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1
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Germania
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00:00:17,451 --> 00:00:20,601
�n 1917, Europa e �n r�zboi.
3
00:00:20,971 --> 00:00:23,120
�n Germania, ca peste tot,
4
00:00:23,121 --> 00:00:24,800
femeile muncesc �n locul b�rbatilor.
5
00:00:24,801 --> 00:00:26,760
B�rbatii sunt sau morti,
sau pe front,
6
00:00:26,961 --> 00:00:28,600
sau prea b�tr�ni.
7
00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:36,880
�ntr-o statie de metrou din Berlin,
8
00:00:36,921 --> 00:00:39,600
c�tiva soldati aflati �n permisie
9
00:00:39,801 --> 00:00:43,640
g�sesc v�duve si logodnice
10
00:00:43,641 --> 00:00:46,600
�nc� z�mbitoare �n fata camerei.
11
00:00:48,800 --> 00:00:50,200
Acas�,
12
00:00:50,201 --> 00:00:51,360
unul dintre soldatii germani,
13
00:00:51,561 --> 00:00:54,840
arat� cum se foloseste
masca de gaze.
14
00:01:04,200 --> 00:01:08,040
A adus un dar minunat,
ca o comoar�:
15
00:01:08,800 --> 00:01:10,600
O banan�.
16
00:01:14,331 --> 00:01:17,640
E un cadou rar
�n aceast� tar� sec�tuit�.
17
00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:22,000
Sunt at�tia care mor de foame
dup� blocada naval� britanic�.
18
00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:27,400
Germania se pr�buseste
�ntr-un haos apocaliptic.
19
00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:32,400
APOCALIPSA
PRIMUL RAZBOI MONDIAL
20
00:01:48,211 --> 00:01:50,200
�n acest fragment
21
00:01:50,201 --> 00:01:52,040
dintr-un film propagandistic,
22
00:01:52,041 --> 00:01:54,200
Monstrul Tuberculozei,
23
00:01:54,201 --> 00:01:56,760
�i p�ndeste pe copiii germani.
24
00:01:58,851 --> 00:02:00,200
Ratiile de alimente sunt micsorate
25
00:02:00,201 --> 00:02:03,760
la 1000 de calorii pe zi.
26
00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:07,680
Pe durata r�zboiului, vor muri
27
00:02:07,681 --> 00:02:10,760
de malnutritie 400.000 de civili.
28
00:02:15,931 --> 00:02:17,720
Victor Klemperer,
intelectual stimat mai t�rziu,
29
00:02:17,721 --> 00:02:21,760
supravietuieste acestui chin.
30
00:02:21,761 --> 00:02:22,761
Scrie:
31
00:02:24,000 --> 00:02:26,800
"Nu e genul meu s� fiu
obsedat de m�ncare."
32
00:02:26,801 --> 00:02:30,120
"Acum m� culc
si m� trezesc h�mesit,"
33
00:02:30,121 --> 00:02:33,200
"si sl�bit, cu imaginatia epuizat�."
34
00:02:33,201 --> 00:02:35,400
"Si nu-mi d� pace g�ndul:"
35
00:02:35,401 --> 00:02:38,480
"De-as avea mai multi cartofi!"
36
00:02:42,371 --> 00:02:44,400
Kaizerul Wilhelm al II-lea continu�
37
00:02:44,440 --> 00:02:47,080
s� se bucure de mese copioase.
38
00:02:48,331 --> 00:02:50,360
�n anturajul lui nu se preocup�
39
00:02:50,361 --> 00:02:52,240
nimeni de soarta civililor
40
00:02:52,880 --> 00:02:57,240
c�nd, �n 1917, un milion
de soldati germani
41
00:02:57,241 --> 00:03:00,240
c�zuser� deja pe front.
42
00:03:05,211 --> 00:03:08,123
Dr. Suckau din Frankfurt scrie:
43
00:03:08,491 --> 00:03:10,925
"Doamna X, de 45 de ani,"
44
00:03:11,291 --> 00:03:15,000
"m�ritat� de 11 ani,
cu un copil de 10 ani si unul de 4 ani,"
45
00:03:15,371 --> 00:03:16,800
"o femeie s�n�toas�,"
46
00:03:16,801 --> 00:03:19,320
"ordonat� si muncitoare,"
47
00:03:19,371 --> 00:03:21,009
"mereu vesel�."
48
00:03:21,211 --> 00:03:24,169
"Acum patru s�pt�m�ni,
sotul ei a fost ucis �n lupt�."
49
00:03:24,371 --> 00:03:26,601
"A dat drumul la gaz,"
50
00:03:26,811 --> 00:03:29,883
"nemaiput�nd s� suporte durerea."
51
00:03:37,371 --> 00:03:39,440
�n transee,
52
00:03:39,441 --> 00:03:41,600
dup� trei ani de r�zboi,
53
00:03:41,601 --> 00:03:44,320
oamenii asteapt� disperati finalul,
plini de furie.
54
00:03:44,720 --> 00:03:47,000
PARTEA 4
FURIA
55
00:03:53,251 --> 00:03:57,120
�n 1917, germanii au trecut
�n defensiv�, pe frontul de vest.
56
00:03:58,121 --> 00:03:59,400
Sunt hot�r�ti s� mentin� teritoriile
57
00:03:59,401 --> 00:04:01,880
cucerite din nordul Frantei si Belgia.
58
00:04:02,081 --> 00:04:07,200
Pe frontul de est, Germania ocup�
800.000 de kmp din Imperiul Rus.
59
00:04:11,731 --> 00:04:14,804
Rusia, februarie 1917.
60
00:04:15,651 --> 00:04:18,040
Tarul Nicolae al II-lea
e �nc� pe front,
61
00:04:18,041 --> 00:04:20,160
comand�nd armata.
62
00:04:20,161 --> 00:04:22,440
�n capital�,
63
00:04:22,441 --> 00:04:24,080
tarina guverneaz� �n locul lui.
64
00:04:24,081 --> 00:04:25,640
Rusii o ur�sc,
65
00:04:25,641 --> 00:04:27,640
convinsi fiind c� e spioan� german�.
66
00:04:27,641 --> 00:04:30,720
Rasputin e mort.
67
00:04:30,721 --> 00:04:33,560
A fost asasinat din cauza
influentei asupra tarinei.
68
00:04:35,611 --> 00:04:39,000
�n aceast� atmosfer� de nebunie
si de fervoare religioas�,
69
00:04:39,001 --> 00:04:43,960
tarul �nfrunt� o tragedie,
obolul mortii.
70
00:04:44,600 --> 00:04:47,600
Un milion si jum�tate
de soldati rusi au murit.
71
00:04:47,651 --> 00:04:50,200
Aproximativ 5 milioane
au fost r�niti.
72
00:04:55,611 --> 00:04:57,480
O fabric� de proteze din Kiev
73
00:04:57,481 --> 00:05:00,400
ar trebui s�-i aline pe cei amputati.
74
00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:04,120
In loc de asta,
simbolizeaz� un regim schilod.
75
00:05:07,011 --> 00:05:09,800
R�zboiul i-a amputat Rusiei
76
00:05:09,801 --> 00:05:14,360
fortele vitale: bog�tia si vigoarea.
77
00:05:36,811 --> 00:05:39,523
Armata ruseasc� �ncepe r�zvr�tirea.
78
00:05:39,891 --> 00:05:42,080
Multi soldati fug din post
79
00:05:42,081 --> 00:05:44,440
ca s� se al�ture sotiilor
care demonstreaz�
80
00:05:44,441 --> 00:05:48,720
la 23 februarie 1917
�n Sankt Petersburg,
81
00:05:48,721 --> 00:05:51,080
�mpotriva r�zboiului, foametei
82
00:05:51,081 --> 00:05:53,240
si absenta sotilor lor.
83
00:05:55,411 --> 00:05:58,600
Li se al�tur� studenti si muncitori.
84
00:05:59,000 --> 00:06:01,960
E �nceputul Revolutiei Ruse.
85
00:06:05,971 --> 00:06:07,720
In capital�, garnizoana
86
00:06:07,721 --> 00:06:09,600
r�spunz�toare de ordine,
87
00:06:09,601 --> 00:06:11,520
se al�tur� rebelilor.
88
00:06:11,521 --> 00:06:14,200
Pancartele proclam�:
89
00:06:14,201 --> 00:06:17,680
"Poporul si armata!","Pace".
90
00:06:21,000 --> 00:06:22,800
"Tr�iasc� Republica!"
91
00:06:22,801 --> 00:06:25,200
si "Jos regimul vechi!"
92
00:06:28,051 --> 00:06:32,488
La 15 martie 1917,
Nicolae al II-lea abdic�.
93
00:06:33,131 --> 00:06:37,600
E filmat aici pentru ultima oar�,
l�ng� cele patru fiice,
94
00:06:37,601 --> 00:06:39,480
marile ducese,
95
00:06:39,481 --> 00:06:42,800
si unicul fiu si mostenitor,
tareviciul Alexei
96
00:06:42,801 --> 00:06:45,320
hemofilic si prea slab s� conduc�.
97
00:06:46,720 --> 00:06:50,080
Nicolae al II-lea
cauta un alt succesor.
98
00:06:58,331 --> 00:07:00,440
Dar fr�m�ntarea a ajuns
99
00:07:00,571 --> 00:07:01,520
la nivelul �n care Sovietul,
100
00:07:01,521 --> 00:07:04,040
consiliul revolutionar din capital�,
101
00:07:04,041 --> 00:07:07,000
cere sf�rsitul dinastiei Romanov,
102
00:07:07,001 --> 00:07:10,400
cea care a aruncat Rusia �n r�zboi.
103
00:07:14,051 --> 00:07:16,849
Un guvern provizoriu,
104
00:07:16,850 --> 00:07:19,200
condus de Ministrul Justitiei,
105
00:07:19,201 --> 00:07:21,840
socialistul Aleksandr Kerenski
106
00:07:21,841 --> 00:07:23,440
accept� ca tarul detronat
107
00:07:23,441 --> 00:07:25,720
s� plece �n exil.
108
00:07:28,331 --> 00:07:31,368
Nicolae al II-lea,
aflat �n arest la domiciliu,
109
00:07:31,369 --> 00:07:34,120
�i cere azil politic v�rului s�u,
110
00:07:34,121 --> 00:07:37,680
George al V-lea, regele Angliei.
111
00:07:38,571 --> 00:07:42,922
In timp ce asteapt� r�spunsul,
tarul scrie �n jurnalul s�u:
112
00:07:43,771 --> 00:07:46,601
"Azi am aranjat c�rtile si lucrurile,"
113
00:07:46,602 --> 00:07:50,120
"aleg�nd ce voi lua �n Anglia."
114
00:07:50,491 --> 00:07:52,240
Plecarea familiei e am�nat�,
115
00:07:52,241 --> 00:07:56,240
deoarece copiii au f�cut pojar.
116
00:07:56,241 --> 00:07:58,160
Spre amuzamentul lor,
117
00:07:58,300 --> 00:08:00,320
tarina i-a ras pe cap.
118
00:08:03,171 --> 00:08:05,200
Dar au pierdut un timp pretios.
119
00:08:06,411 --> 00:08:09,483
In Anglia, George al V-lea, nu vrea
120
00:08:09,851 --> 00:08:12,968
s�-si riste popularitatea sau tronul.
121
00:08:14,731 --> 00:08:17,480
Teama r�sp�ndirii revolutiei
122
00:08:17,481 --> 00:08:19,520
b�ntuie guvernul britanic.
123
00:08:20,400 --> 00:08:22,000
E descurajat �n mod oficial,
124
00:08:22,001 --> 00:08:24,640
s�-l primeasc� pe Nicolae al II-lea
si �ntreaga sa familie.
125
00:08:26,280 --> 00:08:29,560
George al V-lea �si abandoneaz� v�rul,
126
00:08:30,200 --> 00:08:32,480
care �i seam�n� at�t de bine.
127
00:08:36,400 --> 00:08:38,324
Marile imperii,
128
00:08:38,425 --> 00:08:41,400
�ncep s� se destrame.
129
00:08:43,491 --> 00:08:47,609
In Rusia, va pune
revolutia cap�t r�zboiului?
130
00:08:47,971 --> 00:08:50,087
Nu, fiindc� Kerenski,
131
00:08:50,451 --> 00:08:54,126
capul guvernului provizoriu,
132
00:08:54,171 --> 00:08:56,609
are nevoie de ajutorul
aliatilor englezi si francezi.
133
00:08:57,131 --> 00:09:01,000
Si el marseaz� pe tema patriotismului.
134
00:09:07,331 --> 00:09:10,050
Kerenski pl�nuieste o ofensiv�.
135
00:09:10,411 --> 00:09:13,320
Se bizuie pe victorie,
ca s� uneasc� poporul rus
136
00:09:13,360 --> 00:09:17,000
sub regimul lui democratic
si republican.
137
00:09:21,531 --> 00:09:24,720
Aliatul Germaniei,
Imperiul Austro-Ungar,
138
00:09:24,800 --> 00:09:26,400
se clatin� si el.
139
00:09:26,401 --> 00:09:29,120
Poporul moare de foame
din cauza blocadei.
140
00:09:32,211 --> 00:09:35,760
Anul trecut, Viena �si �ngropa �mp�ratul,
141
00:09:35,961 --> 00:09:37,660
pe Franz Joseph,
142
00:09:37,821 --> 00:09:40,400
care a murit la 86 de ani,
143
00:09:40,501 --> 00:09:44,000
dup� o domnie de peste
jum�tate de secol.
144
00:09:45,001 --> 00:09:47,000
FUNERALIILE LUI FRANZ JOSEPH
145
00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:50,240
A prins dezastrul provocat
146
00:09:50,241 --> 00:09:52,160
cu ajutorul lui,
147
00:09:52,161 --> 00:09:56,560
dup� asasinatul de la
Sarajevo din 1914.
148
00:09:58,891 --> 00:10:02,088
Generalii lui l-au silit
s� intre �n r�zboi.
149
00:10:02,451 --> 00:10:05,329
Acum jum�tate de armat� e lichidat�.
150
00:10:05,691 --> 00:10:08,560
Ce poate opri m�celul?
151
00:10:11,571 --> 00:10:15,007
In cartea, "Lumea de ieri",
Stefan Zweig,
152
00:10:15,371 --> 00:10:18,124
surprinde pesimismul predominant.
153
00:10:18,491 --> 00:10:19,719
Scrie:
154
00:10:20,091 --> 00:10:22,600
"Treptele templului p�cii"
155
00:10:22,601 --> 00:10:24,960
"sunt ude de s�nge."
156
00:10:27,051 --> 00:10:27,920
E o mostenire grea
157
00:10:27,921 --> 00:10:30,400
pentru noul �mp�rat, Carol I.
158
00:10:31,011 --> 00:10:33,600
La 29 de ani, Carol e constient
de fragilitatea
159
00:10:33,601 --> 00:10:35,960
imperiului s�u dup� �nfr�ngerile sale
160
00:10:35,961 --> 00:10:37,680
si cererile de independent�
161
00:10:37,681 --> 00:10:43,480
ale supusilor cum ar fi cehii,
slovacii sau maghiarii.
162
00:10:46,011 --> 00:10:48,479
Carol a luptat pe front.
163
00:10:48,851 --> 00:10:50,569
Ur�ste r�zboiul.
164
00:10:50,931 --> 00:10:54,287
Se opune tacticii atacurilor inutile,
cu pierderi omenesti imense.
165
00:10:54,411 --> 00:10:59,100
El si Zita, t�n�ra lui sotie,
sunt catolici evlaviosi.
166
00:11:00,600 --> 00:11:03,440
Cel mai mult �si doreste
s� fac� pace.
167
00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:07,960
Se teme de flac�ra revolutiei
ce vine din Rusia. Spune:
168
00:11:08,611 --> 00:11:10,360
"Tumultul revolutionar"
169
00:11:10,361 --> 00:11:11,800
"va m�tura totul �n cale."
170
00:11:11,961 --> 00:11:14,000
"Dac� noi, monarhii,
nu facem pace,"
171
00:11:14,001 --> 00:11:17,400
"poporul o va face
peste capetele noastre."
172
00:11:21,440 --> 00:11:24,960
In martie 1917, trimite o propunere
secret� de pace la Paris,
173
00:11:24,961 --> 00:11:29,000
care intereseaz� Franta si Anglia.
174
00:11:30,600 --> 00:11:33,080
Dar Carol I refuz�
s� �i fac� concesii Italiei
175
00:11:33,081 --> 00:11:35,800
si negocierile esueaz�.
176
00:11:40,400 --> 00:11:43,120
In Germania, Kaizerul Wilhelm al II-lea,
177
00:11:43,121 --> 00:11:46,320
...sugereaz� ca beligerantii
s� accepte pacea separat�
178
00:11:46,321 --> 00:11:49,120
si amenint� s� invadeze
aliatul s�u, Austria.
179
00:11:52,611 --> 00:11:55,240
Kaizerul Wilhelm al II-lea, face si el
180
00:11:55,241 --> 00:11:58,800
propuneri de �ncetare a ostilit�tilor.
181
00:11:58,801 --> 00:12:01,320
Germania va p�stra teritoriile cucerite,
182
00:12:01,321 --> 00:12:06,800
adic� Belgia, nordul Frantei
si, fireste, Alsacia si Lorena.
183
00:12:07,771 --> 00:12:10,080
Franta refuz� categoric
184
00:12:10,120 --> 00:12:12,400
propunerile de pace ale nemtilor.
185
00:12:12,401 --> 00:12:14,680
Acest lucru �nt�reste
pozitia armatei germane,
186
00:12:14,681 --> 00:12:19,880
condus� de feldmaresalul
von Hindenburg...
187
00:12:21,881 --> 00:12:23,840
...si de acum �nainte,
188
00:12:23,841 --> 00:12:26,520
de adev�ratul conduc�tor al Germaniei,
189
00:12:27,400 --> 00:12:29,640
generalul Ludendorff.
190
00:12:32,651 --> 00:12:36,041
La Berlin, Ludendorff
e preocupat de grevele
191
00:12:36,411 --> 00:12:38,200
si fr�m�nt�rile sociale,
192
00:12:38,400 --> 00:12:41,000
ce se identific�
cu evenimentele din Rusia.
193
00:12:44,331 --> 00:12:46,680
In fabricile de munitie lucreaz�
194
00:12:46,681 --> 00:12:48,920
de trei ani doar femei epuizate
195
00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:53,600
si soldati care nu mai pot
lupta pe front.
196
00:12:59,840 --> 00:13:03,285
Faimosul Burgfrieden,
uniunea socialistilor cu guvernantii,
197
00:13:03,651 --> 00:13:08,088
care a sustinut r�zboiul,
�ncepe s� se destrame.
198
00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:11,920
Lideri socialisti importanti
p�r�sesc partidul
199
00:13:11,921 --> 00:13:15,000
si fondeaz�
Miscarea Revolutionar� Spartacus,
200
00:13:15,001 --> 00:13:17,720
care cere �ncetarea
imediat� a r�zboiului.
201
00:13:25,040 --> 00:13:27,560
Ludendorff nu vede dec�t o solutie,
202
00:13:27,691 --> 00:13:29,400
o victorie german� c�t mai rapid�
203
00:13:29,401 --> 00:13:31,320
si �ngenuncherea Angliei
204
00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:32,800
cu ceea ce el numeste
205
00:13:32,801 --> 00:13:35,000
"r�zboiul total cu submarine."
206
00:13:35,211 --> 00:13:38,400
Aceast� decizie va schimba
cursul istoriei.
207
00:13:40,291 --> 00:13:42,200
100 de submarine germane trebuiau
208
00:13:42,201 --> 00:13:44,400
s� atace orice vas comercial,
209
00:13:44,401 --> 00:13:46,400
inclusiv ale statelor neutre,
210
00:13:46,401 --> 00:13:48,880
�mpotriva legilor internationale.
211
00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:55,240
Cancelarul german, Bethmann-Hollweg,
212
00:13:55,241 --> 00:13:58,920
se teme de interventia Americii.
El spune:
213
00:13:58,921 --> 00:14:01,000
"Germania e pierdut�."
214
00:14:05,120 --> 00:14:08,160
"Untersee-boat,"
prescurtat "U-boat,"
215
00:14:08,161 --> 00:14:09,600
submarinele germane
216
00:14:09,601 --> 00:14:12,400
primesc ordin s� torpileze orice vas
217
00:14:12,401 --> 00:14:14,840
care aproviziona Anglia,
218
00:14:14,841 --> 00:14:17,100
inclusiv pe cele americane.
219
00:14:21,520 --> 00:14:23,680
Amiralii germani calculeaz� c�,
220
00:14:23,681 --> 00:14:25,840
dac� scufund�
221
00:14:25,841 --> 00:14:28,480
500.000 de tone de nave lunar,
222
00:14:28,481 --> 00:14:31,600
Anglia va capitula �n sase luni,
223
00:14:31,601 --> 00:14:34,040
�n timp ce SUA,
dac� ar intra �n r�zboi,
224
00:14:34,101 --> 00:14:37,080
n-ar fi pregatit�
mai devreme de un an.
225
00:14:39,880 --> 00:14:43,322
Incepe prima b�t�lie a Atlanticului.
226
00:14:58,080 --> 00:15:00,280
Acesti comandanti de submarine
227
00:15:00,281 --> 00:15:02,400
sunt noii eroi ai Germaniei.
228
00:15:02,401 --> 00:15:04,880
Printre ei e urmasul
unor emigranti francezi,
229
00:15:04,881 --> 00:15:06,800
acum devenit prusac model,
230
00:15:06,801 --> 00:15:10,640
Lothar von Arnauld de la Peri�re.
231
00:15:14,051 --> 00:15:16,080
Submarinul lui, U-35, a ap�rut
232
00:15:16,081 --> 00:15:18,920
�ntr-un film propagandistic.
233
00:15:20,611 --> 00:15:23,842
Cu m�ndrie,
234
00:15:24,211 --> 00:15:26,400
ia celebrul registru Lloyd,
235
00:15:26,520 --> 00:15:28,880
de la compania de asigur�ri
maritim� britanic�,
236
00:15:28,881 --> 00:15:32,280
care contine toate navele din lume,
237
00:15:32,281 --> 00:15:35,200
si taie ultimul vas scufundat.
238
00:15:42,171 --> 00:15:46,806
Lothar von Arnauld de la Peri�re
va scufunda 200 de nave,
239
00:15:47,691 --> 00:15:51,449
adic� peste 500.000 de tone,
ceea ce e un record.
240
00:15:54,211 --> 00:15:55,800
Scrie:
241
00:15:56,121 --> 00:15:58,120
"As fi preferat s� duc"
242
00:15:58,121 --> 00:15:59,680
"b�t�lii navale adev�rate"
243
00:15:59,681 --> 00:16:03,240
"dec�t s� distrug vase ne�narmate".
244
00:16:05,600 --> 00:16:07,560
"Dar am avut grij� ca echipajul"
245
00:16:07,561 --> 00:16:09,600
"s� fie �n b�rci de salvare.
246
00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:13,200
"I-am �ndreptat spre
cel mai apropiat port"
247
00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:16,400
"si le-am scufundat nava."
248
00:16:26,211 --> 00:16:29,200
In realitate, germanii,
249
00:16:29,240 --> 00:16:30,800
v�zuti aici s�rb�torind o victorie,
250
00:16:30,840 --> 00:16:34,000
arareori se preocupau de soarta
inamicilor de pe navele scufundate.
251
00:16:39,600 --> 00:16:41,804
Echipajele de pe vasele comerciale
252
00:16:42,171 --> 00:16:44,000
n-au sanse �mpotriva submarinelor.
253
00:16:57,171 --> 00:17:02,924
1.700 de soldati francezi de pe
nava de transport Gallia,
254
00:17:02,971 --> 00:17:05,480
n-au sanse �mpotriva
lui Arnauld de la Peri�re,
255
00:17:05,520 --> 00:17:08,080
care le-a scufundat nava f�r� mil�.
256
00:17:09,731 --> 00:17:11,600
R�zboiul total cu submarine confirm�
257
00:17:11,601 --> 00:17:15,000
temerile negre ale cancelarului.
258
00:17:17,531 --> 00:17:19,520
La 19 martie 1917,
259
00:17:19,521 --> 00:17:21,480
trei vase comerciale americane
260
00:17:21,481 --> 00:17:23,320
sunt scufundate �n Atlantic.
261
00:17:24,400 --> 00:17:26,080
Aceast� �nt�mplare �i permite
262
00:17:26,081 --> 00:17:29,200
presedintelui Woodrow Wilson s� actioneze.
263
00:17:29,811 --> 00:17:31,560
Ii trebuie o scuz�
264
00:17:31,561 --> 00:17:33,480
ca s� implice America �n r�zboi.
265
00:17:33,481 --> 00:17:36,560
Wilson nu mai putea fi pacifist.
266
00:17:36,761 --> 00:17:39,800
Pentru el, Franta e leag�nul
Declaratiei Drepturilor Omului.
267
00:17:39,840 --> 00:17:44,246
Dac� ameninti Franta,
ameninti democratia. El declar�:
268
00:17:44,500 --> 00:17:48,400
"America e onorat� s�-si verse s�ngele
pentru principiile care au fondat-o,"
269
00:17:48,401 --> 00:17:49,840
"fericirea si pacea pe care pune pret."
270
00:17:57,400 --> 00:17:59,320
Dar nu ajut� Franta si Anglia
271
00:17:59,321 --> 00:18:01,480
doar din principiu.
272
00:18:01,481 --> 00:18:05,320
Cele dou� t�ri au o datorie de dou�
miliarde de dolari fat� de SUA.
273
00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:09,200
Datoria nu va fi pl�tit� niciodat�
274
00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:14,200
dac� Germania c�stig� r�zboiul.
275
00:18:20,251 --> 00:18:23,402
Dar America a profitat
de neutralitatea ei.
276
00:18:23,771 --> 00:18:25,560
Dup� o criz� economic� lung�,
277
00:18:25,661 --> 00:18:29,400
fabricile americane �nfloresc
278
00:18:29,600 --> 00:18:32,600
datorit� exportului de conserve,
279
00:18:32,801 --> 00:18:35,080
bumbac, minereu si explozive,
280
00:18:35,081 --> 00:18:37,680
pentru industria de r�zboi.
281
00:18:38,400 --> 00:18:40,400
America a devenit puternic�.
282
00:18:41,971 --> 00:18:44,000
Wilson vrea s� joace un rol de frunte
283
00:18:44,001 --> 00:18:46,400
�n lumea care va ap�rea dup� r�zboi.
284
00:18:48,371 --> 00:18:51,320
Totusi, �n 1916, c�nd
candida pentru a fi reales,
285
00:18:51,360 --> 00:18:54,640
Wilson le promisese
votantilor de origine german�
286
00:18:54,641 --> 00:18:56,840
c� America r�m�ne neutr�.
287
00:19:01,280 --> 00:19:04,640
Presa prefer� izolationalismul
288
00:19:05,400 --> 00:19:08,000
si se opune interventiei militare.
289
00:19:08,611 --> 00:19:12,400
Cum s� �ntoarc� Wilson opinia public�,
290
00:19:12,601 --> 00:19:15,400
�n favoarea r�zboiului?
291
00:19:17,411 --> 00:19:18,920
Dup� atacurile cu torpile,
292
00:19:18,921 --> 00:19:22,520
izbucneste o alt� criz�,
d�ndu-i ap� la moar� pentru pozitia lui.
293
00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:29,400
Cu un an �nainte,
cavaleria SUA
294
00:19:29,401 --> 00:19:32,280
intervenise �n Mexic
295
00:19:32,480 --> 00:19:34,400
din cauza unui act de sabotaj
de-a lungul granitei.
296
00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:37,640
Wilson crede c� Mexicul
297
00:19:37,641 --> 00:19:39,400
e finantat de Germania,
298
00:19:39,401 --> 00:19:41,840
pentru a crea tulbur�ri �n SUA.
299
00:19:43,971 --> 00:19:45,840
Spionii englezi intercepteaz�
300
00:19:45,841 --> 00:19:47,600
o telegram� german�
301
00:19:47,601 --> 00:19:49,840
�n care i se promite Mexicului,
302
00:19:49,841 --> 00:19:52,280
statele Texas si Arizona
303
00:19:52,281 --> 00:19:55,960
dac� �nving germanii.
304
00:19:57,731 --> 00:20:00,480
Aceasta telegram� �i ofer� lui Wilson,
305
00:20:00,531 --> 00:20:03,010
pretextul �ncet�rii izolationalismului
306
00:20:03,040 --> 00:20:05,880
si s� conving� Congresul
ca s� declare
307
00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:07,680
r�zboi Germaniei,
308
00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:11,160
la 6 aprilie 1917.
309
00:20:13,371 --> 00:20:17,000
SUA intr� �n r�zboi �mpotriva
Germaniei si aliatilor ei.
310
00:20:17,101 --> 00:20:21,200
Se uneste cu Imperiul Britanic,
�ntins din Canada p�n� �n Australia,
311
00:20:21,201 --> 00:20:26,600
cu Franta si coloniile ei,
cu Rusia, Italia, Belgia, Serbia,
312
00:20:26,701 --> 00:20:29,200
Grecia, Portugalia si Japonia.
313
00:20:34,600 --> 00:20:37,600
Conflictul devine acum
cu adev�rat un r�zboi mondial.
314
00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:50,600
La 24 aprilie, maresalul Frantei, Joffre,
315
00:20:50,601 --> 00:20:53,200
viziteaz� SUA pentru a promova alianta.
316
00:20:53,201 --> 00:20:55,400
Prezenta lui trezeste
�n poporul american
317
00:20:55,401 --> 00:20:57,600
dragostea pentru Franta.
318
00:20:57,601 --> 00:21:01,600
In 1781, marchizul de Lafayette,
319
00:21:01,601 --> 00:21:05,800
sprijinise R�zboiul de Independent�.
320
00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:08,280
"Lafayette, suntem aici!"
321
00:21:08,281 --> 00:21:10,640
va deveni cur�nd strig�tul
de lupt� american.
322
00:21:11,640 --> 00:21:14,000
In Franta exist� deja
o escadril� Lafayette,
323
00:21:14,611 --> 00:21:17,680
format� din voluntari.
324
00:21:19,840 --> 00:21:22,800
Steagul francez flutur� al�turi
325
00:21:22,801 --> 00:21:24,600
de steagul american si britanic,
326
00:21:25,571 --> 00:21:27,600
iar pe pancarte scrie:
327
00:21:28,000 --> 00:21:30,600
"Iadul e prea bun pentru nemt�l�i."
328
00:21:34,691 --> 00:21:37,200
In ciuda entuziasmului prematur,
329
00:21:37,201 --> 00:21:40,000
a discursurilor patetice,
en defensa de la Democracia,
330
00:21:40,600 --> 00:21:43,040
paradelor uriase si impresionantelor
331
00:21:43,041 --> 00:21:45,200
demonstratii ale m�retiei sale,
332
00:21:47,320 --> 00:21:50,800
America aproape c� nu are armat�.
333
00:21:51,931 --> 00:21:54,439
Are doar 125.000 de soldati,
334
00:21:54,440 --> 00:21:55,960
inclusiv 15.000 puscasi marini,
335
00:21:55,961 --> 00:21:59,200
singurii soldati adev�rati.
336
00:22:05,491 --> 00:22:07,840
E nevoie urgent� de voluntari.
337
00:22:07,880 --> 00:22:10,600
Americanii fac la fel ca britanicii
338
00:22:10,640 --> 00:22:15,200
si creeaz� un poster pe care apare
Unchiul Sam spun�nd :"Pe tine te vreau!"
339
00:22:15,891 --> 00:22:18,650
Autorit�tile asteapt�
un milion de voluntari.
340
00:22:18,651 --> 00:22:21,880
Dar, dup� sase s�pt�m�ni,
s-au oferit doar 80.000.
341
00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:27,040
Pentru americani, r�zboiul e departe.
342
00:22:27,200 --> 00:22:31,200
Inc�-si amintesc ororile R�zboiului Civil,
343
00:22:31,201 --> 00:22:33,600
�ncheiat acum 15 ani.
344
00:22:34,760 --> 00:22:38,842
Apare "Legea recrut�rii
pentru serviciul militar".
345
00:22:39,811 --> 00:22:42,840
La �nceput, antrenarea
recrutilor e rudimentar�.
346
00:22:42,880 --> 00:22:46,530
Nu e nimic preg�tit, cu exceptia
sergentului de instructie.
347
00:22:48,400 --> 00:22:49,760
Nu sunt destule uniforme.
348
00:22:50,800 --> 00:22:52,400
Pustile sunt imitatii de lemn.
349
00:22:53,920 --> 00:22:55,440
Tunurile sunt si ele imitatii.
350
00:23:01,680 --> 00:23:03,000
In schimb, recrutii se pricep
351
00:23:03,001 --> 00:23:04,281
la luptele de strad�,
352
00:23:04,282 --> 00:23:07,600
abilitate deprins� �ntr-o tar�
353
00:23:07,601 --> 00:23:09,240
cu o istorie �ns�ngerat�.
354
00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:23,209
In cur�nd, acesti oameni
355
00:23:23,210 --> 00:23:25,480
vor fi trimisi �n adev�ratul r�zboi.
356
00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:34,000
Dar nu vor ajunge �n Europa,
357
00:23:34,001 --> 00:23:35,840
dac� submarinele germane
358
00:23:35,841 --> 00:23:38,600
vor continua atacurile.
359
00:23:40,771 --> 00:23:43,600
Se ia decizia s� se �narmeze navele
360
00:23:43,601 --> 00:23:45,800
si s� se organizeze convoaie
361
00:23:47,891 --> 00:23:50,800
ap�rate de distrug�toare.
362
00:23:55,171 --> 00:23:58,880
Distrug�toarele sunt vase mici
de r�zboi rapide si manevrabile,
363
00:23:58,881 --> 00:24:01,400
cu echipaj antrenat
364
00:24:01,401 --> 00:24:04,000
s� dibuiasc� periscopul submarinelor.
365
00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:16,120
Au �nc�rc�turi de ad�ncime,
366
00:24:16,121 --> 00:24:17,680
canistre cu explozive
367
00:24:17,681 --> 00:24:20,200
aruncate peste bord,
368
00:24:20,811 --> 00:24:23,000
reglate s� explodeze
la o anumit� ad�ncime.
369
00:24:23,321 --> 00:24:25,200
Submarinul poate fi scufundat
370
00:24:25,201 --> 00:24:27,600
sau silit s� ias� la suprafat�.
371
00:24:40,360 --> 00:24:42,604
Cresc pierderile Germaniei
372
00:24:42,605 --> 00:24:44,800
si convoaiele reusesc
373
00:24:44,801 --> 00:24:47,800
s� duc� provizii
�n Anglia si Franta.
374
00:24:59,131 --> 00:25:01,329
In prim�vara anului 1917,
375
00:25:01,330 --> 00:25:04,040
Franta era de trei ani �n r�zboi.
376
00:25:04,041 --> 00:25:06,440
Ofensiva dezastruoas� din nord,
377
00:25:06,441 --> 00:25:09,600
pe platoul Chemin des Dames,
378
00:25:09,601 --> 00:25:11,440
a gr�bit criza fr�m�nt�rilor
379
00:25:11,441 --> 00:25:15,000
din armata francez�.
380
00:25:15,771 --> 00:25:17,880
Soldatii nu pricep
381
00:25:17,881 --> 00:25:19,200
de ce comandantii
382
00:25:19,201 --> 00:25:22,520
insist� pe atacuri sinucigase.
383
00:25:27,091 --> 00:25:31,044
Generalul P�tain e acum
comandantul suprem al armatei.
384
00:25:31,571 --> 00:25:33,880
Se stie c� e preocupat
385
00:25:33,881 --> 00:25:35,200
de bun�starea soldatilor,
386
00:25:35,201 --> 00:25:37,320
spre deosebire de altii.
387
00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:39,645
Soldatii �ns�rcinati cu filmatul
388
00:25:39,646 --> 00:25:41,240
reliefeaz� popularitatea lui.
389
00:25:43,851 --> 00:25:46,160
P�tain e portretizat
ca un p�rinte binevoitor
390
00:25:46,371 --> 00:25:50,200
�ntr-o scen� axat�
pe domolirea fr�m�nt�rilor trupelor.
391
00:25:55,200 --> 00:26:00,480
Bea din vinul prost si, dup� ce gust� supa,
d� ordin s� se fac� mai bun�.
392
00:26:02,371 --> 00:26:04,599
Le ofer� tig�ri.
393
00:26:04,651 --> 00:26:07,000
Expresia solemn� vrea s� exprime
394
00:26:07,040 --> 00:26:09,200
ce comandant hot�r�t si m�ret este.
395
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:12,800
Curtile martiale au judecat
396
00:26:12,840 --> 00:26:15,800
3.500 de procese cu r�zvr�titi.
397
00:26:16,211 --> 00:26:19,250
1.380 dintre ei au fost condamnati
la ani grei de �nchisoare.
398
00:26:19,280 --> 00:26:23,603
600 au fost condamnati la moarte.
57 au fost executati,
399
00:26:23,671 --> 00:26:26,727
dup� cum se vede �n aceste
imagini clandestine.
400
00:26:30,800 --> 00:26:32,400
In prim�vara lui 1917,
401
00:26:32,401 --> 00:26:34,680
�ntr-o misiv� confiscat�
de cenzura militar�,
402
00:26:34,681 --> 00:26:37,000
un soldat francez scrie:
403
00:26:37,600 --> 00:26:39,480
"Dac� ar sti femeile c�t e de r�u,"
404
00:26:39,481 --> 00:26:42,680
"s-ar �mpotrivi r�zboiului."
405
00:26:42,681 --> 00:26:45,200
"Ar striga c�-si vor sotii �napoi"
406
00:26:45,201 --> 00:26:47,000
"si s� se termine cu r�zboiul."
407
00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:50,400
O alt� scrisoare interceptat�
de la un soldat
408
00:26:50,401 --> 00:26:52,800
din Regimentul de Infanterie 36:
409
00:26:53,160 --> 00:26:55,000
"Am protestat odat� cu ceilalti."
410
00:26:55,001 --> 00:26:57,200
"Sunt s�tul de r�zboi."
411
00:26:57,201 --> 00:27:00,400
"Draga mea sotie,
ai mil� de sl�biciunea mea."
412
00:27:00,401 --> 00:27:04,040
"Iart�-m�, dar m-am
s�turat de r�zboi."
413
00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:12,724
Caporalul Louis Barthas
prefer� s� scrie �n carnetul lui:
414
00:27:13,971 --> 00:27:16,800
"In timp ce scriu,
izbucneste Revolutia Rus�."
415
00:27:16,801 --> 00:27:18,400
"Soldatii slavi,"
416
00:27:18,401 --> 00:27:20,200
"supusi unei discipline de fier,"
417
00:27:20,201 --> 00:27:23,000
"care merg la m�cel
ca niste sclavi,"
418
00:27:23,001 --> 00:27:24,240
"si-au rupt lanturile."
419
00:27:24,361 --> 00:27:28,400
"Dar simpatizantii
s� aib� grij� ce zic",
420
00:27:28,401 --> 00:27:30,400
"c�ci �i paste Curtea Martial�."
421
00:27:30,401 --> 00:27:32,800
"Nicio scrisoare
nu pleac� nedeschis�."
422
00:27:43,131 --> 00:27:44,720
10 miliarde de scrisori
au fost primite
423
00:27:44,721 --> 00:27:46,040
pe tot parcursul r�zboiului.
424
00:27:46,041 --> 00:27:47,840
Pe cei mai multi b�rbati,
425
00:27:47,841 --> 00:27:51,280
asta i-a tinut �n viat�
departe de cas�.
426
00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:12,000
Soldatii stiu
c� exist� riscul
427
00:28:12,001 --> 00:28:13,800
de a fi citite
de c�tre functionarii indiscreti
428
00:28:13,801 --> 00:28:16,120
la controlul postal.
429
00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:38,600
Soldatul Maurice Drans,
de 26 de ani,
430
00:28:38,601 --> 00:28:41,400
din Regimentul 262 Infanterie
431
00:28:41,401 --> 00:28:43,200
�i scrie lui Georgette:
432
00:28:44,811 --> 00:28:47,200
"Iti scriu aceste r�nduri,
pentru c� te iubesc.
433
00:28:47,201 --> 00:28:49,000
"Cu bratul meu �n jurul g�tului t�u,
434
00:28:49,001 --> 00:28:53,320
"simt s�rut�rile tale
si m� voi revigora."
435
00:29:04,851 --> 00:29:06,724
Iunie 1917.
436
00:29:07,091 --> 00:29:08,520
Mii de soldati se �ntorc...
437
00:29:08,521 --> 00:29:10,920
...cu permisii mai lungi
acordate de Petain,
438
00:29:10,921 --> 00:29:15,000
ca si cum ar fi acceptat
revendic�rile lor.
439
00:29:15,001 --> 00:29:16,640
Dar aplic� doar legea,
440
00:29:16,641 --> 00:29:17,921
p�n� acum ignorat�,
441
00:29:17,922 --> 00:29:19,640
care le acord� soldatilor
442
00:29:19,641 --> 00:29:21,840
7 zile libere,
la fiecare 4 luni.
443
00:29:25,891 --> 00:29:27,840
Dintr-o dat�, mii de oameni
444
00:29:27,841 --> 00:29:29,440
se pot �ntoarce acas�.
445
00:29:29,441 --> 00:29:31,040
Unul dintre ei este soldatul Gaston Lavis,
446
00:29:31,041 --> 00:29:34,000
care la cei 40 de ani,
a fost la Verdun.
447
00:29:35,200 --> 00:29:38,000
C�nd ajunge la Paris,
are un gust amar.
448
00:29:39,200 --> 00:29:40,600
El spune:
449
00:29:41,291 --> 00:29:44,400
"La nimeni nu le pas� de noi
si noi suntem sacrificati."
450
00:29:45,200 --> 00:29:48,320
"Noi suntem str�ini,
enervanti, fugiti dintr-un loc."
451
00:29:56,600 --> 00:29:59,000
"R�zboiul �i �mbog�teste
pe oportunisti.
452
00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:02,931
"�n spatele acestuia,
are loc un festin."
453
00:30:07,891 --> 00:30:09,800
Trebuie s� ne imagin�m
mizeria sexual�
454
00:30:09,801 --> 00:30:11,440
la multi
dintre acesti oameni.
455
00:30:12,251 --> 00:30:14,200
Cu salariul s�u ridicol,
456
00:30:14,201 --> 00:30:17,760
ei pot pl�ti numai prostituate
care fac sacrificii:
457
00:30:17,761 --> 00:30:20,200
50 de clienti pe zi.
458
00:30:33,931 --> 00:30:35,680
Soldatii din sectorul nordic,
459
00:30:35,681 --> 00:30:37,400
�naintea unei ofensive,
460
00:30:37,401 --> 00:30:38,920
ei sunt �n atentia
461
00:30:38,921 --> 00:30:40,800
serviciului cinematografic
al armatei franceze,
462
00:30:40,801 --> 00:30:44,000
care-i arat�
�ntr-o tab�r� de vacant�
463
00:30:44,001 --> 00:30:47,000
�n Malo-les-Bains,
pe plaja din Dunkirk.
464
00:30:51,571 --> 00:30:54,400
Marea, �n luna iunie,
este �nghetat�.
465
00:30:59,371 --> 00:31:02,400
Femeile lor intr� �n grev�
�n orasele mari,
466
00:31:02,401 --> 00:31:07,600
din cauza exploat�rii,
mizeriei si singur�t�tii.
467
00:31:19,451 --> 00:31:21,040
Toti se �ntorc
�n g�urile lor,
468
00:31:21,041 --> 00:31:23,400
pesteri, spre disperarea lor.
469
00:31:30,211 --> 00:31:33,809
Multi trec printr-un fel
de halucinatii,
470
00:31:34,171 --> 00:31:36,280
precum unul dintre
cei mai mari poeti francezi,
471
00:31:36,281 --> 00:31:39,600
Guillaume Apollinaire,
fost ofiter de artilerie
472
00:31:39,601 --> 00:31:41,800
�nainte de a fi r�nit grav.
473
00:31:44,000 --> 00:31:45,840
El scrie:
474
00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:49,640
"Armele, organele genitale,"
475
00:31:49,641 --> 00:31:52,120
"impregneaz� dragostea pe p�m�nt."
476
00:31:53,971 --> 00:31:56,240
"Este timpul instinctelor s�lbatice."
477
00:31:57,211 --> 00:32:00,002
"R�zboiul este ca dragostea."
478
00:32:10,611 --> 00:32:12,280
Revoltele se sting
479
00:32:12,281 --> 00:32:13,760
din cauza resemn�rii,
480
00:32:13,761 --> 00:32:16,800
neajutor�rii si lipsei
de coordonare cu grevele
481
00:32:16,801 --> 00:32:19,800
si protestele din fabricile de acas�.
482
00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:23,200
Dar armata francez� nu mai are
483
00:32:23,201 --> 00:32:25,200
puterea altor ofensive.
484
00:32:25,600 --> 00:32:27,600
Sosirea primelor trupe americane,
485
00:32:27,601 --> 00:32:29,440
aduce o raz� de sperant�.
486
00:32:33,531 --> 00:32:35,840
Dup� ce au trecut Atlanticul
487
00:32:35,841 --> 00:32:38,200
�n ciuda submarinelor germane,
488
00:32:38,201 --> 00:32:39,920
comandantul corpului expeditionar
489
00:32:39,921 --> 00:32:42,541
american debarc� primul.
490
00:32:42,842 --> 00:32:46,000
Generalul John Pershing,
de 57 de ani,
491
00:32:46,001 --> 00:32:49,200
e abia venit din r�zboiul cu Mexicul.
492
00:32:49,491 --> 00:32:52,880
Ajunge la Boulogne
la 13 iunie 1917.
493
00:32:56,171 --> 00:32:58,480
Francezii �i admir� aerul cazon
494
00:32:58,481 --> 00:33:01,000
si tinuta elegant�.
495
00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:11,320
Parizienii �l primesc
496
00:33:11,321 --> 00:33:13,200
cu o sperant� n�scut�
din suferint�.
497
00:33:17,331 --> 00:33:19,440
Ca prim gest, aduce un omagiu
498
00:33:19,441 --> 00:33:22,800
con el Mariscal Joffre,
la morm�ntul marchizului de Lafayette.
499
00:33:25,441 --> 00:33:30,800
La 4.800 km de cas�,
armata american� lupt� pentru voi.
500
00:33:37,651 --> 00:33:39,520
La 23 iunie 1917,
501
00:33:39,521 --> 00:33:40,800
primarul orasului Saint-Nazaire
502
00:33:40,801 --> 00:33:42,600
afiseaz� acest anunt:
503
00:33:44,931 --> 00:33:45,640
"In c�teva ore,"
504
00:33:45,641 --> 00:33:46,641
"trupele americane"
505
00:33:46,642 --> 00:33:48,120
"vor debarca la Saint-Nazaire."
506
00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:52,000
"Le dator�m cea mai
prietenoas� primire."
507
00:33:55,200 --> 00:33:57,680
"S�-i aclam�m pe aliatii
nostri �n marsul lor!"
508
00:34:00,200 --> 00:34:02,200
"S� flutur�m steagurile
�n onoarea lor!"
509
00:34:11,200 --> 00:34:12,720
"Marea Republic� american�..."
510
00:34:12,721 --> 00:34:15,200
"...lupt� al�turi de noi"
511
00:34:15,201 --> 00:34:17,200
"pentru aceleasi idealuri
de civilizatie,"
512
00:34:17,201 --> 00:34:19,200
"dreptate si onoare."
513
00:34:22,600 --> 00:34:24,400
"Tr�iasc� SUA!"
514
00:34:25,701 --> 00:34:27,840
"Tr�iasc� Franta!"
515
00:34:36,171 --> 00:34:41,010
In cur�nd vor fi un milion
de soldati americani.
516
00:34:43,801 --> 00:34:46,040
La �nceput au purtat
p�l�ria de campanie,
517
00:34:46,041 --> 00:34:47,400
dar au trecut rapid
518
00:34:47,401 --> 00:34:48,840
la casca britanic�.
519
00:34:48,841 --> 00:34:51,080
Chiar si-asa,
sunt usor de recunoscut.
520
00:34:52,240 --> 00:34:54,760
Fac pe grozavii,
cu z�mbete prietenoase.
521
00:34:57,731 --> 00:34:59,561
Francezii le spun: "sammies",
522
00:34:59,562 --> 00:35:01,240
de la "Unchiul Sam."
523
00:35:04,411 --> 00:35:07,280
La r�ndul lor,
francezilor li se spune "broscari",
524
00:35:07,281 --> 00:35:11,240
fiindc� se stie c� m�n�nc�
picioare de broasc�.
525
00:35:20,291 --> 00:35:22,560
Caporalul Charly Bell,
de 20 de ani,
526
00:35:22,561 --> 00:35:25,200
din Boston,
Massachusetts, scrie:
527
00:35:26,531 --> 00:35:28,840
"Oamenii �stia beau
vinul ca pe ap�."
528
00:35:32,411 --> 00:35:34,120
Prea tineri s� bea acas�,
529
00:35:34,121 --> 00:35:37,280
americanii dau de gustul vinului.
530
00:35:55,651 --> 00:35:58,720
Un alt soldat trimite
la "New York Tribune":
531
00:35:59,251 --> 00:36:01,800
"Venim s� lupt�m pentru Franta,"
532
00:36:01,801 --> 00:36:04,000
"dar suntem coplesiti
de oameni lacomi,"
533
00:36:04,001 --> 00:36:06,000
"care v�d la noi numai banii."
534
00:36:06,361 --> 00:36:10,000
Dar, �n general, trupele americane
sunt populare oriunde s-ar duce.
535
00:36:10,851 --> 00:36:14,489
Un ziar parizian public�
o scrisoare adresat� redactiei:
536
00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:17,600
"Sunt cea mai fericit� v�nz�toare"
537
00:36:17,601 --> 00:36:20,200
"si voi fi cea mai fericit� femeie"
538
00:36:20,201 --> 00:36:24,040
"c�nd mi se va spune
doamna Robinson."
539
00:36:27,771 --> 00:36:30,000
Francezii si englezii
540
00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:34,200
vor s�-l forteze pe Pershing s�-i integreze
pe soldatii americani �n unit�ti franceze.
541
00:36:34,201 --> 00:36:36,840
Pershing refuz�.
542
00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:40,400
Insist� s� r�m�n� o armat� american�.
543
00:36:40,500 --> 00:36:41,800
El spune:
544
00:36:41,921 --> 00:36:45,880
"Nimeni nu pune vin nou
�n burdufuri vechi."
545
00:36:48,931 --> 00:36:51,000
Ca o concesie f�cut� aliatilor,
546
00:36:51,001 --> 00:36:54,600
�i trimite pe soldatii negri
�n unit�tile mixte.
547
00:37:09,371 --> 00:37:10,880
Soldatii afro-americani
548
00:37:10,881 --> 00:37:13,320
sunt uimiti de primirea
ce li se face.
549
00:37:16,480 --> 00:37:19,400
Acas�, acesti nepoti de sclavi
550
00:37:19,401 --> 00:37:22,680
�nc� tr�iesc sub ap�sarea segreg�rii.
551
00:37:26,171 --> 00:37:29,000
Comandantul lor francez,
generalul Goybet, spune:
552
00:37:29,331 --> 00:37:30,800
"Nu vom uita
nicic�nd eroismul"
553
00:37:30,801 --> 00:37:32,040
"camarazilor nostri"
554
00:37:32,041 --> 00:37:34,200
"afro-americani."
555
00:37:35,011 --> 00:37:36,200
Dar, egalitatea,
556
00:37:36,201 --> 00:37:38,200
pentru liderii
armatei franceze,
557
00:37:38,201 --> 00:37:42,720
este moartea
f�r� nicio distinctie.
558
00:37:47,891 --> 00:37:50,700
Dar �n armata american�,
afro-americanilor,
559
00:37:50,722 --> 00:37:54,000
li se dau �ndatoriri
�n spatele frontului.
560
00:37:56,600 --> 00:37:58,400
Ei aduc �n Lumea Veche
561
00:37:58,401 --> 00:38:00,800
muzica Lumii Noi.
562
00:38:00,801 --> 00:38:05,446
Jazz-ul, un sunet necunoscut
si revolutionar.
563
00:38:11,771 --> 00:38:14,640
Si aici, �n acest
spital militar francez
564
00:38:14,680 --> 00:38:16,760
un celebru muzician de jazz din Harlem,
565
00:38:16,800 --> 00:38:18,200
James Reese-Europa,
566
00:38:18,201 --> 00:38:19,720
interpreteaz� pentru r�niti,
567
00:38:19,721 --> 00:38:22,400
celebrul s�u "Memphis Blues".
568
00:38:51,611 --> 00:38:53,480
Preg�tirea americanilor
569
00:38:53,481 --> 00:38:55,000
va trebui s� fie finalizat�
570
00:38:55,001 --> 00:38:57,280
de instructori britanici
sau francezi
571
00:38:57,281 --> 00:38:59,040
care zic c� tinerii recruti americani
572
00:38:59,041 --> 00:39:01,000
nu sunt antrenati satisf�c�tor.
573
00:39:03,971 --> 00:39:05,200
Trebuie s� le creasc�
nivelul de preg�tire.
574
00:39:05,201 --> 00:39:07,880
Va dura p�n� �i vor transforma
�n soldati adev�rati.
575
00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:11,400
In plus, echipamentul lor
are multe lipsuri.
576
00:39:11,440 --> 00:39:14,200
America �nc� nu-si poate dota trupele.
577
00:39:14,201 --> 00:39:18,040
Trebuie s� cumpere de la Franta
2.500 de tunuri,
578
00:39:18,801 --> 00:39:20,760
11 milioane de obuze,
579
00:39:21,600 --> 00:39:23,400
50.000 de mitraliere,
580
00:39:24,081 --> 00:39:26,200
200 de milioane de cartuse,
581
00:39:26,201 --> 00:39:29,640
4.500 de avioane
si cel mai important,
582
00:39:29,641 --> 00:39:33,520
235 de tancuri Renault FT.
583
00:39:33,920 --> 00:39:37,240
Acest tanc revolutionar a fost
primul blindat cu turel� rotativ�.
584
00:39:37,241 --> 00:39:38,600
E important pentru tactica �n miscare
585
00:39:38,601 --> 00:39:40,800
pe care o urm�reste Pershing.
586
00:39:43,931 --> 00:39:46,480
Pentru a finanta
aceast� achizitie imens�,
587
00:39:47,211 --> 00:39:50,000
SUA emite un num�r
imens de titluri de stat.
588
00:39:52,571 --> 00:39:55,007
"Charlot vagabondul",
jucat de Charlie Chaplin,
589
00:39:55,051 --> 00:39:57,840
cel mai cunoscut actor de atunci,
590
00:39:58,000 --> 00:40:00,640
�i �ndeamn� pe spectatori s� cumpere
591
00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:02,644
titluri de stat "Libertate".
592
00:40:11,931 --> 00:40:13,800
Si francezii s-au obisnuit cu cereri
593
00:40:13,801 --> 00:40:15,600
de cump�rare a titlurilor de stat,
594
00:40:15,601 --> 00:40:17,320
precum cet�tenii tuturor t�rilor
595
00:40:17,321 --> 00:40:19,600
care lupt� s�-l doboare pe Kaiser.
596
00:40:26,611 --> 00:40:29,520
Cinefilii sunt cei mai vizati.
597
00:40:29,521 --> 00:40:31,800
Intr-o scen� celebr� a filmului mut,
598
00:40:31,801 --> 00:40:33,440
un soldat se adreseaz� publicului
599
00:40:33,441 --> 00:40:36,600
�n timp ce un actor
citeste replicile din culise:
600
00:40:36,601 --> 00:40:39,000
"Doamnelor si domnilor,"
601
00:40:39,001 --> 00:40:41,520
"nu pot s� spun dec�t at�t:"
602
00:40:41,521 --> 00:40:43,520
"Subscrieti!"
603
00:40:43,840 --> 00:40:46,280
Cheltuielile de r�zboi
dep�sesc de 50 de ori
604
00:40:46,281 --> 00:40:48,400
estimarea din 1914.
605
00:40:48,451 --> 00:40:50,260
Industriasii ca Renault,
606
00:40:50,361 --> 00:40:53,360
Ford, Krupp si Citro�n
se �mbog�tesc.
607
00:40:53,361 --> 00:40:55,880
Amplasate �n Arondismentul 15 din Paris,
608
00:40:55,881 --> 00:40:58,200
fabricile Citro�n scoteau
26 milioane de obuze.
609
00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:01,640
In larma infernal� a atelierelor,
610
00:41:01,641 --> 00:41:04,320
pe salarii mizere, femeile lucreaz�
611
00:41:04,321 --> 00:41:08,640
11 ore pe zi,
inclusiv duminica.
612
00:41:21,531 --> 00:41:23,800
La 1 iulie 1917,
613
00:41:24,211 --> 00:41:28,050
George al V-lea, regele Angliei,
soseste pe continent.
614
00:41:28,160 --> 00:41:32,400
E a 400-a vizit� pe front.
615
00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:35,480
Pe dunele coastei M�rii Nordului,
616
00:41:35,481 --> 00:41:38,000
belgienii prezint� onorul.
617
00:41:38,001 --> 00:41:41,800
Albert I, monarhul belgienilor,
618
00:41:41,801 --> 00:41:43,840
rezist� eroic cu ce
a mai r�mas din tara lui.
619
00:41:45,691 --> 00:41:50,000
Albert I e v�rul regelui George.
620
00:41:50,001 --> 00:41:51,600
Am�ndoi au origini germane.
621
00:41:51,601 --> 00:41:54,640
Sunt descendentii casei
Saxa-Cobourg-Gotha.
622
00:41:55,011 --> 00:41:57,600
Regele George al V-lea a decis
s�-si schimbe numele.
623
00:41:58,000 --> 00:41:59,800
Pe viitor, familia britanic� regal�
624
00:41:59,801 --> 00:42:02,480
se va numi "casa Windsor".
625
00:42:06,600 --> 00:42:08,200
George al V-lea e �ngrijorat.
626
00:42:08,201 --> 00:42:09,481
Submarinele germane
627
00:42:09,482 --> 00:42:10,800
�i �nfometeaz� pe englezi
628
00:42:10,801 --> 00:42:13,280
si fac multe victime.
629
00:42:13,320 --> 00:42:15,800
Trebuie s� g�seasc�
o iesire din impas.
630
00:42:19,691 --> 00:42:22,080
Solutia lui e s� asedieze bazele
631
00:42:22,081 --> 00:42:24,760
submarinelor din Belgia ocupat�,
632
00:42:24,761 --> 00:42:26,920
aflate la Ostende si Bruges.
633
00:42:29,411 --> 00:42:31,080
Conduc�torii armatei britanice
634
00:42:31,081 --> 00:42:33,000
preg�tesc ofensiva din Belgia.
635
00:42:33,001 --> 00:42:36,080
Comandant e feldmaresalul Haig,
636
00:42:36,081 --> 00:42:40,040
poreclit "M�celarul de pe Somme".
637
00:42:43,131 --> 00:42:45,530
Si armata lui Haig
a trecut prin tensiuni.
638
00:42:45,811 --> 00:42:48,520
306 soldati englezi au fost executati
639
00:42:48,521 --> 00:42:50,560
fiindc� n-au urcat sc�rile transeei
640
00:42:50,561 --> 00:42:53,600
si nu s-au av�ntat
spre o moarte sigur�.
641
00:43:01,411 --> 00:43:04,887
In aprilie 1917, �n atacul
642
00:43:05,251 --> 00:43:07,600
pentru creasta de l�ng� Vimy,
643
00:43:07,601 --> 00:43:11,600
au fost mutilati sau ucisi
10.600 de canadieni.
644
00:43:13,771 --> 00:43:17,000
Pierderile au fost at�t de mari,
645
00:43:17,001 --> 00:43:20,400
�nc�t e greu de g�sit alti voluntari.
646
00:43:23,051 --> 00:43:24,520
In Canada, planul Londrei
647
00:43:24,521 --> 00:43:26,600
de a face recrut�ri
obligatorii �n imperiu
648
00:43:26,601 --> 00:43:30,080
st�rneste revolte.
649
00:43:37,040 --> 00:43:42,200
Primul Ministru britanic,
David Lloyd George, de 54 de ani,
650
00:43:42,201 --> 00:43:43,800
e �mpotriva unui nou atac
651
00:43:43,801 --> 00:43:45,800
�n acest sector dificil al Flandrei,
652
00:43:45,801 --> 00:43:47,400
�n care ap�rarea german�
653
00:43:47,401 --> 00:43:49,840
e cea mai puternic�
de pe linia frontului.
654
00:43:54,000 --> 00:43:56,600
Lloyd George, politician
de centru moderat,
655
00:43:56,601 --> 00:43:58,200
e consternat c�
au fost deja sacrificati
656
00:43:58,201 --> 00:44:01,600
200.000 de soldati britanici.
657
00:44:17,651 --> 00:44:19,520
Vrea s�-i astepte pe americani
658
00:44:19,521 --> 00:44:20,800
s� intre �n actiune,
659
00:44:20,801 --> 00:44:22,600
dar nu-i poate convinge
660
00:44:22,601 --> 00:44:25,000
pe liderii militari.
661
00:44:25,281 --> 00:44:27,600
Inchistati si orbi, sunt incapabili
662
00:44:27,601 --> 00:44:29,520
s�-si imagineze alte strategii.
663
00:44:29,521 --> 00:44:31,600
Au pl�nuit atacurile �n detaliu
664
00:44:31,601 --> 00:44:34,200
pe machete cu c�mpul de lupt�.
665
00:44:41,811 --> 00:44:44,200
Vor s� str�pung� liniile germane
666
00:44:44,201 --> 00:44:48,080
l�ng� or�selul Passchendaele.
667
00:44:53,531 --> 00:44:55,840
La 31 iulie 1917,
668
00:44:55,841 --> 00:44:57,800
�ncepe ofensiva.
669
00:44:59,291 --> 00:45:01,200
E o repetare a aceluiasi
scenariu nebunesc,
670
00:45:01,201 --> 00:45:04,800
�ncercat la nesf�rsit
�n ultimii trei ani.
671
00:45:07,531 --> 00:45:10,760
De data asta, artileria
britanic� dezl�ntuie
672
00:45:10,761 --> 00:45:13,600
un baraj cu 4 milioane de obuze,
673
00:45:13,601 --> 00:45:17,080
de patru ori mai mult
dec�t �n b�t�lia de pe Somme.
674
00:45:37,971 --> 00:45:39,800
Dup� 15 zile de bombardament,
675
00:45:39,801 --> 00:45:41,800
sunt trimise tancurile,
676
00:45:41,801 --> 00:45:44,000
la fel ca acum un an, pe Somme,
677
00:45:44,001 --> 00:45:46,000
dar �ntr-un num�r mult mai mare.
678
00:45:48,131 --> 00:45:51,687
100 de tancuri Mark IV,
niste namile de 30 tone,
679
00:45:51,731 --> 00:45:54,400
dotate cu trei mitraliere
sau dou� tunuri.
680
00:45:55,960 --> 00:45:59,200
Culc� s�rma ghimpat�,
681
00:45:59,201 --> 00:46:01,680
deschiz�nd drumul pentru britanicii
682
00:46:01,681 --> 00:46:03,960
flancati de unit�ti franceze,
683
00:46:03,961 --> 00:46:06,000
ca s� lanseze un atac
asupra pozitiilor germane.
684
00:46:09,520 --> 00:46:11,600
In ciuda barajului de foc inamic,
685
00:46:11,601 --> 00:46:13,400
inaintarea aliatilor e spectaculoas�.
686
00:46:17,200 --> 00:46:19,480
P�n� c�nd, brusc,
aliatii se �mpotmolesc
687
00:46:19,481 --> 00:46:21,200
de o catastrof� climatic�,
688
00:46:21,201 --> 00:46:23,000
mai putin frecvent�,
la sf�rsitul lunii iulie.
689
00:46:23,001 --> 00:46:24,600
O furtun� inimaginabil�,
690
00:46:24,601 --> 00:46:26,880
transform� terenul
bombardat �ntr-o mare de noroi,
691
00:46:26,881 --> 00:46:30,200
cum e descris� de c�pitan Edwin Vaughan,
692
00:46:30,201 --> 00:46:32,800
din Regimentul 1 Warwickshire:
693
00:46:33,931 --> 00:46:36,000
"Sunt gemete de ambele tabere."
694
00:46:36,001 --> 00:46:37,600
"R�nitii se t�r�sc �n craterele"
695
00:46:37,601 --> 00:46:39,200
"f�cute de obuze,
pentru a se ad�posti."
696
00:46:39,480 --> 00:46:42,000
"Ploaia continu�
si apa creste �n gropi."
697
00:46:42,001 --> 00:46:45,400
"Neput�ndu-se misca,
r�nitii se �neac�."
698
00:46:45,401 --> 00:46:48,000
"Un ofiter pl�nge l�ng� mine."
699
00:46:48,001 --> 00:46:50,400
"Oamenii mei sunt socati."
700
00:46:50,521 --> 00:46:52,400
"Nu putem face nimic."
701
00:46:52,501 --> 00:46:54,620
"Trebuie s� m� cat�r pe cadavre."
702
00:46:54,721 --> 00:46:56,820
"O m�n� se �ntinde si m� apuc�."
703
00:46:56,980 --> 00:46:58,900
"Ingrozit, scot un om viu"
704
00:46:58,991 --> 00:47:00,800
"din mald�rul de cadavre."
705
00:47:08,240 --> 00:47:10,000
Tancurile se �mpotmolesc �n noroi.
706
00:47:10,400 --> 00:47:11,960
Sunt tinte usoare
707
00:47:11,961 --> 00:47:14,000
pentru tunurile germane de 77 mm.
708
00:47:14,001 --> 00:47:18,800
Germanii dezmembreaz� tancurile
dezafectate si recupereaz� tot ce pot.
709
00:47:22,001 --> 00:47:25,120
Germania a r�mas f�r�
otel pentru tancuri
710
00:47:25,221 --> 00:47:27,840
din cauza blocadei aliate.
711
00:47:40,411 --> 00:47:42,240
In septembrie 1917,
712
00:47:43,200 --> 00:47:46,640
comandantii militari
persist� �n nebunia lor.
713
00:47:47,400 --> 00:47:49,920
S�pt�m�ni la r�nd,
714
00:47:49,921 --> 00:47:52,000
feldmaresalul Haig reia atacul.
715
00:47:52,400 --> 00:47:54,440
Solul lutos retine apa,
716
00:47:54,441 --> 00:47:57,400
sporind suferinta oamenilor.
717
00:48:11,531 --> 00:48:13,600
Liniile telefonice au fost t�iate.
718
00:48:15,600 --> 00:48:18,000
Doar porumbeii mesageri pot trece
719
00:48:18,001 --> 00:48:19,400
de grindina de foc.
720
00:48:19,401 --> 00:48:22,800
Ii duc vestile oribile lui Haig,
721
00:48:22,801 --> 00:48:26,200
care minimalizeaz� dezastrul
�n rapoartele c�tre guvern.
722
00:48:33,200 --> 00:48:35,000
Dup� planul lui Haig,
723
00:48:35,600 --> 00:48:38,080
Passchendaele trebuia
cucerit �n c�teva ore
724
00:48:38,081 --> 00:48:41,800
din prima zi a ofensivei.
725
00:48:42,211 --> 00:48:45,100
A fost nevoie de trei luni.
726
00:48:49,101 --> 00:48:52,120
In sf�rsit, orasul e ocupat,
727
00:48:52,221 --> 00:48:55,320
dup� luptele de strad� s�ngeroase
duse de canadieni.
728
00:49:06,171 --> 00:49:09,926
Soldatul Arthur Lapointe,
Batalionul 22, spune:
729
00:49:10,331 --> 00:49:12,640
"Passchendaele, pare un oras"
730
00:49:12,641 --> 00:49:14,640
"lovit de un cataclism."
731
00:49:14,891 --> 00:49:16,080
"Aceste c�mpuri ale mortii"
732
00:49:16,081 --> 00:49:17,800
"nu vor mai cunoaste viata."
733
00:49:24,611 --> 00:49:29,688
Fortele britanice
au pierdut 217,194 de oameni,
734
00:49:29,720 --> 00:49:32,200
pentru a avansa 8 km.
735
00:49:32,571 --> 00:49:35,400
Iar germanii,
aproximativ 300 mii.
736
00:49:38,371 --> 00:49:41,600
Primul Ministru britanic,
Lloyd George, spune:
737
00:49:42,531 --> 00:49:44,600
"Passchendaele va r�m�ne"
738
00:49:44,601 --> 00:49:47,800
"una dintre cele mai mari, s�ngeroase"
739
00:49:47,900 --> 00:49:51,600
"si inutile b�t�lii din istorie."
740
00:49:56,211 --> 00:49:59,440
Medicul militar canadian,
John McCrae,
741
00:49:59,491 --> 00:50:02,209
scrie "Pe-al Flandrei c�mp",
742
00:50:02,251 --> 00:50:05,800
una dintre cele mai emotionante
poezii scrise vreodat� despre r�zboi.
743
00:50:08,211 --> 00:50:11,800
"Pe c�mpul Flandrei, �nfloresc maci."
744
00:50:11,901 --> 00:50:14,900
"R�sar �n r�nduri, printre cruci."
745
00:50:17,091 --> 00:50:20,500
"Noi suntem mortii, ce nu demult."
746
00:50:20,521 --> 00:50:24,400
"Ne bucuram de-al vietii tumult."
747
00:50:27,161 --> 00:50:30,520
"Iubeam si eram iubiti."
748
00:50:30,521 --> 00:50:32,800
"Pe-al Flandrei c�mp noi am murit."
749
00:50:52,211 --> 00:50:53,440
Toti ceilalti
750
00:50:53,480 --> 00:50:54,680
rezist�,
751
00:50:54,800 --> 00:50:57,700
sper�nd si astept�nd
752
00:50:57,801 --> 00:51:01,200
ziua izb�virii.
753
00:51:01,201 --> 00:51:05,200
URMATORUL EPISOD
IZBAVIREA
754
00:51:07,201 --> 00:51:11,200
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