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POWERS OF TEN
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The picnic near the lake shore in Chicago
was the start of a lazy afternoon
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Early One October
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We begin with a scene 1 meter wide,
Which we view from 1 meter away.
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Now every 10 seconds we will look from
10x mais farther away
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And our field of view will be
10x wider
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This square is 10 meters wide
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And in 10 seconds the next square will be
10x as wide
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Our image is the center of the picnickers
Even after they've been lost the sight
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100 meters wide, the distance a
man can run in 10 seconds
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Cars crowd the highway,
power boats lie at their docs
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The colorful bleechures of Soldier's Field
.
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This square is 1 kilometer wide,
1000 meters
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the distance a racing car can travel
in 10 seconds
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We see the great city
on the lake shore
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10 to the forth meter,
ten kilometers
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the distance a super sonic airplane
can travel in 10 seconds
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We see the first around end of Lake Michigan
then the whole Great Lake.
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10 to the fifth meters, the distance
an orbiting satelite covers in 10 seconds
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Longs parades of clouds,
the day weather of the Mid-West
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10 to the sixth, one with 6 zeros.
One million meters
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Soon the Earth will show us
its solid sphere
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We are able to see the whole Earth now,
just over a minute along the jorney
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The Earth diminish the distance, but these
background star are so much farther away.
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They do not yer appear to move
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A line extends at the
true speed of light.
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In 1 second we cross the tilted
orbit of the Moon.
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00:02:09,509 --> 00:02:12,918
Now we mark a small part of the path
which the Earth moves about the Sun
onde a Terra move ao redor do sol
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Now the orbit pass on the
neighbor planets
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Venus, Mars and Mercury
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Entering in our field of view is the glowing center
of our Solar System, the Sun.
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Followed by the massive other planets,
swinging wide in their big orbits.
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That orbit belongs to Pluto
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A fringe of miriage comets too fraint to see
completes the solar system.
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10 to the 14th
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While our Solar System shrinks into one
bright point on the distance
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Our sun is plaining now only one
between the stars
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Looking back from here we note
four southern constellations
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still much as they appear
from the farside of the Earth.
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This square is 10 to the 16th meters,
one light year
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not yet out to the next star.
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Our last 10 seconds step
took us
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10 light years further. The next will be a 100.
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Our perspective changes so much
on each step now
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that even the background stars
will appear to converge.
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At last we passed the bright star
Arcrtris and some star in the deeper.
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Normal, but quite unfamiliar stars and.
clouds of gas surround us.
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as we tranverse the Milky Way Galaxy.
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Giant steps carry us into the
outskirts of the galaxy.
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While we pull away we begin to see
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the great flat spiral
facing us.
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The time and path we chose to
leave Chicago
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has brought us out of the galaxy along
a course
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nearly perpendicular
to its disc.
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00:04:04,328 --> 00:04:06,938
The two little satellite galaxies of our own
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are the clouds of the Jung.
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Ten to the 22nd power.
One million light years.
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Groups of galaxies bring a new level
of structure to the scene.
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Glooming points are no longer
single stars,
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But whole galaxies of stars
seen as one.
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We pass the big Virgo cluster of galaxies
among many others
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100 millions light years out
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as we approach the limits of our vision
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we pause to start back home
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This lonely scene, the galaxy like dust
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is what most space looks like.
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This emptiness is normal.
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The richness of our own neighborhood
is the exception.
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The trip back to the picnic
on the lake front
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will be a sped up version,
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reducing the earth's surface by
one power of ten
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every 2 seconds.
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In each two seconds
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we will appear to cover 90 % of the
remaining distance
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back to Earth.
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Notice the alternation between the great activity and
relative inactivity
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A rhythm that will continue all the way until
our next goal:
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A proton and a nucleus of a carbon atom
beneath the skin
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of the hand of a sleepy man
at the picnic.
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00:05:23,545 --> 00:05:26,330
10 to the ninth meters
10 to the eight
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Seven
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Six
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Five
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Four
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Three
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Two
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One
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We are back at our starting point
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We slow up at one meter,
10 to the zero power.
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00:05:49,082 --> 00:05:51,220
Now we reduce the distance to our
final destination by 9%
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every 10 seconds.
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Each step much smaller than
the one before.
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At 10 to -2, 1/100 to the meter,
1 cm,
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We approach the surface of the hand.
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00:06:11,773 --> 00:06:13,681
In a few seconds, we will enter in the skin.
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Crossing layer after layer, from
the outermost dead cells
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into a tiny blood vessel within.
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Skin layers vanish and turn
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An outer layer of cells,
felty collagen.
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The capillary containing red blood cells
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in a roughly lymphocyte.
102
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We enter the white cell.
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Among its vital organelles, the porous
wall of the cell nucleus appears.
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The nucleus within holds the
heredity of the man
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in the coiled coils of DNA
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As we close in, we come to the
double helix itself.
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A molecule, like a long twisted
ladder whose rungs of
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paired bases spell out twice in
an alphabet of four letters
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the words of a powerful genetic message.
110
00:07:03,122 --> 00:07:06,230
At the atomic scale, the interplay
of four manned motion
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00:07:06,643 --> 00:07:07,756
becames more visible.
112
00:07:08,982 --> 00:07:11,800
we focus on one commonplace group
of 3 hydrogen atoms
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bonded by electrical forces
to a carbon atom.
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4 electrons make up the outer
shell of the carbon itself.
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They appear in quantum motion
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as a swarm of shimmering points.
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At 10 to the minus 10 meters,
1 angstron,
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we find ourselves right among
those outer electrons.
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Now we come upon the two inner electrons
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held in a tighter swarm.
121
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as we draw to the atom's
attracting center,
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we enter upon a vast inner space.
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At last the carbon nucleus,
so massive and so small.
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This carbon nucleus is made up
of 6 protons and 6 neutrons.
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We are in a domain of universal modules.
126
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There are protons and neutrons in
every nucleus; electrons in every atom.
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Atoms bonded into every molecule
out to the farthest galaxy.
128
00:08:05,119 --> 00:08:07,001
As a single proton fills our scene,
129
00:08:07,386 --> 00:08:09,100
we reach the edge of present understanding.
130
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Are these some quarks at intense
interaction?
131
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our journey has taken us through
40 powers of 10.
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00:08:15,786 --> 00:08:17,506
If now the field is one unit,
133
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then when we saw many clusters
of galaxies together.
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It was 10 to the 40,
or one and 40 zeros.
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00:08:25,305 --> 00:09:25,444
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