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[static crackling]
[static crackling]
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[indistinct muffled radio chatter]
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[David Attenborough] Just 50 years ago,
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we finally ventured to the moon.
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For the very first time,we look back at our own planet.
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Since then, the human populationhas more than doubled.
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This series will celebratethe natural wonders that remain,
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and reveal what we must preserve
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to ensure people and nature thrive.
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When human beingsbuilt their first settlements
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some 10,000 years ago,
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the world around them,
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on the land and in the sea,
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was full of life.
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For generations, this stable Edennurtured our growing civilizations.
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But now, in the spaceof just one human lifetime,
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all that has changed.
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In the last 50 years,
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wildlife populations have, on average,declined by 60 percent.
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For the first time in human history,
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the stability of naturecan no longer be taken for granted.
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[ice cracking]
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But the natural world is resilient.
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Great riches still remain.
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And with our help, the planet can recover.
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Never has it been more importantto understand how the natural world works,
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and how to help it.
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[birds calling]
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[waves crashing]
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Wildlife still flourishesin astonishing numbers
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in a few precious places.
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Along the Peruvian coast of South America,
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seabirds congregatein colonies millions strong.
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They come here to breed.
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[birds calling]
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Every morning,the birds leave their colonies
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to fish in one of the richest season Earth.
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It is an astonishing daily migration
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of five million birds.
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The huge flocks of cormorants and boobiesare all seeking one thing:
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anchovies.
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[water rushing]
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The boobies carpet-bomb the shoals.
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More and more birdsjoin the feeding frenzy.
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[water splashing]
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[classical music score plays]
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All in this immense assembly are here
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because a powerful oceanic current,the Humboldt,
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sweeps up from the Antarctic,
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bringing with it rich nutrientsfrom the ocean's depths.
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90 percent of the life in the oceans
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is found in the shallow seasclose to the coast.
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Away from the land,
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the seas, for the most part,are a blue desert.
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But even these distant watersmay be enriched
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by a most unexpected connectionto the land.
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Some deserts,
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often hundreds of kilometersfrom the ocean,
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provide the raw materials for life.
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[wind blowing]
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Every year, winds sweep uptwo billion tons of dust into the sky.
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At least a quarter of iteventually falls on the sea,
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providing nutrientsneeded by the microscopic organisms
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that are the foundations of ocean life.
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[water splashing]
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Dolphins explore the vast, open ocean
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in search of the richesthat distant deserts may have nourished.
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[dolphins spouting]
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A shoal of mackerelhas discovered a swarm of krill...
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the small crustaceans
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that feed on the ocean'sfloating microscopic plants.
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But the mackerel themselvesare food for the dolphins.
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[dolphins whistling]
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[water rushing]
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They drive the mackereltowards the surface,
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and into the range of birds.
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Shearwaters.
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The wings that normally propel the birdsthrough the air
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now drive them six meters downthrough the water.
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[water rushing]
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Whilst the birdspick off the top of the shoal...
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the dolphins attack the underside.
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[water rushing]
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[dolphins whistling]
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[water rushing]
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After 20 minutes of feasting,
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the predatorsfrom both the sea and the air
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have had their fill.
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The stability of life on our planet
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relies on such connectionsbetween different habitats.
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Water evaporatingfrom the surface of the sea
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condenses to form great clouds.
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And these eventuallyrelease the fresh water as rain.
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But these life-giving rainsare not evenly spread over the land.
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This vast salt pan in Africa
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is all that remains of an ancient lake.
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It's totally waterless and oven-hot.
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Few places on the landare more hostile to life.
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A few tracks cross it, made by animalssearching unsuccessfully for water.
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[snorting]
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But very occasionally,this whole landscape is transformed.
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[thunder rumbling]
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[thunderclap]
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A huge deluge drenches the salt pan.
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[rain pouring]
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[thunder rumbling]
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Triggered by some unknown signal,
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flocks of lesser flamingosarrive from thousands of kilometers away.
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The algae that the flamingos feed on
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have lain dormant as spores in the dust.
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But most importantly,
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the birds are here to breed.
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Perfect conditions might occuronly once in a decade.
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[flamingos squawking]
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The birds nest on an islandfar from the shore.
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[mud splashing]
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They build mounds of mudthat raise up their eggs
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and so keep them just marginally coolerthan they would be at ground level.
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[flamingos chattering]
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The water surrounding the islandis so salty
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that predators do not venture into it.
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So the nests are safe.
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[squawking]
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Thirty days later,thousands of chicks start to hatch.
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But there is no shelterfrom the scorching sun.
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The water that once surroundedtheir island, protecting them,
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has now dried up altogether.
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[cheeping]
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The last to hatchstep out into a desperately harsh world.
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-[chicks cheeping]
-[squawking]
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[squawking]
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Somehow or other, the growing chicksmust find fresh water to drink.
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-[cheeping]
-[squawking]
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They cannot yet fly, so they must walk,guided by some of the adults.
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They may have to trek for 50 kilometers.
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[frenzied cheeping and squawking]
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Some... cannot keep up.
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The salt has solidified around their legs.
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[cheeps]
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-[squawking]
-[splashing]
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Most of the chicks,in spite of everything,
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and having walked for days,
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eventually reach fresh water.
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[frenzied squawking]
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It is the end of a long journey...
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but only the first of the trialsthat will be imposed on these flamingos
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by the irregularity of the rains.
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-[rainfall]
-[snorting]
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If rainfall is more predictableand certain,
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then life can flourish more richly,
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both in numbers and variety.
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The Serengeti plains in East Africasupport over a million wildebeest.
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[grunting]
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The herds follow the seasonal rains,
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grazing on the newly-sprouting grassthat comes in their wake.
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[grunting continues]
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Each year, within a three-week period,
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the females give birthto over a quarter of a million calves.
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[bleating]
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This youngster is just a few days old.
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Playing strengthens its legsfor the long journey that lies ahead.
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[grunting]
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The calf must stay close to its mother.
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Without her milk, it would starve.
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-[snorting]
-[grunting]
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And the herds are always traveling,
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following the rainsas they drift across the plains
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in order to find fresh grazing.
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Eventually, they reach woodlands.
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[birds chirping]
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[grunting]
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Hunting dogs.
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Wildebeest calves are a favorite prey.
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And the dogs are hungry.
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The calf must stay with its mother,protected within the herd.
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[wildebeest snorting]
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The dogs have incredible stamina...
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but the calf is defended by the herd.
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They need the calf on its own.
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[snorting]
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[hyenas panting]
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The mother blocks the dogs,shielding her calf.
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It makes a run for safety.
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And it just managesto get back to the herd.
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The future of this whole migrationdepends on the regularity of the rains,
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but also on the continued existenceof the great open grasslands
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across which the herdsmake their immense journeys.
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-[insects chittering]
-[birds calling]
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In places where rains fall abundantlythroughout the year, forests grow,
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and in the warmth of the tropics,
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they supportan unparalleled richness of life.
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[overlapping animal vocalizations]
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Half of all the speciesof land-living animals
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live in these stable worlds.
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[bird whistling]
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The sheer diversity is breathtaking.
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We still have not catalogued
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all the species that livein the tropical forests.
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The relationships between them allare multitudinous and complex.
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[wings buzzing]
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Plants often depend on animalsto pollinate their flowers.
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And these intimate connections
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are just as importantas the great global ones.
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[buzzing]
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These are traps.
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Flowers shaped like buckets,
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produced by an orchid.
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[buzzing]
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Each red bucket is filledwith an oily liquid that drips from above.
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Male orchid bees need a rich perfumewith which to impress their females,
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and the orchids provide it.
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But the bucket is slippery,
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and the liquidinto which the bee has fallen is sticky.
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The only way to get out
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is through a narrow tunnel.
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As it emerges, the bee is gripped tight.
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And that gives enough time for the plant
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to glue pollen sacs on the bee's back.
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So the orchid has its pollentaken to another plant...
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and the bee is rewarded with a perfume,
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with which, when it recovers its strength,
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it can woo a female.
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[water crashing]
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There are no pronounced seasonsin a rainforest.
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It produces food in one form or anotherthe year round.
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It's so richthat the females of some birds
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are able to raise their youngentirely by themselves,
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and that allows the males to spendtheir whole time attracting females...
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[cheeps]
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...as manakins do.
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There are over 50 different species,
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each with its ownhighly elaborate dance routine.
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[cheeps]
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The golden-collared manakin
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starts by clearing his dance floor.
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[cheeps]
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A female arrivesand he starts his routine,
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rocketing from one perch to another.
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[fluttering]
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[cheeping]
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She checks out every detail.
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Finally, he performs his signature move.
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[tweets]
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The back-flip...
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[calls]
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...with twist.
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[calls]
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Perfection.
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-[cheeps]
-[whir of wings]
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The red-capped manakinhas a very different act.
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[cheeps]
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It's a kind of slither.
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[cheeps]
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[feet pattering]
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[cheeps]
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[cheeps]
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With wing snaps.
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[snap]
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[calls]
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-[cheep]
-[snap]
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[wings snapping]
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But it doesn't seem to be working.
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[cheeps]
[tweets]
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[wings snapping]
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She's seen enough.
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[chirruping]
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00:29:09,247 --> 00:29:13,668
The most complex routineis that developed by the blue manakin.
268
00:29:15,462 --> 00:29:19,966
The lead maleis supported by three junior dancers.
269
00:29:20,425 --> 00:29:22,510
[calling]
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00:29:22,594 --> 00:29:25,305
They practice together almost every day.
271
00:29:28,141 --> 00:29:29,517
During rehearsals,
272
00:29:29,601 --> 00:29:33,646
a young male in juvenile plumagestands in for the female.
273
00:29:33,813 --> 00:29:35,482
[twittering]
274
00:29:38,735 --> 00:29:41,696
The dancehas to be perfectly synchronized.
275
00:29:42,739 --> 00:29:44,532
[high-pitched tweets]
276
00:29:47,160 --> 00:29:48,036
[chirrups]
277
00:29:48,203 --> 00:29:49,871
With the lead male happy...
278
00:29:53,208 --> 00:29:56,419
they're ready to present their danceto a female.
279
00:29:58,630 --> 00:30:00,548
-[calling]
-[fluttering]
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00:30:09,098 --> 00:30:13,520
In a carousel of movements,each male takes his turn at the front.
281
00:30:14,395 --> 00:30:15,939
-[calling]
-[fluttering]
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00:30:34,958 --> 00:30:37,794
The lead male performs the final move.
283
00:30:37,877 --> 00:30:39,420
[high-pitched tweets]
284
00:30:42,257 --> 00:30:43,508
Have they done enough?
285
00:30:45,510 --> 00:30:46,719
What's her decision?
286
00:30:46,803 --> 00:30:49,013
[chirruping]
287
00:30:53,351 --> 00:30:54,269
It's...
288
00:30:54,727 --> 00:30:55,812
a yes!
289
00:31:00,358 --> 00:31:01,985
A great team effort.
290
00:31:02,318 --> 00:31:04,946
[chirruping]
291
00:31:07,574 --> 00:31:12,495
Tropical forests coveronly seven percent of the planet's lands.
292
00:31:14,414 --> 00:31:18,084
Away from the tropics,where the weather is seasonal and cooler,
293
00:31:18,501 --> 00:31:19,752
they're very different.
294
00:31:23,381 --> 00:31:26,968
The greatest of all is the boreal forest
295
00:31:27,635 --> 00:31:31,347
that extends right across North Americaand Eurasia.
296
00:31:38,438 --> 00:31:41,983
It cannot growduring the frigid grip of winter.
297
00:31:46,279 --> 00:31:48,948
The forests are a crucial refuge
298
00:31:49,407 --> 00:31:53,786
for the relatively few speciesthat are able to survive here.
299
00:32:01,753 --> 00:32:03,171
[wind howls]
As winter approaches,
300
00:32:05,131 --> 00:32:08,593
caribou grazing on the open tundrato the north
301
00:32:09,052 --> 00:32:13,431
head south to the forestto seek food and shelter.
302
00:32:25,026 --> 00:32:29,906
Out here, temperatures may fallbelow minus 40 degrees centigrade.
303
00:32:38,456 --> 00:32:42,835
The forest will give some protectionfrom the worst of the weather.
304
00:33:08,861 --> 00:33:13,241
But now the caribouare not traveling alone.
305
00:33:22,834 --> 00:33:23,710
Wolves.
306
00:33:24,877 --> 00:33:27,255
They live in the forest year-round.
307
00:33:32,760 --> 00:33:36,597
And in the winter,they specialize in hunting caribou.
308
00:33:51,487 --> 00:33:53,906
They must find the freshest tracks.
309
00:34:05,501 --> 00:34:08,880
They move fast by avoiding the deep snow,
310
00:34:09,547 --> 00:34:13,134
sticking to the hard-packed trailsmade by the caribou.
311
00:34:18,473 --> 00:34:21,142
This wolf has found fresh scent.
312
00:34:31,486 --> 00:34:33,321
The caribou must be close.
313
00:34:43,748 --> 00:34:48,419
The herd chooses to stop to reston a frozen lake.
314
00:34:50,755 --> 00:34:54,217
Out in the open, they will be able to spotapproaching danger.
315
00:34:54,300 --> 00:34:57,095
[faint grunting]
316
00:34:58,096 --> 00:35:01,265
And sure enough, the wolves catch up.
317
00:35:08,314 --> 00:35:10,566
[caribou bleating]
318
00:35:15,738 --> 00:35:17,949
They start to test the caribou,
319
00:35:18,866 --> 00:35:20,576
probing for any weakness.
320
00:35:21,494 --> 00:35:23,246
[rapid bleating]
321
00:35:33,631 --> 00:35:35,091
Out on the open lake,
322
00:35:36,050 --> 00:35:38,594
the caribou can outrun the wolves...
323
00:35:45,393 --> 00:35:48,354
so the wolves drive them backinto the forest.
324
00:35:56,571 --> 00:36:01,534
Here, in the deep snow,progress is much harder and slower.
325
00:36:05,955 --> 00:36:07,498
[bleating]
326
00:36:10,668 --> 00:36:14,881
And, hidden by the trees,the wolves can get closer.
327
00:36:20,678 --> 00:36:22,346
The hunt is on.
328
00:36:23,431 --> 00:36:24,974
[bleating]
329
00:36:26,350 --> 00:36:28,978
[snorting]
330
00:36:32,481 --> 00:36:34,859
[bleating]
331
00:36:34,942 --> 00:36:38,988
The pack must decidewhich particular caribou to target
332
00:36:40,865 --> 00:36:42,408
and which trail to take.
333
00:36:49,665 --> 00:36:51,250
As the caribou scatter,
334
00:36:53,461 --> 00:36:56,214
the leading wolf takes a wrong turn.
335
00:36:59,967 --> 00:37:04,764
It's a crucial mistake,and the wolves abandon the chase.
336
00:37:14,065 --> 00:37:18,402
With the coming of spring,the caribou will head north once more,
337
00:37:18,653 --> 00:37:21,614
leaving the wolves and the forest behind.
338
00:37:24,617 --> 00:37:29,747
They will travel 600 kilometers,crossing mountains to reach the tundra,
339
00:37:30,039 --> 00:37:32,875
where the spring grasswill be sprouting again,
340
00:37:33,417 --> 00:37:34,835
and they can give birth.
341
00:37:37,380 --> 00:37:42,218
But these migrationsare a shadow of what they once were.
342
00:37:44,345 --> 00:37:48,307
The herd has lostnearly 70 percent of its numbers
343
00:37:48,391 --> 00:37:50,268
in the last 20 years.
344
00:37:53,312 --> 00:37:58,150
Their world and all of our planetis now changing fast.
345
00:38:05,032 --> 00:38:07,660
At the furthest polar extremes
346
00:38:08,286 --> 00:38:13,541
lie the frozen wildernessesof Antarctica and the Arctic.
347
00:38:18,087 --> 00:38:21,173
Though they may seem remoteto many of us,
348
00:38:21,966 --> 00:38:27,388
the stability of these icy wastesis crucial to all life on the planet.
349
00:38:33,185 --> 00:38:39,025
But in just 70 years,things have changed at a frightening pace.
350
00:38:41,569 --> 00:38:46,449
The polar regions are warming fasterthan any other part of the planet.
351
00:38:53,622 --> 00:38:57,710
The Arctic in the north is a frozen ocean,
352
00:38:59,670 --> 00:39:03,466
and the sea ice,on which all life here depends,
353
00:39:04,508 --> 00:39:05,634
is disappearing.
354
00:39:13,184 --> 00:39:15,644
[panting]
355
00:39:21,525 --> 00:39:22,777
Polar bears
356
00:39:23,361 --> 00:39:27,406
specialize in hunting sealsout on the frozen ocean.
357
00:39:33,120 --> 00:39:38,042
But that world is now, literally,melting beneath their feet.
358
00:39:42,338 --> 00:39:44,799
The sea ice breaks up every year,
359
00:39:45,341 --> 00:39:47,385
but now this is happening earlier,
360
00:39:47,718 --> 00:39:51,347
and the bears' limited hunting seasonis getting shorter.
361
00:39:53,849 --> 00:39:57,103
This is already having a profound impact.
362
00:40:01,023 --> 00:40:02,525
[gentle snorting]
363
00:40:09,532 --> 00:40:11,951
Cubs are growing up underweight,which reduces their chances of survival.
364
00:40:19,083 --> 00:40:20,584
[snuffling]
365
00:40:35,099 --> 00:40:37,643
Within the lifetime of these cubs,
366
00:40:37,726 --> 00:40:42,731
the Arctic in summercould be largely free of sea ice.
367
00:40:45,568 --> 00:40:46,986
[gentle snorting]
368
00:40:58,831 --> 00:41:02,251
It's not just the sea icethat is vanishing.
369
00:41:03,878 --> 00:41:08,174
The ice that lies on landis also changing fast.
370
00:41:12,803 --> 00:41:14,847
This is Greenland,
371
00:41:15,681 --> 00:41:20,853
a vast expanse of iceone-fifth the size of the United States.
372
00:41:28,068 --> 00:41:31,614
This glacial ice,together with the sea ice,
373
00:41:31,906 --> 00:41:37,077
protects our planet by reflectingsolar radiation away from the surface
374
00:41:37,286 --> 00:41:40,289
and so preventing the Earthfrom overheating.But the Arctic is warming dramatically.
375
00:41:56,430 --> 00:42:00,893
The leading edge of the Store Glaciermay appear to be motionless,
376
00:42:02,102 --> 00:42:06,106
but glaciers can moveat up to 45 meters a day.
377
00:42:06,232 --> 00:42:08,192
[ice rumbling]
378
00:42:13,072 --> 00:42:18,035
Where this one meets the sea,it towers 100 meters above the water,
379
00:42:19,537 --> 00:42:22,831
and continues downwardfor another 400 meters
380
00:42:22,915 --> 00:42:24,333
beneath the surface.
381
00:42:29,505 --> 00:42:31,382
[ice cracking]
382
00:42:40,599 --> 00:42:42,142
[waves rushing]
383
00:43:07,876 --> 00:43:12,840
Over the last 20 years,Greenland has been losing ice.
384
00:43:19,138 --> 00:43:22,766
And the rate of loss is accelerating.
385
00:43:25,185 --> 00:43:26,729
[ice rumbling]
386
00:43:31,942 --> 00:43:33,777
[crashing]
387
00:43:38,073 --> 00:43:41,452
These massive icefallsfrom the top of the glacier
388
00:43:41,827 --> 00:43:43,370
are just the beginnings
389
00:43:43,829 --> 00:43:45,789
of a far greater event.
390
00:43:47,458 --> 00:43:49,668
[icefalls crashing in distance]
391
00:43:50,586 --> 00:43:55,215
A stretch of the front face of the glacierover a kilometer long
392
00:43:55,299 --> 00:43:57,343
is starting to break away.
393
00:43:57,426 --> 00:43:59,053
[ice rumbling]
394
00:44:01,889 --> 00:44:03,307
[ice crashing]
395
00:44:08,520 --> 00:44:11,190
From 400 meters beneath the surface,
396
00:44:11,732 --> 00:44:14,652
the hidden ice is surging upwards.
397
00:44:17,196 --> 00:44:18,822
[waves rushing]
398
00:44:30,876 --> 00:44:32,628
[crashing]
399
00:44:32,711 --> 00:44:36,590
The breakaway of an icebergthe size of a skyscraper
400
00:44:37,633 --> 00:44:40,678
generates a colossal tidal wave.
401
00:44:42,262 --> 00:44:44,014
[wave rushing]
402
00:44:56,652 --> 00:44:58,904
-[crashing]
-[rumbling]
403
00:45:15,671 --> 00:45:17,673
[classical music score plays]
404
00:45:56,670 --> 00:46:02,885
Within 20 minutes,75 million tons of ice break free.
405
00:46:10,100 --> 00:46:13,771
Glaciers have always released iceinto the ocean,
406
00:46:14,938 --> 00:46:18,192
but now this is happeningnearly twice as fast
407
00:46:18,275 --> 00:46:20,360
as it did ten years ago.
408
00:46:23,572 --> 00:46:29,119
Around the world, ice is now feedingvast amounts of fresh water into the sea,
409
00:46:29,828 --> 00:46:35,626
raising sea levels, changing salinity,and disrupting ocean currents.
410
00:46:39,004 --> 00:46:44,343
Without the Humboldt Current,the coast of Peru would fall silent.
411
00:46:45,803 --> 00:46:48,889
The seabird spectacle would be no more.
412
00:47:00,526 --> 00:47:05,489
All across our planet,crucial connections are being disrupted.
413
00:47:09,409 --> 00:47:14,665
The stability that weand all life relies upon is being lost.
414
00:47:18,043 --> 00:47:21,088
What we do in the next 20 years
415
00:47:22,422 --> 00:47:26,635
will determine the futurefor all life on Earth.
416
00:47:35,435 --> 00:47:40,566
The rest of this series will explorethe planet's most important habitats,
417
00:47:42,067 --> 00:47:45,779
and celebrate the life they still support.
418
00:47:53,370 --> 00:47:56,790
We will reveal what must be preserved
419
00:47:56,999 --> 00:48:03,672
if we are to ensure a futurewhere humans and nature can thrive.
420
00:48:13,807 --> 00:48:19,605
Please visit ourplanet.com to find outhow our planet can thrive again.
421
00:48:22,941 --> 00:48:24,693
[Ellie Goulding:
"In This Together"]
422
00:48:24,776 --> 00:48:29,239
♪ I can hear the whole worldSinging together ♪
423
00:48:31,533 --> 00:48:37,748
♪ I can hear the whole world say"It's now or never" ♪
424
00:48:40,292 --> 00:48:44,713
♪ 'Cause it's not too lateIf we change our ways ♪
425
00:48:44,796 --> 00:48:48,467
♪ And connect the dots to our problems ♪
426
00:48:48,550 --> 00:48:54,598
♪ I can hear the whole world say"We're in this together" ♪
427
00:48:54,681 --> 00:48:56,683
♪ We're in this together ♪
9999
00:00:0,500 --> 00:00:2,00
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