then the wind veered,|carrying them from destruction. {105121}{105169}{Y:i}Shackleton recorded: {105173}{105281}We stood offshore,|tired almost to the point of apathy. {105366}{105445}{Y:i}On the evening of May 1 0,|the 1 7 th day at sea... {105449}{105534}{Y:i}...the James Caird sailed into the|entrance of King Haakon Bay... {105538}{105582}{Y:i}...on South Georgia. {105657}{105776}{Y:i}In the gathering darkness, the boat ran|in on a swell and touched the beach. {105781}{105895}{Y:i}A small stream flowed nearby and|the men fell to their knees and drank. {105906}{106017}{Y:i}One of the greatest boat journeys|in modern maritime history had ended. {106429}{106505}{Y:i}Above them, the hill was green|with tussock grass... {106509}{106601}{Y:i}...the first vegetation they had seen|in 1 7 months. {106677}{106719}{Y:i}McNish recalled: {106723}{106813}l went on top of the hill|and had a lay on the grass... {106817}{106881}...and it put me in mind|of old times at home... {106885}{106973}...sitting on the hillside|looking down at the sea. {107146}{107245}{Y:i}Suddenly home, rescue,|seemed possible. {107254}{107295}{Y:i}There was only one catch. {107299}{107399}{Y:i}The whaling stations lay|on the opposite side of the island. {107467}{107552}{Y:i}Neither crew nor boat|were fit for another sea journey. {107566}{107644}{Y:i}The island would have to be|crossed on foot. {107738}{107826}Itwas a terrible setback. {107865}{107983}l think that most men... {107987}{108079}...under those circumstances,|without Shackleton's leadership... {108083}{108230}...they might've collapsed morally there|and therefore not survived. {108269}{108338}He took it all in a very matter-of-fact way. {108350}{108446}He gave the impression that everything|would be all right in the end. {108473}{108547}{Y:i}Their single map showed|only the island's coastline. {108551}{108602}{Y:i}The interior was unknown. {108607}{108707}{Y:i}Icy and forbidding, prey to sudden|blizzards and hurricane-force winds... {108712}{108784}{Y:i}...the whalers considered it impenetrable. {108861}{108961}{Y:i}This chaos of peaks and glaciers|had never been crossed. {109101}{109160}{Y:i}They had just survived 1 7 days at sea... {109165}{109236}{Y:i}...and their feet|were still numb from frostbite. {109241}{109339}{Y:i}But if rescue were to be made,|they had to reach the other side. {109457}{109535}{Y:i}Shackleton decided to take with him|Crean and Worsley... {109540}{109627}{Y:i}...leaving behind the other men|who were not fit for the journey. {109766}{109879}{Y:i}Using screws from the Caird,|McNish improvised climbing boots. {109886}{109982}{Y:i}The frost of night would harden the snow,|making it easier to cross. {109986}{110079}{Y:i}But there could be no stopping,|or they would succumb to the cold. {110083}{110158}{Y:i}They were in a race|for their companions' lives. {110405}{110471}{Y:i}Too weak to carry anything|but bare necessities... {110476}{110533}{Y:i}...the three men took a length of rope... {110537}{110611}{Y:i}...and a carpenter's adz|as their only equipment. {110678}{110681}{Y:i}Taking advantage of the full moon|and calm weather... {110681}{110746}{Y:i}Taking advantage of the full moon|and calm weather... {110752}{110825}{Y:i}...they set out at 3 a.m.|for Stromness Whaling Station. {110850}{110970}{Y:i}Beneath the deceptive blanketing of snow|lay ice fields pitted with crevasses. {110986}{111045}{Y:i}One misstep could end in death. {111103}{111135}{Y:i}As the day grew longer... {111139}{111242}{Y:i}...they struggled through a bewildering|confusion of ridges and plateaus. {111371}{111433}{Y:i}Time after time|they would ascend a summit... {111437}{111509}{Y:i}...only to find a precipice|on the other side. {111782}{111814}{Y:i}Shackleton recalled: {111818}{111906}We were now feeling the strain|of the unaccustomed marching. {111910}{112019}We had done little walking since January|and our muscles were out of tune. {112158}{112242}{Y:i}By evening, they were again|high on a treacherous pass... {112246}{112303}{Y:i}...too steep to climb down. {112661}{112778}Itwas of the utmost importance for us to|get down into the next valley before dark. {112782}{112858}The night temperature|at that elevation would be very low. {112862}{112915}We had no sleeping bags. {113022}{113063}{Y:i}Worsley recorded: {113069}{113149}Shackleton said,|''We've got to take a risk. {113153}{113237}Are you game? We'll slide.'' {113249}{113321}{Y:i}Coiling their rope into a pad,|they sat down... {113325}{113450}{Y:i}...then pushed off, not knowing what|rocks or razor-sharp ice lay in their path. {113491}{113538}We seemed to shoot into space. {113555}{113647}Quite suddenly l felt a glow|and knew that l was grinning. {113753}{113833}We finished up at the bottom|in a bank of snow. {113873}{113978}We picked ourselves up|and solemnly shook hands all round. {114261}{114336}{Y:i}All night into early morning,|they marched on. {114362}{114388}{Y:i}Wrote Shackleton: {114393}{114485}At 5 a.m., we were at the foot|of the rocky spurs of the range. {114489}{114589}We were tired and wind that blew down|from the heights was chilling us. {114593}{114683}l thought we might be able|to keep warm and have a rest. {114709}{114789}Within minutes,|my two companions were asleep. {115447}{115543}l realized it would be disastrous|if we all slumbered together... {115547}{115657}...for sleep under such conditions|merges into death. {115693}{115767}After five minutes l shook them|into consciousness again... {115771}{115833}...told them that they'd slept|for half an hour... {115837}{115890}...and gave the word for a fresh start. {116227}{116288}{Y:i}By 6:30 a.m., they had climbed a ridge... {116293}{116383}{Y:i}...that looked down upon a site familiar|from a year and a half earlier: {116387}{116429}{Y:i}Fortuna Bay. {116433}{116503}{Y:i}Stromness was around the corner. {116581}{116642}{Y:i}At 3 in the afternoon on May 20... {116646}{116767}{Y:i}...Shackleton, Worsley and Crean|stumbled into Stromness Station. {116791}{116864}{Y:i}They had been marching for 36 hours. {117196}{117265}{Y:i}At the home of Thoralf S�rlle,|the station manager... {117269}{117319}{Y:i}...they knocked on the door. {117403}{117490}{Y:i}''Who the hell are you?''|S�rlle reportedly asked. {117522}{117593}{Y:i}''My name is Shackleton, ''|came the answer. {117625}{117777}The whaling manager couldn't recognize|them because they were dirty, emaciated. {117789}{117944}They were soot-grimed because of living|over blubber stoves for so long. {117953}{118024}Their clothes were filthy.|Their hair was uncut. {118057}{118153}They were like men|returning from the dead. {118372}{118432}{Y:i}That night the weather turned. {118437}{118490}{Y:i}Lying in bed in the manager's house... {118494}{118582}{Y:i}...Shackleton listened|to snow drive against the window. {118653}{118752}{Y:i}Had they been caught in a blizzard,|nothing could have saved them. {118859}{118941}{Y:i}Years later, Shackleton|would give a mystical account... {118945}{119001}{Y:i}...of the crossing of South Georgia. {119010}{119102}l know that during that long|and racking march of 36 hours... {119106}{119190}...over the unnamed mountains|and glaciers of South Georgia... {119194}{119295}...it seemed to me often|that we were four, not three. {119299}{119401}l said nothing to my companions,|but afterwards Worsley said to me: {119405}{119531}''Boss, l had a curious feeling|that there was another person with us.'' {119639}{119697}The fourth man,|l suppose, was the man above. {119701}{119807}They must have been deeply religious|at the back of everything. {119812}{119848}They must. {119993}{120050}{Y:i}Three days after arriving in Stromness... {120054}{120169}{Y:i}...Shackleton, Worsley and Crean set out|for Elephant Island in a borrowed ship. {120173}{120280}{Y:i}Their three companions back at King|Haakon Bay were given passages home. {120329}{120375}{Y:i}60 miles short of the island... {120379}{120458}{Y:i}...the rescue ship was brought|to a halt by their old enemy: {120462}{120497}{Y:i}Ice. {120532}{120593}{Y:i}There was nothing to do but return. {120628}{120723}{Y:i}Over the next four months, Shackleton|made increasingly frantic attempts... {120727}{120793}{Y:i}...to get through to his men|on Elephant Island. {120808}{120853}{Y:i}At last, in late August... {120857}{120943}{Y:i}...the Chilean government loaned him|a small tug called the Yelcho... {120947}{121057}{Y:i}...and Shackleton, Worsley and Crean|set out on their fourth rescue attempt. {121162}{121201}{Y:i}Elephant Island. {121216}{121306}{Y:i}The rescue party was now|at least 1 0 weeks overdue. {121345}{121398}{Y:i}In his diary, Orde-Lees wrote: {121402}{121471}August 26, 1 91 6. {121475}{121565}Another wretched day,|very dull and draining. {121585}{121651}What little seal meat|we have left is tainted. {121655}{121703}We've picked it over so often... {121708}{121789}...that nothing but|the most decomposed remains. {121840}{121900}{Y:i}The 22 men had passed|a sunless winter... {121905}{121985}{Y:i}...living in a small hut|made from the overturned boats. {122082}{122162}Twenty-two of us lived|in a tiny, dark little hut. {122166}{122206}The weather was just appalling. {122210}{122293}Blizzards and snowstorms|almost the whole time. {122297}{122363}The great difficulty, of course,|was lack of water. {122368}{122415}There was frozen water all round... {122419}{122482}...but you can't suck ice|at those temperatures. {122486}{122538}Itblisters your lips and your tongue... {122542}{122598}...as though you'd sucked|a piece of hot iron. {122602}{122649}So we'd take a few chips of ice... {122653}{122731}...in our sleeping bags with us|at night in a tobacco tin. {122735}{122822}And if you lay very still,|a few of the chips would melt... {122826}{122915}...and you'd have a spoonful of water|for breakfast in the morning. {123007}{123042}Food was very short. {123046}{123138}We had little except a little seal|and penguin whenever they came up... {123142}{123263}...and Marston had a little cookery book,|from which he'd read one recipe a night. {123268}{123333}We all lay around very quietly|and very solemnly... {123337}{123401}...suggesting, in turns, improvements|and alterations... {123405}{123447}...and when the last man finished... {123451}{123551}...we dreamt of the second helpings|we'd refuse when we were back home. {123556}{123627}lt's difficult to realize|how hungry a man can be. {123631}{123673}When we'd eaten our rations... {123677}{123739}...and such seals and penguins|as we could catch... {123743}{123802}...then and then... {123806}{123905}...without any enmity,|we looked at one another. {124139}{124233}{Y:i}Each day Wild roused the company|from their bags with the cry: {124237}{124315}{Y:i}''Lash up and stow!|The Boss may come today!'' {124325}{124397}{Y:i}But by the end of August,|even Wild had given up hope... {124401}{124456}{Y:i}...that Shackleton would return. {124518}{124579}{Y:i}Orde-Lees summarized the situation: {124591}{124685}The idea of a ship ever coming now|is getting more and more remote... {124689}{124796}...as preparations are being pushed along|for sending one of our two boats. {124804}{124885}{Y:i}Wild and four other members|are to go in the Dudley Docker... {124889}{124981}...and will make their way from island|to island of the South Shetlands... {124985}{125042}...until they reach Deception lsland... {125046}{125114}...about 250 miles away. {125149}{125209}Itis a big undertaking. {125313}{125371}{Y:i}On August 30, 1 9 1 6... {125375}{125475}{Y:i}...the men were gathered in their hut|for a lunch of boiled seal backbone. {125479}{125591}{Y:i}Marston and Hurley remained outside|shelling limpets picked in the shallows. {125635}{125701}{Y:i}Suddenly, Marston put his head|inside the hut. {125705}{125741}{Y:i}Macklin recalled: {125745}{125845}Marston burst in asking if it would|not be a good thing to send up smoke. {125849}{125907}Wild called out to know|what was the matter. {125911}{125966}Marston replied with the magic words: {125970}{126011}''A ship!'' {126153}{126252}{Y:i}From the deck of the Yelcho, Shackleton|scanned Cape Wild through binoculars... {126257}{126341}{Y:i}...counting the figures who poured out|of the hut onto the beach. {126494}{126527}{Y:i}Frank Worsley recalled: {126532}{126625}Two, five, seven,|and then an exultant shout: {126629}{126717}''They're all there, skipper.|They're all safe!'' {126877}{126917}Crean joined us... {126921}{127007}...and we were all unable to speak. {127389}{127494}{Y:i}All hands were safe.|Not one life had been lost. {127765}{127848}{Y:i}An ecstatic welcome|greeted Shackleton in Punta Arenas. {127853}{127910}{Y:i}Although Germany|was at war with Britain... {127914}{127998}{Y:i}...the German community|raised flags of celebration. {128404}{128473}{Y:i}The crew of the Endurance returned|to a British nation... {128477}{128560}{Y:i}...that little resembled the one|they had left two years before. {128572}{128653}When Shackleton|and his men had left England... {128657}{128711}...the Great War had just started... {128716}{128818}...and their minds|were still in Edwardian England. {128822}{128949}When they returned to civilization now,|they entered the modern world... {128953}{129093}...and the war, as it turned out,|was beyond their comprehension. {129113}{129249}And because of the dreadful carnage|on the battlefields in Europe... {129253}{129312}...Shackleton rather disappeared. {129317}{129439}And in any case, he was the wrong|kind of hero for England at the time. {129443}{129497}The British wanted dead heroes... {129501}{129586}...and they had lots and lots|of dead heroes. {129934}{129989}l suspect in 1 91 8... {129993}{130110}...the death of so many people|in the trenches in the war... {130114}{130178}...made them feel that they had been... {130187}{130245}...l could've said, nearly cowards. {130249}{130346}That they avoided two years of the war|and they were lucky to be alive. {130433}{130514}{Y:i}Most of the men|entered the war upon their return. {130565}{130663}{Y:i}Frank Hurley went off to photograph|the fighting in the trenches. {130670}{130781}{Y:i}Tim McCarthy would be killed|at sea six weeks after enlisting. {130921}{130979}{Y:i}McNish emigrated to New Zealand... {130984}{131080}{Y:i}...working on the docks|before suffering a crippling injury. {131097}{131177}{Y:i}Most members of the expedition|were awarded the Polar Medal... {131182}{131273}{Y:i}...but Shackleton withheld this honor|from McNish and three others. {131287}{131384}{Y:i}The carpenter's brief rebellion|on the ice had cost him dearly. {131637}{131678}{Y:i}As Shackleton had known... {131682}{131773}{Y:i}...the Endurance expedition|had been his last chance at glory. {131920}{132003}{Y:i}In 1 92 1, he headed south once more... {132007}{132075}{Y:i}...joined by a handful|of the old Endurance crew: {132079}{132201}{Y:i}Worsley, Macklin, Green,|Hussey and Frank Wild. {132257}{132322}{Y:i}The goal of the expedition was unclear. {132326}{132406}{Y:i}All that mattered was|that they were heading south again. {132501}{132569}{Y:i}On the evening of his arrival|in South Georgia... {132573}{132635}{Y:i}...Shackleton had a heart attack and died. {132640}{132710}{Y:i}He was not quite 48 years old. {132815}{132857}{Y:i}At the request of his wife... {132861}{132946}{Y:i}...his men buried him in the island's|small whaling cemetery. {133511}{133615}{Y:i}Bereft, Shackleton's men continued|their uncertain expedition. {133634}{133735}{Y:i}Along the way, they took time to visit|a place they never thought to see again: {133739}{133793}{Y:i}Elephant Island. {133816}{133901}{Y:i}The expedition photographer|recorded their visit. {134321}{134390}{Y:i}Confronting the site of their dark winter... {134394}{134471}{Y:i}...they were overcome|with unexpected nostalgia. {134481}{134513}{Y:i}Macklin: {134517}{134571}We have stood gazing with binoculars... {134575}{134658}...picking out and recognizing|old familiar spots. {134698}{134781}What memories, what memories! {134812}{134899}They rush to one like a great flood|and bring tears to one's eyes. {134903}{134989}As l sit and try to write,|a great rush of feeling comes over me... {134993}{135049}...and l find l cannot express myself. {135053}{135143}Once more, l see the old faces|and hear the old voices. {135148}{135220}Old friends scattered everywhere. {135237}{135320}But to express it all,|l feel, is impossible. {135570}{135641}{Y:i}Shackleton's feeling|about the Endurance expedition... {135645}{135693}{Y:i}...was expressed in his memoir: {135713}{135781}{Y:i}''We had seen God in his splendors... {135789}{135869}{Y:i}...heard the text that nature renders. {135875}{135974}{Y:i}We had reached the naked soul of man. ''