Original subtitles

[Music]

in the year 79 ad

the legendary Italian volcano Mount

Vesuvius erupted

[Music]

[Music]

it buried the nearby roman town of

pompeii just over a thousand bodies have

been found in the partly excavated

streets and houses

[Music]

visitors are still told that the victims

were all crushed by a huge deluge of

rock but there is a mystery here few of

the bodies show any sign of damage or

violence nor did they succumb to boiling

hot lava that would have taken a week to

reach them plenty of time in which to

escape their town is decimated yet the

bodies seem to be virtually intact

now forensic science is rewriting

history in Pompeii there's evidence of

one of the rarest of all volcanic

phenomena the latest data completely

disproved the traditional explanation

for the first time it's possible to

create the definitive hour-by-hour

account of that terrible day and to

answer the riddle of Pompeii

[Music]

[Music]

Mount Vesuvius and old Pompeii are now

both engulfed by the urban sprawl of

Naples

[Music]

Vesuvius is still a destroyer

it's erupted over 30 times in the last

two thousand years for centuries lava

has regularly flowed down the mountain

and damaged the towns beneath

[Music]

professor Harold sa Goodson is the

foremost authority on Vesuvius

he studied its every eruption including

the most recent in 1944

but the new cone of Vesuvius is right

behind me here that's the active cone

has been build-up since the formation of

the caldera and that cone continues to

erupt as recently as 1944 when this lava

flow came down the slope from the crater

and flowed down here down into the

caldera

I said accumulated there it continued to

float down towards the west and then

down off the volcano into the into the

built-up areas following down one of the

major valleys are the issues from the

volcano and there it flowed into and

through the city of San Sebastiano

destroying many houses and causing

tremendous damage

however while it brought heartache to

thousands only 20 empty actually died it

is very rare that people get killed by

lava flows because simply you have a lot

of time to move out of the way but you

lose your house is those you plant lose

your fields and so the destruction is

very extensive but the death toll is

almost nil

[Music]

so why was the death toll so high during

Vesuvius his most famous eruption in 79

AD it was 1500 years before someone

stumbled on the first clue

[Music]

in 1594 the architect Domenico Fontana

supervised the digging of a tunnel

through the area to divert water to this

munitions factory which is still in use

his workmen hid painted walls bearing

the inscription Pompeii but it was only

in 1748 that excavation started in

earnest

[Music]

soon workmen were pulling out treasure

after treasure

[Music]

the excavators were surprised at how

easy it was to dig for the volcanic

material that covered the town was not

rock hard black lava but lava smashed

into billions of particles of dust and

pumice

and buried in it lay the strongest clue

to the mystery

in 1863 the archaeologists Duceppe

Fiorelli noticed that the skeletons of

the Pompeians were usually found inside

hollow cavities he decided to pour

plaster into them and the shapes they

produced were amazing

[Music]

buried under metres of volcanic material

the soft tissues of the bodies had

rotted away leaving only the bones and

an exact hollow impression of the corpse

[Music]

people marveled at the sleeping dead but

scientists were baffled of the 1,000

bodies exhumed few had horrendous

injuries few were trapped or crushed

it's only now with the invention of 3d

MRI scanning that strong clues to the

cause of death can be gleaned at the

University of Naples

professor Francesco Sasso has scanned

five skeletons found just outside

Pompeii during recent road widening if

you look at this skull there's an

anomaly we found in the left maxillary

sinus tubes a big plug of white powdery

material in particular if you look

closely you can see these white

particles here it looks very like dust

it seems that the victims were exposed

to extremely dusty air but could that

really have accounted for so many deaths

[Music]

haroldo Sigurdsson has tried to answer

this riddle for the last 20 years he's

conducted an exhaustive study of the

rock strata at many sites around

vesuvius and has just completed his

calculations we are here at the plant is

up just to the southwest of the volcano

it's an imperial villa but it's also a

place where we have a complete

stratigraphy all of the layers are

represented here Hato plant is from the

79 eruption now I'm standing on the

Roman soil or surface ground level and

here's the first time this fall

represented by this layer Sigurdsson has

established that all of this material

fell from the sky like rain could the

Pompeians

simply have been buried alive

to find out more

sigurðsson first turned to the only

eyewitness account of the eruption that

of writer Pliny the Younger pliny tells

us that he his mother and his uncle

Pliny the Elder were 30 kilometers west

of Vesuvius at the port of my scene on

his uncle was the senior official in the

area and commander of the Roman Navy

Pliny the Younger z' account focuses on

the heroic death of his uncle but he

also provides vital clues to the mystery

crucially he times the start of the

eruption at 12:00 noon on the 24th of

August at noon my mother drew his

attention to a cloud of unusual size and

appearance

[Music]

he called for his shoes and climbed up

to a place which would give him the best

view of the phenomenal

it's general appearance can be best

expressed as being like an umbrella pine

for it rose to a great height on a sort

of trunk and then split off into

branches I imagine because it was thrust

upwards by the first blast and then left

unsupported as the pressure subsided

sometimes it looked white sometimes

blotched and dirty Plenty's description

of a column of cloud stretching many

kilometers above him has perplexed

scientists could the eruption really

have been this big Sigurdsson has

measured the total amount of material

the volcano dropped in the area and

believes that Pliny was absolutely

correct rather than a slow lava flow the

79 AD eruption was an event that only

happens every two to five thousand years

a massive explosion of molten rock a

single volcano has many different styles

of eruption as Miss Lewis does we know

that the Soviets produces lava flows

signifying that the presence of mark

millar is poor in gases it produces very

explosive eruptions some of the most

explosive on earth signifying that it

also has magnets that are very gas rates

under Vesuvius is a magma chamber an

underground tank of molten rock from the

crater above Sigurdsson has calculated

it is five kilometers in diameter and

three kilometers down as it fills up it

causes earthquakes and heating of the

groundwater the rock above it eventually

splits a fish air appears and a thin

column of magma makes its way to the

surface if it leaks out slowly it

results in a lava flow

[Music]

but in 79 ad the column couldn't squeeze

out of the surface because of dense rock

formations over hundreds of years the

pressure built up if you have a break of

hundreds of years or an extensive break

of no activity magma is still coming up

into the reservoir and as it accumulates

in the reservoir that magma undergoes

certain chemical changes that lead to a

buildup of gases in the magma at noon on

the 24th of August the buildup of gases

cracked the volcano's cone the trapped

molten rock shot up into the air

fragmented and cooled into billions of

particles of dust and pumice

high-altitude winds blew it to the

southeast within minutes

Pompeii was at the center of the deluge

but this isn't what killed the victims

[Music]

the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD was

the biggest for 4000 years

geological data shows that had ejected

10,000 tons of material every second

such was its power that rock flew many

kilometres up into the sky and then

hurtled down towards Pompeii

however Professor seiga-san's theory is

that most of the population survived the

downfall because the material is too

light to kill them for the magma is

moving up from great depth it's subject

to a great pressure deep in the earth

all the gases are pressed into the magma

into the liquid but when the liquid

moves higher the gas has come out in

their form bubbles and the bubbles get

bigger and they get more numerous and

they they effervesce if you like and it

forms a foam the magma turns into foam

the foam is filled with gas cavities

that are filled with steam and that foam

is then ejected explosively and breaks

up solidifies in the in the atmosphere

the the magma of the liquid surrounding

the bubbles forms glass volcanic glass

and what we end up with is pumice very

light weight material low density floats

on water but it is rock it's rock full

of bubbles

indeed circuits and is able to calculate

how quickly the pomace dropped by

comparing the crater size - how far

Palace traveled he can show that it fell

at around 20 centimeters an hour and

according to Pliny the Younger people

were able to protect themselves as a

protection against the falling objects

they put pillows on their heads tied

down with cloth

two writers 2,000 years apart show that

the population of Pompeii should simply

have been able to walk away so why

didn't they all leave it seems at first

people did not know what was happening

[Music]

educated Romans certainly knew what

volcanoes were Pliny the Elder wrote

about Mount Etna in Sicily and was aware

of the existence of lava flows he would

also have read the engineer Vitruvius

who wrote fifty years before him he

believed for sooo vyas was a volcano but

that it was dormant and therefore no

cause for concern

[Music]

at that time the crater of Vesuvius was

described as being draped with

vegetation and and difficult to access

also we have evidence from frescoes so

there's a famous fresco I was found in

Pompeii that shows the volcano as being

forested this heavy vegetation indicates

that Vesuvius hadn't erupted at all for

a long time modern geological studies

suggest for around 400 years but while

they'd never seen or heard of Vesuvius

erupting the Pompeians were no strangers

to earthquakes in 62 AD one nearly wiped

out the town historian ray Lawrence has

studied the houses of the town and the

surrounding area of campaign iya

campaigner is associate hill ways with

earthquakes so there's a certain amount

of yes it's campaign eeeh so there are

earthquakes so off the 880 62 earthquake

Seneca would tell us that somebody's mad

if they want to give up coming to

Pompeii for instance because they're

frightened of earthquakes you'd say

that's the wrong motive in fact

archaeologists have found strong

evidence of earthquake activity in the

weeks leading up to the eruption the

villa castilla monte on the main

shopping street was a typical large

townhouse which had suffered recent

damage before the 24th of August ad 79

this area had suffered very badly from

earthquakes and there was a need to

reconstruct things this is a house where

a lot of change has happened because

we're not just dealing with one house

we're dealing with a block of houses

which are all interconnected so

different things are happening in

different parts of the house it's

thought that in the back for instance

and painters had been working that

morning because there's a Paint Pot

found in the corner

and it's not just the Villa Castilla

Monte there are patched up masonry

cracks and patched up frescoes all over

Pompeii the Pompeians may not have known

that imminent volcanoes also cause

tremors when the huge eruption of rain

and pumice started they must have been

scared but their experience of

earthquakes told them to sit it out

rather than fleeing within the structure

of the eruption itself that there's a

certain amount of waiting and seeing and

then somebody comes to tell you you're

an idiot

unless you believe and even people like

penny the younger sits down and reads

from Livy

Livia's history of Rome rather than

leaving the building and it's only when

one of his uncle's friends who's from

Spain comes to see him and says look why

don't you leave that's the obvious thing

to do at this moment in time the

building will fall apart and you should

simply go a new mapping study by

Professor de Corollas has analysed all

the old excavation records he has

plotted what bodies were found where and

it confirms that people did show a

degree of hesitation before leaving it

all could all get for somebody like me

what we can say is it the first natural

reaction of those who had relatives or

friends in the city must have been to go

and look for them as well as to go and

look for the most precious objects in

their homes in order to take them away

Susy que viene la casa port Olivia this

is now scientifically confirmed as many

human bodies had by the many pressures

of a novena sea Gnomeo subjective rates

yossi queen the key therefore whoever

did whoever managed to escape must have

thought of taking away their personal

properties we also find and this is

quite obvious their house key I mean

many bodies were found with the iron

house key of their own homes so those

who ran away first locked their houses

and then left we know this for sure

this early hesitation was to prove fatal

[Music]

circuit's ins calculations showed that

the rate at which the volcano ejected

material actually increased in the first

few hours this pumice fault begins to

form probably around noon and unless you

see it's getting coarser the cautioning

of the pumice fall is due to increased

intensity of the eruption the eruption

is getting more violent there's more

energy there's a higher rate of magma

initially the magma is coming out at the

rate of about a million kilograms per

second towards the upper part of this

layer we call this the white pumice

towards the upper part of it it was

coming out about 10 million kilograms

per second so there's an increased

tenfold increase in the rate of flow of

the magma out of the volcano this

particular states of the eruption we

call the plinian stage in honor of the

plea knees they've the plane of the

younger was the first one to document

and observe this type of activity and

you observed an eruption column that

went up to great height in the

atmosphere actually we've done some

modeling and investigations on this

particular deposit and and the phase of

the eruption and we know that it started

off as about a 17 kilometers high

eruption column and we went up to about

32 kilometers

in fact the heat generated by the

eruption was so great that the pumice

was carried 30 kilometers above the

Earth's surface three times higher than

airliners fly

with Pliny providing the start time of

new say blitzen's flow rate data show

that by 4:00 in the afternoon Pompeii

was smothered in a blanket of pumice

nearly a meter deep

by this stage the roofs all over the

town were under unbearable pressure

[Music]

between them and the end of the day

almost all of the 20,000 people

archaeologists estimate lived in the

city did finally live

but 1044 bodies have been recovered

within the city walls why did they and

perhaps even more stay new findings

suggests that not everyone may have been

able to flee

professor's Chaparro low and casino have

been able to extract DNA from 13

skeletons found at a house in the town's

main shopping street the cars are poly

bo the results show that there were

strong bonds of attachment lovers family

in the people from Polybius house there

were two people with the disease spina

bifida although we can't say if it would

have affected him in any way but there

are telltale signs for why they may have

stayed one of these people was a young

pregnant woman at the end of her term

very close to giving birth and this

perhaps could be the reason they decided

not to flee to stay in the house and to

hope to save themselves

maybe she lives in Gaza the spirit is a

lasting one decides to stay because one

lover is sick and they can't flee

because they want to remain together

that seems reasonable to me they avoid

sa vision

these pictures show some of them in the

position they were found two of them in

particular these two are holding hands

this of course suggests a very strong

family bond we think that one of the two

is a teenager so he's probably holding

his father's hand in addition to DNA

testing professor Sasso has found that

in the group he has analyzed there was

someone who may have been in too much

pain to flee well this subject suffered

from toothache a serious toothache in

the roots and he also suffered from an

abscess of the maxillary sinus it's one

of those tooth aches where half the face

is swollen up and in great pain that's

one reason he may have stayed if there

were other reasons we don't know but he

must have been somebody with a strong

resistance to pain he probably was a

soldier or a gladiator this perfectly

healed wound it's obviously a sword

wound shows he was a fighter a tough man

whether they were forced to stay or

whether they fled the population of

Pompeii must have feared the worst

bizarre weather could only have added to

the sense of doom

follow the elements are working against

you there

continuous lightning strikes because one

of the properties of a big explosive

eruption like this is that it basically

short circuits the electrical conditions

between the earth and the upper

atmosphere and that produces almost

continuous lightning in the in the

eruption cloud so that would have been a

frightful scene

pliny the elder's predicament

illustrates the growing chaos he tried

to lead the Roman Navy to the coast near

Pompeii to evacuate refugees but they

were beaten back by huge flows of

floating pumice

he eventually landed at stabby eye and

took refuge with his friend pompon Yanis

but soon the rescuer became a hostage

finding the door of his room blocked by

the palace wall

they debated whether to stay indoors or

take that chance in the open for the

buildings were now shaking with violent

shocks and seemed to be swaying to and

fro as if they were torn from their

foundations outside on the other hand

there was the danger of falling pumice

stones even though these were light and

porous

however after comparing the risks they

chose the latter

from Pliny the Younger account it seems

that his uncle Pliny the Elder made it

to the relative safety of stabby I be

touched by the late evening but by that

stage around 9 or 10 p.m. the eruption

was at its most powerful in Pompeii the

pumice was getting very deep let's look

at the pumice that has accumulated here

to a height of or a thickness of almost

two and a half meters of course we begin

here around noon on the 24th on the

ground on the Roman ground that I'm

standing on and here it was covered with

pig arm for us and then during the early

stages of the eruption we have an

accumulation of the of the white pumice

ball falling out of the sky and

accumulating here gradually during the

afternoon of the 24th and around our

late afternoon or evening to begin to

see a change in the color of the humus

ball turning darker gray and that

continues to fall up to about 3 or 4 in

the morning on the next day when the

first surge reaches Pompeii and that is

that dark band what we see on the top of

this excavation

with no lava flows and only a few large

rocks in the deposit scientists have

naturally assumed that this never-ending

cascade of pumice is what eventually

overcame the victims but astonishingly

circuits and findings show this is not

the case we see the tremendous effects

of that sorts on the people and we see

where the people where in Pompeii

they weren't down here at ground level

they weren't walking around they weren't

being buried by the pumice fall but

rather they were walking on top of it

and we see the remains right here on top

[Music]

amazingly sigurðsson speery is that just

about everyone survived the constant

pumice fall by continuing to walk on top

of the ever-growing carpet of rock

their cause of death was about to arrive

[Music]

when the eruption finally subsided

Pompeii was buried in four meters of

pumice centuries later as the

excavations commenced a pattern started

to emerge a few bodies were found deep

down indicating they died early on

they appeared to have been hit by

falling masonry

[Music]

but the vast majority were found much

higher up near the surface

indicating they died later in fact they

were all founded exactly the same level

strongly suggesting they died at

virtually the same time and none of them

had any apparent injuries I think they

died for lack of oxygen by suffocation

that's oficio by suffocation one of them

had his mouth open it was shocking

because if you look at the excavation

pictures when the skeleton was found his

mouth was wide open for lack of oxygen

family value same thing with the horses

their head was turned they were on the

floor but their mouth was turned up so

they clearly lacked oxygen

the position of the bodies is powerful

evidence it strongly suggests that the

victims died by inhaling something

lethal

but what some of the mouths of the

victims of Pompeii seems to confirm this

hypotheses some of them are lifted up on

their arms as if craning their necks

upwards towards some slightly cleaner

air we're still waiting to prove this

but they must have had some serious

breathing difficulties so what could

have made the air suddenly so deadly

if breathing dust had been the cause

surely they would all have died at

different times because of different

lung capacities and hiding places it is

only now after 20 years of painstaking

analysis that Sigurdsson can prove what

really happened Vesuvius generated what

is now known as a pyroclastic surge

[Music]

I was very lucky to be involved in the

research on a very similar eruption that

took place in 1982 and I was the

eruption of el chichon volcano in Mexico

that killed about 2,000 people and in

that eruption several surges were

produced that were witnessed and people

were killed in those and I I was on the

scene there about two days after the

eruption and was able to study those

surges and they look exactly like these

surges sigit soms identification of

surge layers in the rock at Pompeii was

the answer scientists had been waiting

for

not every volcano develops a surge it's

a complex phenomenon where the eruption

can be seen like a jet engine the power

it's generating is keeping the whole

column up in the air but as the crater

around the eruption starts to cave in it

interrupts the flow of power the column

briefly collapses

the result is a falling cloud that hits

the ground at over 200 kilometres an

hour it spreads out over a vast area

like a giant dust filled hurricane

knocking over walls destroying

everything in its path the mystery of

the search is that as it settles it

leaves nothing but a very thin layer of

ash which is quickly buried by further

palace wall

over here we go to the wall of the

deposit where we can see the other

surges quite clearly we have the fall

deposit the pomace vault deposit here

quite large promises because we're

fairly close to the volcano and the

first search forming this thin layer

followed by another stage of fallout so

the first search represents the first

collapse of the eruption column instead

of a very high plenty on eruption column

it's produced this material we now have

a collapse or a fountain of Ash and

pumice coming out of the volcano flowing

down the sides and creating a glowing

avalanche of pumice and ash reaching

this site then in a few minutes

sigurðsson has calculated that vesuvius

took 20 hours to eject all of its

material in the resulting 4 meter thick

pumice layer there are six Serge layers

by measuring where they are Sigurdsson

is at last able to show exactly when

they happened

the first was at 1:00 a.m. it's spread

west and pulverized the town of

Herculaneum

at 2:15 a.m. there was a second bigger

search at 6:30 a.m. 18 and a half hours

after the eruption had first started an

even larger third surge was generated

luckily it ran out of energy just

reaching the northern walls of Pompeii

nevertheless it must have made the air

thick with dust

at 7:30 a.m. still choking and wheezing

the inhabitants of Pompeii were overrun

by search number four

[Music]

they were slain by an ashen dust-filled

wind that swept over them at more than

200 kilometers an hour not only that it

was also viciously hot

sort of make our way gently on top of

the we're into the pumice ball we see

that the search is actually a very thin

layer search number four it's only about

five to ten centimeters in thickness

but this search and the subsequent

search over here are the the deposits

that contain all of the human remains or

almost all of the human remains in

pompeii in addition they contain

building material that was carried along

in the inserts and that is now being

preserved over here to my right you see

several of the bodies of the people that

were suffocated index fixated in the

search because of the very high heat and

searing high temperatures and being

choked essentially on inhaling the hot

ash and dusty air so this is one of

these excellent sites where we can see

the relationship between the volcanic

processes the generation of the hot

search and how it the fact that the

people demonstrating to us clearly what

was the lethal agent of the eruption

here in Pompeii there was the fourth

search

in fact there is strong evidence that

the pyroclastic surge was at least 100

degrees Celsius hot enough to boil water

lapping by recording the temperature

around the victims must have reached

rather high levels why do I think the

temperature was that high because we

didn't find any bacteria in the soil

surrounding the victims but we found

bacteria in the natural cavities of the

bone remains of the victims this means

that the temperature was hot enough to

boil and sterilize the soil the victims

of pompeii had a horrible death a thick

red-hot hurricane roared in their faces

like a jet blast it seared their skin

and filled the insides of their mouths

noses and lungs with scalding dust that

is why many look like they are sleeping

they fell to the ground struggling in

vain to shield themselves from the

hellish burning wind but as quickly as

it came the surge disappeared leaving

its victims to die of their burns

struggling to breathe

it's very humbling for me to see this as

a scientist I can come distance myself

from it to some extent but then again

I'm reminded by the number of colleagues

that I've had and friends who died in

surges like this in pyroclastic flows

it's also reminds me of scenes I saw

when I was working in Mexico in 1982 two

days after the eruption of algae John

where I 18 hundred people were killed in

surges of this sort and I had the

unpleasant experience of of seeing the

bodies interred from that event so it's

a horrible sight

only a handful of volcanoes every

century generate an eruption column few

of those cause pyroclastic surge glands

even fewer are ever captured on film

during the 1997 eruption of Montserrat a

small surge was created typically it was

fast hot and devastated everything in

its path with little warning it killed

20 people this is what killed the people

of Pompeii

it should have been the end but

Sigurdsson has found one massive final

surge far deadlier than all the rest

at 8 a.m. it swept down the mountain

through Herculaneum through Pompeii and

out into the countryside beyond

many who had fled the town and thought

they had escaped were caught up in

Vesuvius final deadly breath

in fact the outer fringes reached the

beach at stabby I wear prinnies uncle

was trapped again his account exactly

matches seiga-san's

geological data the flames and smell of

sulfur which gave warning of the

approaching fire drove the others to

take flight and roused him to stand up

he stood and in suddenly collapsed I

imagine because the dense fumes choked

his breathing by blocking his windpipe

which was constitutionally weak and

narrow and often inflamed when daylight

returned on the 26th two days after the

last day he had seen his body was found

intact and uninjured still fully clothed

and looking more like sleep and death

news of his uncle's misfortune no doubt

came from sailors and slaves who had

been far enough away to survive the

vestigial effects of the last surge

Pliny the Younger narrowly missed being

overwhelmed by the massive cloud himself

it had traveled 30 kilometers across the

Bay of Naples looking like a black tidal

wave and hit the headland of my sea

gnome just as it ran out of energy

people bewail their own fate all that of

their relatives and there were some who

prayed for death in their terror of

dying many sought the aid of the gods

but still more imagined there were no

gods left and that the universe was

plunged into eternal darkness for

evermore

[Music]

the complete devastation inside Pompeii

but also the horrors found outside its

walls lead to the suspicion that many

many more of the refugees must have died

while fleeing on the roads and on the

beaches

[Music]

the area covered by the final surge

cloud is so unusually vast that only 1%

of it

has been excavated

[Music]

in fact no matter where the

archaeologists dig they always find

bodies

looking for a stylist to the south of

Pompeii

there was the river port and another

chance to escape could be to get to the

river port take a boat and leave their

excavations there at the end of the 19th

century in the actual river now that

area which we call Meridian Asia is it

gained under excavation by the

superintendent of Pompeii and more than

80 bodies have been recovered which

means that they probably had already

fled Pompeii all the surrounding area

and had taken shelter in that area thus

discovery of bodies far outside pompeii

suggests a huge death toll seiga-san's

prediction is that although 1,000 have

been found 10 times that died half the

population 10,000 people failed to

escape the final pyroclastic surge

so the big question is where are all the

thousands of bodies are the Pompeians my

suspicion is that they're down south

south of the city south outside the city

walls buried underneath the pyroclastic

flows the searches in the region of the

Sarno Valley the region where the Sarno

River flows now it's a region that is

now fairly densely inhabited it's a

region where there probably will not be

a lot of archaeological excavation in

the future because of dense population

and but if we want to find out more

about the fate of the Pompeians I think

that's where we should look not in the

city but outside

[Music]

pliny does not tell us if most Pompeians

lived or died

subsequent Roman writers make little

mention of them it is known that the

emperor Titus spent a fortune in

redevelopment aid for the area

[Music]

but the material that buried them and

their bones tells us that they suffered

one of the rarest and deadliest of all

volcanic phenomena

[Music]

a hot pyroclastic surge that choked and

burnt them as a result of the collapse

of one of the biggest eruption columns

of all time an eruption that few had a

hope of surviving

you

[Music]

you