Original subtitles

After their victory over Germany in North Africa,

American generals want to attack the Third Reich

directly through Northern Europe,

but Prime Minister Winston Churchill and the British believe

an operation of that size and scope is premature.

Failure would be catastrophic.

Churchill proposes they attack Germany from the south,

for what he considers the soft underbelly of Europe,

Italy.

All wars change the world, but none of them changed the world

like the Second World War did.

Japan's on the march, Germany's on the march.

No one can imagine the nightmare they're about to unleash.

The most destructive war in human history.

Suddenly the world is turned upside down

and all hell is let loose.

The West is stunned by the speed of the advance.

You get the Allies led by the big three,

Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin.

Men who were dealing with immensely complicated questions.

It's the biggest military operation of human history.

The Allies have to come together,

not just militarily, but industrial scale.

It's a global perspective.

They have to fight in every climate,

from the Arctic, to the jungles of the Pacific,

to the deserts of Africa, and the depths of the ocean.

But there was no certainty of victory.

It was going to be a horrific bloodbath.

We see humans at their absolute worst,

how they treat other human beings,

and we see them at their absolute best,

willing to give their lives that others might live.

World War II was a struggle in which there could be one victor

and one vanquished.

In May, 1943, the Prime Minister of Great Britain

and the President of the United States

meet in Washington DC for the third time

since American entry into the war.

Rarely in history have political leaders

forged as personal a bond

as Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt.

Churchill still feels he's the senior partner.

He can get what he wants out of Roosevelt.

So after Tunis, after the big victory in North Africa,

Churchill's argument is that there's one logical next step,

and that next step is Sicily.

So campaigning in the Mediterranean will not only knock over

one of the three big Axis powers , Mussolini's Italy,

it will also open a back door to Hitler's Germany .

And the American commanders are saying, "Why?

Let's just go straight for Berlin. What are we doing?

Why are we dancing around the edges here

with this Mediterranean nonsense?"

And they think that Franklin Roosevelt

is being persuaded by Churchill's pretty words.

There were charges then and since that Churchill wanted to go up

through the bottom of Europe

in order to preserve the British Empire.

Britain was a Mediterranean power.

The Americans suspected that this was all about

defending British interests in Egypt,

in the Suez Canal

that controlled India and the Persian Gulf

where British oil was.

FDR's not interested in preserving the British Empire,

but he understands there are sound, strategic reasons

to capture Sicily.

One of Churchill's arguments was, they had these commitments

to take some pressure off the Soviet Union.

Joseph Stalin has been pushing for a second front.

Churchill says, "You have all of these armies

that are now freed up after the North African campaign is over.

What are you gonna do with them? They're right there."

The truth is that the Allies

still don't have enough actual material

to conduct a cross-channel invasion and land in France.

Allied military leaders are already planning

a cross-channel invasion, Operation Overlord,

but it will not be ready for months.

To relieve the military pressure on the Soviets,

and sustain the momentum established by the victory in North Africa,

FDR agrees to attack Sicily.

After Sicily, they will pull, let us say,

the Allied A-team out of the Mediterranean,

the leadership team, most of the landing craft,

most of the air power, deploy it to Great Britain

to begin, finally, preparations in earnest for an invasion

of Western Europe.

Churchill's like, "Yes, of course, I'm sure things will go really fast.

We'll be back in time for a nice early D-Day in 1944."

He goes, "Look, we're all dressed up,

we're ready to go to the ball. Let's do Sicily."

The invasion of Sicily is given the code name

Operation Husky.

At the time, Operation Husky is the biggest amphibious operation

in history.

The scale of shipping and manpower is unprecedented.

They're gonna put onshore 160,000 troops.

Both Italian and German troops oppose the Allied landings.

But the Allies achieve surprise, and quickly secure the beaches.

You've got two field commanders on Sicily, Montgomery for the British.

Montgomery is given the key role, Patton for the Americans.

Patton's job is really as a shield.

The British Eighth Army, under General Bernard Montgomery,

will advance north to Messina,

while the American Seventh Army, under General George Patton,

guards his left flank.

If you get to Messina,

any troops that are on Sicily cannot cross back over

it into Italy proper.

And now you've captured all the troops

that are on Sicily and you own Sicily.

And that's especially crucial for the German divisions,

so that the Allies won't have to face them at some future point

in some future battle.

As in North Africa, British and American forces

are required to operate as one force.

This is a really ambitious attempt to just bring two nations

with two different traditions very, very close into harmony.

And as you might expect, there's teething trouble.

Montgomery and the British senior commanders

all had a similar attitude to the Americans,

which is, they're green.

There were disasters and setbacks in North Africa,

they're still learning their trade. We've been at this since 1940.

Patton, on the other hand, thinks Montgomery has no kind of

understanding of what American servicemen can actually achieve.

Both armies endure horrendous conditions.

The mountainous terrain,

the 100-plus degree heat,

thousands are felled by malaria.

Sicily in the summertime is incredibly hot,

it is disease ridden.

Fighting there is brutal for everyone.

Fire.

Facing stiff German resistance, Montgomery's army stalls.

He's given access to the road Patton's army has already taken.

Patton goes ballistic.

To his credit, Patton doesn't just sit there seething.

He comes up with a plan.

What Patton sees is, a drive north up to Palermo

would put a feather in his cap.

The Americans overrun the western half of Sicily

before the Germans and Italians know what is happening.

Patton captures the Sicilian capital of Palermo

less than two weeks after the initial landings.

This is the signal moment for the US army

so far in World War II.

Patton's forces are greeted in the streets of Palermo

by Sicilians who were never a hundred percent

on board with fascism anyway,

and they're gonna greet the arriving American army

as liberators.

Yet again, Adolf Hitler must adjust

for Italian military weakness.

His major ally on the European continent,

Benito Mussolini, seems unable even to defend his own home territory.

Benito Mussolini and his Italian fascist movement

had set the stage for Adolf Hitler

and the rise of the Nazi party in Germany.

Mussolini is the inventor of fascism,

is the embodiment of the virility of the fascist man.

In the early phases of this relationship,

Hitler himself looks up at Mussolini,

and he aspires to do what Mussolini has been able

to achieve in Italy.

Hitler consciously copied Mussolini's grab for power.

Duce Duce Duce!

The symbolism. - Sieg heil.

The political tactics.

The violence.

But Mussolini no longer commands an iron grip on his nation

like Hitler does.

Mussolini's war has brought Italy nothing but misery.

The Italian people wanted very little part

of this war at the beginning, they want no part of it now.

Things cannot go on like this.

Hitler's getting situation reports of what's going on in Sicily,

basically saying the Italians aren't fighting.

He makes the decision to go to Italy to put some spine into Mussolini.

He is shocked by the sight of Mussolini,

who's really a broken man after the defeat in North Africa.

There isn't much fight left in him,

and Hitler is horrified by what he's seeing.

Hitler harangues Mussolini for hours about his failures.

His failure to instill a war-like spirit

into the armed forces,

his failure to make true fascists of the Italian people,

his failure to prosecute the war with sufficient vigour,

and Mussolini has no choice but to sit there and take it.

As Hitler and Mussolini meet...

...the Allies begin a bombing campaign on Rome.

The news comes as a shock to Mussolini,

and he tries to convey to Hitler the gravity of the situation.

Hitler continues as if nothing had happened.

The bombing of Rome adds fuel to this already simmering fire

of questioning and doubt about Mussolini's leadership.

The bombing of Rome is a shock to the Italians.

The battles have been fought elsewhere,

but now the price of Mussolini's war hits home.

There's grumbling in the streets.

Mussolini thinks he has the fascist brand counsel in his pocket,

he thinks he has the top leadership in the military in his pocket,

he thinks he has the King in his pocket.

Victor Emmanuel III has been the King of Italy since 1900,

and he's the one that handed the government

over to Mussolini in 1922.

On July 25th, the day after the fascist council passes a vote

of no confidence for Mussolini,

the King summons him to his palace.

And he's told not to wear his uniform.

This should have been an indication to him

that trouble was afoot, and his wife, in fact,

advises him not to go.

Mussolini tells her, "No problem, I've got this."

But the King has Mussolini arrested.

He's rushed away in the back of an ambulance

to hide him from public view.

His 21-year fascist reign is over.

The fall of Mussolini leads to a very confusing situation.

The new head of state is the marshal of the Italian army,

Pietro Badoglio.

He actually makes an announcement that the war goes on,

"We remain Germany's loyal ally."

After Mussolini is deposed, FDR addresses the nation.

My fellow Americans,

our terms to Italy are still the same, unconditional surrender.

Publicly, Badoglio states repeatedly that

the war effort is going on alongside the Germans.

Privately, he is actually starting to make arrangements

for the Italians to get out of the war.

Badoglio signals that Italy might be open to an armistice.

He sends one of his generals to secretly negotiate directly

with the Allies.

Badoglio might wish to surrender,

but he needs to have someone at his back.

He knows that there will be retribution from the angriest man

in Europe at the time, and that will be Adolf Hitler.

In Sicily, Patton's army leaves Palermo to get to Messina,

while the British are advancing from the south.

Meanwhile, the Germans are taking advantage

of the delay in getting to Messina

to begin getting off the island.

It's effectively the German Dunkirk,

because pretty much everyone who could walk

and was able-bodied, got off,

and not only that, they got off with all their equipment.

The entire purpose of the Allied operational plan was to trap

the Germans on Sicily, and they fail.

Still, things in Sicily go pretty much as Churchill would've wished.

Not only do Allied troops successfully drive

Axis forces outta of Sicily,

and it also proves to be the death nail of Mussolini's fascist regime.

With the potential deal for an Italian surrender in the works,

FDR and Churchill meet in Quebec.

And it's at this point that Churchill is able

to say to Roosevelt, "Look, the Italians are pulling out of the war.

We have an opportunity bloodlessly take the Italian peninsula.

You know, what's not to like in this operation?"

Churchill says, "The Italians are begging us to come

and help liberate them and switch sides.

We could be in Rome in a couple of weeks here.

If we land in Italy, it'll be a cakewalk.

We can't do Sicily and then go home."

FDR agrees, but only with assurance that Operation Overlord

will remain the Allies' highest priority.

The difficult trade off in the Italian campaign

is that the key resources,

the landing craft and the best troops,

are gonna go back to the UK to prepare for D-Day.

Supreme Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower

now picks one of America's youngest generals to lead

the Italian invasion,

Mark Clark, commander of the US Fifth Army.

Clark has a flare for showmanship.

Because once you pin on a star,

you're also becoming a little bit of a politician as well.

Mark Clark has an immense amount of talent,

but he also has a corresponding ego.

He travels with a press corps.

He will only let them take pictures of his favourite side,

which I think is his left side,

based on all the pictures we see of him.

The Allied strategy in Italy calls for two large forces.

The first will land in and around Calabria,

and the second will land a few days later at Salerno.

The two forces will then link, and push north towards Rome.

At Calabria, Montgomery's Eighth Army

lands almost uncontested.

Badoglio was supposed to take to the airwaves

on the evening of September 8th and announce the Italian surrender,

and this is crucial to the plan,

because it will tell the hundreds of thousands

of Italian troops in beach defence positions

not to fire at the Allies as they land.

At his headquarters, Eisenhower waits by his radio.

The Salerno landings are just hours away.

6:30 comes, no Badoglio. Seven o'clock, no Badoglio.

The entire plan hinges on a well announced,

orderly Italian surrender.

Eisenhower decides to force the issue

by going on the radio himself.

The Italian government has surrendered its armed forces

unconditionally.

All Italians who now act to help eject the German aggressor

from Italian soil will have the assistance

and the support of the United Nations.

Hitler anticipates the announcement of the armistice.

From the moment Mussolini falls,

Hitler's convinced that Badoglio's government

is going to withdraw from the war.

For weeks, Hitler has been moving German troops into Italy.

He orders Operation Axis.

The Germans have an operation they've been preparing,

which is that, if the Italians do the dirty on us,

we're gonna disarm them and we're gonna take over

the security of all of Italy.

Italy will become an occupied nation.

Operation Axis is the disarmament of the Italian army

and the occupation of the entire Italian Boot by German forces.

It occurs with lightning rapidity.

The Italian army is on its back foot.

They aren't so sure about who they should be firing at, if any one.

Local Italian resistance movements form

and fight the Germans.

Nazi retaliation is fierce.

The Italians were being executed by the Germans

after they switched sides.

There were a lot of terrible things going on, villages wiped out.

When the Allied invasion force lands at Salerno...

...they believe they'll be welcomed by Italian troops.

Underlying this operational plan is intelligence that the German army

may evacuate Italy, that it has no desire to defend Italy.

If all goes well,

the Allies should be up to Rome with almost no casualties at all.

So what they're gonna do is they're gonna land

without any pre-bombardment,

and they're gonna hope for tactical surprise.

The Allies are expecting to meet happy Italian faces,

perhaps handshakes, taking over Italian positions

now that Italy had surrendered,

and instead, what the troops at Salerno experienced

was a wall of German fire.

The whole of the beach is being saturated with shellfire.

It's an absolute inferno.

It was a grim experience for those first few crucial days

in which they're trying to defend the beachhead.

And it's the fighting at Salerno

that really convinces Hitler to make them fight for every inch of Italy.

Hitler moves more forces to defend Italy.

He also discovers that Mussolini is being held at a hotel

in the Apennine Mountains,

and decides to take action.

Hitler just can't quit Mussolini, apparently.

He orders a commando raid onto the Gran Sasso

to rescue Benito Mussolini.

That force lands, overcomes Mussolini's guards.

Mussolini is flown back to Germany.

Hitler thinks that Mussolini would give legitimacy

to the German occupation of Italy.

For the rest of the war, Mussolini will be ruling

a kind of puppet regime in northern Italy.

But he's a shadow of the figure who used to strut across

the world stage in the 1930s.

The situation has changed drastically

since Mussolini was the top dog and Hitler the imitator,

to now, Mussolini as Hitler's lap dog.

After a massive air and naval assault,

Clark's Fifth Army breaks out of Salerno and moves inland.

A modern mechanised army is going to experience

great difficulty in driving north,

because the Germans recognised,

the terrain's gonna do half the work for us.

Mountain ranges, ravines, and fast flowing rivers

made Italy a sort of natural fortress.

What the Germans do effectively is scorched earth policy.

They rip up the railway tracks, they flood the river valleys.

They make it almost impossible to move through this terrain

unless you've taken the high ground.

It was very clear, very quickly, that they were gonna struggle

to fight their way up the Italian peninsula.

General Mark Clark relabelled Churchill's description

of Italy as the soft underbelly as the tough old gut.

It is said that all roads lead to Rome,

but in the fall of 1943,

for the Allies, there was only one...

...Highway 6.

As Allied forces are lured deeper and deeper

by moving north up Highway 6,

the German strategy very quickly becomes,

we're going to set up a series of defensive lines,

and you come to us, and we will then maul you.

It looked a lot like World War I defences look.

There are mines, and mortars, and machine guns.

On the high ground, you have artillery observers,

who could have a full view of the advance of the Allies,

and they would call artillery to fire on the advances.

The frustration grows with the costliness of this advance,

the slowness of this advance up the Boot.

There's some historical wisdom here,

and it traces back to the great Napoleon who once said,

"Italy is a boot, and like all boots,

has to be entered from the top," where there's a nice broad plain,

plenty of room to manoeuvre.

To fight up from the toe of Italy after coming from Sicily,

look at the terrain of Italy.

Big mountain range all down the centre spine.

This is the big problem in Italy.

Who would wanna put an army into that area,

especially if it's raining?

It rains every day.

And General Clark once said,

"Anyone who ever talks about sunny Italy

should be here in October," which is when the Allies were there.

Gains are measured not in miles, but often in yards.

The Italian campaign soon turns into a slog for the Allies.

And it's sapping their energy.

They're wet, they're cold, they're tired.

All of that is draining morale, as well as manpower.

One of the things that they resort to is using mules

to carry supplies forward,

'cause at least mules can get through that kind of terrain

in those kind of conditions.

I think it's fair to say, when the war began,

in the war department in Washington,

no one was thinking of mules.

It was arguably the most horrendous fighting

that the Western Allies had to experience

in the whole of the European theatre.

There's no question that some of the Americans

who've given the go ahead for the Italian campaign

are now having second thoughts.

Churchill and the British commanders promised

the Americans that, basically, Italy would fall relatively quickly.

Churchill argues again and again

that it would be folly not to continue once one has set out

on the Italian campaign,

arguing they must capitalise on their gains.

What do you do, evacuate Italy?

No, you fight the enemy in front of you. Before you know it,

you're embroiled in a massive, costly, brutal war in Italy.

Highway 6 snakes into the Liri Valley on its way up

the Italian peninsula.

Overlooking the valley is a 1,700-foot rocky peak

called Monte Cassino.

Perched on top is a sixth century Benedictine abbey.

Monte Cassino is the strong point of the German's defensive formation,

the Gustav Line.

It must have seemed to the Allies, as they gazed up there,

that this is a kind of perfect defensive position

for the Germans to use.

From the commanding heights of this terrain,

the Germans can rain down accurate and effective artillery fire

at all times.

There is no way to get to Rome

without in some way dealing with Monte Cassino.

The Allies hope to get to Rome by Christmas,

but it's here in the shadow of Monte Cassino

that the advance stalls.

In November, Allied leaders gather in Tehran.

FDR is meeting Stalin for the first time.

And the first thing that happens is Roosevelt and Stalin seem

insistent on building their own relationship,

sometimes freezing Churchill out, and he takes this really badly.

He has to cede centre stage with Roosevelt to Stalin.

And Churchill is in an interesting kind of no man's land.

There's this old line that Stalin didn't know much English,

but he knew two words, second front,

because he said it over and over and over again.

And when Stalin says second front,

he doesn't mean Sicily or even mainland Italy,

he means France.

Churchill says, "I was the little British donkey

sitting between the great American eagle

and the Soviet bear,

and I was the only one who knew the way home."

Churchill is still sticking with his Mediterranean plan.

But he knows that, coming out of Tehran,

it's really important to be able to go back and win this victory.

Winston Churchill, the master of out-of-the box thinking,

has an idea for a left hook,

an amphibious landing on the western shore of Italy

behind the Gustav Line.

Troops will land at Anzio, 50 miles behind the German forces,

then drive inland, drawing German defenders away from Monte Cassino.

Winston Churchill thinks that this could break

the whole thing free. This is the wildcat we need

to shatter this stalemate.

The Allies agree to do it,

mainly because Churchill is convinced it can work.

But because so many men and landing craft have been shipped

back to Britain to prepare for D-Day,

the Anzio landing winds up being two divisions only,

a drop in the bucket.

The Allied force at Anzio lands on an empty beach.

There are almost no Germans in front of it.

Surprise has been achieved.

Speed is of the essence.

As soon as you land, you must get off the beachhead

as quickly as possible, strike inland.

One jeep patrol actually gets as far as the outskirts of Rome.

So clearly, there is a route of advance open.

The commander of the invasion is General John Lucas.

Instead of driving boldly into the interior

and seizing the high ground over the Anzio beachhead,

General Lucas stays put.

His thought is, "I need to secure this port,

'cause that is how we will be reinforced",

and so he sits.

As he sits, the German commander Kesselring will basically pull

all the cooks, bakers, and candlestick makers from round Rome

and build them up to pen in the Anzio landing.

The Germans have the high ground again,

and are able to control the situation

by subjecting the Allied forces to constant shelling.

Leading the way in the German bombardments

were two enormous railroad guns,

known colloquially to the Allies as Anzio Annie

and the Anzio Express.

These fire a 500-pound shell 30 miles.

It would've sounded like a freight train.

You could hear it kinda whistling in, and then boom.

The Allies at Anzio are sitting in a marsh.

They have no cover.

Around them are mountains and German artillery,

and the artillery never stops firing.

There was nowhere on the beachhead you could go to

and get respite from enemy fire.

And so, what you basically gotta do is burrow down into the ground

and hold tight.

It was just this horrendous grind

of being under fire for 24 hours a day.

This is as miserable a position

as any force in World War II found themselves.

Anzio is Churchill's plan.

And he said, famously, after the event,

"I thought we landed a wildcat on the shore.

What we got was a beach whale."

The Luftwaffe strafes Allied troops on the beachhead.

Included in the effort to help Lucas's forces off the beach...

...is the 99th Fighter Squadron,

part of what will become known as the Tuskegee Airmen.

During that era of segregation,

most African Americans serve in rear echelon units.

Tuskegee airmen are frontline fighting units,

and they're changing everyone's minds.

On one of their mission, 16 of them fly over Anzio...

...and then what they find is the German aircraft

working over the landing craft.

They shoot down 10 of those German aircraft.

To the south,

multiple attacks on the Monte Cassino abbey fail.

The Allies debate whether to bomb the mountaintop

abbey from the air.

The Benedictine abbey that sits on Monte Cassino

is a cultural relic.

The law of armed conflict would say, we don't touch those.

Of course, this is one of the most important libraries

of Christian thought for millennia,

and many civilians had taken refuge there.

But the assumption was that the Germans were inside

the abbey and using it as the perfect field artillery

observer's position.

We cannot allow the enemy to continue to harass us

with artillery fire.

So, the abbey's gotta go.

Allied forces distributed pamphlets

warning that there would be a bombardment,

and the residents, they thought, they're not actually going to do it.

Allied bombers flatten this shrine of Christianity.

The bombing actually resulted in the killing

of hundreds of civilians who were taking refuge there.

Allied intelligence was wrong.

The German observation posts had not been inside the monastery walls.

The Germans who weren't occupying the abbey

have now decided to occupy the rubble,

which is incredibly effective for defensive purposes.

So the Allies got the exact opposite

of what they hoped to achieve.

Bombing the monastery gets the Allies no closer to their goal.

At some point, infantry is going to have to ascend a mountain

under enemy fire.

The Allies have bombed the Monte Cassino abbey,

but the Germans still hold the summit.

When the weather improves in May, the Allies make yet another assault.

They take nearly their entire force in Italy

and cram it into the narrow western half of the peninsula,

using overwhelming strength now,

tanks, aircraft, ceaseless waves of artillery bombardment.

You've got this extraordinary United Nations of troops.

I mean, people from all over the world are Cassino.

We got the British, we got the Americans,

we got New Zealand Maoris, we got Canadians, we got Indians,

we got French Moroccans, Goumiers,

that are wonderful mountain fighters.

It is one of the places where Japanese Americans fight.

Who gets assigned Monte Cassino? The Poles.

World War II began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland.

As much as anyone,

the Polish people have suffered from the brutal rule of the Nazis.

The idea that Poles would never miss an opportunity

to take it back out on the Germans for what they did to them

should be lost on no one.

At Monte Cassino,

the Poles are that final wave of fighters,

and they, with incredible bravery and toughness,

go up this huge inclines.

As you advance up the hill, you have to show yourself.

You're gonna be picked off, you're a sitting duck.

We're talking almost 4,000 casualties

for the Polish units attacking against Monte Cassino.

The Poles finally overrun the ruins of the abbey.

The Polish flag is unveiled on the top of the monastery.

And they play this very, very famous bugle call,

Hejnal Mariacki,

which translates to St. Mary's trumpet call.

It's a symbol of resilience, of national identity,

of hope for the future, and of the fight for Poland

for every single Polish person.

And it sounds out over the monastery once the fighting has died down.

The Gustav Line is broken.

The Americans are finally able to break out of the Anzio beachhead.

There's a plan to encircle and destroy the Germans.

The plan is for Mark Clark to angle his troops to the northeast

and cut off Highway 6 at Val Montone.

Those were the orders he was given.

But Clark decides to make a swift left turn, that is north,

towards Rome.

Rome is an irresistible target.

Nothing screams we are making progress

than to have captured Rome.

And Mark Clark fundamentally thinks that the Fifth Army,

who has slogged their way up the Italian peninsula,

and him in particular, should get credit for this.

The conquest of Rome is to take out one of the great Axis capitals

in the war. And what you're doing is

pointing out to the rest of the world

that we're on the march, it's happening,

and next stop, Berlin.

- The first of the Axis capitals is now in our hands.

One up and two to go.

However, the liberation of Rome is gonna be entirely overshadowed

because the next day is going to be the launch of D-Day,

and Roosevelt can't say anything about it.

After 10 months,

the Allies have reached the Italian capital.

But General Clark's decision to take Rome

allows the Germans to escape once again.

Ever since, he's had to answer questions

about those orders.

Was his ego simply too large to pass up Rome?

Ultimately, the liberation of Rome has

more symbolic than strategic value.

The Allies would continue to fight the Germans in Italy

for almost another year.

I think Churchill went to his grave thinking

there was an opportunity there that was missed.

Churchill always believed that it had been a good idea,

but it had been undone by a bit of foot dragging

and some bad luck.

The Italian campaign is

the moment at which Churchill overreaches himself.

He had insisted on this vast continental campaign

that had led to nothing but misery.

Because of difficult terrain,

military miscalculation, and determined resistance

from a skillful enemy,

the Allied effort in Italy gained little and cost much.

The Italian campaign is the last time

the British will have a predominant presence

in the Allied forces.

America has been building airplanes and tanks,

and creating soldiers.

As the American strength rises,

Winston Churchill's influence wanes.

The battle for Italy, which will go on until the end of the war,

was fought with determination and bravery.

Ordinary soldiers fought for their nation,

but also for each other.

This kind of comradery is found in all theatres

and on all battlefields.

War tests the best of us.

And nowhere would men be tested more

than in the skies over Germany.

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