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Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,220 --> 00:00:05,728 Palau, a remote and tiny island chain near the equator, 2 00:00:05,740 --> 00:00:10,180 is home to one of the world's richest reef ecosystems. 3 00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:15,240 It is also home to giants. 4 00:00:18,280 --> 00:00:22,632 Massive Second World War wrecks harbor dark secrets on the 5 00:00:22,644 --> 00:00:26,860 ocean floor. I turn around, there's a huge monster wreck 6 00:00:26,860 --> 00:00:31,443 behind me. My heart went whoop. Undersea trenches, deep 7 00:00:31,455 --> 00:00:36,460 enough to swallow mountains, offer a glimpse into the abyss. 8 00:00:36,820 --> 00:00:39,743 The old phrase that we know more about the surface of the 9 00:00:39,755 --> 00:00:42,640 moon and Mars than we know about the bottom of the ocean 10 00:00:42,640 --> 00:00:46,672 holds true. And large and mysterious creatures soar through 11 00:00:46,684 --> 00:00:50,660 its azure waters. You turn around and all you see is these 12 00:00:50,660 --> 00:00:54,343 big gaping mouths coming out of the blue. It's basically 13 00:00:54,355 --> 00:00:58,180 like a mouth with wings on it coming at you. Here, in this 14 00:00:58,180 --> 00:00:59,460 land of the giants. 15 00:01:29,560 --> 00:01:33,709 At the southern end of the Palau Islands, near a dive site 16 00:01:33,721 --> 00:01:37,600 called German Channel, Manta researcher Mandy Eppteson 17 00:01:37,600 --> 00:01:40,040 prepares to descend into the blue. 18 00:01:48,740 --> 00:01:53,127 During the German occupation of Palau prior to the First 19 00:01:53,139 --> 00:01:57,460 World War, miners blasted and dredged a channel here to 20 00:01:57,460 --> 00:02:02,208 create a shipping route between the islands. Today, strong 21 00:02:02,220 --> 00:02:07,060 currents carry plankton to the mouth of the channel, making 22 00:02:07,060 --> 00:02:11,600 it an ideal feeding site for one of the ocean's most graceful and gentle giants. 23 00:02:15,440 --> 00:02:20,125 The manta ray. One of the largest creatures in the sea 24 00:02:20,137 --> 00:02:25,260 survives by feeding almost entirely on one of the smallest. 25 00:02:26,900 --> 00:02:30,068 It's sort of like a bottleneck, so the plankton gets 26 00:02:30,080 --> 00:02:33,740 concentrated here, and that's why it's famous for mantas. So 27 00:02:33,740 --> 00:02:36,948 we're hoping to see mantas, obviously, and if we're lucky, 28 00:02:36,960 --> 00:02:40,180 maybe a new individual that hasn't been recorded yet so we 29 00:02:40,180 --> 00:02:41,480 can add it to our database. 30 00:02:48,660 --> 00:02:54,321 Mandy began the Palau Manta ID project in 2009, identifying 31 00:02:54,333 --> 00:03:00,100 each animal by the spots on its belly. The spot formation on 32 00:03:00,100 --> 00:03:04,137 a manta is as unique as a fingerprint. We started taking 33 00:03:04,149 --> 00:03:08,340 pictures of the bellies to identify the mantas, and trying 34 00:03:08,340 --> 00:03:11,602 to show, especially Palau government, that we don't need 35 00:03:11,614 --> 00:03:15,060 to hurt the animals or tag them to be able to find out more 36 00:03:15,060 --> 00:03:18,378 about them. We've identified over 280 right now. Five years 37 00:03:18,390 --> 00:03:21,720 ago, nobody would have believed we have that many mantas in 38 00:03:21,720 --> 00:03:27,136 Palau. A simple ID project can do a lot. By tracking the 39 00:03:27,148 --> 00:03:32,480 numbers and movements of mantas, Mandy and the UK-based 40 00:03:32,480 --> 00:03:36,523 Manta Trust can identify any population decline caused by 41 00:03:36,535 --> 00:03:40,660 illegal fishing, and whether or not tourism may be driving 42 00:03:40,660 --> 00:03:42,880 mantas away from German Channel. 43 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:54,113 Tourism is on the rise in Palau, a collection of more than 44 00:03:54,125 --> 00:03:58,320 200 islands, nearly 1,000 miles east of the Philippines, in 45 00:03:58,320 --> 00:04:03,441 the western Pacific Ocean. The tourists that flock here to 46 00:04:03,453 --> 00:04:08,760 explore its natural wonders contribute about $125 million to 47 00:04:08,760 --> 00:04:13,001 the economy, more than half of Palau's gross domestic 48 00:04:13,013 --> 00:04:17,580 product. Hundreds of miles of sky-blue ocean surround the 49 00:04:17,580 --> 00:04:18,600 archipelago. 50 00:04:21,400 --> 00:04:25,961 Limestone islands, blanketed in thick and pristine jungle, 51 00:04:25,973 --> 00:04:30,700 rise like mushrooms from the sea. They appear to be floating 52 00:04:30,700 --> 00:04:31,240 gardens. 53 00:04:35,500 --> 00:04:40,568 Scuba divers from across the globe are drawn to Palau for 54 00:04:40,580 --> 00:04:45,660 what lies beneath the emerald lagoons. One of the world's 55 00:04:45,660 --> 00:04:47,280 richest reef ecosystems. 56 00:04:52,760 --> 00:04:56,960 These coral gardens overflow with 1,500 species of fish, 57 00:04:59,780 --> 00:05:06,398 500 species of coral, and more than 100 species of sharks 58 00:05:06,410 --> 00:05:13,040 and rays. Palau's seas may contain more species of marine 59 00:05:13,040 --> 00:05:17,295 life than anywhere else on Earth, and provide researchers 60 00:05:17,307 --> 00:05:21,500 an exceptional window into a vanishing underwater world. 61 00:05:26,260 --> 00:05:31,498 The explosion of marine life here is due to marine geology. 62 00:05:31,510 --> 00:05:36,760 Palau sits on the tip of an underwater mountain that formed 63 00:05:36,760 --> 00:05:42,431 70 million years ago. Far below the island peaks, currents 64 00:05:42,443 --> 00:05:47,740 crash against the drowned mountain, then surge upward, 65 00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:52,040 carrying the nutrients that underpin the oceanic food chain. 66 00:05:56,180 --> 00:06:00,108 There is another reason for the sheer numbers of fish 67 00:06:00,120 --> 00:06:04,060 that throng these waters. Palau has a long history of 68 00:06:04,060 --> 00:06:04,700 conservation. 69 00:06:07,520 --> 00:06:10,172 For centuries, Palauans have lived in harmony 70 00:06:10,184 --> 00:06:13,080 with the sea, never taking more than they needed. 71 00:06:17,320 --> 00:06:21,086 In 2009, Palau created the world's first shark 72 00:06:21,098 --> 00:06:25,760 sanctuary. Making it illegal to catch sharks in its seas. 73 00:06:30,560 --> 00:06:34,295 Then in 2014, it expanded its conservation efforts 74 00:06:34,307 --> 00:06:37,980 and banned all foreign fishing within its waters. 75 00:06:42,820 --> 00:06:46,893 Palau is now home to the world's largest marine sanctuary, 76 00:06:46,905 --> 00:06:50,920 a swath of protected ocean nearly the size of California. 77 00:06:52,720 --> 00:06:56,237 Marine law officers patrol the Palauan seas, 78 00:06:56,249 --> 00:06:59,700 on the lookout for illegal fishing vessels. 79 00:07:03,300 --> 00:07:07,110 As a result, the big fish that have been all but wiped out 80 00:07:07,122 --> 00:07:10,880 in some areas of the Pacific are still very much alive in 81 00:07:10,880 --> 00:07:11,520 Palau. 82 00:07:18,380 --> 00:07:20,100 Hefty gray reef sharks. 83 00:07:24,580 --> 00:07:28,080 Five-foot-long Napoleon wrasses. 84 00:07:32,640 --> 00:07:39,080 And of course, manta rays, the marine giants that patrol these seas. 85 00:07:42,760 --> 00:07:47,313 Though smaller than their oceanic cousins, reef mantas 86 00:07:47,325 --> 00:07:52,140 are still among the largest fish in the sea. They have an 87 00:07:52,140 --> 00:07:57,686 average wingspan of 11 feet and reach weights of more than 88 00:07:57,698 --> 00:08:02,880 3 ,000 pounds. Mantas have exceptionally large brains, 89 00:08:03,680 --> 00:08:08,510 specifically the region responsible for hearing, touch and 90 00:08:08,522 --> 00:08:13,200 vision. They are highly social and curious about humans. 91 00:08:15,780 --> 00:08:18,381 If you've been diving a long time, you interact with 92 00:08:18,393 --> 00:08:21,400 different animals. You can see the difference, for instance, 93 00:08:21,520 --> 00:08:24,200 between a guppy or a Napoleon wrasse. In a Napoleon wrasse, 94 00:08:24,212 --> 00:08:26,860 you can tell there's somebody home, there's an intelligent 95 00:08:26,860 --> 00:08:29,739 being in there. And it's the same with mantas. When you 96 00:08:29,751 --> 00:08:32,900 look at them and you start realizing they're actually, in my 97 00:08:32,900 --> 00:08:36,045 opinion, they can recognize certain dive guides. They will 98 00:08:36,057 --> 00:08:39,320 go over a dive group and go straight for the dive guide. And 99 00:08:39,320 --> 00:08:42,491 especially the newborn mantas, they will play with divers 100 00:08:42,503 --> 00:08:45,740 when it's not too crowded. You can see it's an intelligent 101 00:08:45,740 --> 00:08:48,360 animal, like a dog or a cat, and they can learn. 102 00:08:59,740 --> 00:09:03,628 At German Channel, mantas swim against the current to feed 103 00:09:03,640 --> 00:09:07,540 on large concentrations of plankton swept into the channel 104 00:09:07,540 --> 00:09:08,260 entrance. 105 00:09:10,780 --> 00:09:15,540 Fins curving around its face direct water into the manta's large open mouth. 106 00:09:20,580 --> 00:09:23,426 You turn around and all you see is these big gaping mouths 107 00:09:23,438 --> 00:09:26,200 coming out of the blue. It's basically like a mouth with 108 00:09:26,200 --> 00:09:30,835 wings on it coming at you. It's an amazing sight. Tissue 109 00:09:30,847 --> 00:09:35,820 between the manta's gills sift tiny crustaceans and plankton 110 00:09:35,820 --> 00:09:40,989 from the water. A manta is like a giant filtering machine 111 00:09:41,001 --> 00:09:46,360 capable of vacuuming up more than 400 pounds of plankton in 112 00:09:46,360 --> 00:09:47,340 a single week. 113 00:09:51,120 --> 00:09:55,171 At times, manta feeding can be a dizzying display. Depending 114 00:09:55,183 --> 00:09:58,980 on the current and the wind direction, sometimes they'll 115 00:09:58,980 --> 00:10:02,137 feed by themselves and roll. They call it barrel rolling. 116 00:10:02,149 --> 00:10:05,100 It's like an underwater ballet. Really nice to watch. 117 00:10:09,940 --> 00:10:13,791 The manta may look like it's chasing its tail, but by 118 00:10:13,803 --> 00:10:17,880 rolling, it pushes more plankton into its waiting mouth. 119 00:10:22,260 --> 00:10:25,875 When the current is strong, usually right before a full 120 00:10:25,887 --> 00:10:29,320 moon, mantas adopt an entirely different but equally 121 00:10:29,320 --> 00:10:32,700 captivating feeding strategy known as train feeding. 122 00:10:36,260 --> 00:10:40,279 So you can get anywhere from 2 to 20 or 200, if there are 123 00:10:40,291 --> 00:10:44,460 that many, feeding together in a train, which is an amazing 124 00:10:44,460 --> 00:10:47,105 sight. And they'll just keep going back and forth 125 00:10:47,117 --> 00:10:49,720 across the line where the plankton gets trapped. 126 00:10:57,860 --> 00:11:02,143 One of the largest creatures in the sea, mantas are also 127 00:11:02,155 --> 00:11:06,600 one of the most mysterious. Research into their mating and 128 00:11:06,600 --> 00:11:10,987 birthing behaviour has barely begun. For hundreds of 129 00:11:10,999 --> 00:11:15,980 years, mantas were simply known as devil fish, due to their 130 00:11:15,980 --> 00:11:20,498 imposing size and bat-like appearance. But they're very, 131 00:11:20,510 --> 00:11:24,960 very gentle. When the current is strong, sometimes when 132 00:11:24,960 --> 00:11:27,573 you're taking photos or video, it's very hard to stay out 133 00:11:27,585 --> 00:11:30,300 of their way, especially when there's that many of them. So 134 00:11:30,300 --> 00:11:33,025 when you're freediving and you dive down to take a picture, 135 00:11:33,037 --> 00:11:35,820 they'll come straight at you and sometimes you get thrown in 136 00:11:35,820 --> 00:11:39,089 their path, basically. And they'll just very gently lift 137 00:11:39,101 --> 00:11:42,440 their wing and try not to touch you. They're very careful 138 00:11:42,440 --> 00:11:46,220 with people, which is amazing. They could just slap you if they wanted to. 139 00:11:49,060 --> 00:11:51,324 Mandy believes that physically tagging 140 00:11:51,336 --> 00:11:54,020 mantas can cause harm to these gentle giants. 141 00:11:57,220 --> 00:12:01,488 A mantis' skin is like rubber, and wounds can take years to 142 00:12:01,500 --> 00:12:05,780 heal. Even though they might be able to recover from it, it 143 00:12:05,780 --> 00:12:08,742 leaves scars. And by photographing the mantas at German 144 00:12:08,754 --> 00:12:11,940 Channel, we've seen how long it can take for those scars to 145 00:12:11,940 --> 00:12:16,006 heal. By photographing them every season, you can start 146 00:12:16,018 --> 00:12:20,460 seeing those results. So we prefer to not do actual tagging. 147 00:12:26,520 --> 00:12:30,626 Previous tagging studies enabled scientists to track the 148 00:12:30,638 --> 00:12:34,900 movement of mantas. Photo IDs can't do that, but Mandy has 149 00:12:34,900 --> 00:12:39,508 developed an alternative that is unveiling more secrets 150 00:12:39,520 --> 00:12:44,140 of their behavior. She places time-lapse cameras at the 151 00:12:44,140 --> 00:12:48,354 cleaning stations, spots on the reef where small fish rid 152 00:12:48,366 --> 00:12:52,520 the mantas of dead skin and parasites. It takes pictures 153 00:12:52,520 --> 00:12:55,858 every 10 seconds or 30 seconds, and normally we put four or 154 00:12:55,870 --> 00:12:59,220 five around the cleaning station. And then when you pick it 155 00:12:59,220 --> 00:13:03,692 up, you've got thousands of pictures to go through. In the 156 00:13:03,704 --> 00:13:08,340 previous year, Mandy was able to identify 44 new mantas from 157 00:13:08,340 --> 00:13:10,100 thousands of time-lapse photos. 158 00:13:14,040 --> 00:13:17,863 It's a lot of effort, but worth it in the end. Because 159 00:13:17,875 --> 00:13:21,920 instead of acoustic tagging where you can just see a beep 160 00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:24,907 how many times a manta passed by, you can actually see the 161 00:13:24,919 --> 00:13:28,020 manta and what they're doing, and learn about their behavior 162 00:13:28,020 --> 00:13:32,380 at the same time without hurting them. Mantas are curious 163 00:13:32,392 --> 00:13:36,840 creatures and will closely inspect the cameras left behind 164 00:13:36,840 --> 00:13:40,536 on the reef. When we put the time-lapse cameras, we start 165 00:13:40,548 --> 00:13:44,000 realizing that they're immediately aware of something 166 00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:47,646 changing in their cleaning station. So they come up to the 167 00:13:47,658 --> 00:13:51,440 cameras and they unfold their cephalic flaps, which are sort 168 00:13:51,440 --> 00:13:54,478 of like feelers for them also. So they're doing like this to 169 00:13:54,490 --> 00:13:57,540 the camera to see like, what is this thing that's sitting on 170 00:13:57,540 --> 00:14:00,041 my cleaning station? So those are the kind of 171 00:14:00,053 --> 00:14:02,620 things you would never find out any other way. 172 00:14:11,880 --> 00:14:15,235 Today at German Channel, one of the busiest manta 173 00:14:15,247 --> 00:14:18,480 sites in Palau, there are no mantas to be seen. 174 00:14:20,980 --> 00:14:25,400 Currents, which should be incoming based on the moon cycle, 175 00:14:25,412 --> 00:14:29,400 have switched to outgoing, which means no plankton is 176 00:14:29,400 --> 00:14:32,480 flowing into the channel, and that means fewer mantas. 177 00:14:37,900 --> 00:14:41,521 Mandy spots something on the bottom, a feather-tailed 178 00:14:41,533 --> 00:14:44,560 stingray, buried up to its eyes in the sand. 179 00:14:48,460 --> 00:14:51,780 Finally, she sites a large male manta. 180 00:14:56,780 --> 00:14:59,909 It's one called Uncle Fester, a regular at German 181 00:14:59,921 --> 00:15:03,000 Channel that has fed here for at least 10 years. 182 00:15:06,100 --> 00:15:11,655 On this day, Mandy sites just three other mantas. One 183 00:15:11,667 --> 00:15:17,440 pregnant female already logged in the database, and two 184 00:15:17,440 --> 00:15:20,700 others that passed by without stopping at the cleaning station. 185 00:15:25,300 --> 00:15:28,698 Mantas may be large, but they are dwarfed by 186 00:15:28,710 --> 00:15:32,120 another giant living in the waters of Palau. 187 00:15:35,140 --> 00:15:37,140 It's Barrier Reef. 188 00:15:42,760 --> 00:15:46,871 Coral reefs are the world's largest living structures, made 189 00:15:46,883 --> 00:15:50,800 up of millions of tiny plant-like animals known as coral 190 00:15:50,800 --> 00:15:55,385 polyps. Reefs begin when a polyp attaches itself to a 191 00:15:55,397 --> 00:16:00,420 surface on the ocean floor, then divides into thousands of 192 00:16:00,420 --> 00:16:04,847 clones, which secrete a calcium carbonate skeleton. 193 00:16:04,859 --> 00:16:09,640 Together, the polyps act as a single, immense organism. 194 00:16:12,220 --> 00:16:16,750 Coral reefs are always growing. When coral dies, it leaves 195 00:16:16,762 --> 00:16:21,380 behind the rock-like skeleton. The next generation of coral 196 00:16:21,380 --> 00:16:28,140 grows on the old skeleton. Coral reefs are the rainforests of the sea. 197 00:16:30,880 --> 00:16:34,938 They cover fewer than 2% of the ocean floor, and yet they 198 00:16:34,950 --> 00:16:39,160 provide food and shelter for about one quarter of all ocean 199 00:16:39,160 --> 00:16:44,689 species. One billion people depend on coral reefs for food 200 00:16:44,701 --> 00:16:49,960 and income from fishing and tourism. Reefs also provide 201 00:16:49,960 --> 00:16:54,372 protection from hurricanes and typhoons. The Palau Reef, 202 00:16:54,384 --> 00:16:59,040 believed to have formed about two million years ago, may be 203 00:16:59,040 --> 00:17:01,780 the most essential giant in these waters. 204 00:17:08,200 --> 00:17:12,010 The bone-white beaches of the low-lying rock islands 205 00:17:12,022 --> 00:17:15,340 are built from sand that originated as coral. 206 00:17:18,760 --> 00:17:21,925 Reef animals like this parrotfish feed on coral 207 00:17:21,937 --> 00:17:25,180 and algae that grows on the surface of the reef. 208 00:17:29,380 --> 00:17:32,975 The parrotfish's hard, beef-like teeth bite off 209 00:17:32,987 --> 00:17:36,820 not just the coral, but its hard skeleton as well. 210 00:17:40,480 --> 00:17:44,506 The pulverized hard coral material ingested by the fish 211 00:17:44,518 --> 00:17:48,700 passes through its digestive system and is deposited back 212 00:17:48,700 --> 00:17:52,320 into the ocean in clouds of fine white coral sand. 213 00:17:56,640 --> 00:18:01,480 One parrotfish can produce 200 pounds of sand in a single year. 214 00:18:06,220 --> 00:18:10,938 These rock islands, built by coral sand and topped by lush 215 00:18:10,950 --> 00:18:15,440 and untouched Pacific jungle, are a major tourist draw. 216 00:18:24,140 --> 00:18:28,905 Palau is a country of just 20,000 people. In 217 00:18:28,917 --> 00:18:33,800 2015, it received more than 150,000 visitors. 218 00:18:37,300 --> 00:18:40,960 This tiny island nation is struggling to find a balance 219 00:18:40,972 --> 00:18:44,840 between the profit tourism generates and its impact on the 220 00:18:44,840 --> 00:18:45,100 reef. 221 00:19:03,060 --> 00:19:07,398 The research that we're doing is to look at the sites that 222 00:19:07,410 --> 00:19:11,760 are visited by tourists and to try to look at their impact 223 00:19:11,760 --> 00:19:14,601 on the reef communities, including the corals and 224 00:19:14,613 --> 00:19:17,580 the fish and the animals that live around the reef. 225 00:19:32,080 --> 00:19:36,488 Today we're trying to look to see the impacts of snorkelers 226 00:19:36,500 --> 00:19:40,920 on shallow coral reefs. So with Palau's tourism boom, we've 227 00:19:40,920 --> 00:19:44,589 seen an increase of tourists on our snorkeling reefs and a 228 00:19:44,601 --> 00:19:48,220 lot of them, as we've noticed, have very little or little 229 00:19:48,220 --> 00:19:52,001 confident swimming skills. So we want to see if that has 230 00:19:52,013 --> 00:19:55,940 any impact on the corals and if they're breaking corals or 231 00:19:55,940 --> 00:19:58,480 standing on them. And the effects of that. 232 00:20:02,780 --> 00:20:07,552 To determine the health of the coral at this site, Evelyn 233 00:20:07,564 --> 00:20:12,100 uses a sampling square called a quadrat. She throws it 234 00:20:12,100 --> 00:20:15,260 randomly 50 to 60 times at a given site. 235 00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:22,860 When the quadrat lands on the lagoon floor, she photographs the area within the frame. 236 00:20:26,320 --> 00:20:30,032 Researchers study the photos for evidence of coral damage 237 00:20:30,044 --> 00:20:33,960 and compare the sample photos taken at busy snorkeling sites 238 00:20:33,960 --> 00:20:37,240 with those taken at sites untouched by tourists. 239 00:20:40,800 --> 00:20:44,660 Initial research by Dr. Golbu's team reveals that the reefs 240 00:20:44,672 --> 00:20:48,480 at crowded snorkeling sites are dominated by broken coral, 241 00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:53,787 which seriously threatens the health of the reef. But the 242 00:20:53,799 --> 00:20:59,260 team is studying more than just corals today. Gary is going 243 00:20:59,260 --> 00:21:03,020 to be counting fish today. He's one of our experts at the 244 00:21:03,032 --> 00:21:07,000 Coral Reef Center. He knows a lot of our fish species, their 245 00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:11,286 common names, their Palau names, as well as their Latin 246 00:21:11,298 --> 00:21:15,980 names. So what he will do is he will go and measure any fish 247 00:21:15,980 --> 00:21:19,477 that comes within a five meter radius of him, which is what 248 00:21:19,489 --> 00:21:22,940 we call a stationary fish count. So he'll stay in one spot 249 00:21:22,940 --> 00:21:26,443 for three minutes and he'll count any commercially important 250 00:21:26,455 --> 00:21:29,740 fish that comes in that five meter radius and then write 251 00:21:29,740 --> 00:21:31,440 down their sizes in centimeters. 252 00:21:34,300 --> 00:21:37,401 The fish count, like the reef survey, is designed 253 00:21:37,413 --> 00:21:40,340 to assess the impact of tourism on the lagoon. 254 00:21:43,400 --> 00:21:46,342 Although it's prohibited, tour operators have been known 255 00:21:46,354 --> 00:21:49,360 to feed fish to attract them to tourist snorkeling sites. 256 00:21:52,900 --> 00:21:57,958 Hand-feeding fish makes them associate humans with food and 257 00:21:57,970 --> 00:22:03,040 can interfere with their natural feeding cycles. This study 258 00:22:03,040 --> 00:22:06,058 will help determine the effect fish feeding has had 259 00:22:06,070 --> 00:22:09,100 on both the size and numbers of fish in the lagoon. 260 00:22:11,840 --> 00:22:16,142 On a global level, coral reefs face a threat 261 00:22:16,154 --> 00:22:20,660 far greater than tourism. Ocean acidification. 262 00:22:25,180 --> 00:22:27,890 Humans have produced more and more carbon dioxide 263 00:22:27,902 --> 00:22:30,460 emissions through the burning of fossil fuels. 264 00:22:35,700 --> 00:22:39,354 More than one quarter of carbon dioxide pumped into the 265 00:22:39,366 --> 00:22:43,360 atmosphere is dissolved into the oceans, where it upsets the 266 00:22:43,360 --> 00:22:46,260 chemical balance, making water more acidic. 267 00:22:49,240 --> 00:22:53,492 The acidification threatens the survival of the animals on 268 00:22:53,504 --> 00:22:57,840 the reef. The skeletons of most marine organisms, including 269 00:22:57,840 --> 00:23:02,008 crustaceans and fish, are made from calcium carbonate. 270 00:23:02,020 --> 00:23:06,200 If the acidity of the water increases, there are fewer 271 00:23:06,200 --> 00:23:10,493 carbonate ions in the water, and it becomes harder for these 272 00:23:10,505 --> 00:23:14,740 animals to form a skeleton. Acidity can be increased to the 273 00:23:14,740 --> 00:23:19,497 point where even coral can no longer make a skeleton. Even 274 00:23:19,509 --> 00:23:24,440 before that stage, the struggle to make a skeleton can leave 275 00:23:24,440 --> 00:23:28,556 coral weak and vulnerable. You might have a coral, but it's 276 00:23:28,568 --> 00:23:32,420 not strong, and it's able to clear a storm and it would 277 00:23:32,420 --> 00:23:36,085 break. Or you would have very high bioerosion. A lot of 278 00:23:36,097 --> 00:23:39,840 other organisms would be able to live inside and break a 279 00:23:39,840 --> 00:23:43,664 skeleton of a coral. It's yet another threat on the 280 00:23:43,676 --> 00:23:47,880 Palau Barrier Reef that was already stressed by reckless 281 00:23:47,880 --> 00:23:53,988 overfishing. For decades, foreign fishing vessels plundered 282 00:23:54,000 --> 00:24:00,120 these seas, brutally raking fish from the reef. The reef is 283 00:24:00,120 --> 00:24:03,768 an ecosystem, and you need corals and you need fish. And if 284 00:24:03,780 --> 00:24:07,440 you take all the fish from the system, then it would affect 285 00:24:07,440 --> 00:24:11,230 the reefs. It would affect its health and its recovery from 286 00:24:11,242 --> 00:24:14,980 disturbance. And so that is one of the main issues that we 287 00:24:14,980 --> 00:24:18,358 need to ensure that we still have enough fish in 288 00:24:18,370 --> 00:24:21,760 the reef to allow the reef function to continue. 289 00:24:36,640 --> 00:24:42,515 Not all of Palau's reefs are two million years old. Some are 290 00:24:42,527 --> 00:24:48,220 relative youngsters that can be traced back just 70 years, 291 00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:51,740 to a time when battles raged over Palau's tropical waters. 292 00:24:57,920 --> 00:25:01,702 At the bottom of Malacal Harbor, a massive, 293 00:25:01,714 --> 00:25:05,680 broken skeleton appears slowly from the blue. 294 00:25:09,560 --> 00:25:13,977 It is the Iroh, a Japanese Navy tanker that met its doom 295 00:25:13,989 --> 00:25:18,340 during the Second World War, when U.S. airplanes rained 296 00:25:18,340 --> 00:25:20,420 explosives on the Japanese fleet. 297 00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:32,321 Over the decades, the Iroh has transformed into an 298 00:25:32,333 --> 00:25:36,920 artificial reef, providing shelter for prey, food for 299 00:25:36,920 --> 00:25:41,773 predators, and a breeding ground for the hard and soft 300 00:25:41,785 --> 00:25:47,180 corals that have taken hold of the ship. She's a spectacular 301 00:25:47,180 --> 00:25:51,573 wreck to dive now. She is teeming with life. And it's just 302 00:25:51,585 --> 00:25:56,140 an amazing wreck dive because you have all that history, you 303 00:25:56,140 --> 00:25:59,806 have all that drama of the sinking of the vessel, and now 304 00:25:59,818 --> 00:26:03,560 70 years plus later, you look at it and it's just the most 305 00:26:03,560 --> 00:26:09,087 beautiful, spectacular reef there is around there. The 306 00:26:09,099 --> 00:26:14,940 Iroh sits upright in its watery grave, 130 feet below the 307 00:26:14,940 --> 00:26:15,400 surface. 308 00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:24,885 It's a colossal wreck, nearly 500 feet long, weighing 309 00:26:24,897 --> 00:26:31,340 upwards of 14,000 tons, and remains largely intact, except 310 00:26:31,340 --> 00:26:33,891 for the damage caused when a massive explosion 311 00:26:33,903 --> 00:26:36,520 in the engine room sent the ship to the bottom. 312 00:26:39,920 --> 00:26:48,300 On the bow sits a turret gun, its barrel an armored shield draped in soft coral. 313 00:26:52,940 --> 00:26:56,700 Wrecks like the Iroh provide a stable setting for coral. 314 00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:02,288 Corals spawn in the water column. Eggs are 315 00:27:02,300 --> 00:27:05,360 carried by the current and can land anywhere. 316 00:27:08,540 --> 00:27:12,586 The shallow depth, warm water, and relative stillness of 317 00:27:12,598 --> 00:27:16,940 this lagoon make an ideal breeding ground for the algae that 318 00:27:16,940 --> 00:27:18,700 cements coral reefs together. 319 00:27:23,080 --> 00:27:27,720 The Iroh is alive with stony staghorn coral, 320 00:27:32,480 --> 00:27:40,000 ivory tube sponges, and 321 00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:41,640 black coral trees. 322 00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:50,540 Fish make their home on or near the wreck as well. 323 00:27:53,460 --> 00:27:54,860 Clouds of fry, 324 00:27:59,160 --> 00:28:04,140 lionfish, and 325 00:28:04,140 --> 00:28:05,760 pacific spadefish. 326 00:28:11,160 --> 00:28:15,260 Three masts reach toward a distant sky and provide 327 00:28:15,272 --> 00:28:18,820 an ideal surface for sun-seeking organisms, 328 00:28:21,120 --> 00:28:23,900 including huge colonies of bubble tip anemones. 329 00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:32,059 A close relative of both jellyfish and coral, the bubble 330 00:28:32,071 --> 00:28:36,000 tip anemone is equipped with sweeping venom-filled tentacles 331 00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:38,440 that ensnare passing prey. 332 00:28:42,360 --> 00:28:47,452 The slightest touch triggers the tentacles, which inject a 333 00:28:47,464 --> 00:28:52,740 paralyzing neurotoxin into its victim. But not to the tomato 334 00:28:52,740 --> 00:28:57,388 clownfish nestled inside its tentacles. To defend itself and 335 00:28:57,400 --> 00:29:02,060 ensure it has enough to eat, the bubble tip anemone forms an 336 00:29:02,060 --> 00:29:07,013 unlikely alliance. A layer of mucus on the clownfish's 337 00:29:07,025 --> 00:29:11,720 skin makes it immune to the anemone's lethal sting. 338 00:29:15,060 --> 00:29:18,983 It's a symbiotic relationship. The anemone protects the 339 00:29:18,995 --> 00:29:23,140 clownfish from predators and snacks on its leftover meals. 340 00:29:25,060 --> 00:29:28,429 In return, the clownfish drives off intruders 341 00:29:28,441 --> 00:29:31,160 and cleans the anemone of parasites. 342 00:29:37,460 --> 00:29:40,924 The coral-encrusted Iroh is just one of more 343 00:29:40,936 --> 00:29:44,180 than 60 Second World War wrecks in Palau. 344 00:29:48,240 --> 00:29:52,798 In March 1944, U.S. Navy planes appeared high above the 345 00:29:52,810 --> 00:29:57,380 islands, bombarding the Japanese fleet with rockets and 346 00:29:57,380 --> 00:30:00,940 torpedoes and sending most of its vessels to the bottom. 347 00:30:05,220 --> 00:30:11,798 The coordinated attack was codenamed Operation Desecrate 1. 348 00:30:11,810 --> 00:30:18,180 In September 1944, the island of Peleliu was the scene of 349 00:30:18,180 --> 00:30:22,370 one of the bloodiest battles of the Second World War. U.S. 350 00:30:22,382 --> 00:30:26,300 Marines made an amphibious assault on these beaches to 351 00:30:26,300 --> 00:30:30,987 liberate the island from Japanese forces. Fighting lasted 352 00:30:30,999 --> 00:30:35,780 for months and took the lives of 10,000 Japanese and 1,800 353 00:30:35,780 --> 00:30:36,940 American soldiers. 354 00:30:39,680 --> 00:30:43,758 Today, the island is surreally peaceful, although scattered 355 00:30:43,770 --> 00:30:47,860 amid the lush vegetation are the reminders of past horrors. 356 00:30:50,860 --> 00:30:54,980 A crippled Japanese fighter plane reclaimed by the jungle. 357 00:30:58,760 --> 00:31:02,840 A gutted U.S. Marine landing craft corroded by the elements. 358 00:31:05,580 --> 00:31:09,343 And sobering memorials to the thousands, Japanese and 359 00:31:09,355 --> 00:31:13,620 American, that spent their final moments on what was once an 360 00:31:13,620 --> 00:31:14,540 island paradise. 361 00:31:23,500 --> 00:31:26,705 Francis Torabiang is a native Palauan who grew 362 00:31:26,717 --> 00:31:30,140 up on the islands in the years following the war. 363 00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:39,310 He founded Palau's first dive operation and, in the 364 00:31:39,322 --> 00:31:43,320 1980s, helped discover more than 30 Japanese wrecks. 365 00:31:46,780 --> 00:31:50,860 Including the 285-foot-long Chuyo Maru. 366 00:31:56,280 --> 00:32:03,100 Like the Iro, it sits upright and is overgrown with corals, sponges and oysters. 367 00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:13,562 The Chuyo Maru was a coastal freighter sent to the bottom 368 00:32:13,574 --> 00:32:18,720 during Operation Desecrate 1 and discovered by Torabiang in 369 00:32:18,720 --> 00:32:19,760 1989. 370 00:32:23,040 --> 00:32:27,385 I followed the anchor line down and there's nothing there. 371 00:32:27,397 --> 00:32:31,680 I turn around, there's a huge monster wreck behind me. My 372 00:32:31,680 --> 00:32:36,598 heart went whoop. I got scared. Actually I got a little bit 373 00:32:36,610 --> 00:32:41,540 scared because it's a huge thing right behind me. I did not 374 00:32:41,540 --> 00:32:46,858 see it because I was going down this way. That was exciting. 375 00:32:46,870 --> 00:32:52,200 I mean, that completely changed my way of diving. Today when 376 00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:57,251 I take people diving, I don't try to explain everything. I 377 00:32:57,263 --> 00:33:02,240 talk about safety, the depth, time, and how you go around 378 00:33:02,240 --> 00:33:06,051 this wreck. And I tell them, that's good enough. I don't 379 00:33:06,063 --> 00:33:10,020 want to go beyond that. Why? I say I want you to have that 380 00:33:10,020 --> 00:33:15,625 excitement like I do. I want you to have that feeling. It's 381 00:33:15,637 --> 00:33:21,160 hard to explain, but when things are in the water for last 382 00:33:21,160 --> 00:33:29,960 50-some years, 70 years, and then the first time you go, it's a really exciting dive. 383 00:33:36,840 --> 00:33:41,780 The Chuyo Maru shares its watery grave with a mystery ship. 384 00:33:45,440 --> 00:33:49,703 Its true name remains unknown. No records of the ship can be 385 00:33:49,715 --> 00:33:53,920 found in Japanese Navy archives. Though like most wrecks in 386 00:33:53,920 --> 00:33:56,814 Palau, it was sunk along with most of the 387 00:33:56,826 --> 00:33:59,940 Japanese fleet during Operation Desecrate 1. 388 00:34:04,160 --> 00:34:07,988 Today, it's known simply as the Helmet Wreck, or Depth 389 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:11,980 Charge Wreck, for the dozens of bombs found in its hold. 390 00:34:14,320 --> 00:34:18,366 Divers are warned not to touch any of the charges. Many 391 00:34:18,378 --> 00:34:22,580 of Palau's wrecks are laden with live ammunition that can 392 00:34:22,580 --> 00:34:27,306 explode if disturbed. In fact, it's illegal for divers to 393 00:34:27,318 --> 00:34:32,220 take anything from Palau's sunken historical treasures. The 394 00:34:32,220 --> 00:34:37,188 Depth Charge Wreck is a trove of Second World War artifacts. 395 00:34:37,200 --> 00:34:42,180 The cylinder poking out of the wreck is a clinometer used to 396 00:34:42,180 --> 00:34:45,660 measure the height of clouds to predict incoming storms. 397 00:34:48,380 --> 00:34:53,792 These sake bottles and a corroded Japanese gas mask are grim 398 00:34:53,804 --> 00:34:59,140 reminders that men died here in what is now a living museum 399 00:34:59,140 --> 00:35:04,471 of the sea. When I take the Japanese diving there, I can 400 00:35:04,483 --> 00:35:10,200 see they have a goose bump. They tell me a little bit eerie. 401 00:35:13,520 --> 00:35:17,778 That's the way they do. I respect that. So it's a part 402 00:35:17,790 --> 00:35:22,060 of history and part of our relationship with Japan and 403 00:35:22,060 --> 00:35:26,509 something that people need to understand that we need to 404 00:35:26,521 --> 00:35:31,060 respect other people. These once mighty wrecks won't last 405 00:35:31,060 --> 00:35:36,324 forever. Saltwater corrodes and eats away at the steel 406 00:35:36,336 --> 00:35:41,420 skeletons. Eventually, the lagoon will swallow these 407 00:35:41,420 --> 00:35:41,920 remains. 408 00:35:49,260 --> 00:35:53,588 Over the eons, saltwater erosion has also carved stunning 409 00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:57,640 caverns and tunnels into Palau's limestone geography. 410 00:36:05,360 --> 00:36:11,104 Hidden 12 feet below the surface, Chandelier Cave is one of 411 00:36:11,116 --> 00:36:16,680 the largest cave systems in Palau. At one time, it was an 412 00:36:16,680 --> 00:36:19,960 open-air cave on the surface of the Rock Islands. 413 00:36:23,720 --> 00:36:27,244 After the last ice age, oceans rose, filling the 414 00:36:27,256 --> 00:36:30,720 cave with seawater and concealing the entrance. 415 00:36:34,660 --> 00:36:38,933 Stalactites, formed from calcite deposited by water dripping 416 00:36:38,945 --> 00:36:43,160 from the cave ceiling, hang like glittering light fixtures, 417 00:36:43,620 --> 00:36:45,480 giving Chandelier Cave its name. 418 00:36:49,280 --> 00:36:52,830 Inside the cave, there is no sunlight to nourish plankton. 419 00:36:56,610 --> 00:37:01,890 Free from these microscopic organisms, the water is crystal clear. 420 00:37:10,190 --> 00:37:14,312 At Siais Tunnel, divers drop down to enter a 421 00:37:14,324 --> 00:37:19,010 chamber that reaches depths of more than 140 feet. 422 00:37:25,910 --> 00:37:31,743 Even this far below the surface, sunlight penetrates 423 00:37:31,755 --> 00:37:37,710 the tunnel to illuminate gorgeous orange sea fans and 424 00:37:37,710 --> 00:37:48,230 lionfish nibbling on soft corals. Palau is 425 00:37:48,230 --> 00:37:52,288 a jumping-off point for some of the deepest diving in the 426 00:37:52,300 --> 00:37:56,510 Pacific. It sits atop what is essentially a sunken mountain 427 00:37:56,510 --> 00:38:03,958 range. A steep drop-off, more than 30,000 feet deep, fringes 428 00:38:03,970 --> 00:38:11,430 the islands. This is the Palau Trench. It just drops off and 429 00:38:11,430 --> 00:38:14,826 it plummets into the abyss and very, very close to shore as 430 00:38:14,838 --> 00:38:18,190 well. So people always talk about the Marianas Trench, the 431 00:38:18,190 --> 00:38:21,821 deepest part of the planet, Challenger Deep. That's nearly 432 00:38:21,833 --> 00:38:25,290 300 kilometers offshore. We've got massively deep water 433 00:38:25,290 --> 00:38:30,238 within 15 or 20 kilometers of our shoreline, so it's very, 434 00:38:30,250 --> 00:38:35,210 very unique. The Palau Trench is deep enough to completely 435 00:38:35,210 --> 00:38:36,710 submerge Mount Everest. 436 00:38:39,890 --> 00:38:43,602 Scuba divers typically descend about 130 feet, less 437 00:38:43,614 --> 00:38:47,410 than half of one percent of the depth of the trench. 438 00:38:50,330 --> 00:38:54,987 Divers have only just scratched its surface. What is known 439 00:38:54,999 --> 00:38:59,510 about what's down the Palau Trench, honestly, very, very 440 00:38:59,510 --> 00:39:02,848 little. The old phrase that we've all heard that we know 441 00:39:02,860 --> 00:39:06,210 more about the surface of the Moon and Mars than we know 442 00:39:06,210 --> 00:39:10,458 about the bottom of the ocean, holds true. Collins has 443 00:39:10,470 --> 00:39:14,730 compiled a 3D map of the trench from satellite-derived 444 00:39:14,730 --> 00:39:19,169 gravity data and sonar measurements collected on dives. The 445 00:39:19,181 --> 00:39:23,410 green shows the Palau Islands, just the tip of a massive 446 00:39:23,410 --> 00:39:27,604 underwater mountain. You can see that some of these sheer 447 00:39:27,616 --> 00:39:31,750 walls, they plummet miles, literally miles, two or three 448 00:39:31,750 --> 00:39:35,333 miles, before they might have a slight shelf and another 449 00:39:35,345 --> 00:39:38,750 feature. And again, before they just plummet into the 450 00:39:38,750 --> 00:39:43,335 abyssal plain at over 9,000 meters deep. Once we look over 451 00:39:43,347 --> 00:39:47,710 the edge of that reef, sometimes it's a little daunting 452 00:39:47,710 --> 00:39:51,635 because you have the beautiful colors, the shallow waters, 453 00:39:51,647 --> 00:39:55,450 and you just look over and it's literally looking down a 454 00:39:55,450 --> 00:39:58,674 cliff. And especially knowing how deep that is, so 455 00:39:58,686 --> 00:40:02,430 sometimes it can be a little bit daunting and a little bit 456 00:40:02,430 --> 00:40:04,750 disorientating, but it's also a bit thrilling. 457 00:40:18,650 --> 00:40:23,599 A short boat ride from Siez Tunnel lies a marine environment 458 00:40:23,611 --> 00:40:28,490 so spectacular, it's considered one of the seven underwater 459 00:40:28,490 --> 00:40:30,150 wonders of the world. 460 00:40:33,710 --> 00:40:38,796 Palau is home to more than 50 marine lakes. When glaciers 461 00:40:38,808 --> 00:40:43,730 melted at the end of the last ice age 10,000 years ago, 462 00:40:44,490 --> 00:40:48,450 ocean levels rose, filling low-lying areas with seawater. 463 00:40:52,570 --> 00:40:57,330 Fishers and tunnels in the limestone connect these saltwater lakes to the ocean. 464 00:41:01,490 --> 00:41:06,249 Beneath the surface of a 100-foot deep marine lake, on the 465 00:41:06,261 --> 00:41:10,790 uninhabited coral island of El Malek, is an astonishing 466 00:41:10,790 --> 00:41:11,590 sight. 467 00:41:19,190 --> 00:41:23,540 Millions of rippling jellyfish pack the fluorescent green 468 00:41:23,552 --> 00:41:27,990 water, their shimmering bodies casting a luminescent glow. 469 00:41:29,450 --> 00:41:31,850 This is Jellyfish Lake. 470 00:41:34,590 --> 00:41:38,970 These golden jellyfish have thrived in the lake for more than 10,000 years. 471 00:41:41,890 --> 00:41:46,450 In this closed system, there are few predators, so the 472 00:41:46,462 --> 00:41:50,950 jellyfish have lost their need to sting. They possess 473 00:41:50,950 --> 00:41:55,017 stinging cells, just not ones powerful enough to cause 474 00:41:55,029 --> 00:41:59,330 serious harm to humans. Getting to swim through that many 475 00:41:59,330 --> 00:42:03,303 jellyfish is a pretty weird but wonderful experience. When 476 00:42:03,315 --> 00:42:07,030 you find a very dense patch of them, the whole lake is 477 00:42:07,030 --> 00:42:10,192 essentially pulsating these jellyfish, so it's very cool 478 00:42:10,204 --> 00:42:13,490 to see. They're not harmful unless you have very sensitive 479 00:42:13,490 --> 00:42:17,390 skin. They're very soft. They're just doing their own thing, cruising along. 480 00:42:20,570 --> 00:42:24,631 There's another, even more remarkable way in which these 481 00:42:24,643 --> 00:42:28,930 jellyfish differ from their cousins in Palau's nearby ocean 482 00:42:28,930 --> 00:42:33,858 lagoons. Most species of jellyfish, like this moon jelly, 483 00:42:33,870 --> 00:42:38,810 drift serenely on ocean currents, just as their ancestors 484 00:42:38,810 --> 00:42:41,270 have since before the age of the dinosaurs. 485 00:42:43,990 --> 00:42:48,618 The five million specimens at Jellyfish Lake are far from 486 00:42:48,630 --> 00:42:53,430 passive. They may look like they're drifting aimlessly, but 487 00:42:53,430 --> 00:42:59,638 in fact, they're on a journey. Migrating almost a mile, they 488 00:42:59,650 --> 00:43:05,870 follow the same path and same schedule every day. As the sun 489 00:43:05,870 --> 00:43:11,193 rises in the east, the jellyfish swim toward its life-giving 490 00:43:11,205 --> 00:43:16,190 rays. They have to make the trek to survive. The body of 491 00:43:16,190 --> 00:43:21,040 each jellyfish contains a crop of algae, its main source 492 00:43:21,052 --> 00:43:26,170 of food. The algae processes sunlight to produce sugar that 493 00:43:26,170 --> 00:43:31,097 feeds the jellyfish. For hours, they swim east toward 494 00:43:31,109 --> 00:43:36,230 the sun, pumping water through their bells and rotating 495 00:43:36,230 --> 00:43:40,976 counterclockwise to provide even exposure to the sun for the 496 00:43:40,988 --> 00:43:45,590 algae in their bodies. Trees that surround and shelter the 497 00:43:45,590 --> 00:43:50,591 lake also cast shadows on the surface. The jellyfish must 498 00:43:50,603 --> 00:43:55,530 avoid the shade. They need to absorb as much sunlight as 499 00:43:55,530 --> 00:43:59,491 possible to maximize the energy created by the algae within 500 00:43:59,503 --> 00:44:03,410 their bells. So what they do is they follow the sun around 501 00:44:03,410 --> 00:44:07,813 the lake, so at a given time during the day, they'll be in 502 00:44:07,825 --> 00:44:12,390 the brightest spot of the lake finding the most food. As the 503 00:44:12,390 --> 00:44:17,383 sun begins to set in the west, the dense bloom of jellyfish 504 00:44:17,395 --> 00:44:22,150 reverses course and heads back to the western shore. All 505 00:44:22,150 --> 00:44:27,169 this swimming churns up nutrients in the water that form the 506 00:44:27,181 --> 00:44:32,130 base of the lake's food chain. When the sun disappears into 507 00:44:32,130 --> 00:44:37,089 the horizon, the jellyfish sink 50 feet down, where nitrogen 508 00:44:37,101 --> 00:44:41,990 -rich waters help sustain the algae in their bodies, before 509 00:44:41,990 --> 00:44:48,350 ascending to the surface before dawn, to start their complex migration once more. 510 00:44:51,910 --> 00:44:55,437 Of Palau's 52 marine lakes, five are home to 511 00:44:55,449 --> 00:44:58,910 persistent populations of golden jellyfish. 512 00:45:02,970 --> 00:45:07,406 Fragile creatures, they have shown an outstanding ability 513 00:45:07,418 --> 00:45:11,790 to adapt in these landlocked lakes. Lakes that were once 514 00:45:11,790 --> 00:45:17,690 connected to the ocean, that defines and sustains this tiny island nation. 515 00:45:23,570 --> 00:45:28,994 For thousands of years, Palauans have depended on their 516 00:45:29,006 --> 00:45:34,830 coral reef for survival. It's such a diverse habitat, so if 517 00:45:34,830 --> 00:45:38,878 we lose that, we really lost a lot of our ocean, a lot of 518 00:45:38,890 --> 00:45:43,090 biodiversity in our ocean. Billions of people live near the 519 00:45:43,090 --> 00:45:47,088 coast and they depend on coral reefs. So all of those, and 520 00:45:47,100 --> 00:45:51,110 especially us on these small islands, we would be severely 521 00:45:51,110 --> 00:45:55,834 affected and our way of life is totally changed. It 522 00:45:55,846 --> 00:46:00,490 would be a devastation to us not to have the reef. 523 00:46:05,910 --> 00:46:10,877 These Pacific Islanders hold two traditions of deep respect 524 00:46:10,889 --> 00:46:15,370 for the sea. Yesterday, one of my customers asked me, 525 00:46:15,690 --> 00:46:20,231 Francie, don't you get tired of coming out here in the 526 00:46:20,243 --> 00:46:25,210 ocean? And I said, it's amazing. Not one day is the same as 527 00:46:25,210 --> 00:46:31,674 another day, never the same. The clouds, the sun, the rain, 528 00:46:31,686 --> 00:46:38,270 the wind, the tide, the movement. So it's never the same, so 529 00:46:38,270 --> 00:46:42,928 that's why I don't get tired of going to the ocean. In 530 00:46:42,940 --> 00:46:47,950 these protected waters that contain more species of marine 531 00:46:47,950 --> 00:46:53,125 creatures than almost anyplace else on earth, long lost war 532 00:46:53,137 --> 00:46:58,410 wrecks, claimed by the power of the ocean, burst with energy 533 00:46:58,410 --> 00:47:05,590 and life. Yawning trenches plunge into unseen depths, and 534 00:47:05,602 --> 00:47:12,670 manta rays soar, here in this exotic land of the giants. 535 00:47:26,790 --> 00:47:28,190 For more UN videos visit www.un.org 50347

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