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Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:06,480 --> 00:00:09,519 African savannah. Winning the hunt is 2 00:00:09,519 --> 00:00:11,759 only the beginning. Wildlife 3 00:00:11,759 --> 00:00:14,759 documentary. 4 00:00:19,840 --> 00:00:24,000 Temperatures climb above 108° F and the 5 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:26,400 Serengeti grass dries yellow under the 6 00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:29,359 heat. From far away, the ground begins 7 00:00:29,359 --> 00:00:32,320 to tremble. The East African sun pours 8 00:00:32,320 --> 00:00:36,600 down a harsh white light. 9 00:00:42,640 --> 00:00:45,520 On the grassland, open space is the 10 00:00:45,520 --> 00:00:48,879 first danger. Tree shade is too thin to 11 00:00:48,879 --> 00:00:52,000 hide a running body. Deep burrows are 12 00:00:52,000 --> 00:00:56,680 rarely close enough to save the hunted. 13 00:01:10,960 --> 00:01:12,799 From the wide plains around the 14 00:01:12,799 --> 00:01:15,680 Serengeti to the migration corridors 15 00:01:15,680 --> 00:01:18,400 reaching toward the Masai Mara, the 16 00:01:18,400 --> 00:01:21,840 ground opens almost without cover. 17 00:01:21,840 --> 00:01:24,000 Every strip of low grass can hold a 18 00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:26,560 track, a blood scent, and the direction 19 00:01:26,560 --> 00:01:29,280 of escape. Prey can see the predator 20 00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:32,000 from far away. The predator can also 21 00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:34,479 catch every small movement across the 22 00:01:34,479 --> 00:01:38,200 bright grass floor. 23 00:01:42,400 --> 00:01:45,280 In the Serengeti, life rarely disappears 24 00:01:45,280 --> 00:01:48,799 from view. One small shift is enough to 25 00:01:48,799 --> 00:01:52,159 turn an entire herd. The sound of hooves 26 00:01:52,159 --> 00:01:55,200 begins the chain reaction. On that hot 27 00:01:55,200 --> 00:01:57,840 ground, the one running first leaves a 28 00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:01,200 trail. The one behind only has to read 29 00:02:01,200 --> 00:02:04,920 that trail correctly. 30 00:02:19,360 --> 00:02:21,520 At the lower level of the food chain, 31 00:02:21,520 --> 00:02:23,840 the impala is rarely allowed to stand 32 00:02:23,840 --> 00:02:26,720 still for long. Its reddish brown coat 33 00:02:26,720 --> 00:02:29,520 catches the light. An adult weighs about 34 00:02:29,520 --> 00:02:33,360 90 to 141 lb, light enough to change 35 00:02:33,360 --> 00:02:36,400 direction very fast. Long legs carry the 36 00:02:36,400 --> 00:02:39,440 impala across open ground in only a few 37 00:02:39,440 --> 00:02:42,160 beats. 38 00:02:54,080 --> 00:02:57,120 A leaping impala can stretch nearly 33 39 00:02:57,120 --> 00:03:00,959 ft forward and rise almost 10 ft high. 40 00:03:00,959 --> 00:03:03,680 In the heat, its body bends briefly 41 00:03:03,680 --> 00:03:07,319 against the sky. 42 00:03:13,840 --> 00:03:16,560 When one antelopee launches upward, the 43 00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:20,080 whole herd instantly breaks formation. 44 00:03:20,080 --> 00:03:23,440 20, 30, then 50 bodies fire off the 45 00:03:23,440 --> 00:03:26,760 ground together. 46 00:03:34,560 --> 00:03:36,720 A predator's eyes have to choose one 47 00:03:36,720 --> 00:03:40,000 target inside too much movement. Every 48 00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:43,120 leap cuts the line of sight into pieces. 49 00:03:43,120 --> 00:03:45,920 That chaos gives the impala a few more 50 00:03:45,920 --> 00:03:49,560 seconds of life. 51 00:03:59,120 --> 00:04:01,760 The cheetah begins its chase at the edge 52 00:04:01,760 --> 00:04:04,560 of the impala herd. The group has just 53 00:04:04,560 --> 00:04:07,840 scattered. One impala drifts away from 54 00:04:07,840 --> 00:04:10,959 the others for a few short beats. That 55 00:04:10,959 --> 00:04:13,920 gap is enough for the cheetah to commit. 56 00:04:13,920 --> 00:04:16,799 The cheetah's body is slim and light, 57 00:04:16,799 --> 00:04:22,519 only about 79 to 141 lb. 58 00:04:26,639 --> 00:04:28,880 Compared with many other big cats, 59 00:04:28,880 --> 00:04:31,919 almost nothing on its frame is excess. 60 00:04:31,919 --> 00:04:34,560 Even a little extra mass could slow the 61 00:04:34,560 --> 00:04:37,560 burst. 62 00:04:46,960 --> 00:04:49,680 The cheetah lowers its body and surges 63 00:04:49,680 --> 00:04:53,120 forward. The spine folds then releases 64 00:04:53,120 --> 00:04:56,000 through every stride. Each step can 65 00:04:56,000 --> 00:05:00,440 stretch nearly 23 feet. 66 00:05:06,240 --> 00:05:09,039 The hind legs drive hard and the front 67 00:05:09,039 --> 00:05:11,039 feet strike the ground with rapid 68 00:05:11,039 --> 00:05:13,600 precision. A cheetah can accelerate to 69 00:05:13,600 --> 00:05:17,440 nearly 60 mph in only a few seconds. 70 00:05:17,440 --> 00:05:19,680 That speed erases the distance between 71 00:05:19,680 --> 00:05:22,960 hunter and prey very quickly, but it 72 00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:27,960 also burns energy at a brutal rate. 73 00:05:34,639 --> 00:05:37,759 The cheetah's claws retract only partly. 74 00:05:37,759 --> 00:05:40,240 When the foot hits the ground, the claws 75 00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:42,800 grip the running line. More driving 76 00:05:42,800 --> 00:05:45,039 force stays locked into every forward 77 00:05:45,039 --> 00:05:48,320 burst. The long tail sweeps behind, 78 00:05:48,320 --> 00:05:50,160 balancing the body when the cheetah 79 00:05:50,160 --> 00:05:53,639 changes [music] direction. 80 00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:10,560 If the impala turns suddenly, that tail 81 00:06:10,560 --> 00:06:13,199 instantly corrects the rear body. The 82 00:06:13,199 --> 00:06:16,400 chase moves fast. The cheetater is built 83 00:06:16,400 --> 00:06:19,199 for acceleration after a full power 84 00:06:19,199 --> 00:06:21,919 burst. The higher the speed, the closer 85 00:06:21,919 --> 00:06:25,160 the limit. 86 00:06:33,919 --> 00:06:36,880 The Impala still has a chance if it can 87 00:06:36,880 --> 00:06:39,680 hold distance for a few more seconds. 88 00:06:39,680 --> 00:06:42,000 One sharp turn can break the cheetah's 89 00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:44,800 rhythm. A longer run can force the 90 00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:48,319 hunter to stop. Sometimes the hunt is 91 00:06:48,319 --> 00:06:51,039 decided in a few breaths. The cheetah 92 00:06:51,039 --> 00:06:56,919 slows. Its chest heaves under the sun. 93 00:07:03,599 --> 00:07:05,759 The meal that was right in front of it 94 00:07:05,759 --> 00:07:08,400 has slipped out of reach and the impala 95 00:07:08,400 --> 00:07:12,680 rejoins the edge of the herd. 96 00:07:19,199 --> 00:07:22,080 In 10 hunts, a cheetah usually succeeds 97 00:07:22,080 --> 00:07:25,280 only four to five times. Speed opens the 98 00:07:25,280 --> 00:07:28,160 chance, but that chance burns fast under 99 00:07:28,160 --> 00:07:30,880 the sun. The cheetah stops, and the 100 00:07:30,880 --> 00:07:33,199 savannah belongs again to the one with 101 00:07:33,199 --> 00:07:37,400 enough strength to keep moving. 102 00:07:54,400 --> 00:07:56,800 The grass around the ostrich nest has 103 00:07:56,800 --> 00:07:59,759 just moved. The male immediately lifts 104 00:07:59,759 --> 00:08:02,400 his body high. The neck stretches 105 00:08:02,400 --> 00:08:05,440 straight. Large eyes lock onto the spot 106 00:08:05,440 --> 00:08:08,639 that shifted. At that distance, even a 107 00:08:08,639 --> 00:08:13,560 small change is enough to signal danger. 108 00:08:20,160 --> 00:08:22,720 The ostrich does not fly to escape the 109 00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:26,000 ground. Its broad wings remain as tools 110 00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:28,479 for balance and for making the body look 111 00:08:28,479 --> 00:08:32,320 larger. A body of nearly 300 lb stands 112 00:08:32,320 --> 00:08:35,360 in the middle of the savannah. Long legs 113 00:08:35,360 --> 00:08:38,959 plant into the dry grass. Each toe grips 114 00:08:38,959 --> 00:08:43,880 hard, ready to drive the bird forward. 115 00:08:55,360 --> 00:08:57,600 When it needs to leave danger, an 116 00:08:57,600 --> 00:09:01,200 ostrich can run nearly 43 mph. 117 00:09:01,200 --> 00:09:03,760 That speed outruns every other running 118 00:09:03,760 --> 00:09:07,200 bird. Its eyes detect danger before its 119 00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:10,560 legs have to move. Wide vision matters 120 00:09:10,560 --> 00:09:13,839 as much as speed. Those large eyes sweep 121 00:09:13,839 --> 00:09:16,720 across the savannah. From almost 2 miles 122 00:09:16,720 --> 00:09:19,519 away, an ostrich can detect unusual 123 00:09:19,519 --> 00:09:22,480 movement. Even a dark shape mixed into 124 00:09:22,480 --> 00:09:26,000 the grass struggles to come too close. A 125 00:09:26,000 --> 00:09:30,680 lion may lower its body to approach. 126 00:09:38,880 --> 00:09:41,279 Near the nest, the male is no longer 127 00:09:41,279 --> 00:09:43,839 only watching. The large body turns 128 00:09:43,839 --> 00:09:46,320 straight toward the danger. The wings 129 00:09:46,320 --> 00:09:48,880 spread wide, making the bird look much 130 00:09:48,880 --> 00:09:52,000 larger, and the neck drops low. Each 131 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:55,360 step begins to gather force. Yellow dust 132 00:09:55,360 --> 00:09:57,440 jumps behind every strike into the 133 00:09:57,440 --> 00:10:00,399 ground. 134 00:10:08,240 --> 00:10:11,040 An ostrich kick can seriously injure a 135 00:10:11,040 --> 00:10:14,480 lion. The power sits in the long legs, 136 00:10:14,480 --> 00:10:16,959 strong joints, and a forward driving 137 00:10:16,959 --> 00:10:20,640 strike. The male charges a few steps. 138 00:10:20,640 --> 00:10:25,800 The intruder is forced to slow down. 139 00:10:31,360 --> 00:10:34,240 Behind him, the nest still lies among 140 00:10:34,240 --> 00:10:38,720 the low grass. The eggs cannot run, so 141 00:10:38,720 --> 00:10:41,600 the male must turn his own body into the 142 00:10:41,600 --> 00:10:44,320 final barrier. Under the East African 143 00:10:44,320 --> 00:10:47,279 sun, speed sometimes helps an ostrich 144 00:10:47,279 --> 00:10:50,320 escape danger. But near the nest, 145 00:10:50,320 --> 00:10:52,720 standing ground becomes the strongest 146 00:10:52,720 --> 00:10:55,720 warning. 147 00:11:05,920 --> 00:11:08,560 From the edge of the horizon, the ground 148 00:11:08,560 --> 00:11:13,560 begins to move. It is wilderbeast. 149 00:11:19,360 --> 00:11:22,160 More than 1.5 million wilderbeast enter 150 00:11:22,160 --> 00:11:24,880 the annual migration. The route pulls 151 00:11:24,880 --> 00:11:27,200 them across the Serengeti and into the 152 00:11:27,200 --> 00:11:30,480 Masai Mara. Few sightes carry more 153 00:11:30,480 --> 00:11:33,480 weight. 154 00:11:39,600 --> 00:11:43,200 An adult wilderbeast weighs about 260 to 155 00:11:43,200 --> 00:11:47,120 600 lb. The herd moves forward, dust 156 00:11:47,120 --> 00:11:49,279 rolling behind layer after layer of 157 00:11:49,279 --> 00:11:52,279 hooves. 158 00:11:58,079 --> 00:11:59,839 A wilderbeast's strength is not 159 00:11:59,839 --> 00:12:03,440 solitary. That massive river of bodies 160 00:12:03,440 --> 00:12:07,800 forces predators to calculate 161 00:12:14,320 --> 00:12:17,040 Charge into the wrong place and a hunter 162 00:12:17,040 --> 00:12:20,079 can be trampled. But inside that sea of 163 00:12:20,079 --> 00:12:24,240 dark backs, gaps always open. Calves 164 00:12:24,240 --> 00:12:28,600 fall behind the herd's rhythm. 165 00:12:35,600 --> 00:12:38,079 Older animals lose strength after many 166 00:12:38,079 --> 00:12:40,880 days on the move. One small limp is 167 00:12:40,880 --> 00:12:45,079 enough for distance to appear. 168 00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:52,959 A predator only has to find the weakest 169 00:12:52,959 --> 00:12:55,360 part of the herd. And at the edge of the 170 00:12:55,360 --> 00:12:58,000 low brush, yellow eyes are already 171 00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:01,000 waiting. 172 00:13:08,880 --> 00:13:11,680 The lioness does not rush out at once. 173 00:13:11,680 --> 00:13:14,480 She waits for the chance. Her body, 174 00:13:14,480 --> 00:13:18,480 weighing about 260 to nearly 400 lb, 175 00:13:18,480 --> 00:13:21,279 presses low into the grass. Her coat 176 00:13:21,279 --> 00:13:24,000 blends with yellow dust and thin tree 177 00:13:24,000 --> 00:13:27,000 shadow. 178 00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:38,240 Each step forward happens only while the 179 00:13:38,240 --> 00:13:41,360 wilderbeast lower their heads. Even a 180 00:13:41,360 --> 00:13:43,920 small movement of an ear is enough to 181 00:13:43,920 --> 00:13:47,240 stop her. 182 00:13:53,760 --> 00:13:56,240 The real hunt begins long before the 183 00:13:56,240 --> 00:13:59,120 charge. A lioness often moves with 184 00:13:59,120 --> 00:14:00,639 others. 185 00:14:00,639 --> 00:14:02,480 Two or three more may divide the 186 00:14:02,480 --> 00:14:06,440 approach from different angles. 187 00:14:12,560 --> 00:14:15,360 Inside a large herd, chaos becomes the 188 00:14:15,360 --> 00:14:18,480 moment to strike. One lioness forces the 189 00:14:18,480 --> 00:14:20,560 prey to change direction from the grass 190 00:14:20,560 --> 00:14:24,000 edge. Another closes slowly along the 191 00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:27,120 side of the herd. The final distance 192 00:14:27,120 --> 00:14:29,839 turns into one short explosion. The 193 00:14:29,839 --> 00:14:32,079 lioness searches for the animal losing 194 00:14:32,079 --> 00:14:34,720 rhythm. A calf is pushed away from the 195 00:14:34,720 --> 00:14:37,680 running line. The strike hits the flank 196 00:14:37,680 --> 00:14:40,079 and drags the young body down into the 197 00:14:40,079 --> 00:14:43,079 grass. 198 00:14:53,920 --> 00:14:56,880 The lioness holds the calf until the 199 00:14:56,880 --> 00:15:00,000 chest no longer rises. Before the dust 200 00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:02,720 has settled, the meal is already calling 201 00:15:02,720 --> 00:15:06,079 others in. On the Serengeti, catching 202 00:15:06,079 --> 00:15:11,079 prey does not always mean keeping it. 203 00:15:18,639 --> 00:15:21,680 From far away, the roar of a male lion 204 00:15:21,680 --> 00:15:24,399 cuts across the grassland. That sound 205 00:15:24,399 --> 00:15:26,800 does not only mark his position, it 206 00:15:26,800 --> 00:15:28,959 draws a boundary for every other lion 207 00:15:28,959 --> 00:15:31,199 moving through the dark. for a male 208 00:15:31,199 --> 00:15:34,199 lion. 209 00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:44,800 Power does not come from age. Power 210 00:15:44,800 --> 00:15:46,800 begins the moment he is forced out of 211 00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:50,399 the pride. At about 3 years old, a young 212 00:15:50,399 --> 00:15:53,199 male must leave the safety of the group. 213 00:15:53,199 --> 00:15:56,160 From there, the grassland becomes a long 214 00:15:56,160 --> 00:15:59,519 test. Hunger, wounds, and solitary 215 00:15:59,519 --> 00:16:03,800 nights follow every step. 216 00:16:11,519 --> 00:16:14,079 Many males disappear before they grow 217 00:16:14,079 --> 00:16:16,800 strong enough to return. Those that 218 00:16:16,800 --> 00:16:20,880 survive often find brothers or allies. 219 00:16:20,880 --> 00:16:23,360 Their bodies thicken, their manes 220 00:16:23,360 --> 00:16:26,800 darken, and the objective changes. The 221 00:16:26,800 --> 00:16:29,680 male lion returns to take a pride by 222 00:16:29,680 --> 00:16:32,680 force. 223 00:16:38,160 --> 00:16:41,279 Confrontations between males are brief. 224 00:16:41,279 --> 00:16:44,560 One swipe can tear the skin of the face. 225 00:16:44,560 --> 00:16:47,040 One bite to the neck or spine can end 226 00:16:47,040 --> 00:16:50,079 everything. If the loser survives, he 227 00:16:50,079 --> 00:16:54,120 withdraws into the night. 228 00:17:00,160 --> 00:17:02,880 A distant roar reminds the territory 229 00:17:02,880 --> 00:17:04,880 that the next challenger is already 230 00:17:04,880 --> 00:17:08,240 growing. In the Serengeti, power lasts 231 00:17:08,240 --> 00:17:10,000 only while there is strength enough to 232 00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:13,319 defend it. 233 00:17:20,640 --> 00:17:24,720 Heat above 104° F presses down on the 234 00:17:24,720 --> 00:17:27,679 grass. A wartthog moves low through 235 00:17:27,679 --> 00:17:30,720 yellow dust and dry wind. Its body has 236 00:17:30,720 --> 00:17:33,440 no sweat glands to release heat, so a 237 00:17:33,440 --> 00:17:38,200 mud wallow becomes a place of survival. 238 00:17:46,559 --> 00:17:49,200 Mud coats the skin and pulls heat away 239 00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:52,480 from the body. When it dries, it also 240 00:17:52,480 --> 00:17:55,039 helps block parasites from clinging to 241 00:17:55,039 --> 00:17:58,320 the skin. The mother warthog moves first 242 00:17:58,320 --> 00:18:01,520 with the young close behind. Ears rise 243 00:18:01,520 --> 00:18:05,880 at every unfamiliar sound. 244 00:18:16,080 --> 00:18:18,559 In the dry season, distance from the 245 00:18:18,559 --> 00:18:21,760 group can become costly. Family bonds 246 00:18:21,760 --> 00:18:24,640 are the first line of defense. Alert 247 00:18:24,640 --> 00:18:26,960 mothers take turns reading the wind and 248 00:18:26,960 --> 00:18:30,919 the shadows in the grass. 249 00:18:39,120 --> 00:18:41,600 When danger closes in, the group 250 00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:44,720 retreats to an old burrow. It is usually 251 00:18:44,720 --> 00:18:48,080 a den abandoned by another species. 252 00:18:48,080 --> 00:18:50,960 Inside, deeper soil holds a steadier 253 00:18:50,960 --> 00:18:55,160 temperature than the grass above. 254 00:19:07,280 --> 00:19:10,720 At midday, the dark burrow helps wthogs 255 00:19:10,720 --> 00:19:13,200 avoid the worst heat of the day. 256 00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:15,520 Outside, the dry season keeps [music] 257 00:19:15,520 --> 00:19:18,080 tightening around the savannah. Small 258 00:19:18,080 --> 00:19:23,000 pools shrink after the hours of sun. 259 00:19:37,600 --> 00:19:41,039 Easy food disappears first. The warthog 260 00:19:41,039 --> 00:19:43,120 lowers its head to the ground and begins 261 00:19:43,120 --> 00:19:49,400 to dig. A hard snout turns the dry soil. 262 00:20:00,320 --> 00:20:03,520 Tusks pull up roots, small tubers, and 263 00:20:03,520 --> 00:20:06,160 the last scraps of grass. What many 264 00:20:06,160 --> 00:20:08,559 animals leave behind keeps the warthog 265 00:20:08,559 --> 00:20:11,559 alive. 266 00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:22,880 Midday movement slows to save strength. 267 00:20:22,880 --> 00:20:25,280 Many days with little water force, the 268 00:20:25,280 --> 00:20:29,320 group to move more slowly. 269 00:20:39,039 --> 00:20:42,080 But every limit has an end. A water hole 270 00:20:42,080 --> 00:20:45,360 appears ahead, low and muddy. The smell 271 00:20:45,360 --> 00:20:47,840 of moisture pulls the wartthogs out from 272 00:20:47,840 --> 00:20:51,640 the shadow of the burrow. 273 00:20:58,799 --> 00:21:01,120 That water source could save the whole 274 00:21:01,120 --> 00:21:04,400 group. It also often holds the tracks of 275 00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:07,679 predators. The mother warthog stops at 276 00:21:07,679 --> 00:21:10,480 the mud edge. The young stand behind 277 00:21:10,480 --> 00:21:15,520 her, not yet daring to step down. 278 00:21:24,080 --> 00:21:26,960 Thirst can become stronger than fear. At 279 00:21:26,960 --> 00:21:29,760 about 2 years old, a young male begins 280 00:21:29,760 --> 00:21:32,559 to be pushed away from the family. That 281 00:21:32,559 --> 00:21:35,440 separation forces the male warthog to 282 00:21:35,440 --> 00:21:39,799 find his own path to survival. 283 00:21:40,240 --> 00:21:43,240 Behind 284 00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:48,080 him, the mother's group no longer 285 00:21:48,080 --> 00:21:51,039 shields him. The familiar burrow also 286 00:21:51,039 --> 00:21:54,000 disappears from every retreat. From that 287 00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:56,960 moment, every strip of mud and every 288 00:21:56,960 --> 00:22:01,640 footprint must be read alone. 289 00:22:15,520 --> 00:22:18,000 The dry season does not only test 290 00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:20,559 endurance. It is the moment when the 291 00:22:20,559 --> 00:22:22,720 young warthog is separated from his 292 00:22:22,720 --> 00:22:26,120 final protection. 293 00:22:32,480 --> 00:22:35,280 The dry season in southern Serengeti 294 00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:38,080 still holds patches of living grass. 295 00:22:38,080 --> 00:22:40,640 From the north, zebras begin pouring 296 00:22:40,640 --> 00:22:43,440 down. The migration has already crossed 297 00:22:43,440 --> 00:22:47,240 many days of dust. 298 00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:56,480 At the edge of the low grass, the lion 299 00:22:56,480 --> 00:22:59,440 pride watches the herd. Their eyes 300 00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:04,039 search for a broken running rhythm. 301 00:23:15,440 --> 00:23:17,600 Millions of hooves send the ground 302 00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:20,720 trembling in waves. Ahead lies new 303 00:23:20,720 --> 00:23:23,280 grass. On both sides of the running 304 00:23:23,280 --> 00:23:26,720 line, low brush is just tall enough to 305 00:23:26,720 --> 00:23:30,679 hide a lion's body. 306 00:23:40,240 --> 00:23:43,120 The sound of hooves also sends a signal 307 00:23:43,120 --> 00:23:45,840 to the hunters waiting in place. The 308 00:23:45,840 --> 00:23:48,960 yellow grass of the dry season hides low 309 00:23:48,960 --> 00:23:52,799 bodies well. The lioness lies still with 310 00:23:52,799 --> 00:23:56,760 only her ears moving. 311 00:24:04,960 --> 00:24:08,480 In a large herd, small prey alone is not 312 00:24:08,480 --> 00:24:11,120 enough to feed the pride. A male lion 313 00:24:11,120 --> 00:24:14,240 can eat up to about 88 lb of meat in one 314 00:24:14,240 --> 00:24:16,559 meal. So, the hunting group has to 315 00:24:16,559 --> 00:24:19,360 choose a target worth the risk. Familiar 316 00:24:19,360 --> 00:24:23,480 ground becomes the advantage. 317 00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:48,000 The zebra herd panics. Dust covers the 318 00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:51,840 lower ground. Inside that dust, distance 319 00:24:51,840 --> 00:24:55,559 disappears fast. 320 00:25:08,640 --> 00:25:11,039 But the savannah does not belong only to 321 00:25:11,039 --> 00:25:14,559 prey that can run. Farther away, a heavy 322 00:25:14,559 --> 00:25:16,720 black mass is moving through the yellow 323 00:25:16,720 --> 00:25:19,600 grass. African buffalo bring a different 324 00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:23,080 kind of danger. 325 00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:36,559 The riverside grass parts before black 326 00:25:36,559 --> 00:25:39,520 horns. African buffalo move out from the 327 00:25:39,520 --> 00:25:42,400 shade. Their pace is heavy, slow, and 328 00:25:42,400 --> 00:25:45,279 sure. Large hooves press into the wet 329 00:25:45,279 --> 00:25:49,080 ground near the bank. 330 00:25:59,840 --> 00:26:02,480 >> Ahead, the muddy chobee lies under the 331 00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:05,840 sun. The black mass alone is enough to 332 00:26:05,840 --> 00:26:09,039 open space. Carves move deeper into the 333 00:26:09,039 --> 00:26:11,840 center. The larger bodies hold the outer 334 00:26:11,840 --> 00:26:17,320 edge where danger can press in fastest. 335 00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:30,240 >> An adult male can carry horns more than 336 00:26:30,240 --> 00:26:34,159 35 in wide. The thick bases of the horns 337 00:26:34,159 --> 00:26:37,039 fuse across the forehead. That mass 338 00:26:37,039 --> 00:26:39,120 absorbs heavy impact during 339 00:26:39,120 --> 00:26:40,640 confrontations. 340 00:26:40,640 --> 00:26:43,120 When the buffalo lowers its head, the 341 00:26:43,120 --> 00:26:45,200 whole front of the body becomes a living 342 00:26:45,200 --> 00:26:48,200 shield. 343 00:26:58,880 --> 00:27:01,600 Beneath that stubborn surface, the herd 344 00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:04,159 carries a clear order. Experienced 345 00:27:04,159 --> 00:27:06,799 females often guide the direction of the 346 00:27:06,799 --> 00:27:09,679 group. Small changes move through body 347 00:27:09,679 --> 00:27:12,400 position, the direction of a stair, and 348 00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:16,520 the distance between animals. 349 00:27:24,320 --> 00:27:26,559 When the water source can still sustain 350 00:27:26,559 --> 00:27:30,080 them, large herds may grow beyond 1,000 351 00:27:30,080 --> 00:27:33,440 animals. From far away, the herd looks 352 00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:35,840 like a dark mass moving along the 353 00:27:35,840 --> 00:27:39,039 riverbank. Each adult can weigh nearly 354 00:27:39,039 --> 00:27:42,760 2,000 lbs. 355 00:27:50,880 --> 00:27:53,919 Yet, the Chob River is a vital corridor 356 00:27:53,919 --> 00:27:57,600 in the dry season. On one side lies 357 00:27:57,600 --> 00:28:02,000 grass already grazed low. 358 00:28:11,120 --> 00:28:14,559 On the other side are shade, cool mud, 359 00:28:14,559 --> 00:28:17,760 and a place to recover. The buffalo must 360 00:28:17,760 --> 00:28:20,159 move between these points to keep the 361 00:28:20,159 --> 00:28:23,880 rhythm of each day. 362 00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:35,440 A buffalo can drink more than 8 gallons 363 00:28:35,440 --> 00:28:38,399 of water each day. When the sun holds 364 00:28:38,399 --> 00:28:41,039 on, the riverbank becomes a place they 365 00:28:41,039 --> 00:28:44,080 must return to. Thirst pulls the herd 366 00:28:44,080 --> 00:28:46,480 down to the water, even though that 367 00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:50,840 place always carries risk. 368 00:29:02,960 --> 00:29:05,200 When the herd needs to change direction, 369 00:29:05,200 --> 00:29:08,240 buffalo do not wait for a loud call. A 370 00:29:08,240 --> 00:29:11,279 female rises first. Her head turns 371 00:29:11,279 --> 00:29:14,399 toward the farther grass. Several nearby 372 00:29:14,399 --> 00:29:16,559 buffalo look with her, then lift their 373 00:29:16,559 --> 00:29:19,360 bodies from the ground. One head after 374 00:29:19,360 --> 00:29:24,120 another turns in the same direction. 375 00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:40,080 >> The distance between the black bodies 376 00:29:40,080 --> 00:29:42,799 begins to close. Young buffalo are 377 00:29:42,799 --> 00:29:45,279 pushed into the center before the herd 378 00:29:45,279 --> 00:29:47,840 leaves the bank. Hundreds of heavy 379 00:29:47,840 --> 00:29:52,360 bodies move away from the grass. 380 00:29:57,600 --> 00:30:01,120 Low dust rises behind each step. There 381 00:30:01,120 --> 00:30:04,000 is only the steady rhythm, heavy and 382 00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:07,279 certain. Behind the black horns, the 383 00:30:07,279 --> 00:30:11,559 water's edge slowly settles. 384 00:30:19,200 --> 00:30:21,600 The river closes around the fresh mud 385 00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:24,960 tracks. The herd has moved on, leaving 386 00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:27,520 behind an open space heavy with the 387 00:30:27,520 --> 00:30:31,399 smell of wet earth. 388 00:30:59,679 --> 00:31:02,320 Spotted hyenas almost seem to live by 389 00:31:02,320 --> 00:31:05,840 carryion alone. But hyena clans are also 390 00:31:05,840 --> 00:31:08,720 relentless hunters. Much of their food 391 00:31:08,720 --> 00:31:13,240 comes from their own long pursuits. 392 00:31:21,919 --> 00:31:24,799 When prey begins to tire, the hyena's 393 00:31:24,799 --> 00:31:27,679 advantage becomes clear. One animal 394 00:31:27,679 --> 00:31:30,399 after another keeps following, holding 395 00:31:30,399 --> 00:31:33,600 pressure across long stretches of grass. 396 00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:36,080 Powerful jaws help hyenas take 397 00:31:36,080 --> 00:31:39,039 everything from a meal. Bone, tendon, 398 00:31:39,039 --> 00:31:43,880 and thick skin can all be crushed. 399 00:31:56,480 --> 00:31:59,120 That is why a large carcass pulls the 400 00:31:59,120 --> 00:32:02,320 clan in fast. The smell of fresh meat 401 00:32:02,320 --> 00:32:04,799 moves through the dry wind, leading the 402 00:32:04,799 --> 00:32:07,919 group toward the yellow dust. This time 403 00:32:07,919 --> 00:32:11,039 that scent ends beside a lion pride. The 404 00:32:11,039 --> 00:32:15,559 carcass lies in open ground. 405 00:32:24,159 --> 00:32:27,120 Several lionesses stand around the meal, 406 00:32:27,120 --> 00:32:30,640 shoulders low, eyes fixed on the grass. 407 00:32:30,640 --> 00:32:33,760 From far away, the sharp calls of hyenas 408 00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:37,360 begin to rise. The sound breaks, pushes 409 00:32:37,360 --> 00:32:39,600 forward, then spreads in several 410 00:32:39,600 --> 00:32:42,600 directions. 411 00:32:49,039 --> 00:32:52,080 The hyena clan does not rush in at once. 412 00:32:52,080 --> 00:32:54,640 Individuals circle the outside edge, 413 00:32:54,640 --> 00:32:57,279 testing the distance with short steps. 414 00:32:57,279 --> 00:33:00,240 One hyena moves forward, then stops and 415 00:33:00,240 --> 00:33:02,960 waits again. The others slide toward the 416 00:33:02,960 --> 00:33:05,440 flanks, searching for gaps between the 417 00:33:05,440 --> 00:33:08,440 lionesses. 418 00:33:14,080 --> 00:33:16,320 Their numbers force the pride to stretch 419 00:33:16,320 --> 00:33:19,440 itself around the carcass. Each lioness 420 00:33:19,440 --> 00:33:22,320 holds one angle, but the calls bring 421 00:33:22,320 --> 00:33:25,279 more hyenas closer. The ring around the 422 00:33:25,279 --> 00:33:29,240 meal begins to thicken. 423 00:33:35,519 --> 00:33:38,159 If the hyena clan becomes large enough, 424 00:33:38,159 --> 00:33:42,360 the meal can change rulers. 425 00:33:51,919 --> 00:33:54,000 Leaving the open grasslands of the 426 00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:56,880 Serengeti, the rules of survival begin 427 00:33:56,880 --> 00:34:00,240 to change shape. There, speed and open 428 00:34:00,240 --> 00:34:04,840 space decide many hunts. 429 00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:16,079 But at Chob, every living body is pulled 430 00:34:16,079 --> 00:34:19,599 toward one common force, water. The Chob 431 00:34:19,599 --> 00:34:22,000 River cuts through dry land, holding 432 00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:24,800 cool mud, shade, and the trails that 433 00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:29,800 large herds must return to each day. 434 00:34:37,119 --> 00:34:40,079 The riverbank here never stays quiet for 435 00:34:40,079 --> 00:34:43,359 long. African elephants pass through, 436 00:34:43,359 --> 00:34:46,560 leaving deep pathways behind. In the dry 437 00:34:46,560 --> 00:34:49,119 season, the memory of older females 438 00:34:49,119 --> 00:34:52,599 becomes critical. 439 00:35:00,079 --> 00:35:02,480 Calves cannot travel too long under the 440 00:35:02,480 --> 00:35:05,599 sun. The adults also need water to keep 441 00:35:05,599 --> 00:35:08,079 their body temperature stable. If the 442 00:35:08,079 --> 00:35:10,480 old route leads to a pool already gone 443 00:35:10,480 --> 00:35:13,920 dry, the whole herd must continue even 444 00:35:13,920 --> 00:35:16,400 as every step drains more strength from 445 00:35:16,400 --> 00:35:19,880 massive bodies. 446 00:35:24,189 --> 00:35:26,209 [screaming] 447 00:35:27,599 --> 00:35:30,320 Large ears spread open, releasing heat 448 00:35:30,320 --> 00:35:33,119 from the body. The trunk does more work 449 00:35:33,119 --> 00:35:35,359 than any other limb. It can break 450 00:35:35,359 --> 00:35:38,079 branches, then pick small fruit from the 451 00:35:38,079 --> 00:35:41,359 ground. Tusks drive into dry earth to 452 00:35:41,359 --> 00:35:44,560 dig for water. Those same tusks strip 453 00:35:44,560 --> 00:35:46,720 bark from trees when food becomes 454 00:35:46,720 --> 00:35:49,720 scarce. 455 00:35:58,160 --> 00:36:00,240 The elephant herd survives through 456 00:36:00,240 --> 00:36:02,880 collective strength and the older female 457 00:36:02,880 --> 00:36:05,520 often leads the way. Her memory holds 458 00:36:05,520 --> 00:36:08,720 the old paths to water across many dry 459 00:36:08,720 --> 00:36:11,119 seasons. That experience becomes the 460 00:36:11,119 --> 00:36:15,320 life of the entire herd. 461 00:36:31,920 --> 00:36:34,640 Elephants also call to one another with 462 00:36:34,640 --> 00:36:38,079 low frequency sound. The human ear 463 00:36:38,079 --> 00:36:41,280 cannot catch those deep calls, but the 464 00:36:41,280 --> 00:36:43,760 ground can carry their vibrations across 465 00:36:43,760 --> 00:36:47,160 many miles. 466 00:37:00,800 --> 00:37:03,520 Elephants open paths through the brush, 467 00:37:03,520 --> 00:37:06,400 letting light fall to the lower grass. 468 00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:08,960 New clearings help many smaller species 469 00:37:08,960 --> 00:37:12,920 find food and shelter. 470 00:37:23,520 --> 00:37:26,320 The slow movement of elephants hides a 471 00:37:26,320 --> 00:37:29,760 major risk. A pregnancy lasting nearly 2 472 00:37:29,760 --> 00:37:33,200 years means each new generation arrives 473 00:37:33,200 --> 00:37:36,680 very slowly. 474 00:37:42,640 --> 00:37:45,520 Behind those heavy steps, the herd keeps 475 00:37:45,520 --> 00:37:47,839 searching for water. And at the next 476 00:37:47,839 --> 00:37:50,160 riverbank, another kind of strength 477 00:37:50,160 --> 00:37:53,800 waits in silence. 478 00:37:59,520 --> 00:38:02,800 The sky is hot and broad-winged shadows 479 00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:06,520 circle in silence. 480 00:38:11,359 --> 00:38:13,920 The maribou stalk has seen something on 481 00:38:13,920 --> 00:38:16,720 the ground below. It rides the warm air 482 00:38:16,720 --> 00:38:19,359 rising from the plane. A wingspan of 483 00:38:19,359 --> 00:38:22,720 about 8.5 ft lets the bird drift over 484 00:38:22,720 --> 00:38:28,599 the land for a long time on the ground. 485 00:38:40,640 --> 00:38:43,280 The maribou is not beautiful in an easy 486 00:38:43,280 --> 00:38:46,880 way. Gray feathers, a bare head, and a 487 00:38:46,880 --> 00:38:50,400 naked neck give it a cold, severe shape. 488 00:38:50,400 --> 00:38:52,800 But that mostly featherless head helps 489 00:38:52,800 --> 00:38:55,280 the maribou stay cleaner while feeding 490 00:38:55,280 --> 00:38:58,520 on carrion. 491 00:39:08,880 --> 00:39:12,079 A large maribou stalk can stand nearly 5 492 00:39:12,079 --> 00:39:15,440 feet tall. At about 20 pounds, it 493 00:39:15,440 --> 00:39:17,440 belongs among the largest stalks on 494 00:39:17,440 --> 00:39:20,440 Earth. 495 00:39:32,400 --> 00:39:34,640 Maribou stalks usually arrive after 496 00:39:34,640 --> 00:39:38,480 lions, hyenas, or vultures. They stand 497 00:39:38,480 --> 00:39:41,119 back, hold their distance, then move 498 00:39:41,119 --> 00:39:44,760 into what remains. 499 00:39:52,400 --> 00:39:54,960 Buffalo, zebra, and wilderbeast 500 00:39:54,960 --> 00:39:58,640 carcasses are not wasted. In that work, 501 00:39:58,640 --> 00:40:01,280 river banks and grasslands lose some of 502 00:40:01,280 --> 00:40:05,400 their risk of spreading disease. 503 00:40:20,079 --> 00:40:22,960 When carryon becomes scarce, the stalk 504 00:40:22,960 --> 00:40:27,440 can take fish, frogs or small birds from 505 00:40:27,440 --> 00:40:30,400 subsaharan savas to wetlands and river 506 00:40:30,400 --> 00:40:33,400 banks. 507 00:40:43,599 --> 00:40:46,640 The maribou still finds its place. The 508 00:40:46,640 --> 00:40:49,520 sky gives it a wide field of vision. The 509 00:40:49,520 --> 00:40:51,839 ground gives it the work few species 510 00:40:51,839 --> 00:40:54,839 want. 511 00:41:01,200 --> 00:41:03,599 After the circling ends, death on the 512 00:41:03,599 --> 00:41:08,200 plane is cleaned away a little more. 513 00:41:15,280 --> 00:41:17,520 The call of a fish eagle drops from the 514 00:41:17,520 --> 00:41:20,079 riverbank. The sound carries through the 515 00:41:20,079 --> 00:41:23,680 thin trees along the chobee. Below, dry 516 00:41:23,680 --> 00:41:26,560 grass shifts lightly in the hot wind. 517 00:41:26,560 --> 00:41:29,119 Then a tall shadow moves between the low 518 00:41:29,119 --> 00:41:32,400 trunks. An Angolan giraffe walks slowly 519 00:41:32,400 --> 00:41:36,520 toward the acacia canopy. 520 00:41:46,240 --> 00:41:48,800 Its head reaches into a layer of leaves 521 00:41:48,800 --> 00:41:52,319 few mouths can touch. Long strides carry 522 00:41:52,319 --> 00:41:55,920 the tall body across the open ground. 523 00:41:55,920 --> 00:41:58,720 An adult giraffe often stands about 13 524 00:41:58,720 --> 00:42:01,839 to 20 ft tall. The neck alone can 525 00:42:01,839 --> 00:42:07,319 measure about 6.5 to nearly 8 ft. 526 00:42:16,079 --> 00:42:18,640 That height opens a private feeding 527 00:42:18,640 --> 00:42:22,560 zone. But a tall body also carries heavy 528 00:42:22,560 --> 00:42:25,680 pressure inside. When the head lowers to 529 00:42:25,680 --> 00:42:29,119 drink, that pressure changes again. So 530 00:42:29,119 --> 00:42:32,160 the whole body has to control blood flow 531 00:42:32,160 --> 00:42:36,040 with extreme precision. 532 00:42:44,880 --> 00:42:48,000 A calf walks close beside its mother. A 533 00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:51,440 newborn giraffe is already nearly 6.5 ft 534 00:42:51,440 --> 00:42:57,480 tall. After about 1 hour, it can stand. 535 00:43:07,040 --> 00:43:09,520 Soon after, those young legs must learn 536 00:43:09,520 --> 00:43:12,400 to keep pace with the herd. In lion 537 00:43:12,400 --> 00:43:15,599 country, a calf that lies down too long 538 00:43:15,599 --> 00:43:18,640 is easier to detect. Low grass makes 539 00:43:18,640 --> 00:43:22,000 that tall body stand out. So the calf's 540 00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:25,200 first lesson is to stand steady. The 541 00:43:25,200 --> 00:43:28,160 mother stops beside a thorn acacia. Her 542 00:43:28,160 --> 00:43:30,319 long neck angles toward the young 543 00:43:30,319 --> 00:43:33,319 branches. 544 00:43:46,880 --> 00:43:49,839 Leaves, shoots, and soft twigs are the 545 00:43:49,839 --> 00:43:52,560 preferred food. The dark tongue moves 546 00:43:52,560 --> 00:43:55,359 slowly through the narrow gaps. The tip 547 00:43:55,359 --> 00:43:57,760 wraps around the leaves, then pulls them 548 00:43:57,760 --> 00:44:00,960 free from the thorns. Thick lips help 549 00:44:00,960 --> 00:44:05,720 the giraffe avoid many small punctures. 550 00:44:22,240 --> 00:44:25,680 An adult giraffe can eat about 75 lbs of 551 00:44:25,680 --> 00:44:28,480 vegetation each day. That is a heavy 552 00:44:28,480 --> 00:44:30,640 feeding demand for the trees along the 553 00:44:30,640 --> 00:44:33,920 river. But high browsing removes leaves 554 00:44:33,920 --> 00:44:37,119 from the canopy. As the foliage thins, 555 00:44:37,119 --> 00:44:41,720 more light reaches the ground below. 556 00:44:54,880 --> 00:44:57,280 The story of the Angolan giraffe is not 557 00:44:57,280 --> 00:44:59,680 only about height. By the late 20th 558 00:44:59,680 --> 00:45:02,160 century, war and poaching had driven 559 00:45:02,160 --> 00:45:04,960 populations sharply down. Many places 560 00:45:04,960 --> 00:45:07,200 that once carried tall shadows became 561 00:45:07,200 --> 00:45:09,766 empty. Acacia trees lost an important 562 00:45:09,766 --> 00:45:13,079 [music] browser. 563 00:45:19,119 --> 00:45:22,119 Anti- 564 00:45:28,160 --> 00:45:30,240 poaching teams began protecting the 565 00:45:30,240 --> 00:45:32,480 corridors that still mattered. 566 00:45:32,480 --> 00:45:35,359 Reintroduction programs brought giraffes 567 00:45:35,359 --> 00:45:38,480 back into former range. Each surviving 568 00:45:38,480 --> 00:45:40,960 animal carried more than a beautiful 569 00:45:40,960 --> 00:45:44,160 shape. It carried the return of an 570 00:45:44,160 --> 00:45:47,960 ecological role. 571 00:45:57,760 --> 00:46:00,400 Evening lowers slowly over the Chob 572 00:46:00,400 --> 00:46:03,359 Riverbank. The Angolan giraffe keeps 573 00:46:03,359 --> 00:46:06,640 moving through the open trees. Its long 574 00:46:06,640 --> 00:46:09,040 neck leans through the last light of 575 00:46:09,040 --> 00:46:12,160 day. Fresh feeding marks open small 576 00:46:12,160 --> 00:46:15,880 windows of sunlight. 577 00:46:28,240 --> 00:46:30,880 Each tall shadow returning makes the 578 00:46:30,880 --> 00:46:33,760 landscape feel less empty. Beneath the 579 00:46:33,760 --> 00:46:36,480 giraffe's feet, grass still trembles in 580 00:46:36,480 --> 00:46:39,599 the wind. Above, the fish eagle calls 581 00:46:39,599 --> 00:46:42,800 again across the water. The riverbank 582 00:46:42,800 --> 00:46:45,200 keeps its rhythm through movements that 583 00:46:45,200 --> 00:46:50,200 are slow, quiet, and alive. 584 00:47:00,720 --> 00:47:04,000 At Chob, water pulls every living body 585 00:47:04,000 --> 00:47:07,040 toward the same river edge. But across 586 00:47:07,040 --> 00:47:10,480 the ocean, another ecosystem follows the 587 00:47:10,480 --> 00:47:13,680 opposite law. In the Sonoron, water 588 00:47:13,680 --> 00:47:16,720 gathers life together. Heat is what 589 00:47:16,720 --> 00:47:20,160 arranges power. Across the Atlantic, 590 00:47:20,160 --> 00:47:22,079 death does not roar across the 591 00:47:22,079 --> 00:47:25,079 grassland. 592 00:47:27,920 --> 00:47:30,079 Another hot world opens in North 593 00:47:30,079 --> 00:47:34,079 America. In the Sonoron, fangs, venom, 594 00:47:34,079 --> 00:47:37,359 and claws often wait in darkness. 595 00:47:37,359 --> 00:47:40,000 Beneath the surface, sand holds the 596 00:47:40,000 --> 00:47:42,960 heat, and ground temperatures can climb 597 00:47:42,960 --> 00:47:47,280 above 176° F. 598 00:47:47,280 --> 00:47:50,400 The air rises, bending the horizon into 599 00:47:50,400 --> 00:47:53,359 trembling lines. The Sonoran Desert 600 00:47:53,359 --> 00:47:56,000 stretches across more than 100,000 601 00:47:56,000 --> 00:48:00,079 square miles. Sand, stone, and cactus 602 00:48:00,079 --> 00:48:02,880 spread through Arizona, California, and 603 00:48:02,880 --> 00:48:05,880 Mexico. 604 00:48:15,359 --> 00:48:17,680 From a distance, this place looks 605 00:48:17,680 --> 00:48:20,800 abandoned. The Sonoron is the hottest 606 00:48:20,800 --> 00:48:23,440 desert in North America. At the same 607 00:48:23,440 --> 00:48:26,559 time, rains in two seasons keep it from 608 00:48:26,559 --> 00:48:29,200 drying into complete death. More than 609 00:48:29,200 --> 00:48:32,160 2,000 plant species root themselves in 610 00:48:32,160 --> 00:48:35,720 thirsty ground. 611 00:48:48,000 --> 00:48:50,880 Birds cut across the burning sky. Many 612 00:48:50,880 --> 00:48:53,119 mammals wait for darkness before leaving 613 00:48:53,119 --> 00:48:56,559 shelter. More than 100 reptile species 614 00:48:56,559 --> 00:49:00,079 move through rock, sand, and low brush. 615 00:49:00,079 --> 00:49:02,640 The more life there is, the more mouths 616 00:49:02,640 --> 00:49:06,880 wait for a chance. Prey must read shade, 617 00:49:06,880 --> 00:49:10,400 wind scent, and every mark in the sand. 618 00:49:10,400 --> 00:49:12,559 Predators learn to stay still longer 619 00:49:12,559 --> 00:49:15,359 than the heat itself. In the sonoran, 620 00:49:15,359 --> 00:49:17,440 the question is, who can live long 621 00:49:17,440 --> 00:49:20,000 enough to eat something else? The answer 622 00:49:20,000 --> 00:49:21,839 begins at the lowest level of the 623 00:49:21,839 --> 00:49:24,839 desert. 624 00:49:37,440 --> 00:49:40,400 In the low brush, the large ears rise 625 00:49:40,400 --> 00:49:43,760 first. A small body steps out from thin 626 00:49:43,760 --> 00:49:46,720 shade. The desert cottontail appears 627 00:49:46,720 --> 00:49:49,119 before the sun fully presses down on the 628 00:49:49,119 --> 00:49:53,599 sand. Its body weighs only about 3 lb. 629 00:49:53,599 --> 00:49:56,319 At nearly 15 in long, it [music] fits 630 00:49:56,319 --> 00:49:59,359 the reach of many jaws. In the desert, 631 00:49:59,359 --> 00:50:01,920 every step away from cover places the 632 00:50:01,920 --> 00:50:04,960 rabbit in open sight. The large ears 633 00:50:04,960 --> 00:50:07,280 stand high. They are not only for 634 00:50:07,280 --> 00:50:10,760 hearing sound. 635 00:50:16,079 --> 00:50:19,280 Inside them is a dense network of tiny 636 00:50:19,280 --> 00:50:21,520 blood vessels. When the temperature 637 00:50:21,520 --> 00:50:24,559 rises, blood moves into the ears to 638 00:50:24,559 --> 00:50:27,200 release heat that helps the rabbit 639 00:50:27,200 --> 00:50:29,359 reduce pressure on its body under the 640 00:50:29,359 --> 00:50:32,720 heat. The sun can turn the ground into a 641 00:50:32,720 --> 00:50:36,240 hot slab of stone. The desert cottontail 642 00:50:36,240 --> 00:50:39,040 chooses its timing carefully. While the 643 00:50:39,040 --> 00:50:41,520 light is still soft, it leaves shelter 644 00:50:41,520 --> 00:50:45,359 to feed. Young leaves, low grass, and 645 00:50:45,359 --> 00:50:48,240 small shoots become a quick meal. Every 646 00:50:48,240 --> 00:50:50,720 time it lowers its head, it must listen 647 00:50:50,720 --> 00:50:53,720 again. 648 00:50:58,960 --> 00:51:01,280 The open ground between two patches of 649 00:51:01,280 --> 00:51:04,240 shade is the most dangerous stretch. 650 00:51:04,240 --> 00:51:06,079 There is no tree trunk to hide the 651 00:51:06,079 --> 00:51:08,640 running line. There is no brush thick 652 00:51:08,640 --> 00:51:11,280 enough to cut off sight. Even a small 653 00:51:11,280 --> 00:51:13,839 movement can be detected. A bird's 654 00:51:13,839 --> 00:51:18,200 shadow passes over the ground. 655 00:51:24,960 --> 00:51:27,920 The rabbit freezes at once. Its ears 656 00:51:27,920 --> 00:51:30,480 hold their position with the wind. Its 657 00:51:30,480 --> 00:51:33,200 eyes stay wide, waiting to see whether 658 00:51:33,200 --> 00:51:36,800 the shadow drifts on or drops lower. The 659 00:51:36,800 --> 00:51:39,280 sound of sliding gravel near the brush 660 00:51:39,280 --> 00:51:42,240 pulls the rabbit into a new direction. 661 00:51:42,240 --> 00:51:45,359 Its hind legs fire hard from the sand. 662 00:51:45,359 --> 00:51:48,160 The cottontail turns sharply and dives 663 00:51:48,160 --> 00:51:52,359 into the nearest low cover. 664 00:51:55,920 --> 00:51:58,240 Almost every predator in the sonorin can 665 00:51:58,240 --> 00:52:02,240 eat a rabbit. Snakes read vibration. 666 00:52:02,240 --> 00:52:05,520 Birds of prey see movement from above. 667 00:52:05,520 --> 00:52:07,839 Carnivores follow scent and footprints 668 00:52:07,839 --> 00:52:10,720 around the brush. Its advantage lies in 669 00:52:10,720 --> 00:52:13,760 ears, speed, and the timing of leaving 670 00:52:13,760 --> 00:52:16,800 shade. The rabbit must feed fast enough 671 00:52:16,800 --> 00:52:20,000 before the sun climbs high. Then the 672 00:52:20,000 --> 00:52:22,079 small body disappears again beneath 673 00:52:22,079 --> 00:52:25,119 drought hardened shrubs. Stay too long 674 00:52:25,119 --> 00:52:27,760 and shade itself can become a trap. But 675 00:52:27,760 --> 00:52:29,760 the desert is not dangerous only for 676 00:52:29,760 --> 00:52:32,880 soft prey. Beneath the hot sand layer, 677 00:52:32,880 --> 00:52:34,880 another creature makes many predators 678 00:52:34,880 --> 00:52:38,200 keep away. 679 00:52:41,359 --> 00:52:43,920 On sand mixed with stone, the horned 680 00:52:43,920 --> 00:52:47,040 lizard almost disappears. Its low body 681 00:52:47,040 --> 00:52:49,680 presses close to the ground. Its skin 682 00:52:49,680 --> 00:52:52,240 blends into sand, gravel, and the 683 00:52:52,240 --> 00:52:54,960 shadows of low plants. If it stays 684 00:52:54,960 --> 00:52:57,440 still, a predator can easily look past 685 00:52:57,440 --> 00:52:59,920 it. The desert gives the horned lizard 686 00:52:59,920 --> 00:53:03,559 its first shield. 687 00:53:17,359 --> 00:53:19,599 But camouflage only works before 688 00:53:19,599 --> 00:53:22,720 discovery. A hunting shadow closes in 689 00:53:22,720 --> 00:53:26,240 from the dry brush. Its flat, slow body 690 00:53:26,240 --> 00:53:29,040 can make an enemy underestimate it. At 691 00:53:29,040 --> 00:53:31,440 first glance, the horned lizard looks 692 00:53:31,440 --> 00:53:33,680 like a small piece of ground covered in 693 00:53:33,680 --> 00:53:39,079 spike. Spines run along the body, 694 00:53:49,200 --> 00:53:52,240 around the head, and down the sides. If 695 00:53:52,240 --> 00:53:54,640 a predator tries to swallow it, those 696 00:53:54,640 --> 00:53:57,280 spines can catch in the throat. Skin 697 00:53:57,280 --> 00:53:59,599 color helps the horned lizard escape the 698 00:53:59,599 --> 00:54:02,000 first look. The ring of spikes keeps 699 00:54:02,000 --> 00:54:04,640 distance when danger gets close. The 700 00:54:04,640 --> 00:54:09,559 real counterattack lies in the eyes. 701 00:54:12,319 --> 00:54:15,119 When cornered, a horned lizard can shoot 702 00:54:15,119 --> 00:54:17,920 blood from the corners of its eyes. The 703 00:54:17,920 --> 00:54:20,720 stream fires out fast, reaching up to 704 00:54:20,720 --> 00:54:24,359 about 5 ft. 705 00:54:28,400 --> 00:54:30,640 A coyote may drop the prey from its 706 00:54:30,640 --> 00:54:33,680 mouth. A fox may also pull back from the 707 00:54:33,680 --> 00:54:36,720 irritation. In that moment, the small 708 00:54:36,720 --> 00:54:39,760 body wins back a chance to live. The 709 00:54:39,760 --> 00:54:42,160 horned lizard only has to make the 710 00:54:42,160 --> 00:54:45,720 attacker hesitate. 711 00:54:52,319 --> 00:54:55,280 In the Sonoran Desert, defense can also 712 00:54:55,280 --> 00:54:58,319 become power. A small body still has a 713 00:54:58,319 --> 00:55:01,200 way to make the larger animal back off. 714 00:55:01,200 --> 00:55:04,480 Spines make every bite painful. The eyes 715 00:55:04,480 --> 00:55:06,640 turn the final second into a counter 716 00:55:06,640 --> 00:55:09,839 strike. The horned lizard does not win 717 00:55:09,839 --> 00:55:13,200 by chasing. Victory lies in staying 718 00:55:13,200 --> 00:55:17,599 still at the right moment. Hide first, 719 00:55:17,599 --> 00:55:21,040 fight back when pressed too close, then 720 00:55:21,040 --> 00:55:24,880 vanish again into sand, gravel, and dry 721 00:55:24,880 --> 00:55:27,880 sun. 722 00:55:36,960 --> 00:55:39,040 The healer monster chooses a slower 723 00:55:39,040 --> 00:55:41,680 road. Heavy feet drag a thick body 724 00:55:41,680 --> 00:55:44,400 across the hot sand. The healer monster 725 00:55:44,400 --> 00:55:47,359 attacks slowly, but once it bites, 726 00:55:47,359 --> 00:55:51,640 distance loses its meaning. 727 00:56:01,839 --> 00:56:04,799 The heila monster is the largest lizard 728 00:56:04,799 --> 00:56:08,000 native to the United States. It is also 729 00:56:08,000 --> 00:56:10,240 one of only two venomous lizards in 730 00:56:10,240 --> 00:56:13,119 North America. Its body usually weighs 731 00:56:13,119 --> 00:56:16,880 about 3 to 5 lbs. Pebbled skin carries 732 00:56:16,880 --> 00:56:21,559 bold patches of orange and black. 733 00:56:33,359 --> 00:56:35,520 That is a warning to anything thinking 734 00:56:35,520 --> 00:56:38,160 of touching it. The healer monster moves 735 00:56:38,160 --> 00:56:40,960 as if time is on its side. Unlike 736 00:56:40,960 --> 00:56:43,599 snakes, its venom glands sit in the 737 00:56:43,599 --> 00:56:46,720 lower jaw. The venom flows into bite 738 00:56:46,720 --> 00:56:49,720 wounds. 739 00:56:59,520 --> 00:57:02,319 To drive venom deeper, the jaws must 740 00:57:02,319 --> 00:57:05,680 hold and chew. Once it bites, the kila 741 00:57:05,680 --> 00:57:08,640 monster is difficult to remove. The jaws 742 00:57:08,640 --> 00:57:12,839 stay locked for many minutes. 743 00:57:24,240 --> 00:57:26,640 Each chewing motion pushes more venom 744 00:57:26,640 --> 00:57:29,599 into the wound. The real threat begins 745 00:57:29,599 --> 00:57:32,559 once the jaws have closed. The thick 746 00:57:32,559 --> 00:57:37,640 tail stores a large supply of fat. 747 00:57:52,880 --> 00:57:55,440 Because of that, one meal can feed the 748 00:57:55,440 --> 00:57:58,640 body for many weeks. At times, a healer 749 00:57:58,640 --> 00:58:01,200 monster may eat up to 1/3 of its body 750 00:58:01,200 --> 00:58:04,079 weight. A slow metabolism helps [music] 751 00:58:04,079 --> 00:58:08,920 each large meal hold its value. 752 00:58:20,319 --> 00:58:23,119 The rest of its life passes in burrows, 753 00:58:23,119 --> 00:58:26,400 under rocks, or inside shade. In the 754 00:58:26,400 --> 00:58:29,680 desert's chain of fear, a slow body can 755 00:58:29,680 --> 00:58:32,480 still force the strong to step back. 756 00:58:32,480 --> 00:58:35,440 Once the jaws close in time, the balance 757 00:58:35,440 --> 00:58:38,440 changes. 758 00:58:50,799 --> 00:58:53,760 Round tracks appear after night. The 759 00:58:53,760 --> 00:58:56,000 mountain lion crosses the Sonoron with 760 00:58:56,000 --> 00:58:58,799 the quietest kind of power. In many 761 00:58:58,799 --> 00:59:01,280 places, the mountain lion is also called 762 00:59:01,280 --> 00:59:04,720 a cougar, pummer, or panther. An adult 763 00:59:04,720 --> 00:59:10,200 male can weigh up to about 220 lbs. 764 00:59:25,839 --> 00:59:28,960 A long body, low shoulders, and soft 765 00:59:28,960 --> 00:59:32,640 steps help it close in without sound. 766 00:59:32,640 --> 00:59:35,200 Amber eyes read small movements in the 767 00:59:35,200 --> 00:59:38,000 dark. A rabbit stops, and the cougar 768 00:59:38,000 --> 00:59:40,880 stops, too. A mule deer lowers its head 769 00:59:40,880 --> 00:59:43,200 into the brush, and the distance begins 770 00:59:43,200 --> 00:59:46,240 to shrink. One leap can turn hours of 771 00:59:46,240 --> 00:59:50,440 tracking into the final moment. 772 01:00:02,400 --> 01:00:04,559 The cougar's breeding season is not 773 01:00:04,559 --> 01:00:07,520 fixed. Male and female meet only for a 774 01:00:07,520 --> 01:00:10,240 short time. After that, each one 775 01:00:10,240 --> 01:00:14,920 disappears back into its own range. 776 01:00:26,000 --> 01:00:30,640 Pregnancy lasts about 82 to 96 days. The 777 01:00:30,640 --> 01:00:33,280 female raises her young alone in a 778 01:00:33,280 --> 01:00:36,720 hidden den or a concealed rock crevice. 779 01:00:36,720 --> 01:00:39,359 The cubs open their eyes into a world 780 01:00:39,359 --> 01:00:42,400 full of risk. On the desert floor, the 781 01:00:42,400 --> 01:00:44,880 desert cottontail raises its young under 782 01:00:44,880 --> 01:00:48,280 similar pressure. 783 01:00:54,480 --> 01:00:57,119 But position in the food chain makes the 784 01:00:57,119 --> 01:00:59,839 difference enormous. The rabbit must 785 01:00:59,839 --> 01:01:02,880 fear almost every moving shadow. The 786 01:01:02,880 --> 01:01:06,319 cougar only has to avoid rare mistakes. 787 01:01:06,319 --> 01:01:09,359 A deer that detects danger early can 788 01:01:09,359 --> 01:01:13,640 make the entire meal vanish. 789 01:01:19,920 --> 01:01:22,240 The cougar lives by patience before it 790 01:01:22,240 --> 01:01:25,119 uses claws. That power sits in the 791 01:01:25,119 --> 01:01:27,920 silence before the charge. The desert 792 01:01:27,920 --> 01:01:30,160 falls quiet again, but the tracks 793 01:01:30,160 --> 01:01:33,040 remain. And those tracks lead toward a 794 01:01:33,040 --> 01:01:36,839 threat beyond nature.55875

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