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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:01:30,550 --> 00:01:38,570 Musashi fought a duel on Ganryujima against Sasaki Kojiro. 2 00:01:38,570 --> 00:01:43,010 It made him famous, but he never spoke about it. 3 00:01:59,730 --> 00:02:04,410 The life of Miyamoto Musashi that everyone knows and talks about... 4 00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:09,140 He was an unbeatable swordsman with a trained mind. 5 00:02:09,140 --> 00:02:10,540 A seeker of truth. 6 00:02:11,360 --> 00:02:18,010 But these are falsehoods created after his death. 7 00:02:29,520 --> 00:02:33,090 Falsehoods about the wild days of his youth. 8 00:02:35,280 --> 00:02:38,340 Falsehoods about his mastery of Zen. 9 00:02:40,820 --> 00:02:43,980 Falsehoods about his enthusiasm for art. 10 00:02:46,240 --> 00:02:51,560 And falsehoods about the swordsmen whom he fought. 11 00:03:11,840 --> 00:03:15,100 Musashi traveled to the capital at the age of twenty-one, 12 00:03:15,100 --> 00:03:17,330 met the greatest fighters, 13 00:03:17,330 --> 00:03:20,180 fought several duels, 14 00:03:20,180 --> 00:03:23,190 and always emerged victorious. 15 00:03:23,190 --> 00:03:25,850 After that, he traveled throughout the country, 16 00:03:25,850 --> 00:03:28,550 challenging fighters everywhere he went, 17 00:03:28,550 --> 00:03:32,180 and continued dueling until he was past sixty. 18 00:03:32,180 --> 00:03:35,310 He never lost during that entire time. 19 00:03:35,310 --> 00:03:38,980 Everyone knows his name from history, 20 00:03:38,980 --> 00:03:44,160 yet his life remains largely unknown. 21 00:03:44,160 --> 00:03:46,310 This is not unusual, 22 00:03:46,310 --> 00:03:50,660 and Miyamoto Musashi's life is one such case. 23 00:03:51,380 --> 00:03:56,610 Shinmen Musashi no Kami Fujiwara no Genshin, also known as Miyamoto Musashi, 24 00:03:56,610 --> 00:04:02,360 appears in countless historical works, which proves his existence. 25 00:04:02,360 --> 00:04:08,870 On the other hand, he has always been surrounded by various falsehoods. 26 00:04:08,870 --> 00:04:18,730 It may be a sign of how complex an impression he has made on the minds of the Japanese. 27 00:04:18,730 --> 00:04:26,400 The purpose of my research, and the main topic of this film, 28 00:04:26,400 --> 00:04:31,970 is to eliminate these falsehoods and to reveal the true image of Miyamoto Musashi. 29 00:05:28,830 --> 00:05:33,650 He had the strongest mind and the best combat skills. 30 00:05:33,650 --> 00:05:36,790 He admired religion but never believed in it. 31 00:05:36,790 --> 00:05:45,290 On the other hand, he was a cold-hearted fighter who did not hesitate to kill a child in order to achieve victory. 32 00:05:46,860 --> 00:05:51,310 What is the key to explaining these contradictions? 33 00:05:52,520 --> 00:05:57,320 We cannot understand them without discussing the Battle of Sekigahara. 34 00:06:13,910 --> 00:06:20,930 This battle will decide the next ruler of Japan. 35 00:06:20,930 --> 00:06:31,570 Will the knowledgeable General Tokugawa Ieyasu of the East rule after Hideyoshi? 36 00:06:31,570 --> 00:06:34,820 Or will it be Mitsunari of the West? 37 00:06:34,820 --> 00:06:38,570 It is a huge, earth-shattering battle. 38 00:06:38,570 --> 00:06:46,440 In this fierce war, Ieyasu emerges victorious, 39 00:06:46,440 --> 00:07:04,520 and places the capital of his shogunate in Edo. 40 00:07:17,720 --> 00:07:20,110 Musashi is seventeen years old at that time. 41 00:07:20,110 --> 00:07:23,270 He is stationed at the front of Ishida Mitsunari's army. 42 00:07:24,030 --> 00:07:28,190 He fights against Tokugawa Ieyasu's main force, led by Fukushima Masanori. 43 00:07:41,890 --> 00:07:44,220 He hopes to achieve great recognition on the battlefield. 44 00:07:44,220 --> 00:07:46,810 He is trying to become a warlord on horseback. 45 00:07:51,990 --> 00:07:54,260 There is a man by Musashi's side. 46 00:07:54,260 --> 00:07:57,580 He and Musashi have fled Miyamoto Village and have promised to rise to power together. 47 00:07:57,580 --> 00:07:59,830 He is Hikoya, Musashi's childhood friend. 48 00:08:06,130 --> 00:08:09,340 Black smoke rises from every direction. 49 00:08:09,340 --> 00:08:11,130 It is dark even during the day. 50 00:08:11,590 --> 00:08:13,840 People and horses are in pain. 51 00:08:13,840 --> 00:08:16,220 Blood flows everywhere. 52 00:08:22,280 --> 00:08:28,210 Rifles, arrows, and swords all combine to spill blood. 53 00:08:28,860 --> 00:08:34,070 Enemies and allies clash everywhere, turning many people, including his friend, into corpses. 54 00:10:23,550 --> 00:10:30,120 The battle is over, and the rain has stopped. 55 00:10:30,120 --> 00:10:35,050 He looks at the piles of corpses that had been his army. 56 00:10:35,050 --> 00:10:48,000 What is going through Musashi's mind at this moment? 57 00:11:26,360 --> 00:11:33,800 Musashi stated that he fought in six battles, including the Battle of Sekigahara. 58 00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:41,300 Even after he established his reputation as a great swordsman, he insisted on fighting battles. 59 00:11:41,300 --> 00:11:46,270 But in all those cases, Musashi was treated as a lowly soldier. 60 00:11:46,270 --> 00:11:49,740 Even though he was a peerless fighter, 61 00:11:49,740 --> 00:11:55,100 on the battlefield he could do little more than mill around as a common soldier. 62 00:11:57,150 --> 00:12:08,990 Throughout his life, his heart was held prisoner by his mixed feelings of love and hatred towards generals on horseback. 63 00:12:10,230 --> 00:12:16,890 More accurately, he was obsessed with horses. 64 00:12:16,890 --> 00:12:26,630 Incredibly, his fetish for horses led directly to his two-sword fighting style. 65 00:12:33,580 --> 00:12:40,300 Note: A bushi is a soldier from a traditional warrior family. 66 00:12:33,580 --> 00:12:40,300 What did it mean to be a bushi at that time in Japan? 67 00:12:40,300 --> 00:12:47,060 Before we delve into that topic, we need to look at the knights of the West. 68 00:12:47,520 --> 00:12:52,590 As you may know, like the bushi we will discuss later, 69 00:12:52,590 --> 00:12:58,370 horses were the key to their existence. 70 00:13:00,360 --> 00:13:03,860 An elite force of nobles who performed no labor, 71 00:13:03,860 --> 00:13:08,940 the cavalry came into existence 72 00:13:08,940 --> 00:13:12,400 during the Achaemenid Empire in Persia. 73 00:13:12,400 --> 00:13:15,890 The cavalry underwent a significant transformation 74 00:13:15,890 --> 00:13:19,030 during the agricultural empire of the Sassanids. 75 00:13:19,030 --> 00:13:25,860 Two revolutionary inventions allowed anyone to ride a horse: 76 00:13:25,860 --> 00:13:29,840 the saddle and stirrups. 77 00:13:29,840 --> 00:13:35,500 In close-quarter combat, stirrups performed a vital function: 78 00:13:35,500 --> 00:13:38,290 they prevented cavalry riders from falling. 79 00:13:38,290 --> 00:13:42,550 At the same time, they were essential to using various weapons while on horseback, 80 00:13:42,550 --> 00:13:45,740 especially accurate aiming of the bow-and-arrow. 81 00:13:47,050 --> 00:13:50,120 This is my assistant, Miss Iori. 82 00:14:06,650 --> 00:14:09,040 Later, during the time of the Crusades, 83 00:14:09,040 --> 00:14:12,630 three items were added to knightly equipment and later became symbols for them. 84 00:14:12,630 --> 00:14:18,830 These were armor, horses, and crests. 85 00:14:18,830 --> 00:14:23,170 What did this mean? 86 00:14:23,810 --> 00:14:28,820 It meant that knights rarely died in combat. 87 00:14:28,820 --> 00:14:32,450 During the Crusades, many knights were captured. 88 00:14:32,450 --> 00:14:36,430 Later, they were ransomed and returned home alive. 89 00:14:37,280 --> 00:14:45,910 The crest signified that the owner had the financial means to pay a ransom. 90 00:14:45,910 --> 00:14:54,120 In contrast, foot-soldiers without armor would be killed if they were captured. 91 00:14:55,760 --> 00:15:02,140 Knights made their foot-soldiers use bows and crossbows, 92 00:15:02,140 --> 00:15:06,880 but they never used these weapons themselves. 93 00:15:08,910 --> 00:15:18,680 These weapons were imprecise and would kill knights and foot-soldiers alike. 94 00:15:18,680 --> 00:15:22,980 Knights were not supposed to kill other knights, 95 00:15:23,570 --> 00:15:28,990 so they used blunt weapons such as maces and flails. 96 00:15:36,020 --> 00:15:38,330 If used against armored knights, 97 00:15:38,330 --> 00:15:43,720 these weapons only inflicted concussions and other non-fatal blows. 98 00:15:43,720 --> 00:15:49,520 But against unarmored soldiers, these weapons were deadly. 99 00:15:49,520 --> 00:15:54,080 So the training regimen of Western knights did not include the horse-mounted archery 100 00:15:54,080 --> 00:15:55,890 or horse-handling of the Japanese bushi, 101 00:15:55,890 --> 00:15:59,520 but focused mostly on strength training to support the weight of their armor, 102 00:15:59,520 --> 00:16:04,420 through repetitive swinging of heavy swords, axes, and clubs. 103 00:16:04,420 --> 00:16:06,980 Because the knights were mounted, 104 00:16:06,980 --> 00:16:10,690 their odds of surviving on the battlefield were high. 105 00:16:10,690 --> 00:16:16,870 It also was a sign of their power and their membership in the nobility. 106 00:16:22,120 --> 00:16:24,170 This is off topic, 107 00:16:24,170 --> 00:16:27,840 but when the modern Olympic Games were established in the late 19th century, 108 00:16:27,850 --> 00:16:30,790 the competitions included fencing, 109 00:16:30,790 --> 00:16:36,760 wrestling, weightlifting, and similar sports, 110 00:16:36,760 --> 00:16:39,650 but did not include any archery events. 111 00:16:39,650 --> 00:16:48,460 This shows that the spirit of knighthood carried over into the athletic pursuits of the Western nobility. 112 00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:54,940 And another side story. 113 00:16:54,940 --> 00:16:57,080 In English public schools, 114 00:16:57,080 --> 00:17:02,270 they attempted to teach gentlemanly behavior, which is the modern version of knighthood. 115 00:17:02,270 --> 00:17:11,300 Ironically, it led to the English army being slaughtered during the trench warfare of World War I. 116 00:17:11,300 --> 00:17:15,000 On the modern battlefield, where high-speed bullets fill the air, 117 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:19,060 knightly manners proved extremely risky. 118 00:17:19,060 --> 00:17:23,140 The English learned a lesson from that, 119 00:17:23,140 --> 00:17:31,480 and attempted to bring back the immortal image of the knight. 120 00:17:31,480 --> 00:17:38,020 As a result, they created a heavily armored vehicle called the tank. 121 00:17:40,770 --> 00:17:46,880 Now that I've provided a brief history of Western knighthood, 122 00:17:46,880 --> 00:17:51,040 let's shift our focus from West to East. 123 00:17:53,870 --> 00:17:58,400 Cavalry first appeared in China in the state of Zhao. 124 00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:01,320 This resulted in the extinction of chariots, 125 00:18:01,320 --> 00:18:03,890 the main fighting force of the Spring and Autumn Period. 126 00:18:03,890 --> 00:18:08,040 But the Han Empire, despite its financial power, 127 00:18:08,040 --> 00:18:13,020 could not support a large enough force of lightly-armored, horse-mounted archers 128 00:18:13,020 --> 00:18:19,360 to drive out the Xiongnu in the north. 129 00:18:19,360 --> 00:18:27,250 Moreover, the cavalry horses consumed a significant portion of the agricultural harvest, 130 00:18:27,250 --> 00:18:33,350 and the cavalry itself increased the risk of military factionalism. 131 00:18:33,350 --> 00:18:38,530 The central government wanted to keep the cavalry forces close to the capital city, 132 00:18:38,530 --> 00:18:43,520 but that gave the nomads the opportunity to strike first. 133 00:18:43,520 --> 00:18:48,180 The government's solution to this dilemma was the crossbow. 134 00:18:49,290 --> 00:18:55,650 The most appealing aspect of the crossbow was that training costs were negligible. 135 00:18:55,650 --> 00:18:58,390 Unless there is continuous training, 136 00:18:58,390 --> 00:19:03,540 the cavalry's spear-throwing, archery, and horse-handling skills deteriorate rapidly. 137 00:19:03,540 --> 00:19:09,930 Therefore, soldiers using these weapons had to be employed on a full-time basis. 138 00:19:11,400 --> 00:19:18,520 In contrast, crossbowmen could return to their farms when a campaign was over. 139 00:19:18,520 --> 00:19:25,970 Crossbowmen provided optimal cost-effectiveness. 140 00:19:36,760 --> 00:19:43,260 As a result, the Chinese never developed a European-style knightly class requiring special treatment. 141 00:19:43,260 --> 00:19:49,550 The cavalry riders were just mounted soldiers of ordinary rank. 142 00:19:49,550 --> 00:19:55,870 They were lightly armored, unlike the heavily armored European knights, 143 00:19:55,870 --> 00:19:59,050 and used the bow-and-arrow as their main weapon. 144 00:19:59,050 --> 00:20:01,790 This style came over to Japan from China. 145 00:20:01,790 --> 00:20:06,730 It had a tremendous effect on determining the bushi style. 146 00:20:06,730 --> 00:20:14,310 But why did the Chinese crossbow not come over as well? 147 00:20:15,330 --> 00:20:17,380 Actually, during the Yamato period, 148 00:20:17,380 --> 00:20:22,020 the Imperial soldiers used crossbows to fight the forces of Ebisu in the north. 149 00:20:22,860 --> 00:20:25,880 But in Japan's hot and humid climate, 150 00:20:25,880 --> 00:20:32,120 the composite bows, which used gelatin as glue, deteriorated quickly, 151 00:20:32,120 --> 00:20:36,240 and were never able to perform consistently. 152 00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:44,130 Also, battles were usually fought on thickly forested, mountainous land 153 00:20:44,130 --> 00:20:50,170 that was not suitable for battles between large armies. 154 00:20:50,970 --> 00:20:59,740 And thus, Japanese bushi ended up wearing light armor and using bows-and-arrows from horseback. 155 00:20:59,740 --> 00:21:02,270 Because the Japanese caste system divided society into four ranks, 156 00:21:02,270 --> 00:21:08,130 the bushi were placed in the higher social ranks, much like European knights. 157 00:21:11,120 --> 00:21:20,010 The core of Miyamoto Musashi's sword-fighting style was the mounted bushi. 158 00:21:22,150 --> 00:21:29,080 Now that Miss Iori has left, let's take a break before returning to our main point. 159 00:21:29,080 --> 00:21:34,570 I will introduce you to one of Musashi's better-known opponents. 160 00:21:34,390 --> 00:21:37,560 Shishido Nanigashi 161 00:21:50,630 --> 00:21:53,190 His name is Shishido Nanigashi. 162 00:21:53,190 --> 00:21:55,730 Note: Kusarigama means a chain and sickle. 163 00:21:53,190 --> 00:21:55,730 He is a master of the chain-and-sickle. 164 00:23:32,270 --> 00:23:35,190 Note: Wakizashi is a type of short sword. 165 00:23:32,270 --> 00:23:35,190 Musashi draws his wakizashi, 166 00:23:35,190 --> 00:23:38,070 sees that Shishido is taken aback by that move, 167 00:23:38,070 --> 00:23:39,930 and charges his enemy. 168 00:24:08,110 --> 00:24:16,410 The historical existence of Shishido Nanigashi cannot be proven. 169 00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:24,250 But it's truly interesting that people talk about this fighter and his unique weapon, 170 00:24:24,250 --> 00:24:31,120 in order to demonstrate the value of Musashi's two-sword style. 171 00:24:31,900 --> 00:24:38,440 How did this two-sword style, which seems suicidal on the surface, become useful? 172 00:24:38,440 --> 00:24:43,150 A certain literary work makes this point clear. 173 00:24:44,190 --> 00:24:47,130 Yes, I'm talking about The Book of Five Rings. 174 00:25:03,180 --> 00:25:04,920 Miyamoto Musashi said: 175 00:25:04,920 --> 00:25:08,750 "I name my style of fighting Niten Ichiryu. 176 00:25:04,920 --> 00:25:08,750 Note: Niten Ichiryu means "two worlds in one style." 177 00:25:08,750 --> 00:25:13,780 For the first time, I am writing down what I have learned." 178 00:25:13,780 --> 00:25:17,200 It was early October in 1643. 179 00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:20,110 He climbed Mt. Iwatono in the Higo region of Kyuushu. 180 00:25:20,110 --> 00:25:21,300 He worshiped the sky, 181 00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:22,660 bowed to Guanyin, 182 00:25:22,660 --> 00:25:24,040 and faced the Buddha statue. 183 00:25:25,830 --> 00:25:29,310 In The Book of Five Rings, Miyamoto Musashi wrote about his fighting style. 184 00:25:29,310 --> 00:25:36,260 But until the Edo period, it was known as The Five Books of Fighting Style, or Teachings on Fighting Styles. 185 00:25:36,260 --> 00:25:41,050 It only became known as The Book of Five Rings after the Meiji period. 186 00:25:41,050 --> 00:25:48,830 And later, a certain newspaper writer used the word gorin to mean the Olympic games. 187 00:25:48,830 --> 00:25:53,770 That made the word more widely known. 188 00:25:57,750 --> 00:25:59,280 What's more, 189 00:25:59,280 --> 00:26:02,030 The Book of Five Rings was only a draft, 190 00:26:02,030 --> 00:26:12,540 so the modern rumor that Musashi died right after finishing it is baseless. 191 00:26:14,070 --> 00:26:18,460 The original manuscript for The Book of Five Rings has never been found. 192 00:26:18,460 --> 00:26:21,350 What we read today are merely copies, 193 00:26:21,350 --> 00:26:25,200 and there are numerous versions. 194 00:26:25,200 --> 00:26:34,320 The number of copies floating around or hidden somewhere in the country is simply uncountable. 195 00:26:35,360 --> 00:26:44,620 This has led to diametrically opposite interpretations of some of the topics that Musashi wrote about. 196 00:26:44,620 --> 00:26:55,170 But let us read through these books with our focus on the core values of Musashi the fighter. 197 00:26:57,450 --> 00:27:00,460 "If you can win against a lone enemy in any way you want, 198 00:27:00,460 --> 00:27:03,310 you can win against anyone in the world. 199 00:27:03,310 --> 00:27:05,140 'Winning' means the same thing, 200 00:27:05,140 --> 00:27:09,360 whether you face one person or ten million people. 201 00:27:09,360 --> 00:27:13,700 How a general leads an army to victory is based on his personal fighting style. 202 00:27:13,700 --> 00:27:17,810 This is the same principle as constructing a large Buddha statue from a small model. 203 00:27:17,810 --> 00:27:22,310 A one-on-one duel and an army-on-army battle are the same thing." 204 00:27:23,120 --> 00:27:32,720 Now, Musashi wrote this book because he had no intention of remaining an insignificant fighter. 205 00:27:32,720 --> 00:27:41,010 He mentions the same thing in various places throughout the book, not to make his style sound more authoritative, 206 00:27:41,010 --> 00:27:46,440 but because a battle between armies was his ultimate dream. 207 00:27:46,440 --> 00:27:54,400 His life's ambition was to be recognized as a great figure like a warlord because of his prowess on the battlefield. 208 00:27:57,780 --> 00:28:06,940 I must emphasize here that his ambition to be promoted was not based on greed for money. 209 00:28:06,940 --> 00:28:11,110 In fact, Musashi turned down numerous offers to command squadrons of 500 soldiers. 210 00:28:11,110 --> 00:28:14,540 His dream was to lead 3,000 soldiers, or more. 211 00:28:14,540 --> 00:28:21,210 Of course, some view this ambition as arrogance or ignorance of his station. 212 00:28:21,210 --> 00:28:29,520 But in fact, that is the smallest formation that can be effective on a battlefield. 213 00:28:29,520 --> 00:28:32,100 Near the end of his life, before he became an officer under the Hosokawa clan, 214 00:28:32,100 --> 00:28:36,640 he wrote a letter stating that he did not care about the quality of his housing, 215 00:28:36,640 --> 00:28:42,280 but that he must have enough horses, including the spares needed for a war. 216 00:28:42,280 --> 00:28:44,660 And when he accepted the position of an officer, 217 00:28:44,660 --> 00:28:46,390 he did not specify the size of his army, 218 00:28:46,390 --> 00:28:49,700 and preferred to be treated as a guest. 219 00:28:49,700 --> 00:28:55,500 But he received permission to participate in eagle hunting, which was normally reserved for the family elders. 220 00:28:55,500 --> 00:29:00,270 This also illustrates Musashi's thought patterns. 221 00:29:00,270 --> 00:29:08,960 He was willing to sacrifice his rank and lifestyle in order to go eagle hunting on horseback. 222 00:29:08,960 --> 00:29:14,580 Musashi was probably unable to pass up the opportunity of training himself in horseback riding, 223 00:29:14,580 --> 00:29:16,940 as preparation for a future war. 224 00:29:16,940 --> 00:29:21,050 His uncompromising beliefs also affected his fighting style. 225 00:29:21,050 --> 00:29:25,690 He was always thinking about riding a horse. 226 00:29:25,690 --> 00:29:32,410 Obviously, the core of his sword fighting style would be directed to combat on horseback. 227 00:29:34,330 --> 00:29:38,330 In another section, Musashi also wrote the following: 228 00:29:38,330 --> 00:29:43,380 "Hold the great sword as if you are lifting your thumb and index finger from the grip. 229 00:29:43,380 --> 00:29:45,420 The middle finger should neither be tight nor loose. 230 00:29:45,420 --> 00:29:48,640 The ring finger and little finger should grip the sword tightly. 231 00:29:48,640 --> 00:29:51,340 Your grip must not be too loose. 232 00:29:51,340 --> 00:29:56,190 You must always hold the sword in readiness to cut your enemy." 233 00:29:56,190 --> 00:30:04,110 What he wrote has been taught in dojos since the Edo period. 234 00:30:04,110 --> 00:30:10,460 But such a style won't work if a fighter grips the great sword with both hands. 235 00:30:10,460 --> 00:30:15,550 It only becomes a lethal level advantage if a fighter holds the sword with one hand, 236 00:30:15,550 --> 00:30:17,620 as happens when fighting on horseback. 237 00:30:17,620 --> 00:30:21,680 If a fighter cannot control the movement of his blade with the utmost precision, 238 00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:26,210 he might cut the head of his own horse, leading to a fall. 239 00:30:26,210 --> 00:30:31,660 Furthermore, if he drops his sword during a chaotic fight on horseback because his arm is tired, 240 00:30:31,660 --> 00:30:35,640 he loses any means of protecting himself against attacks from the side. 241 00:30:35,640 --> 00:30:38,050 Because Musashi dreamed of fighting on horseback ever since he was a boy, 242 00:30:38,050 --> 00:30:41,310 he must have trained himself to fight with either hand, 243 00:30:41,310 --> 00:30:47,700 switching to his left hand when his right hand tired. 244 00:30:47,700 --> 00:30:53,290 Of course, as a boy, he didn't have the means to own a horse, 245 00:30:53,290 --> 00:30:57,450 so he could only have trained in his imagination, simulating everything in his head. 246 00:30:57,450 --> 00:31:02,460 Because of that, he ended up with a fighting style intended for use with a walking horse, 247 00:31:02,460 --> 00:31:05,020 and that was the origin of his two-sword fighting style. 248 00:31:05,020 --> 00:31:09,230 "Use your feet like you are walking normally. 249 00:31:09,230 --> 00:31:11,550 Don't use just one foot. 250 00:31:11,550 --> 00:31:18,280 When you move forward, step back, or defend, always move your feet alternately. 251 00:31:18,280 --> 00:31:22,020 Never, ever make your move with only one foot." 252 00:31:22,020 --> 00:31:27,250 Musashi suggested not using traditional galloping steps, 253 00:31:27,250 --> 00:31:31,870 but to use a slow walking style instead. 254 00:31:31,870 --> 00:31:37,580 We can interpret that as his simulation of a ridden horse moving forward. 255 00:31:38,290 --> 00:31:43,540 "Remember that the middle guard position is the greatest of all in sword fighting." 256 00:31:44,490 --> 00:31:46,370 He wrote those words, 257 00:31:46,370 --> 00:31:51,980 yet he liked holding the great sword behind him with one hand. 258 00:31:51,980 --> 00:31:57,340 This means that the style was intended for a full-speed gallop attack, in which the attacker passed on the enemy's left; 259 00:31:57,340 --> 00:32:01,040 or for mounted close-quarter combat in which the fighter feints with his left hand, 260 00:32:01,040 --> 00:32:04,270 but then uses the sword in his right hand to cut or thrust. 261 00:32:04,270 --> 00:32:05,870 Furthermore... 262 00:32:06,790 --> 00:32:13,200 "The great sword is most effective if the fighter extends his arm fully and then swings with great power." 263 00:32:13,200 --> 00:32:17,810 Musashi wrote that exercises such as holding a sword with just one hand 264 00:32:17,810 --> 00:32:21,990 made his reach longer than gripping it with both hands. 265 00:32:21,990 --> 00:32:28,590 Also, a swordsman who grips with both hands must draw his sword back for each swing. 266 00:32:28,590 --> 00:32:30,390 But Musashi... 267 00:32:31,090 --> 00:32:36,740 "Swing from below when the enemy makes his move." 268 00:32:38,300 --> 00:32:40,080 That is also in his writings. 269 00:32:40,080 --> 00:32:46,280 Aiming for the enemy's hand was something every swordsman practiced. 270 00:32:46,280 --> 00:32:54,820 But this style was meant to be used in fully-armored combat. 271 00:32:54,820 --> 00:32:56,920 Another important point: 272 00:32:56,920 --> 00:33:02,820 When a swordsman is on horseback, his blows are more likely to reach their target 273 00:33:02,820 --> 00:33:09,330 when made from a lower position, augmented by the motion of the horse. 274 00:33:15,340 --> 00:33:19,640 Assuming that Musashi practiced this from the time he was young, 275 00:33:19,640 --> 00:33:24,440 it must have been easy for him to slash from low to high, 276 00:33:24,440 --> 00:33:28,020 when everyone else was using both hands to swing from high to low. 277 00:33:28,020 --> 00:33:31,110 Also, by wielding swords in both hands, 278 00:33:31,110 --> 00:33:36,360 he could attack twice as fast as any enemy, 279 00:33:36,360 --> 00:33:39,420 making him virtually unbeatable by other swordsmen. 280 00:33:40,370 --> 00:33:45,340 Musashi's insatiable spirit of inquiry also led to the development of armored components such as sword guards, 281 00:33:45,340 --> 00:33:51,640 and horse-related items such as saddles and stirrups. 282 00:33:51,640 --> 00:33:55,000 He did not do this just for his enjoyment, 283 00:33:55,000 --> 00:34:01,220 but as part of his research and development to prepare for any large battles that might happen. 284 00:34:01,220 --> 00:34:02,720 He also said 285 00:34:02,720 --> 00:34:10,570 that any weapon should be chosen based on context of the current situation. 286 00:34:11,650 --> 00:34:17,660 Of course, he was extremely particular about his swords. 287 00:34:17,660 --> 00:34:21,510 After the Keicho era, when large battles were no longer frequent, 288 00:34:21,510 --> 00:34:24,570 swords lost their usefulness, 289 00:34:24,570 --> 00:34:30,280 yet swordsmen still liked to carry them as status symbols. 290 00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:36,380 But Musashi did not see the sword as his ultimate weapon. 291 00:34:36,380 --> 00:34:40,240 Musashi liked to use bokken, or wooden swords, 292 00:34:40,240 --> 00:34:43,460 and that is the weapon most associated with him, 293 00:34:43,460 --> 00:34:45,760 because he made so many improvements to it. 294 00:34:45,760 --> 00:34:51,270 A bokken was mostly straight, so it had a longer reach despite its lightness. 295 00:34:51,270 --> 00:34:53,980 Also, it was easy to make bokken that resisted breakage. 296 00:34:53,980 --> 00:35:03,240 One report states that the bokken he used to fight Sasaki Kojiro had two-inch nails along the entire length of the blade. 297 00:35:03,240 --> 00:35:11,190 It's worth noting that such a design is very similar to a mace, which European knights often employed. 298 00:35:13,440 --> 00:35:20,050 Another point Musashi emphasized was to always think like the enemy. 299 00:35:20,050 --> 00:35:23,000 Musashi made himself a flexible warrior. 300 00:35:23,000 --> 00:35:26,880 He could switch weapons quickly to fit the situation. 301 00:35:26,880 --> 00:35:32,320 He never stuck just to bokken, his weapon of choice. 302 00:35:37,570 --> 00:35:41,160 Heian Yoshioka Kenpo 303 00:35:43,290 --> 00:35:47,640 The most powerful school of swordsmen is the Yoshioka Dojo. 304 00:35:56,700 --> 00:36:03,780 Musashi fought Seijuro, the heir of the family, at Rakugai Rendaino. 305 00:36:03,780 --> 00:36:07,120 Musashi's bokken defeated Seijuro, who died from his wounds. 306 00:36:23,940 --> 00:36:32,750 Now Seijuro's younger brother, Denshichiro, seeking revenge, waits to fight Musashi at Rakugai. 307 00:36:39,430 --> 00:36:42,990 It's past the appointed time, but Musashi has not shown up. 308 00:36:42,990 --> 00:36:49,260 Denshichiro suppresses the rage inside of him and waits quietly for his foe. 309 00:37:27,220 --> 00:37:29,220 I was getting tired of waiting, Musashi! 310 00:37:29,770 --> 00:37:31,560 Musashi doesn't even flinch. 311 00:37:31,560 --> 00:37:34,230 He looks down quietly at the group. 312 00:37:53,070 --> 00:37:54,750 I challenge you! 313 00:37:55,750 --> 00:37:58,360 Note: An odachi is a type of Japanese long sword. 314 00:37:55,750 --> 00:37:58,360 Denshichiro draws his odachi. 315 00:37:58,360 --> 00:38:01,530 Musashi still stands mysteriously motionless. 316 00:38:55,180 --> 00:39:00,580 Note: A kodachi is a type of Japanese short sword. 317 00:38:55,180 --> 00:39:00,580 Musashi slips under Denshichiro's swing, draws his kodachi, and attacks. 318 00:39:06,060 --> 00:39:07,770 Denshichiro! 319 00:39:13,210 --> 00:39:18,030 The clansmen search for Musashi, but he is nowhere to be found. 320 00:39:18,030 --> 00:39:21,880 He has disappeared into thin air. 321 00:39:27,760 --> 00:39:31,510 Kyoto was said to be especially cold that day. 322 00:39:31,510 --> 00:39:38,030 Denshichiro's handling of his sword must have been slowed by the long wait in the snow. 323 00:39:38,870 --> 00:39:47,950 But Musashi attacked quickly with his kodachi, slipping under Denshichiro's arms to earn his victory. 324 00:39:48,940 --> 00:39:58,070 This was a very unusual move. Most swordsmen of the time used the same specific weapon on all occasions. 325 00:39:58,070 --> 00:40:04,210 Also, Musashi's effort to become a great man went far beyond the study of swordsmanship. 326 00:40:04,750 --> 00:40:10,010 He used his philosophy of swordsmanship in many areas of cultural activity, 327 00:40:10,010 --> 00:40:13,750 so he said that he did not need a teacher in any field. 328 00:40:13,750 --> 00:40:22,100 There is no way that an ordinary swordsman could lead an army, rule the citizens, and run the government. 329 00:40:22,100 --> 00:40:30,610 Musashi researched a wide variety of topics using ordinary common sense. 330 00:40:30,610 --> 00:40:38,530 Calligraphy, paintings, sculpture, poetry, the tea ceremony, go, Japanese chess... 331 00:40:39,220 --> 00:40:49,770 Musashi put extraordinary effort into subjects that were largely ignored by other swordsmen of his time, 332 00:40:49,770 --> 00:40:56,220 and he proved himself an expert in all of them. 333 00:40:58,820 --> 00:41:08,480 We must have the same attitude when we deal with society: always proceed wholeheartedly. 334 00:41:16,300 --> 00:41:22,770 We should also pay attention to the simple writing style used in The Book of Five Rings. 335 00:41:22,770 --> 00:41:29,880 Abstract writing in any language tends to become ambiguous over time. 336 00:41:29,880 --> 00:41:40,310 In Japanese culture, frequent use of vaguely worded images was considered more effective than rhetoric. 337 00:41:40,310 --> 00:41:48,260 This trend was further reinforced by Zen, which promoted the idea of not depending on words and letters. 338 00:41:48,260 --> 00:41:54,570 On top of that, the era of isolation limited the Japanese people's exposure to foreign languages, 339 00:41:54,570 --> 00:42:04,230 creating a situation where nobody compared the words in current use with the equivalent words in other languages. 340 00:42:04,230 --> 00:42:11,000 As a result, any one word came to have an unlimited number of associated images. 341 00:42:11,500 --> 00:42:17,520 At the beginning of the Edo era, when Zen philosophy was not widespread, 342 00:42:17,520 --> 00:42:25,310 The Book of Five Rings was one of the rare books on combat styles written in colloquial language. 343 00:42:25,310 --> 00:42:36,600 This book also proved that Japanese was a rational language, even though it was regarded as a highly irrational one. 344 00:42:42,930 --> 00:42:46,990 "I do not use the old words of Buddhism, Confucianism, or Shintoism, 345 00:42:46,990 --> 00:42:50,380 nor the old terms from military records or the tactical methods of the past." 346 00:42:50,380 --> 00:42:53,720 Unlike the other combat masters of his time, 347 00:42:53,720 --> 00:43:01,640 who used foreign words or Zen-centric terminology such as "Satsujintou," "Katsujinken," and "Houfutsu Satsubutsu," 348 00:43:01,640 --> 00:43:08,350 in his writings Musashi used only his own experiences of what he had seen and heard, and his analysis of those subjects. 349 00:43:08,350 --> 00:43:13,650 He expressed his knowledge in a colloquial style that was completely different from the Zen practitioners. 350 00:43:13,650 --> 00:43:21,060 The latter claimed to be independent of words and letters but indulged in large amounts of wordplay. 351 00:43:21,060 --> 00:43:25,830 People say that Musashi was a Zen master, 352 00:43:25,830 --> 00:43:29,330 but that's another of the baseless falsehoods that surround him. 353 00:43:29,330 --> 00:43:32,960 In fact, because Musashi kept the influence of Zen to a minimum, 354 00:43:32,960 --> 00:43:37,820 the rational approach in The Book of Five Rings would not be surpassed for a long time. 355 00:43:37,820 --> 00:43:41,860 Few of Musashi's contemporaries understood his rational approach. 356 00:43:41,860 --> 00:43:46,090 Unnecessary problems since the Edo period, caused by that lack of understanding, have hurt the country badly. 357 00:43:46,090 --> 00:43:50,440 During the Meiji restoration, when the country was modernized, 358 00:43:50,440 --> 00:43:55,080 there were erroneous shifts in philosophy, including a false cult of "Bushido." 359 00:44:17,630 --> 00:44:21,750 It all sprang from the Russo-Japanese War that started in 1904, 360 00:44:21,750 --> 00:44:27,260 and from a close-quarter battle to capture a fortress in Lushun City from the Russian army. 361 00:44:27,260 --> 00:44:33,150 The Japanese army of the Meiji period had been dazzled by the smokeless powder used in the Franco-Prussian War. 362 00:44:33,150 --> 00:44:39,820 Because of that, they were ready to abandon close-quarter combat as an uncivilized method of fighting. 363 00:44:39,820 --> 00:44:47,530 But in fact, European armies, including the Russians, excelled at close-quarter fighting. 364 00:44:47,530 --> 00:44:52,020 At Lushun, the Japanese forces stayed on top of the hills and relied mostly on the power of powder, 365 00:44:52,020 --> 00:44:59,250 but the Russian soldiers fixed bayonets, charged out of their trenches, and counterattacked. 366 00:45:09,510 --> 00:45:15,640 The officers from bushi families stayed at their posts, 367 00:45:15,640 --> 00:45:22,240 but lower class privates enlisted from civilian families were frightened by the charging Russians 368 00:45:22,240 --> 00:45:25,370 and fled the scene disgracefully, turning their backs on the enemy. 369 00:45:25,370 --> 00:45:31,420 This was because the Meiji era government could not imagine that in the twentieth century, 370 00:45:31,420 --> 00:45:37,650 the Japanese would still be fighting tall white soldiers with spears and swords. 371 00:45:39,670 --> 00:45:46,940 The government believed that katana looked too barbaric to Western civilization and banned them early on. 372 00:45:46,940 --> 00:45:53,400 After the Satsuma Rebellion of 1877, they prohibited Imperial Army officers from carrying Japanese swords. 373 00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:59,300 They also abolished all dojo schools, including kendo and judo. 374 00:45:59,300 --> 00:46:06,570 This caused the common people to lose the courage needed on the battlefield. 375 00:46:06,570 --> 00:46:17,000 For these reasons, starting in 1905 the Japanese populace began to have serious phobias about Caucasians and gunfire. 376 00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:23,330 The Japanese government needed to eliminate this nationwide anxiety as quickly as possible. 377 00:46:23,330 --> 00:46:27,020 They researched possibilities for remedial action. 378 00:46:27,020 --> 00:46:30,680 In the end, the slogan they came up with was "Bushido." 379 00:46:42,820 --> 00:46:48,780 "Bushido" became a common Japanese word around the time of the Russo-Japanese War. 380 00:46:48,780 --> 00:46:56,500 This may sound shocking, but Bushido was not a familiar term to ordinary Japanese. 381 00:46:56,500 --> 00:46:58,320 It was used in books, 382 00:46:58,320 --> 00:47:03,240 but it had little currency in the Japanese mind. 383 00:47:04,460 --> 00:47:10,800 Nitobe Inazo wrote Bushido in the United States in 1899, in English. 384 00:47:10,800 --> 00:47:14,850 Only intellectuals in America were familiar with it. 385 00:47:15,810 --> 00:47:20,560 Nitobe's book was translated belatedly, 386 00:47:20,560 --> 00:47:24,820 imported back to Japan, and published in 1908. 387 00:47:24,820 --> 00:47:29,520 This was done at the request of the Japanese government after the Russo-Japanese War. 388 00:47:29,520 --> 00:47:35,730 An authoritative biography of Miyamoto Musashi was written and published in 1911. 389 00:47:35,730 --> 00:47:39,670 This was also a part of the Imperial government's strategy. 390 00:47:39,670 --> 00:47:44,010 This book became the basis of a heroic war myth. 391 00:47:44,010 --> 00:47:51,150 Bushido Seika Miyamoto Musashi was published by the Tachikawa Bunko publishing house as it was just starting up. 392 00:47:51,150 --> 00:47:56,200 This finally made Miyamoto Musashi known to the Japanese population at large. 393 00:47:56,200 --> 00:48:05,440 In the 1930s, this heroic tale became the basis of Yoshikawa Eiji's popular novel Miyamoto Musashi. 394 00:48:05,440 --> 00:48:10,920 This novel was published while the Second Sino-Japanese War was in progress, 395 00:48:10,920 --> 00:48:16,690 and it changed the meaning of "Bushido" from the study of rationalism to the study of spirituality. 396 00:48:16,690 --> 00:48:23,020 Now, let's forget the falsehoods intentionally created by the government of a later era, 397 00:48:23,020 --> 00:48:29,050 go back in history, and look further at the true personality of Miyamoto Musashi. 398 00:48:31,430 --> 00:48:40,100 Musashi believed that the intellectual power of the leader determined the outcome of a war. 399 00:48:40,100 --> 00:48:47,110 That power had to be trained in advance for effective use in future large-scale battles. 400 00:48:47,110 --> 00:48:53,970 He demonstrated this in his third battle against the Yoshioka family, 401 00:48:53,970 --> 00:48:57,810 which was fought in Ichijoji Sagarimatsu. 402 00:49:01,450 --> 00:49:04,320 The Book of Five Rings says this: 403 00:49:04,320 --> 00:49:10,590 "Always position yourself in the highest place possible, in order to look down on the enemy." 404 00:49:10,590 --> 00:49:16,510 So, where he should take his stand is very obvious on this occasion too. 405 00:49:19,950 --> 00:49:26,500 He has slain the Yoshioka brothers. 406 00:49:26,500 --> 00:49:30,480 He now faces their uncle, Genzaemon, 407 00:49:30,480 --> 00:49:41,390 and the latter's son Genjiro, also known as Matashichiro. 408 00:50:02,270 --> 00:50:07,940 As he waits for the next day's battle, Miyamoto Musashi looks up at the sky. 409 00:50:07,940 --> 00:50:13,500 He thinks about the battle by himself, with the breeze rushing by above him. 410 00:50:34,300 --> 00:50:40,380 Musashi thinks, "What good does it do to pray to the gods now? 411 00:50:40,380 --> 00:50:54,620 No matter how much I pray, why would the gods listen to my selfish plea?" 412 00:50:56,250 --> 00:50:58,650 From the Chapter of Fire in The Book of Five Rings: 413 00:50:58,650 --> 00:51:08,750 "It is critical to know the enemy's mood, learn his character, find his strengths and weaknesses, and strike first." 414 00:51:33,850 --> 00:51:38,510 Genjiro has not yet come of age. 415 00:51:38,510 --> 00:51:46,700 Some seventy men of the Yoshioka clan protect this young head of the family. 416 00:51:46,700 --> 00:51:54,220 Under the bright light of the torches, they ready their spears and bows. 417 00:51:54,220 --> 00:51:58,590 The Yoshioka force is ready. 418 00:51:58,590 --> 00:52:05,850 The location is Ichijoji Sagarimatsu. 419 00:52:07,390 --> 00:52:12,190 What is Musashi thinking about now? 420 00:52:12,190 --> 00:52:24,160 His regrets from the Battle of Sekigahara must haunt him. 421 00:52:25,640 --> 00:52:26,950 This is a war. 422 00:52:47,180 --> 00:52:50,600 The lord of the Yoshioka Clan is within my reach! 423 00:52:57,410 --> 00:53:00,820 As promised, I, Miyamoto Musashi, am in your presence! 424 00:53:08,100 --> 00:53:14,730 I have slain the lord of the Yoshioka Clan, Yoshioka Genjiro! 425 00:53:14,730 --> 00:53:24,940 The clansmen desperately fight back with spears and swords, 426 00:53:24,940 --> 00:53:33,830 but Musashi doesn't give them a chance. 427 00:53:33,830 --> 00:53:43,330 They call and cry out for him, but he has turned his back 428 00:53:43,330 --> 00:53:54,780 and run off into the mist. 429 00:54:05,880 --> 00:54:14,060 What we can observe in the battle at Ichijoji is Musashi's skill as a strategist. 430 00:54:14,060 --> 00:54:23,940 Apparently, Musashi talked about this battle many times before he died. 431 00:54:29,490 --> 00:54:42,190 However, he hardly ever spoke about the legendary battle against Sasaki Kojiro that made him famous. 432 00:54:42,190 --> 00:54:45,090 Why was that? 433 00:54:45,110 --> 00:54:50,730 It is time to find the answer to that mystery. 434 00:54:56,760 --> 00:55:05,560 With a serious face, Miyamoto Musashi looks at the sea water passing by. 435 00:55:05,560 --> 00:55:09,290 He is traveling to Funashima by boat. 436 00:55:09,290 --> 00:55:16,290 He has a bokken that he has made himself. 437 00:55:16,290 --> 00:55:28,550 Tied around his head is a hand towel that acts as a bandana. 438 00:55:58,950 --> 00:56:04,420 The strongest of the swordmasters... 439 00:56:04,420 --> 00:56:11,970 He is Sasaki Kojiro of the Ganryu Style. 440 00:56:11,970 --> 00:56:27,260 He waits for Musashi with a three-foot longsword. 441 00:57:03,270 --> 00:57:07,110 Why did you arrive late? 442 00:57:07,110 --> 00:57:09,320 Kojiro, you have now lost. 443 00:57:09,860 --> 00:57:11,280 Why do you say that?! 444 00:57:11,280 --> 00:57:15,240 Why else would you throw away the sheath? 445 00:57:45,760 --> 00:57:50,330 No one knows what these fighters are thinking. 446 00:57:50,330 --> 00:57:55,820 No matter how strong a fighter is, one day he will be injured and die. 447 00:59:28,240 --> 00:59:30,860 Kojiro has a smile on his face. 448 00:59:30,860 --> 00:59:34,620 But nobody can see Musashi's face. 449 00:59:34,620 --> 00:59:39,620 Musashi does not pray for Kojiro to rest in peace. 450 00:59:41,110 --> 00:59:50,220 A black kite flies above the staircase connecting heaven and earth. 451 00:59:50,220 --> 00:59:58,010 Either you win or you lose. 452 00:59:58,010 --> 01:00:13,530 All is destiny. 453 01:00:26,560 --> 01:00:36,980 Why was Musashi unwilling to speak about this battle on Funashima, also known as Ganryujima? 454 01:00:37,500 --> 01:00:44,360 It's because Musashi did not regard himself as a skilled swordsman, 455 01:00:44,360 --> 01:00:50,540 but as a general who led an army of skilled swordsmen. 456 01:00:52,420 --> 01:00:56,670 No matter how strong his opponent was, 457 01:00:56,670 --> 01:01:02,840 a one-on-one battle would not prove his skill as a war tactician, 458 01:01:02,840 --> 01:01:08,190 nor would it help him achieve his dream of becoming a recognized leader. 459 01:01:09,970 --> 01:01:18,490 What drove him from beginning to end was his desire for large battles. 460 01:01:18,490 --> 01:01:21,440 If we interpret this argument liberally, 461 01:01:21,440 --> 01:01:27,800 all of his duels were attempts to avenge his losses at the Battle of Sekigahara. 462 01:02:34,680 --> 01:02:38,450 This is the man who was always dreaming of fighting on horseback. 463 01:02:38,450 --> 01:02:45,590 What was he thinking after defeating Kojiro? 464 01:02:56,730 --> 01:03:05,410 On his deathbed, Musashi ordered that he be dressed in armor. 465 01:03:05,410 --> 01:03:11,940 It was a sign that he was ready for battle even in death. 466 01:03:14,360 --> 01:03:18,190 Why was he so adamant about battles? 467 01:03:18,190 --> 01:03:23,270 His attitude appears quite strange to us. 468 01:03:23,270 --> 01:03:25,480 If he had been born several decades earlier, 469 01:03:25,480 --> 01:03:31,970 he could have become a great warlord and fought numerous victorious battles. 470 01:03:31,970 --> 01:03:35,040 Or if he had been born several decades later, 471 01:03:35,040 --> 01:03:42,080 he could have spent his energy becoming a great master of both the fine and martial arts. 472 01:03:57,400 --> 01:04:03,040 Musashi founded and elaborated the Niten Ichiryu school of swordsmanship. 473 01:04:03,040 --> 01:04:08,770 But his methodology fractured repeatedly and eventually died off. 474 01:04:08,770 --> 01:04:17,990 Note: Nitou Ichiryu means "two swords in one style." Niten Ichiryu means "two worlds in one style." 475 01:04:08,770 --> 01:04:17,990 Interestingly, in The Book of Five Rings, Nitou Ichiryu and Niten Ichiryu are used interchangeably. 476 01:04:17,990 --> 01:04:24,290 But in the end, Musashi named his style Niten Ichiryu. 477 01:04:24,780 --> 01:04:31,680 It was because the focus of his style was not the use of two swords. 478 01:04:31,680 --> 01:04:36,990 Rather, if the world was split in two, and another large battle occurred, 479 01:04:36,990 --> 01:04:41,920 his style would be the way to reunite those worlds. 480 01:05:02,320 --> 01:05:09,110 He was born in a rare interregnum between two major shogunates. 481 01:05:09,110 --> 01:05:11,560 He was aware that his style was not a good fit for his time, 482 01:05:11,560 --> 01:05:16,710 yet he was unable to give up on his dream and his style. 483 01:05:16,710 --> 01:05:26,540 That was probably his only irrationality, when he was a rationalist in everything else he did. 484 01:05:47,990 --> 01:05:49,850 Miyamoto Musashi. 485 01:05:50,310 --> 01:05:55,590 The supreme rationalist with an unreachable dream. 486 01:05:55,590 --> 01:06:00,360 This is the ultimate philosophy he forged after his extreme studies. 49095