All language subtitles for Revolution

In the 18th century,
most people in the world,

from France to India,
from Russia to China,

lived in the long shadow
of an absolute ruler.

Few would ever see their ruler's face
or hear their ruler's voice.

There were no rights
to heckle, no talking back.

Then, on January the 21st, 1793,

there was a decisive
break in human history.

[HE SCREAMS]

[CROWD CHEER]

The guillotine had ended
the life of King Louis XVI of France

and the age of absolute power.

A new way of thinking had
bubbled up from northern Europe.

We call it the Enlightenment,
an age of reason,

in which the bright, clear light
of science and learning flushed away

the shadows of superstition.

An age where people stood up straight
and called for freedom and equality.

But for some,
the Enlightenment also suggested

mankind could simply throw away everything
that had gone before and start again.

And that would prove
to be a tragic mistake.

During this time,

there were two great nations
leading the Enlightenment.

Both expected to dominate humanity,
and they were bitter enemies -

Britain and France.

Their influence around
the world would be huge.

Not always for the good, and certainly
not quite what they expected.

And so the Age of Reason,
so calm, so cool,

would become the hot and bloody
Age of Revolution.

In the early 17th century, Italy was
a land teeming with new money,

thinkers, experimenters and inventors.

The land where
the Renaissance had begun.

You might have thought that the
Enlightenment would shine here first.

And indeed, in 1609, a loud-mouthed
mathematician from Pisa

launched a scientific revolution.

Galileo Galilei dragged
the ruler of Venice, the Doge,

to the highest point in the city.

Guardi da questa parte,
Sua Eccellenza. Guardi, guardi.

He was showing off his new invention.

Assolutamente straordinario!

Galileo had invented the telescope.

Except that the idea
wasn't Galileo's at all.

He'd nicked it from a Dutch inventor
who'd just arrived in town.

But within a couple of days, Galileo was
making his own lenses and experimenting

and hugely improving on the original.

And so, with his magic tube,
Galileo was able to

double his income and turn himself
into a kind of scientific star.

But Galileo's telescope would
also bring about his downfall.

What he saw overturned one of man's
central beliefs about the Earth

and its place in the universe.

The ancient Greek philosopher
Aristotle had taught

that the Earth
was the centre of the universe,

around which the sun,
the moon and the planets rotated.

But 60 years earlier, the Polish
astronomer Copernicus had put forward

a wild-seeming theory - that the sun
was the centre of the universe.

Galileo's telescope allowed him
to test this theory with his own eyes.

First, he observed four moons

revolving around Jupiter
and not the Earth.

Then he calculated that Venus
was moving around the sun.

Galileo could now confirm
that Copernicus was right.

The sun, not the Earth,
was the centre of the universe.

Now, this overturned
nearly 2,000 years of belief.

The Church had accepted
Aristotle's argument.

The Bible said that the Earth
was fixed and cannot be moved,

and taught that man
was God's greatest creation,

so it followed, obviously, that the
Earth was at the centre of everything.

Now Galileo was claiming
that the obvious wasn't true.

In fact, things were worse than that.

He had proof.

Galileo began writing
about his discovery.

His fame spread throughout Europe.

He was compared to Christopher Columbus,
as a discoverer of new worlds.

But he knew he was playing
a dangerous game.

The problem was that this was
the height of the Counter-Reformation,

the decades of the fighting popes,
determined to crush Protestant dissent

and impose absolute orthodoxy.

Pursue a thought too far,
and you could be in dead trouble.

In 1600, the friar Giordano Bruno

had proposed that the sun was a star

and the universe was infinite.

The Church's ultimate loose cannon,

Bruno was burned at the stake
for various heresies.

Any last words?

No. They rammed
a steel spike through his tongue.

In 1633, the Church finally
lost patience with Galileo, too.

He was arrested
by the Catholic Inquisition.

The case against Galileo
was really more about

the Church's authority than astronomy.

If the Church could be
wrong about the stars,

what else might it be wrong about?

Dressed in the white robes of a penitent,
Galileo knelt to hear his sentence.

Diciamo, prononciamo,
sententiamo e dischiaramo�

He was judged
"vehemently suspect of heresy".

His books were to be destroyed,
he was sentenced to life imprisonment.

Dedotte in processo�

But worst of all, he was told to publicly
abjure, curse and detest his own opinions,

and deny that the Earth moved.

Io Galileo Galilei, con cuor
sincere e fede non tinta�

His life's work was stuffed
back down his throat.

Di me�simil sospittione.

And yet at the end, he spat
just a little bit of it back.

Eppur si muove.

"Eppur si muove."

"And yet it moves."

Galileo had been silenced
in Europe's Catholic south.

His work remained on the Church's
list of banned books for 200 years.

But Galileo's ideas spread north

to Protestant countries,
like Holland and Britain,

where freedom of thought
allowed scientists

such as Isaac Newton to flourish.

An enlightened Age of Reason
was never going to blossom

under the censorship of the Church.

But even beyond the reach
of the Catholic Church,

thinkers did have to be concerned
about a different kind of authority,

because this was
the age of royal absolutism,

when monarchs claiming complete power
ruled from Paris to Prussia,

from St Petersburg to Vienna.

The best of them thought of themselves
as modern, built magnificent palaces,

and drew in Enlightenment
thinkers, like Voltaire.

But as even Europeans understood,

the greatest of the absolute monarchs
weren't in Europe at all.

India was dominated by
the all-powerful Muslim Moghul emperors.

Under Shah Jahan, the Moghul empire
grew to more than 100 million people.

They called him "king of the world".

When his wife, Mumtaz Mahal,
died in childbirth,

he built her a giant marble tomb.

The Taj Mahal is
the world's most extravagant

and beautiful monument to love.

But it's also
a symbol of absolute power.

Like the absolute monarchs
who ruled in Europe,

the Moghul emperors used stone
to display their power.

But Shah Jahan also ruled
a more open-minded court

than any in Europe at the time.

Shah Jahan's grandfather,
Akbar the Great,

began the extraordinary tradition
of Moghul liberalism.

He brought together, for instance,
people of all faiths -

Sunni and Shia Muslim,
Hindus and Christians -

and got them to argue
in front of him

so he could see whether
there were fundamental truths

around which mankind might unite.

He was also a great patron of the arts,

and what he reminds us is that
absolutism, when it's successful,

can create great breakthroughs
and not only in stone.

But the weakness of the system
is that it depends absolutely

on the character of whoever happens
to have made it to the top.

And a struggle at the top
was about to begin.

It would annihilate any thought
of an Indian Age of Reason.

In September, 1657,
Shah Jahan fell seriously ill.

His eldest son Dara
was his favoured heir.

Dara was another in the line

of essentially tolerant
and open-minded Moghuls.

But his brother, Aurangzeb,
was very different.

He was a harsh military man

who wanted to impose his strict
version of Islam on all of India.

To do that, he'd have
to get rid of his brother.

But this was much more
than a struggle between two brothers.

This was a struggle for the future of
the empire and everybody living in it.

In May 1658, Aurangzeb marched on Agra,

proclaimed himself Emperor�

�and imprisoned his father, Shah Jahan.

[DOOR SLAMS]

Aurangzeb captured Dara and paraded him
and his son through the streets of Delhi.

He accused him of heresy
and condemned him to death.

So far, so grisly.

But it's not untypical of the problems

faced by absolute dynasties
around the world.

Assassination and wars of succession

were also routine amongst
the ruling families of Europe.

The only thing that really
singles out Aurangzeb's case

was his taste for takeaways.

Aurangzeb would rule for 50 years,
a half-century when he imprinted

his harsh and fanatical
personality on the country.

Aurangzeb's version of Islam involved
the destruction of Hindu temples,

setting up a system of censorship
and a great deal of banning.

He banned alcohol, of course.

He ended the great tradition
of beautiful paintings,

but he also banned dancing,

he banned writing
historical documents.

He even, inside his own court,
banned the playing of music.

A MAN SINGS

When Aurangzeb saw his musicians
carrying their silent instruments

and was told that since
he'd killed music,

they were off to bury it,
he replied contemptuously

he hoped they buried it deep.

In the end, absolute rulers
tend to turn tyrant.

The temptation to shut people up,
to ban things, is irresistible.

Aurangzeb plunged India
into a 26-year battle

to destroy any rivals
in the Hindu south.

He built the most extensive empire
so far in Indian history.

But it came at a terrible cost.

Aurangzeb brought the Moghul empire
to the very edge of bankruptcy,

so weakening it, that soon afterwards,

the British were able to kick down
the door and take over India.

Absolute regimes tend
to collapse for the same reason -

that eventually somebody is in charge

who leads the empire
on a disastrous path.

And to give him his credit, perhaps
Aurangzeb in the end understood this.

On his deathbed, he said to his son,
"I came alone and I go as a stranger.

"I do not know who I am
or what I have been doing."

The British seizure of India
would be remarkably fast.

But at just the same time, they'd get
a terrible shock of their own.

By now, the idea of a British
absolute monarch had long gone.

A civil war, and then
a peaceful revolution,

had brought in something new -

party politics.

Votes and liberties
protected by Parliament,

which in those days sat on this spot.

The British began to pride themselves
on liberty and freedom of speech.

One tiny flaw in the system was that
as they colonised the rest of the world,

it seemed that this great British
invention wasn't for export.

In 1773, what would become
the United States of America

consisted of 13 British colonies.

People here thought
of themselves as British,

and they were ruled by courts
using British laws,

suffused by British
Enlightenment ideas of liberty.

But the Americans were governed
by a parliament in London

in which they had
no political representation.

And many were angry about it.

Things came to a head
in Boston, Massachusetts,

in a row about taxes and tea.

Tea was by far
the most popular drink of the day.

And the British imposed a tax on all
the tea coming into the 13 colonies.

Now, it wasn't a very big tax,

and actually the price
of tea was going down.

But for Americans being raised
on the new Enlightenment ideas

about the freedom of the individual,
this was a matter of principle.

Why should the London Parliament,

which was six to eight weeks'
dangerous sailing time away,

where they had no voice and no vote,

be able to impose any taxes
on the people here?

In Boston, this was about something
even more important than tea.

Liberty.

Protesting against British taxes
had become a major American hobby.

And nobody was more dedicated to it
than the local politician, Samuel Adams.

No taxation
without representation.

No to British tea taxes!

When he heard that 94,000 pounds
of tea were en route to Boston,

Adams resolved that
not an ounce should land.

No taxation
without representation!

No to British tea taxes!

Neither side was prepared to back down.

No to British tea taxes.

No to British tea taxes!

On November the 28th, 1773,

the first of three
British ships, the Dartmouth,

sailed into Boston harbour.

She was filled to the brim with tea
from China, brought via Britain.

Boston braced itself.

For 20 days, the ship
was tied up at the dock,

while Adams tried
to persuade its captain

to turn round and
take the tea back to Britain.

But the pro-British governor of Boston

refused to allow the ship
permission to leave.

Stalemate.

The governor has refused
permission for the ships to leave.

[BOOING AND SHOUTING]
Rebellion was in the air.

Adams didn't have
to say much to incite the crowd.

This meeting can do nothing
more to save the country.

[CHANTING]

A mob!

A mob. The crowd were
crying out for mob action.

[CHANTING:]
Mob! Mob! Mob!

Across Boston, the rebels poured onto
the streets and headed for the harbour.

Many were dressed as Mohawk Indians.

So why were they dressed up as Mohawks?

It may simply have been a disguise,

but it's also been suggested
that this was supposed to symbolise

freeborn Americans
standing up against tyranny.

If so, this was a bitter irony,

because the real Mohawks
were the original hunters,

whose culture and whose land was being
seized and destroyed by colonial America.

So this was a great struggle
for liberty - for European immigrants.

For Native Americans, it was disaster.

That night, 342 chests
were tipped into the water.

46 tonnes of tea were destroyed,

worth more than
a million pounds today.

The Boston Tea Party set the stage
for the American Revolutionary War.

That war would go on for eight years.

But finally, in 1783, the 13 colonies
won their independence from Britain.

The United States of America
was now free

to create a new kind
of society and politics.

The Declaration of Independence said,

"We hold these truths
to be self-evident -

"that all men are created equal,

"that they are endowed by their Creator

"with certain inalienable rights.

"Among these are life,
liberty and the pursuit of happiness."

Here, in one document,

was everything essential
the Enlightenment stood for.

For the first time in history,

liberty and equality were claimed
as the basis of a political system.

Of course, not everyone
would be equal or free.

Not native people, not blacks
and not women of any colour.

But still, these are remarkable words

and certainly one of the foundation
stones of the modern world.

When the United States came
to create its own system of government,

it chose an essentially parliamentary
system of elected representatives.

Powers were beginning
to be transferred to the people.

And although there was some chatter
about an American monarch,

they went for elected presidents.

Some of whom have done perfectly well!

Back in Europe, France's Louis XVI,

not perhaps the brightest
candle in the candelabra,

had paid a fortune to help
the Americans win their revolution

against his old enemy, the British.

The result? The financial collapse
of Louis's already tottering regime.

And it seems not
to have occurred to him

that ideas of liberty might
boomerang back from America to Paris.

France was almost bankrupt.

But the people who mostly had the money
- the nobility and the Church -

mostly didn't pay tax.

And so, in desperation,
Louis summoned

representatives of the common people
of France to help him.

Big mistake.

Because for the first time, the seething
and put-upon majority had a voice.

In the summer of 1789,
simmering anger and resentment

exploded into full-blown class war
on the streets of Paris.

O� allez-vous ?

� la Bastille ! � la Bastille !

On the 14th of July, hundreds marched
on a hated symbol of royal power -

a fortress and prison
called the Bastille.

The Bastille had just
seven prisoners inside, none political.

The crowd really wanted
its store of gunpowder.

The besiegers cut off the governor's
head with a pocket knife

and paraded it through the streets.

This was much more than simply a mob.

The French Revolution would be led
by shopkeepers, journalists and lawyers.

And they were armed with something

much more dangerous
than gunpowder or pikes -

the ideas of the Enlightenment.

The leaders of this popular revolt
had genuinely revolutionary ideas.

Very quickly, they abolished all
the privileges of the aristocracy.

They insisted on fair taxes,

and they took on the incredibly
wealthy and powerful Catholic Church.

Above all, they declared
the rights of man -

the equality of all citizens,

their right to an elected government,
free speech and fair courts.

These were the ideals
of the early French Revolution.

Libert�, egalit�, fraternit�.

Louis XVI was now in full retreat.

But his position wasn't hopeless.

France was surrounded
by other absolute rulers with armies

who might come to his rescue.

Louis decided to escape

with his spectacularly unpopular
queen, Marie-Antoinette.

On the night of 21st of June 1791,

the royal family
sneaked away from Paris,

disguised, not very well, as servants,
and they fled for the border.

It should have been easy.

This was a world where
few faces were recognisable.

Bonsoir. Vos papiers, monsieur.

Merci.

But just 40 miles from the border,

a local postmaster
who'd served in the Royal Cavalry

recognised the Queen.

Attendez un instant.

Mais� C'est la reine !

C'est la reine !
C'est la reine !

Et regardez, c'est le roi !

He checked his money, and there
was the King's face on a banknote.

C'est la reine !
C'est le roi et la reine !

The King and his family
were taken back to Paris in disgrace.

The shift from absolute power
to absolute irrelevance was complete.

From now on, the King
was a pathetic figure.

In September 1792, France
declared herself a republic,

and that winter, Louis was put
on trial for treason.

As to the result,
there was never any doubt.

On January 21st, 1793,
at nine o'clock in the morning,

Louis XVI was driven
through the streets of Paris�

�to meet his sharpest critic so far.

The guillotine had only been
at work here for nine months.

It was itself a product
of the ideals of the revolution -

humane, efficient and fast.

It was promoted, not invented,
by Dr Joseph Guillotin.

"Now, with my machine," he said,

"I can cut off your head
in the twinkling of an eye,

"and you'll never feel it."

It was also supremely democratic,

killing both commoners
and nobility in just the same way.

Now this democratic killing
machine was about to slice away

1,000 years of French monarchy.

Louis announced his innocence
and forgave his enemies.

But he could have saved his breath.
Et je prie Dieu

que le sang que
vous allez verser

ne retombe pas sur la France !

[HE SHOUTS]

[CHEERING]

The execution of Louis XVI
horrified the monarchies of Europe,

and soon France was encircled
by hostile armies.

At home, food prices
soared, the mob rioted,

and in the Assembly,
the factions fought each other.

The moderates sat on the right-hand
side of the chamber

and the extremists on the left,

which is where today we get our words
for left and right from in politics.

Finally, in the summer of 1793,

the extreme Jacobin faction
seized control.

The revolution descended into terror.

It was driven by a naive idea
that mankind could start again�

�and slice its way to a better world.

The extremists turned the high ideals
of the revolution into a weapon

to destroy their enemies.

One lot of revolutionaries
denounced the next.

Instead of the reign of reason,

it felt like the reign
of hysteria and paranoia.

All around Paris, people were waiting
for the knock on the door,

and the streets
of the city ran with blood.

It's thought that 40,000 people died
in what became known simply

as The Terror.

Finally, in 1799, the army
seized control of the country.

The leader was an upstart general
called Napoleon Bonaparte.

His ambition, limitless.

In 1804, he invited the Pope
to anoint him Emperor of France

in an extravagant ceremony
in Notre-Dame Cathedral.

Napoleon left the Pope waiting
in the cold for several hours�

�before crowning himself.

[CHEERING]

In history, the arrival of a small man
in a big hat is rarely good news.

Absolute power was back.

With the crowning of Napoleon,
the revolution was over.

The world's seen
many revolutions since then,

and they have often followed
just the same pattern -

idealism, then extremism,

the revolution starts
to eat its own children,

until finally, in exhaustion,

power lands in the hands
of a military hardman.

And yet, despite that ghastly cycle,
the revolutions keep coming,

often driven by just the same ideals
as that first revolution,

made and then killed
by the people of Paris.

Across the Channel,
Britain's political rulers

were horrified by the French Revolution.

The British had very different
ideas about liberty,

and would fight long wars at sea
and on land against Napoleon

to defend them.

But the highest ideals
of the British Enlightenment

would also fail to measure up

as they explored the world
and encountered new peoples.

The Australian Aborigines
were nomadic hunter-gatherers.

In the 18th century,
there were up to a million of them,

with around 250 different languages.

They'd lived here
for perhaps 50,000 years.

The rest of human history
wasn't even a rumour.

Then strange white creatures turned up.

In 1770, Captain James Cook
had discovered New South Wales

and claimed it for Britain.

A brilliant navigator,
Cook came from a humble background

and he greatly admired the natives
for their lack of material greed.

"They have no need of magnificent
houses and household stuff," he wrote,

and with a wonderful climate,
they had no need of clothing.

Noble savages.

But Cook was a servant
of the British Crown,

and after the loss
of her American colonies,

Britain desperately needed
somewhere else to dump her convicts.

The first European settlement
in Australia was a prison camp.

It was named after the British
Home Secretary, Viscount Sydney.

But this was also
an Enlightenment project.

Britain had some 200 crimes
punishable by death.

The hanging of hundreds of people,
including women and children,

was making
an enlightened society queasy.

Sending convicts overseas
seemed more humane.

And so there came to Australia
people like Elizabeth Powley,

who'd stolen a few shillings'
worth of bacon and raisins.

And James Grace,

who'd taken ten yards of ribbon
and a pair of silk stockings.

He was 11-years-old.

Captain Arthur Phillip
was the first governor of Australia.

He ran a tough regime
for the convicts.

- How are they doing this morning?
- Hard at work.

But his attitude towards
the Aborigines was more benevolent.

You see that up there?

Native peoples were to be respected,
studied and understood.

Governor Phillip was
an Enlightenment man,

who was determined there should be
no slavery in this new land

and that the natives
would be treated with respect.

In fact, he had personal instructions
from King George III himself,

who wanted "all our subjects

"to live in amity and kindness"
with the natives.

Unable to persuade the Aborigines
to make contact with him,

Phillip tried something
which wasn't perhaps so kind.

The kidnapped man was a 26-year-old
called Bennelong.

Phillip wanted to teach him English

so he could communicate directly
with the Aborigines.

Bennelong became a go-between,
linking two different worlds.

He entertained the British with his sense
of humour and his singing and his dancing,

and he introduced Governor Phillip

to the language
and the customs of his people.

And in return, Phillip taught him
English and polite manners.

And something perhaps
rather unexpected happened

between these two very different men.

They became genuine friends.

To the King!

To�the�King!

Good! Excellent. Cheers!

On Christmas Day, 1789,

Bennelong dressed up in
the official uniform of the British Navy

and enjoyed a Christmas dinner
of turtle with Captain Phillip.

Merry Christmas, Bennelong!

Chin-chin.

Tuck in before
it swims away, what?

But after six months,
Bennelong went missing.

It took Phillip four months
to track him down.

Bennelong?

We have come
to ask you to come back.

Bennelong agreed to return,

but first, Aboriginal custom demanded
an act of revenge against his kidnapper.

Quite remarkably,
Governor Phillip did not retaliate.

Oh, my goodness.

He understood why he'd been attacked,

and his friendship
with Bennelong resumed.

Bennelong rejoined him in Sydney.

The British even built
Bennelong his own house.

It stood in the same site
that Sydney Opera House now occupies.

Bennelong was the first Aboriginal man

to voluntarily enter
the British settlement.

But he'd be followed by many more.

It's remembered as the Coming In,

and to start with, it seemed
like a great Enlightenment triumph.

The British colony kept on growing.

Some 165,000 convicts were sent
before the system ended in 1850.

But this was disastrous
for the Aborigines.

Many became hooked
on alcohol and tobacco.

An estimated 20,000 Aborigines
were killed in battles over land.

Tens of thousands more
were killed by European diseases.

Wherever Enlightenment Europeans
came across hunter-gatherers,

they moved remarkably quickly

from regarding them
with curiosity and awe

to seeing them as human clutter.

As soon as greed
and patriotism kicked in,

they were simply to be marginalised,
pushed aside, even exterminated.

It's very hard to understand
somebody else's culture

when you're busy
taking away their land.

The British had
at least been determined

there would be
no slavery in Australia.

But what of the great enemies,
the French?

Their revolutionary version of
the Enlightenment, the equality of man,

was also spreading beyond Europe.

But these ideas now collided with the
dirtiest stain on Europe's conscience.

By the end of the 18th century,

the African slave trade was an entrenched
part of the world's economic system.

12.5 million Africans
were ripped from their families

and transported in appalling conditions
across the Atlantic.

The slaves were put to work

on the plantations of
the Americas and the Caribbean.

[SHOUTS]

Vite !

Vite ! Allez !

There, the death rate was terrible.

Branding, whipping and
unspeakable tortures were routine.

Slavery is almost as old
and widespread as civilisation itself.

What made the Atlantic slave trade
different was simply its size.

Here in the Americas, you had
limitless quantities of cheap land,

and in Europe, you had an insatiable
desire for sugar, coffee and tobacco.

But to put the two together,
you needed very cheap labour.

You needed African slaves.

And the rotting remains
of the great slave plantations

are still dotted
along the Atlantic coast.

Slavery produced an increasing
moral problem for European countries

which liked to think
of themselves as enlightened.

But the system was
fabulously profitable,

reshaping cities in Europe
and building awesome fortunes.

It seemed too powerful
to overthrow, too big to fail.

But the news of the French Revolution
had an incendiary effect

on the slaves of
the French colony of Saint-Domingue,

now known as Haiti.

Hundreds of thousands
of slaves had died here.

Slave leaders used
voodoo ceremonies as a cover

for plotting
a revolution of their own.

[DRUMMING AND SHOUTING]

On the night of 14th August, 1791,

a group of slaves met with
the voodoo high priest, Boukman Dutty.

He was called "Boukman"
because he knew how to read.

Now he was mixing French revolutionary
thinking with African religion

and he urged the slaves, "Listen
to the voice of liberty in your hearts."

[HE SHOUTS]

To seal what was
a desperate and dangerous plan,

Boukman drank the blood
of a slaughtered pig.

Haiti's slave rebellion had begun.

Within weeks, 100,000 slaves
had risen up in revolt.

4,000 white planters were killed.

Hundreds of plantations
were burned to the ground.

The French plantation
owners fought back.

In November, Boukman Dutty
was captured and killed.

But the revolt only spread.

In France, a ferocious row
broke out between those who argued

that slavery was a stain
on the ideals of the Revolution

and those who said,
"Hold on, France needs the money."

Guess whose argument won.

The slave revolution -

ever more bitter,
ever more complicated - dragged on.

The man who finally won
the slaves their freedom

was himself a former slave
and a military genius.

His name was
Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Haiti was still
formally a French colony,

but Toussaint ran it
with his own constitution,

which was liberal and optimistic.

"I am too much a believer
in the rights of man," he said,

"to think that in nature
there is one colour superior to another.

"For me, a man is only a man!"

Toussaint's Haiti was the glimpse
of a better way of living together.

It was only a brief glimpse,

because Napoleon then sent the largest
army that has ever left France by ship

to crush the slave rebellion.

Toussaint was tricked
into giving himself up,

abducted and died shivering
of cold in a French prison.

But in Haiti,
the fighting went on until 1804,

when the colony finally
won independence from France

and established the world's
first black republic.

The revolt had rubbed European
noses in the horrors of slavery.

Three years after
Haiti's independence,

the British abolished the slave trade.

Most of the world followed soon after.

The end of the Atlantic slave trade was
a great victory for enlightened values,

but Haiti's fate was rather grimmer.

Great white nations,
such as the United States,

with its noble new constitution,

and republican France,
shunned the young black republic.

Her economy collapsed,
and appalling tyrannies followed.

Today, Toussaint's noble dream republic

is one of the poorest and
most miserable places on the planet.

The Enlightenment had taught
that all men and women

were brothers and sisters - noble ideals.

But they were outpaced
by the more immediate demands

of money, power and luxury.

Wherever we look,
the purest political ideals

of the Enlightenment
seem to be corrupted,

by greed for land and profits
or a drive to bloody extremism.

You could conclude that
the Age of Reason was so much hypocrisy.

Luckily, there was much more
to the Enlightenment than power politics.

In the summer of 1757,
in Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire,

an eight-year-old boy
called Edward Jenner

was taken to a place
known as a pest house.

He faced a horrific medical ordeal.

For four weeks, he was starved
and bled with leeches.

Then the doctor got to work.

He pressed dried
smallpox scabs into the wound.

This was a dangerous procedure.

Smallpox caused as many as
one in seven deaths worldwide.

Blisters erupted all over the body,

including the mouth and throat,
making it impossible to swallow.

Huge numbers of people
were marked for life.

But the doctor was
trying to help Jenner.

Since ancient times, all round
the world, doctors had known

that by infecting patients
with a very small amount of smallpox,

they could protect them
against the full-blown disease,

and it mostly worked.

But there was a problem.

It MOSTLY worked!

In some cases, apart from the fact
that this was a very unpleasant process,

the patient would get full-blown
smallpox and all the scars,

and go blind or even die.

So, with the best possible intentions,

the doctors were gambling
with young Jenner's life.

And Edward Jenner was
one of the lucky ones.

He grew up to be an Enlightenment man,

a country doctor with an inquiring mind.

He was fascinated by all the sciences.

In his own way, as ready as Galileo
to challenge received ideas

and travel into the unknown.

And it became his obsession
to find a cure for smallpox

that was reliable and safe.

One day, a local milkmaid
told him that because she'd suffered

from the harmless disease cowpox,
she could now never catch smallpox.

Jenner began to wonder whether this
local country legend might hold the key.

And so Jenner started to travel around,

trying to find anyone
who'd been infected with cowpox,

and sure enough, they all confirmed
that none of them then got smallpox.

And so he was pretty convinced
that there was something in cowpox

that would defend you against smallpox.
But how to test this out?

He had to find somebody,
infect them with cowpox,

then infect them with smallpox.

Interesting stuff!

Dangerous stuff.

The opportunity to test
his theory came in the summer of 1796,

when a local milkmaid
came down with cowpox.

Jenner took some pus
from the blisters on her hand.

He then took
his gardener's son, James Phipps�

Are you ready?

Just like that.

�and infected him with cowpox.

I just need to put
some of this in here.

Phipps went down with the mild disease.

There we are.

Jenner allowed him to recover�

And then we can bandage you up.

�and then he deliberately
infected the boy with smallpox.

Now, these days,
there are ferocious arguments

about the ethics of using animals
for medical experiments.

In Jenner's time, simply snaffling
a working-class boy and using him

seems to have caused no comment at all.

Luckily, young James recovered.

He had achieved immunity.

And so, in this house, there had taken
place the world's first vaccination.

Vaccination comes
from the Latin for cow, "vacca".

[MOOING]

Unlike Galileo, Edward Jenner
lived in a society

where ideas were free to whirl around.

His book explaining vaccination
was a huge bestseller.

The good news spread everywhere.

Napoleon vaccinated his whole army
and gave Jenner a medal.

In America, President Jefferson
vaccinated his household.

And Jenner's discovery was soon
saving lives all around the world.

Almost 200 years later, in 1980,

the World Health Organization announced
the complete eradication of smallpox.

It's still the only human disease to have
been wiped off the face of the Earth.

During Jenner's lifetime, politicians
were declaring the rights of man.

It was a period of
extreme political violence,

where on the continent, tens of
thousands died in the name of liberty.

And yet Edward Jenner,
a true child of the Enlightenment,

using nothing more than
his own powers of observation

and the freedom to publish
and discuss and test ideas,

did more for human happiness
than all the politicians put together.

No human being who has ever lived

has saved more lives in history

than the simple country doctor
from Gloucestershire.

In the next programme:

The triumph of industry,

the scramble for Africa�

�and the world stumbles into war.

If you'd like to know a little bit more
about how the past is revealed,

you can order a free booklet
called How Do They Know That?

Just call�

�or go to the website and follow
the links to the Open University.

Sync Red Bee Media Ltd
Corr �lfryd - www.addic7ed.com