All language subtitles for Spymasters.The.Great.Spy.Writers.S01E02.Alistair.Maclean.To.John.Le.Carre.1080p.NOW.WEB-DL.DDP5.1.H.264-RAWR_track3_[eng]

Whaddya know?

'World War II provided
the setting for many novels and films

that appeared after the war.'

Come on. Come on.

'They were significant as a means of
exploring commercially

some of the struggles that lay behind
the battlefields

of Europe and beyond. The British
war movies made of these novels

achieved great success
in the 1970s and 1980s.

"Formulaic" in Roger Ebert's account,

they nevertheless attracted large
and appreciative audiences.'

Halt! Halt!

Halt!

'These books and films include
Alistair MacLean,

who combines both the
Second World War and the Cold War.

His key espionage novel is
Where Eagles Dare,

exploring themes of patriotism,

courage and the cost of espionage.'

Broadsword calling Danny Boy,

Broadsword calling Danny boy, over.

"Broadsword calling Danny Boy,
Broadsword calling Danny boy, over.

Broadsword, sir.

Danny Boy calling Broadsword,
come in Broadsword, over.

MacPherson murdered, Thomas
Christiansen and Berkeley captured.

I'm affecting entrance
within the hour.

"Please have transport standing by,
over."

Pull out now, Broadsword,
save yourselves, over.

You must be joking, over and out.

That is an order Broadsword, over.

Broadsword. Broadsword!

'His theme of the secret traitor is
seen again in the Guns of Navarone.

And in all Maclean's espionage
novels, it features prominently.

Ken Follett's Eye of the Needle,
tells of the thwarted plans of

a ruthless Nazi spy whose downfall is
brought about by his falling in love.

The wind howled against the windows
as the storm intensified.

In the dim light of the study
the radio crackled to life,

a voice steady but urgent,

spoke of an impending invasion.

The war was coming closer
and for the first time

Faber realised just how much
was riding on him.

The Nazis needed him
to get a message through,

the allies needed him to fail.

But in the end
it would be his own choice,

his own survival that would determine
the course of the war

and the stakes had never been higher.

Jack Higgins's The Eagle Has Landed,
published in 1975,

was made into a film starring Michael
Caine and Donald Sutherland in 1976.'

By the way, have you found out
who Stalin is yet?

Of course I have.

Why?
Because I am hoping it is not him.

It isn't.

I want him buried right away.

'The causes of the Cold War,
or, more importantly,

who caused the Cold War, the subject
of continuing controversy,

was it the Americans,
or was it the Russians?

Espionage was not really something
exclusive, and clandestine,

it was actually the currency
of the Cold War.

Spies were the poor, bloody infantry
of the Cold War.

For the West,
notwithstanding the debate,

the Truman Doctrine of 1947
was a prime cause.

The Truman Doctrine
was designed to prevent the spread

of aggressive communism in Europe.

It was created from the long telegram

by American diplomat George Kennan
in 1946.

Kennan wrote that the battle between
these two centres

for command of world economy
will decide the fate of capitalism

and of communism in the entire world.

George Kennan argued for
a form of warfare through espionage,

and in particular
through adversarial spying.

The atmosphere of this world of
partition and division and conflict

is evoked in Carol Reed's film of
Graham Greene's novella

The Third Man.'

Who are you looking for now?

Stop, just please don't.

Silly looking bunch.

Spies moved centre stage
during the Cold War,

where everything was concealed,
where those hostilities

between nations and ideologies
moved underground

and the period of the Cold War

was where the development of spy
fiction,

spy films begins, I think,

to exhibit
a certain kind of coherence.

'From the anarchist of
Tsarist Russia,

to the IRA of 1916.

From the Ergun and the Stern Gang

to the EOKA in Cyprus,

from the Baader-Meinhof Group
in Germany, the CCC in Belgium,

the Action Direct in France,
the Red Brigades in Italy,

the Red Army Faction again
in Germany,

the Rengo Sekigun in Japan,

through to the Shining Path in Peru,

to the modern IRA in Ulster...

...or the ETA in Spain,

terrorism came from the minds of
the comfortably raised,

well educated, middle-class theorists

with a truly staggering
personal vanity

and a developed taste for
self-indulgence.'

Frederick Forsyth was among
that group of writers

who had some direct experience
of the world of espionage

and that feeds in to his fiction.

There is a sense of felt detail

in the intricacies of his plots,

that arise from experiences
that he had had.

'The man in the grey suit walked into
the hotel lobby, calm and unhurried.

He had done this
a thousand times before.

He wasn't just any assassin, he was
a ghost, a shadow in the night.

He didn't have a name, only a number.

His past was a blank slate,

erased for his own safety.

His future? A single mission.
To kill a man.

He'd been trained for this,
honed like a blade,

and now, the time had come.

As he approached the desk to
check in, the bellboy didn't look up.

He didn't need to.

The Jackal was already
a ghost in his mind.

There would be no trace left,
no sign of his passing.'

If we take The Odessa File
as an example,

this is a novel that describes
the relentless pursuit

of an SS officer

after the end of the war
by a young German.

It turns out that this officer
has been central to the development

of the Odessa Organisation,

those who had not abandoned
Nazi ideology

and were working for the overthrow
of the State of Israel.

The Odessa Organisation was
described in such detail

that many readers thought

that Forsyth was talking about
something that had

historical existence,
that it was real.

So the organisation is dismantled,
but the villain escapes.

There's an interesting contrast
between that escape

and what happens
in the film version.

In the film version, there is
a dramatic confrontation between

Miller and the villain Roschmann,
at the end of the film,

and the villain is shot dead.

The SS officer does not escape

and does not survive.

I didn't do it.
I couldn't even shoot straight.

If you kill me, you'd be killing
- the wrong man.
- You're disgusting.

But I tell you, it was Kurt Krause.

You can tell that
to the German people, Roschmann.

I will, I will tell them.

You're not even worth a bullet.

I even have letters
to prove what I say.

A woman wrote to me from New York.

I was only 11 months there in
charge. There was not one hanging

or shooting during that time,
I was really considered a joke!

So both book and film are raising
difficult moral questions

about what it means to forgive
or to forget betrayal

in a historical perspective.

'To understand everything is
to forgive everything.

When one can understand the people,

their gullibility and their fear,
their greed and their lust for power,

their ignorance and their docility
to the man who shouts the loudest,

one can forgive.

Yes, one can forgive
even what they did,

but one can never forget.'

Whether we can forgive,
whether we can forget,

but they do so in a different
cultural context.

And I think you see that repeatedly

in film versions of spy stories.

'It is cold at 6:40 in the morning
on a March day in Paris,

and seems even colder

when a man is about to be executed
by firing squad.'

Robert Harris's Fatherland,
made into a film in 1994,

is set in post-war Europe and
imagines what the consequences

of a Nazi victory might have been.

It was an influential example of
alternative history.

The room was oppressive,

the air thick with the smell
of old paper and dust.

Xavier March stared at the files
in front of him,

chilling realisation dawning on him
with each page he turned,

the world was not what
he'd thought it was.

History had been rewritten,

and now it was up to him
to uncover the truth.

As a member of the Nazi Party,
March had always followed orders,

but now, as he dug deeper,

he realised that the very foundation
of his beliefs

were built on lies.

The Cold War shifted the focus
of spy fiction

from resistance to Nazi Germany,

to the conflict between communist
powers - primarily the Soviet Union -

and the capitalist West in
the decades following World War II.

Anthony Horowitz's long-running
television series Foyle's War,

which began with episodes
featuring Christopher Foyle

as a high-minded police detective,

uncovering various crimes
during World War II,

ends with a much darker series
of plots,

based on his involvement with
ethically questionable MI5 operations

after the end of the war.

It's a telling illustration
of a cultural shift.'

If there was a traitor in SOE...
SOE is finished, disbanded.

The traitor could have moved on,

could be in intelligence,
could be in government.

Sir Ian Woodhead is my counterpart
at MI6,

Eric Caplin is a member
of the Gen 75 Committee,

it is inconceivable that either of
them could have divided loyalties.

'Graham Greene's Catholicism led to
him consistently interpreting...

...international affairs
within an ethical framework.

Every novelist has something
in common with a spy.'

White Hart Hotel.

Yes, Colonel White is staying here.

I'm afraid he's fast asleep
at this time, sir.

Very good. I will.

'He watches.'

White here.
You're through, sir.

Oh, hello, David.

This is a hell of a time to ring up.
I'm sorry, sir, but it's urgent.

'He overhears.'

You're going to be
inspected on Friday by

a very important personage,
about as important as anybody can be

in this country.

'He seeks motives and
analyses character.'

'His The Quiet American,
written in 1955,

had film versions in 1958 and 2002.

They address American policy
in Indochina,

rather than the communist block,

and predict the later destructive
tangles

of American involvement in Vietnam.'

It's not like you can really help
- these people.
- You have a gun,

either of you?
No.

They shall attack again tonight.

You don't want to be taken alive,
believe me.

Shoot yourselves.
- Thank you.
- Thanks.

'It was a dangerous belief,

and it would be his undoing.

He didn't understand the complexities
of the world,

nor the true cost of
his interference.

I had tried to warn him,

but like all the others,
he wouldn't listen.

He thought he could control things,

but the world didn't work that way.

In the end,
he would learn the hard way,

if he lived to learn it at all.

Graham Greene's introduction
to Kim Philby's memoirs

was regarded as
worse than equivocal by some.

No place here for the importance
of the defence of the realm,

an unanswered question that runs
through the history of spies

and spy masters alike, is heard also
in E M Forster's comment,

"If I had to choose between betraying
my country and betraying my friend,

I hope I should have the guts
to betray my country."'

Old man, you never should've
gone to the police, you know?

You oughta leave this thing alone.

Have you ever seen
any of your victims?

You know, I never feel comfortable
on these sort of things.

Victims, they can be melodramatic.

Look down there.

Would you really feel any pity
if one of those dots

stopped moving forever?

If I offered you £20,000
for every dot that stopped,

would you really, old man,
tell me to keep my money?

Or would you calculate how many dots
you could afford to spend,

free of income tax, you know?

Free of income tax.
Well, you can save money now.

Lot of good your money'll do you in
- jail.
- That jail's in another zone.

There's no proof against me.
Besides you.

'Our Man in Havana, set in Cuba,

mocks some of the absurdities of MI6,

absurdities that Greene
had experienced personally.

The film version in 1959,
though set as a comedy,

had serious undertones.'

Perhaps they're using us as bait.
Of course, if the bait's no good,

you throw it away.

'The film of The Third Man,
caught in its visual styling

of a shadowy Vienna,

the threat and menace of the
pervasive atmosphere of the Cold War.

The Third Man was a masterpiece

based on a screenplay by
Graham Greene,

directed by Carol Reed,

shot by cinematographer
Robert Krasker,

and underlain by the zither music
of Anton Karas,

a surprise number one hit in 1950

and was on the Billboard chart
for 11 weeks in the USA.

We had a day and a night unit.

We worked from 8pm until 5am,

then went to bed, got up at 10am,
worked with the day unit until four,

and then went back to bed
until eight.

It's a bit of a rush, but it's better
to rush than not get it all.'

When people think of the Cold War,

they think of it as a struggle
between East and West.

What wave after wave of
declassification

over the last ten to 20 years

has really shown, is that there was
a global Cold War going on.

When we think of the Cold War,
we think of the, you know,

the snowy windswept streets
of Berlin and Vienna and Prague,

but actually the clandestine
Caribbean, Africa, Latin America.

These were all places that saw a lot
of intelligence activity.

The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962,

was the most dangerous moment in
British history

and in world history, but because
we're a small offshore island,

if nuclear warfare had broken out,

we would by now simply be a hole in
the North Sea...

...whereas there would be
bits of the United States

and bits of Russia surviving.

Acting, therefore, in the defence of
our own security

and of the entire Western Hemisphere,

and under the authority entrusted
to me by the Constitution,

as endorsed
by the resolution of the Congress,

I have directed that the following
initial steps be taken immediately.

All ships of any kind bound for Cuba,
from whatever nation or port,

were they found to contain cargos of
offensive weapons be turned back.

In terms of
an intelligence collection,

I think the biggest single success
of Stalin's Russia

was getting the secrets
of the atomic bomb.

The biggest British intelligence
failure that we know about

in the 21st century,
is without doubt the belief that

Saddam Hussein in Iraq
had weapons of mass destruction,

which was a terrible, but I think
understandable error.

It is absolutely essential

that we ensure that Saddam Hussein

cannot go back to developing weapons
of mass destruction,

weapons of nuclear, chemical,
biological warfare.

What was he saying in public?

We don't have any weapons
of mass destruction.

What was he saying in private?
Of course we have weapons

of mass destruction.
But why was he saying that?

Not because it was true, but he knew
that if he told it to his advisors,

it would get through to Iran.

What about the Israelis?

He was afraid the Israelis
might attack him,

but he thought they would be
deterred if they thought he had

weapons of mass destruction.
So there we are.

It was an understandable, but
nonetheless a humiliating failure

on the part of British intelligence.

'But the upfront reason is that
he was reclaiming

rightful Iraqi territory.

Look, it happens all over the world.

India took Goa, China took Tibet,

Indonesia has taken East Timor,
Argentina tried for the Falklands.

Each time the claim is retaking
a chunk of rightful territory.

It's very popular
with the home crowd, you know."'

Knowing about one's successes and
failures is quite fundamental

for any intelligence and
security service,

and I think it's also important
for people to know,

because based on that,
they can judge the capability

of their governments and
their government spies.

When we look at
20th-century history,

there's quite a lot of
intelligence failures

that governments
have been learning from.

One of them was the failure to see
the fall of the Shah of Iran

in 1979. That was a big one.

Then it was also the failure to see
the fall of the Soviet Union.

In some ways an intelligence failure
was also not really seeing that

the Arab Spring will kick off
in 2011.

And then there's other failures
that have occurred,

such as the invasion
of the Falkland Islands.

But also other types of failures,
analytical failures, for instance,

in the run-up to the Iraq War.

There was clearly a failure
in the West to understand

that Saddam Hussein did not have
the WMD capability

that many Western services, not all,
but many, did think he have.

'The CIA,
in accounts like Hugo Wilford's

The CIA: An Imperial History,

is described as a quasi imperial
organisation,

following the policies of the empires
of Britain and France,

engaging in everything from regime
change to having thoroughly mistaken

the assessment of many political
situations,

not least that of the intentions of
Saddam Hussein,

though they were not alone in that.

Steve Coll in his book
The Achilles Trap,

additionally writes,

"Like many people in the Middle East
and elsewhere,

Saddam thought of the CIA
as all-knowing.

Saddam Hussein assumed that the US
was fully aware of his plans

to invade Kuwait. He mistook
President Bush's lack of objection

for permission."

Cole further writes,
"Years later while imprisoned

Saddam confronted a CIA officer
about this."

"If you didn't want me to go in,"

the officer recalls Saddam asking,
"why didn't you tell me?"'

When it comes to thinking about
the war on terror,

and it comes to thinking about
the 911,

what I'll call the 911 wars,
the period after September 2001

where you see Western intervention
across the globe,

these are stories,

framing stories, that perhaps offer

a more conflicted,
ethical dimension.

Whereas in the Cold War, MI6 is,

you know, often for individuals
on the side of the good guys.

So there is clear good guys,
bad guys element to framing here.

When you get to the post 911 wars,
there is, in the real world,

this morally ambiguous area
when it comes to real world episodes

such as hostile interrogation, rendition.

The Iraq War creates this
politically divisive period

of British political history,

where there are those
for the conflict and those against.

It's really interesting to
see how this understanding of

intelligence being a secret business
has changed

in the past 20 years or so.

When you think of the way
the Iraq war was sort of built on

this amount
of classified information

and justified on very secret
information,

which were, of course, a lie.

But then you have the events
leading up to this,

Russia's invasion of Ukraine,

where you have an extraordinary
amount of information

being declassified
by President Biden,

in order to deter Russia's action,

and it says a lot about this sort of
tension of how much information

should remain classified,

because secrecy
is about temporality.

Having a secret, having a state
secret is a question of time,

because this is what gives you
the strategic advantage.

John le Carre was the most
successful spy writer

and indeed author of books which
have also been the best spy films

of the last 50 years.

One of the unusual things
about his novels,

derived from the fact that he was
the only example I can think of,

of a major spy novelist,

who worked at different times
for both MI5,

the British security service,

and MI6,
the Foreign Intelligence Service.

'John le Carre redefined
the literary ambitions of the genre.'

I was immediately charmed by him.

I mean, he was
the most delightful company.

He rapidly became to me,
not John le Carre,

as he's, as he had been up until
that point,

but David Cornwell, his real name.

'He had lived through all these lies,
these betrayals,

and yet there was nothing but
a kind of tired cynicism left.

He had forgotten how to be shocked,

how to be outraged.

The game was the game and in the end,
it would swallow them all.

He had been a soldier once, fighting
in a war he didn't believe in

and now he was a spy,

trying to fight a battle
no one had ever explained.'

But what does he do in his novels?

He amalgamates MI5 and MI6

into a single
British Intelligence Service,

which he calls The Circus.

'"Why spy?

For as long as rogues become leaders
we shall spy.

For as long as there are bullies and
liars and madmen in the world,

we shall spy.

For as long as nations compete,
and politicians deceive,

tyrants launch conquest

and consumers need resources,

and the homeless look for land,

and the hungry for food,

and the rich for excess,

your chosen profession is
perfectly secure,

I can assure you."

And from time to time,
you suddenly realised that this,

beneath this relaxed,
charming exterior,

there was an interior which was
bubbling with raw emotion,

with unhappiness,
with... with rage, even.

So you knew the names of British
agents all over the world.

I signed a blank cheque.
The name of the payee was secret.

Who knew then? Who kept the notes?

Special dispatch, they added
the name and mailed the cheque.

So you just provided a signature.
A false signature.

After 18 years in the service,
my sole contribution.

Shall we continue indoors?
Want to write it down, don't you?

Don't know what you're looking for.
Scratching around in the dust.

I think one of the things about him
is that he was an actor.

I think he could have been
a very successful actor

had he chosen to take that path
and he took on roles.

I mean, as a spy,
as most people know,

he worked for, first of all,

for British intelligence as
a civilian, but then later on,

joined MI5 and then
transferred to MI6.

He did have these different
identities,

and he did have
different identities, for example,

as loyal husband
but as serial adulterer,

as affectionate friend

and as betrayer.
He spied on his friends.

As a devoted father,

but someone
who leaves his children behind.

In John Le Carre's novel
Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy,

and you also see this too
in the television version

and in the film version,

there is a close approach between
the mechanisms of

the classic espionage novel,

story, and those of the classic
detective story.

But it also functions
as detective fiction.

As in fact, a classic piece
of detective fiction,

where the investigator, Smiley,
George Smiley,

in this case,
is not looking for a murderer,

though there is murder within this
world, he's looking for a mole.

David was fascinated by Kim Philby
and wrote a very interesting piece

about Philby, when Philby's memoirs
were published,

and always thought that he
recognised some kind of bond

with Philby, that he could have been
Philby himself.

When Philby defected, you know,
there was an attempt to minimise

his role and to suggest
that he hadn't been very important.

And it was only considerably later

that it was revealed that
he really had been at the top level

and could have risen
to the very top itself.

Alleline.

Tinker.

N.

Tailor.

Bland.

Soldier.

Esterhase.

Poor man.

'Obscurity was his nature
as well as his profession.

The byways of espionage
are not populated

by the brash and colourful
adventurers of fiction.

A man who, like Smiley,

has lived and worked for years
among his country's enemies

learns only one prayer,

that he may never, never be noticed.'

I think one of the things
about David's great success

is it does conceal the nature
of his art.

I think because his book sold
so many copies

and they were made into
big feature films,

people assumed that he was a genre
writer, perhaps a pulp writer.

I think he's better than that.
I think he's a major writer.

So if we think of John le Carre
as a central example,

his mother left the family

when he was five years old,

that I think left a permanent mark
on his nature, on his imagination,

his sense of the world.

He was on poor terms
with his father,

so it really was a difficult
relationship

and le Carre's persistent
preoccupation with betrayal,

abandonment and isolation

in difficult circumstances,

does, I think,
bear a very close relation

with those experiences.
As is so often the case

with those who have been abandoned,

in his later life,

he himself turned into someone
who abandoned others.

'Though John le Carre did not go to
his father's funeral,

he nevertheless paid for it.'

He doesn't trust human relations.

He's cynical.
He's often really quite bitter.

'John le Carre's life is at
the heart of his narrative.

The sheer human power
at le Carre's disposal

evokes the desperate insecurity
of individuals

caught up in in-state secrets.

"Today, I don't remember feeling
any affection in childhood

except for my elder brother,

who for a time was my only parent."'

If there remains one great conundrum
in my life, it is my father.

Who seems to me to inspire also
some of the worst or best characters

in me. He had a wonderful brain,

everybody who worked for him
was in awe of his intellect,

but if there was a bent way of doing
something, he took it.

Wonderful, wonderful, rich vein of
material and very painful.

He had done quite a lot of jail

and he spent some years of his life
on the run,

in late middle age, so it was
a mess, just a bloody mess.

But, surviving it, it was also
a privilege to be part of it

in some strange way, it taught you
a lot about life,

lowered your expectations,
raised them in other ways.

'It was Ronnie who did the hugging,
never Olive.

She was the mother who had no smell,

whereas Ronnie smelt of fine cigars
and pear-droppy hair oil

from Taylor of Old Bond Street,
the court hairdressers.

John le Carre evokes the presence
of his father,

the effect of a sometimes
cruel presence,

of surviving in a world where he was
abandoned by his mother

but remained fond and admiring
of the father

who sometimes seemed to love him -
yet beat him.

"Ronnie's violence was not news to me
because he'd made a habit of

beating up his second wife as well."

Walter Isaacson in his review of
le Carre's memoir The Pigeon Tunnel

captures the poignant essence

of such haunting
by quoting Barack Obama.

"Someone once said that every man is
trying to either live up to

his father's expectations or make up
for his father's mistakes."

Richard Nixon put it more succinctly.

"I was born in a house
my father built."

Le Carre remembers his father
gambling in Monte Carlo.

Beneath the lawn of the sporting club
were small tunnels

from which trapped pigeons were
ejected over the sea as targets.

The ones that survived returned to
the place of their birth

where the same traps awaited them.'

There's hundreds of policeman in
the garden, thousands of them.

I saw them through the window.

What are you doing?

What are you doing?
What are you doing?!

I don't think you can understand
John le Carre without understanding

the childhood of David Cornwall.

David's father was a serial con man

who spent two terms in prison

and who cheated people out of large
sums of money.

David's mother
had left the family home.

She left in the middle of the night
without saying goodbye to her sons

when David was only five years old.

As a little boy, he used to go up to
women who arrived at the house,

and quite a number of women
did arrive at the house,

because his father, Ronnie,
Ronnie Cornwall was, um,

had many, many girlfriends.

David would sidle up to these women
and say, "Are you my mother?"

He learned to spy, because no one
told him what was going on.

When his father
was taken off to prison,

no one explained
where his father was.

No one explained where his mother
was, these things just happened.

He wanted to have
a normal family life.

He wanted to be a good father
to his children

and he used this curious expression.
He said, "I am the bridge that

my children must walk across in
order to have normal lives."

We know from recent biographical
research

that during his second marriage,

he had, as a minimum, 11 affairs.

John le Carre's interpretation of
the world of espionage

is very personal and it is in part

a reaction against what he thought

was a dangerous falsification
of the world of espionage,

really through the power
of the image

of James Bond.

So in novel after novel,

you see him challenging
that glamorisation

and you certainly see it in
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold,

which was his breakthrough novel.

Come, come.

Jump, Alec! Jump, man!

Jump, man!

In both the book and the film
the way in which those operatives

out in the field are exposed
to injury or death.

You see that particularly in
the devastating final sequence

in the film, that is not something
that you would witness

in a Bond film.

David was working as...

...his cover role was
working as a second secretary

in the British Embassy in Bonn.

But The Spy Who Came in
from the Cold

just hit a nerve
at the right moment.

It was the moment
when the Berlin Wall went up,

when Kennedy came to Berlin,

when suddenly that seemed the centre
of the world.

I think also he is the writer

about the post colonial experience,

about Britain
trying to come to terms

with its much diminished role. After
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold,

he wrote a book called
The Looking Glass War.

It upset a lot of people
in the intelligence world,

because it made them appear
incompetent,

and that was the thing
that they didn't like.

Perhaps, if you're looking
at SIS through the le Carre prism,

a lot of le Carre's post Cold War
writing is often about

how the Secret Intelligence Service
are doing things

that are not ethically good.

So for example, the backdrop to
The Constant Gardener is

the SIS are,
along with the British government,

supporting big pharma
in post colonial Africa.

"My continent, Africa, is staggering
under the weight of not one,

but three plagues. Yet still the
governments of the USA and Europe,

at the behest of
the pharmaceutical companies

that seem to control them, drag
their feet and continue to give us

endless reasons why we should buy
your branded drugs

at five, ten, 20 times the price."

Sweetheart, don't bother to see us
off, it could be ages.

OK, well, if you're sure.
Mwah!

'John le Carre's close friend
Yvette Pierpaoli

was a French humanitarian who lived
in Cambodia and throughout the world.

He dedicated his novel
The Constant Gardener to her

and based his main character,
Tessa Quale, upon her.

"Yvette, like almost no one else,
had opened my eyes

to constructive compassion,

to putting your money and your life
where your heart was

and I was not alone in this."'

When you look at the backdrop to
some other le Carre novels,

SIS are involved and complicit
in illegal arms trafficking.

So in the story of
The Night Manager,

SIS is an organisation that
is breaching arms embargoes

and supporting international
military trade.

So there's a variance here between
popular perceptions and reality.

What led you to believe that
British arms are being exported

under the counter,
through trade pass?

I was shown fake MOD end user
certificates

for seven different arms companies,
UK and US.

Do you mean these?

Yes.

Those are genuine MOD export
certificates for Bulgaria and Italy.

That's not true.

I have signed letters from both
Italian and Bulgarian governments

confirming the sales.
This is a cover-up.

Angela, are you accusing me
of lying?

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