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Trinity, instead of exploding
first nuclear bomb in the world
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July 16, 1945.
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Alamogordo, New Mexico, USA,
May 1945
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May, 1945.
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The hot desert of New Mexico
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seems far from the ravages of
the war in Europe.
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00:02:12,680 --> 00:02:14,890
100 tons of dynamite.
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A test...
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to measure and calibrate
the power of a nuclear weapon ever tested.
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Two months later...
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Man releases the destructive power
a demon imprisoned
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00:02:32,080 --> 00:02:33,880
into the very fabric of matter,
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00:02:34,380 --> 00:02:37,790
and plunge the world
in the atomic age.
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Over the next 20 years,
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power tests
nuclear bombs
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will maintain the fascination of the world
for these events surrounded by secrecy.
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00:03:03,880 --> 00:03:08,880
É VENTS launched
seven years earlier.
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TRUBULENCES IN EUROPE!
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00:03:15,270 --> 00:03:16,280
Hitler invaded Austria!
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March 13, 1938.
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Hitler invaded Austria.
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3rd Reich begins to deploy
its military power.
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Later that year,
German scientists
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discover fission
of the uranium nucleus
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What brings the 3rd Reich
a step
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the discovery of the secret
of the atomic bomb.
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FEAR!
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Fear of German research
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00:03:41,570 --> 00:03:44,490
stimulates activities to
É United States and England.
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00:03:44,540 --> 00:03:46,310
The fear that German scientists
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could produce weapons
high destructive power.
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00:03:49,910 --> 00:03:53,780
In autumn 1939,
Dr. Albert Einstein
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wrote his famous letter
President Roosevelt,
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explaining the urgency of working
in the fission of uranium.
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Roosevelt, a man of action,
responded quickly,
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00:04:04,030 --> 00:04:06,780
and creates an advisory committee
of uranium.
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00:04:06,880 --> 00:04:08,880
GERMANY INVADES POLAND!
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00:04:09,380 --> 00:04:10,840
German forces invaded Poland
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dragging European nations
in the second world war.
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ING DISTRICT É NIEURIE
OF MANHATTAN
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A new branch of the Corps of Engineers
was created to oversee the work
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00:04:22,380 --> 00:04:24,980
on military use of uranium.
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00:04:25,040 --> 00:04:29,680
Major General L.R. Growe,
the man in charge of the Pentagon,
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was appointed head
project.
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December 2, 1942, the first reactor
Autonomous chain reaction
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has been successfully exploited by Enrico Fermi.
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The success of Fermi generates
great efforts
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00:04:46,840 --> 00:04:49,240
the government
and the private sector,
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00:04:49,290 --> 00:04:52,650
leading to the creation of huge factories,
for the separation of uranium
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in the town of Oakridge, Tennessee,
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and for the production of plutonium
Hanford, Washington
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on the banks
Columbia River.
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00:05:03,080 --> 00:05:07,030
Through this effort was forged great
the necessary hardware
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to create an atomic bomb.
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The first atomic bomb
was built at Los Alamos,
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a secret laboratory
New Mexico
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When Dr. Oppenheimer J.R.
arrived to take command
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he surrounded himself with an incredible range
stars of the scientific world.
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Los Alamos was born on design
the bomb and resolution
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many theoretical problems.
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Many questions remain unanswered, however.
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What are the secrets of this new
form of power and destruction?
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Knowledge and Information
all aspects of this new weapon
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are essential,
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and can not be discovered that
by further testing.
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00:05:51,480 --> 00:05:56,880
I had a good friend, a Hungarian
10 years older than me, Leo Szilard.
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He had a very independent-minded
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and a large capacity
foreshadow what would happen.
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He saw the years ahead
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the importance that the explosives
Nuclear would take.
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He was a friend of mine, and I helped him.
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For example, I took it to
an important interview with Einstein
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where Einstein wrote this
famous letter to Roosevelt.
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The letter that started it all.
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I myself was interested in
Theoretical Physics
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atoms, molecular vibrations,
and knowledge of molarity.
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I did not want to do.
But then...
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Hitler had not only swallowed
half of Poland,
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he had also invaded the West.
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Two days later, there was
an invitation to a Pan-American Congress
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in which Roosevelt, that I had never
seen before, was to speak.
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He made a memorable speech,
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about how the world is
really in danger because of Hitler.
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He said in part, to the point
highlight of the speech:
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"You scientists, will be blamed
for the arms to be used"
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but I tell you,
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"if you do not work on these weapons,
world freedom will be lost."
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You know, I felt
Roosevelt spoke to me.
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I was there when
The letter was signed
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one that stirred up the interest
in nuclear power
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He was convinced that
was nuclear
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Of the 2,000 scientists who were there,
I felt it spoke to me.
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Of course it was not that...
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But for this speech
twenty minutes
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I made my decision.
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I continued to prefer
work in science 'pure',
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but this must be done.
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Since this must be done
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and that I could contribute,
I did,
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and I have never regretted
to have done.
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The uranium bomb,
called "Little Boy"
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had a simple design.
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00:08:20,940 --> 00:08:24,560
And scientists were convinced
fonctionnerai it without testing.
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"Fat Man", or the implosion bomb,
was a more efficient design
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which used plutonium
rather than uranium.
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In the center of the bomb,
there was a detonator
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surrounded by a sphere of plutonium.
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00:08:43,240 --> 00:08:44,840
This sphere was encapsulated
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in a series of lenses highly
explosive placed symmetrically,
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00:08:48,740 --> 00:08:52,840
creating an implosion
compressing the sphere of plutonium
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on itself until it
reaches critical mass.
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The explosion brought immediately
temperature to 10 million degrees,
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releasing a force of one half
million pounds of pressure
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vaporizing the tower and all
desert living within 800m.
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The intensity of the light
was sufficient
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to cause temporary blindness
an observer at 16 km distance.
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With a score of 200 times more potent
the test with 100 tons of TNT,
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the fireball created a crater
about 800 m in diameter.
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00:09:50,180 --> 00:09:53,110
And melted the desert sand
green crystals in which
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00:09:53,110 --> 00:09:57,780
always contain traces of radioactivity
50 years later.
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00:10:02,880 --> 00:10:04,210
May 8, 1945,
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00:10:04,210 --> 00:10:08,630
Germany surrendered to Allied forces,
This puts an end to the war in Europe.
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00:10:09,130 --> 00:10:13,380
intelligence sources as
command of General Groves concluded
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00:10:13,390 --> 00:10:16,880
that Germany had not developed
the atomic bomb.
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00:10:17,130 --> 00:10:21,550
However, the war continued
in the Pacific...
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00:10:24,980 --> 00:10:28,820
Pearl Harbor forced the entry
É the United States at war.
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For three years, gaining ground
after each small victory,
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00:10:35,770 --> 00:10:37,930
our forces conducted
offensive
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00:10:37,980 --> 00:10:40,890
against the Empire
the Rising Sun.
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Gradually, island by island,
mile after mile,
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00:10:44,600 --> 00:10:47,610
and raids with more pressing,
combined Allied forces land,
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00:10:47,640 --> 00:10:51,520
sea and air, we
reached the border of the empire.
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00:10:51,880 --> 00:10:54,680
forcing them to retreat
until the end of 1945,
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00:10:54,720 --> 00:10:58,960
only the ramparts of the islands
Japanese remain to be destroyed.
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00:11:08,480 --> 00:11:10,740
À the coming campaign
most important of all:
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00:11:10,830 --> 00:11:16,680
the invasion of Japanese territory,
and face a desperate struggle.
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00:11:16,880 --> 00:11:20,660
fanatical enemy will not abandon
not until the last fighter
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00:11:20,700 --> 00:11:23,030
has not been removed from its
trench and killed.
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00:11:23,060 --> 00:11:26,780
As experience has shown
repeatedly.
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00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:32,280
Î the Tinian - South Pacific
has 2500 Km of Japan
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00:11:32,480 --> 00:11:36,220
Operating Base for
the mission of the 509th Squadron
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to launch the first bombs
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic
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VICTORY!
Japan surrenders
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00:14:08,880 --> 00:14:12,090
The uranium bomb,
called "Little Boy"
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00:14:12,160 --> 00:14:16,510
exploded over Hiroshima
at an altitude of 250 meters.
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00:14:16,620 --> 00:14:19,380
The altitude to achieve
maximum blast.
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00:14:19,880 --> 00:14:23,080
Three days later,
the implosion bomb "Fat Man"
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exploded over Nagasaki.
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00:14:32,970 --> 00:14:37,480
In Hiroshima 70,000 people
were killed or missing.
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00:14:37,940 --> 00:14:42,580
On its 90,000 buildings,
more than 60,000 were demolished.
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00:14:43,750 --> 00:14:48,390
The implosion bomb dropped on
Nagasaki took the lives of 42,000 people,
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and injured 40,000 others.
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00:14:52,630 --> 00:14:55,870
It destroyed 39% of
buildings in the city.
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00:14:56,800 --> 00:15:00,910
With a yield of 20 kilotons,
similar to that of Trinity,
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00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:04,510
this weapon will be considered
as a normal bomb,
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and serve as a model for
future nuclear weapons.
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- 11 months later -
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But our main objectives
are the warships.
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We try to first learn
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What types of ships, training
tactical and strategic needs
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of our own naval forces
who survive best
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00:15:28,860 --> 00:15:32,160
an attack with nuclear weapons
in case we need to cope.
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OPERATION CROSSROADS
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11 months after the bombing
Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
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the operation was conducted Crossroads
on Bikini Atoll
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4000km to the west of Hawaii.
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00:16:05,980 --> 00:16:07,320
The aim of the operation
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00:16:07,320 --> 00:16:10,880
was to test the effects of weapons
nuclear using two devices
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00:16:10,980 --> 00:16:14,570
similar in design to those
Trinity and Nagasaki.
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Their code names:
"Able" and "Baker".
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Able to be launched
from a B-29,
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while Baker was detonated
to 30 m below the water surface.
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00:16:28,080 --> 00:16:31,910
The fleet consisted of target
185 Japanese ships
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00:16:32,010 --> 00:16:34,030
German and American.
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From small amphibious craft
to battleships and aircraft carriers.
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The bomb will not start a
chain reaction in water,
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converting it all to gas
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00:16:49,170 --> 00:16:53,030
and to ensure that all vessels,
of all the oceans, fall to the bottom.
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00:16:53,510 --> 00:16:55,730
It will not explode
the bottom of the ocean
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and bring down all the water
a hole in
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It will not destroy gravity.
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00:17:00,650 --> 00:17:04,380
I am not an "Atomic Playboy"
as one of my critics called me,
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00:17:04,580 --> 00:17:08,880
that these bombs would explode
to satisfy my personal whim.
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00:17:15,880 --> 00:17:20,900
Animals, plants, and similar agents
biological warfare were assembled
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00:17:20,980 --> 00:17:24,600
to study the effects of heat,
blast and radiation.
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00:18:54,380 --> 00:18:58,290
The bomb missed its target
of almost 750 meters
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00:18:58,350 --> 00:19:01,520
The explosion sent five ships,
including two destroyers,
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00:19:01,620 --> 00:19:03,740
the lake bottom of Bikini.
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00:19:04,040 --> 00:19:07,820
All vessels within 800m
were severely damaged.
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00:19:09,380 --> 00:19:11,820
But the damage was
far from those caused
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00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:16,220
by the underwater explosion
that followed, called Baker.
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00:19:59,850 --> 00:20:06,290
5, 4, 3, 2, 1,
fire.
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00:21:07,430 --> 00:21:11,150
Baker was an underwater explosion
Navy of the same device,
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00:21:11,220 --> 00:21:16,130
and caused much more damage
the fleet to 70 vessels.
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00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:18,810
For example, on the USS Saratoga
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00:21:18,920 --> 00:21:23,260
the shockwave submarine tore
the bottom of the hull of the boat.
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00:21:23,350 --> 00:21:29,890
Saratoga sank still lies
at the bottom of the sea from Bikini.
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00:21:29,950 --> 00:21:34,130
I flew several times
the site and on a clear,
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00:21:34,210 --> 00:21:38,640
if the water is calm,
you can still see the Saratoga.
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00:21:51,240 --> 00:21:53,630
The area around
the explosion of Baker
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00:21:53,720 --> 00:21:56,540
had become highly radioactive,
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00:21:56,630 --> 00:21:59,250
and could not be
approached for some time.
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00:22:00,670 --> 00:22:03,480
This effect was not expected,
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00:22:03,570 --> 00:22:06,590
and led to the decision
President Truman
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00:22:06,670 --> 00:22:11,820
to cancel a third nuclear test
deep called "Charlie."
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00:23:33,680 --> 00:23:36,640
Here the city of Los Alamos,
to 1500 meters.
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00:23:36,740 --> 00:23:38,110
The Atomic City .
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00:23:38,180 --> 00:23:41,910
is a modern city
created by É United States
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00:23:41,970 --> 00:23:45,590
as a research center
and development of nuclear weapons.
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00:23:47,460 --> 00:23:50,610
We are talking about a region
remote and primitive,
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00:23:50,700 --> 00:23:53,430
men must leave their homes
laboratories and their É States,
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00:23:53,490 --> 00:23:55,250
for a term which may
reach for months.
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00:23:55,300 --> 00:23:58,770
Since 1943, when
Los Alamos was founded,
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00:23:58,860 --> 00:24:02,650
these men left
É the continental limits of the United States
216
00:24:02,720 --> 00:24:04,860
to test weapons
they have created.
217
00:24:05,240 --> 00:24:07,710
Two years after
Operation Crossroads,
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00:24:07,790 --> 00:24:10,210
President Truman authorized
219
00:24:10,260 --> 00:24:12,760
to conduct the operation Sandstone.
220
00:24:13,690 --> 00:24:15,450
While the goal of Crossroads
221
00:24:15,520 --> 00:24:18,190
was to test the effect
nuclear weapons,
222
00:24:18,280 --> 00:24:22,570
Sandstone objective was to test
design new weapons.
223
00:24:22,650 --> 00:24:25,660
Plans for these weapons were
initiated several years earlier
224
00:24:25,730 --> 00:24:27,460
when researchers from Trinity
225
00:24:27,530 --> 00:24:31,220
have developed other models
experimental atomic weapons,
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00:24:31,300 --> 00:24:32,700
but were not sure of their success.
227
00:24:36,420 --> 00:24:40,040
A joint working group was created
to go back into the peaceful,
228
00:24:40,110 --> 00:24:44,160
and obtain the island of Enewetak,
300 km west of Bikini,
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00:24:44,240 --> 00:24:46,360
Crossroads which had taken place.
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00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:54,920
In early November, the first
Construction crews arrived
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00:24:54,970 --> 00:24:57,180
to remove all the vegetation of the island,
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00:24:57,220 --> 00:25:01,600
clean the area and dump
tonnes of asphalt for roads.
233
00:25:11,260 --> 00:25:15,480
In six months, the team built
temporary housing
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00:25:15,540 --> 00:25:20,310
for many scientists and military
necessary for the operation Sandstone.
235
00:25:20,760 --> 00:25:23,730
Perched on steel towers
60 meters high,
236
00:25:23,780 --> 00:25:28,330
the three devices used to Sandstone
employed a new technology
237
00:25:28,410 --> 00:25:30,980
to double the explosive power
of the bomb
238
00:25:31,050 --> 00:25:34,750
using the same amount of
plutonium spent in Nagasaki.
239
00:25:35,960 --> 00:25:38,380
This technology meets the requirements
Department of Defense
240
00:25:38,680 --> 00:25:40,180
create more effective bombs
241
00:25:40,280 --> 00:25:44,180
and increase the capacity of
store nuclear weapons.
242
00:26:47,580 --> 00:26:51,500
Radio controlled tanks,
guided by helicopter
243
00:26:51,570 --> 00:26:54,510
recovered samples
fission near "ground zero",
244
00:26:54,590 --> 00:26:58,080
for measuring the intensity of
neutrons and gamma rays.
245
00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:02,860
Radiochemical analysis
pulverized coral sand
246
00:27:02,920 --> 00:27:05,730
revealed the secrets
the nuclear reaction,
247
00:27:05,790 --> 00:27:09,740
and helped to determine the effectiveness of
bombs of new design.
248
00:27:09,820 --> 00:27:14,870
The results of Sandstone affectèrent
the design of future nuclear weapons,
249
00:27:14,940 --> 00:27:19,590
making the components 'Mark-3', used
for the production of Fat Man, obsolete.
250
00:27:19,650 --> 00:27:22,250
Designs 'Mark-4' and 'Mark-5'
251
00:27:22,350 --> 00:27:26,250
led to better performance and a
lighter weight for nuclear weapons.
252
00:27:26,630 --> 00:27:29,720
The division of the laboratory Z
Los Alamos National
253
00:27:29,810 --> 00:27:32,540
moved to the base has í Sand,
254
00:27:32,630 --> 00:27:37,190
located in Albuquerque, New Mexico,
near Kirtland Air Force Base.
255
00:27:37,270 --> 00:27:39,030
The main objective of the Sandia Base
256
00:27:39,100 --> 00:27:45,160
was the study and production of nuclear weapons
"Mobile" designed at Los Alamos.
257
00:27:46,410 --> 00:27:48,400
in October 1949,
258
00:27:48,500 --> 00:27:52,690
Western Electric contracted with
The Committee on Atomic Energy,
259
00:27:52,780 --> 00:27:57,360
agreement "no taxes, no profit"
to form the Sandia Corporation
260
00:27:57,440 --> 00:28:00,690
who took control
the basis of Los Alamos.
261
00:28:02,210 --> 00:28:04,570
Sandia has led to techniques
production lines
262
00:28:04,610 --> 00:28:07,380
and mass production
nuclear weapons,
263
00:28:07,430 --> 00:28:11,580
to increase the supply of arms
tactical and strategic nation.
264
00:28:18,520 --> 00:28:21,740
After returning from Bikini,
in public statements,
265
00:28:21,800 --> 00:28:25,100
interviews and published articles,
Admiral Blandey
266
00:28:25,170 --> 00:28:29,250
made important recommendations
on atomic bombs.
267
00:28:29,660 --> 00:28:34,750
It is essential that no other nation
takes the ascendancy over the United States É
268
00:28:34,820 --> 00:28:39,530
in the development, manufacture and
the use of tactical nuclear weapons.
269
00:28:39,740 --> 00:28:42,180
"TRUMAN SAYS RUSSIAN
HAVE A BOMB"
270
00:28:43,180 --> 00:28:47,880
"THE L É legislator TOLD OF SECRETS
AMERICAN FLIGHT É É AID S S HAVE THE RUSSIANS"
271
00:28:49,680 --> 00:28:54,750
On 29 August 1949, the Russians did
exploded their first atomic bomb.
272
00:28:54,830 --> 00:28:57,030
This event,
which took place five years earlier
273
00:28:57,080 --> 00:28:59,200
than anyone in the west
have been expected,
274
00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:02,180
was largely responsible
a man, Klaus Fuchs.
275
00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:06,680
Fuchs, a physicist at Los Alamos,
spent blueprints
276
00:29:06,780 --> 00:29:09,620
the design of
Trinity to the Russians.
277
00:29:09,700 --> 00:29:14,380
With the emergence of the USSR
as a nuclear rival in 1949,
278
00:29:14,460 --> 00:29:17,180
É the United States were convinced
have good reasons
279
00:29:17,280 --> 00:29:20,220
increase their programs
nuclear testing.
280
00:29:20,280 --> 00:29:23,270
It was very expensive and it
involved a lot of logistics
281
00:29:23,300 --> 00:29:25,500
perform operations
in the Pacific.
282
00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:31,790
In this and in January 1951, the United States É
inaugurated the test area of?? Nevada,
283
00:29:32,920 --> 00:29:35,250
we now call
"The Nevada Test Site"
284
00:29:35,300 --> 00:29:38,470
which is located approximately 100 km
north of Las Vegas.
285
00:29:39,480 --> 00:29:42,080
Before you can test the
Weapons of Operation Greenhouse,
286
00:29:42,130 --> 00:29:44,350
the operation was performed Ranger
287
00:29:44,400 --> 00:29:47,780
during which five
new types of nuclear weapons
288
00:29:47,830 --> 00:29:51,550
were launched on
new test area.
289
00:31:48,280 --> 00:31:50,570
First explosion É to United States
from Trinity.
290
00:31:50,790 --> 00:31:54,060
With the confidence of having
The new weapons in hand,
291
00:31:54,120 --> 00:31:59,460
Operation Greenhouse was
conducted in Spring 1951.
292
00:31:59,550 --> 00:32:02,660
4 launches took place
Greenhouse during the operation.
293
00:32:02,740 --> 00:32:05,400
One of them, "Easy"
294
00:32:05,470 --> 00:32:09,070
a structural test was controlled
by the Ministry of Defence.
295
00:32:09,140 --> 00:32:14,440
A nuclear device of 47
kilotonnes was placed on a tower,
296
00:32:14,520 --> 00:32:19,240
which blew many buildings,
that had been built
297
00:32:19,320 --> 00:32:23,860
to test the survivability
in a nuclear environment.
298
00:33:09,280 --> 00:33:13,180
Test structural effects.
299
00:33:16,480 --> 00:33:21,590
The fourth test of the operation
Greenhouse testing was "Item".
300
00:33:21,680 --> 00:33:25,200
A trial approximately 45.5 kilotonnes
301
00:33:25,290 --> 00:33:31,990
in which tritium was burned
in the center of the nuclear explosion.
302
00:33:32,080 --> 00:33:40,080
And this process, placing the center of tritium
of nuclear weapons is called "Boosting".
303
00:33:40,220 --> 00:33:47,180
We increased the yield
from 20 to 45.5 kilotonnes,
304
00:33:47,240 --> 00:33:50,640
more than double,
through this process.
305
00:33:50,710 --> 00:33:55,540
A very important feature
to increase the storage capacity
306
00:33:55,620 --> 00:33:59,580
nuclear weapons of É United States
at that time.
307
00:34:40,580 --> 00:34:44,580
First test of the principle "Boosting"
308
00:34:46,280 --> 00:34:50,580
Another event of Greenhouse
was the event called "George."
309
00:34:50,670 --> 00:34:55,970
George was a huge weapon
of 225 kilotons
310
00:34:56,060 --> 00:35:00,480
which was used to burn
a capsule deuterium.
311
00:35:00,570 --> 00:35:06,170
This was the first experience with weapon
Thermonuclear we conducted.
312
00:36:46,580 --> 00:36:51,580
HYDROGEN BOMB À È DO
313
00:36:54,190 --> 00:36:57,500
Several people have mentioned, we
have discussed many times.
314
00:36:57,550 --> 00:37:02,570
À the end of the war, most
people wanted to stop, but not me.
315
00:37:02,640 --> 00:37:04,840
Because there was a more
extensive knowledge in the key.
316
00:37:04,860 --> 00:37:08,190
And in uncertain times
was to come,
317
00:37:08,390 --> 00:37:11,440
with dangerous men
the world as Stalin
318
00:37:11,480 --> 00:37:14,550
and our incomplete knowledge,
319
00:37:14,610 --> 00:37:18,190
I thought it was necessary
to learn more.
320
00:37:18,250 --> 00:37:22,880
Among all who knew
along the hydrogen bomb,
321
00:37:22,960 --> 00:37:25,930
I was his only supporter.
322
00:37:25,990 --> 00:37:28,620
And that is why I
given my contribution.
323
00:37:28,670 --> 00:37:31,450
Not that I invented,
others have done,
324
00:37:31,520 --> 00:37:34,440
and others in a common
Soviet did,
325
00:37:34,490 --> 00:37:40,470
but I was the person
who has knowledge
326
00:37:40,550 --> 00:37:45,610
and the availability of such knowledge
above all.
327
00:37:45,670 --> 00:37:50,500
And I must say that
it has pleased Trueman,
328
00:37:50,550 --> 00:37:52,740
, and he made the right decision.
329
00:37:52,790 --> 00:37:56,890
"Truman approves
the hydrogen bomb "
330
00:37:59,890 --> 00:38:02,950
Welcome aboard
USS Estes.
331
00:38:03,130 --> 00:38:07,890
As you may know,
Estes is the command ship
332
00:38:07,960 --> 00:38:11,070
the joint working group "1-42".
333
00:38:11,120 --> 00:38:14,570
We are just minutes
the first explosion, "Mike"
334
00:38:14,620 --> 00:38:16,330
Operation Ivy.
335
00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:20,430
59 minutes to be exact.
336
00:38:21,260 --> 00:38:24,050
We are here since dawn,
337
00:38:24,100 --> 00:38:28,090
and we talked all night
wee hours of the morning.
338
00:38:33,130 --> 00:38:34,610
As you can imagine,
339
00:38:34,660 --> 00:38:38,040
emotions are very strong
right now.
340
00:38:38,100 --> 00:38:40,050
And there are reasons for this.
341
00:38:40,110 --> 00:38:42,520
If all goes as planned,
342
00:38:42,580 --> 00:38:45,210
we shall see
The most powerful explosion
343
00:38:45,290 --> 00:38:47,460
never caused on
the surface of the earth.
344
00:38:47,510 --> 00:38:49,390
Island test "Mike"
345
00:38:49,490 --> 00:38:53,910
is located in the north
of Enewetak Atoll.
346
00:38:53,960 --> 00:38:57,470
À about 40 km of the islands
Parry and Enewetak.
347
00:38:57,520 --> 00:39:00,680
The two islands at the base of this
test area in the atolls.
348
00:39:02,500 --> 00:39:04,440
The three islands that make up
the test site
349
00:39:04,480 --> 00:39:06,230
have been connected by bridges,
350
00:39:06,290 --> 00:39:10,820
constructed to facilitate
the displacement of an island to each other,
351
00:39:10,900 --> 00:39:14,120
and to serve as a platform
for some of the instruments.
352
00:39:15,870 --> 00:39:21,240
On the island "Mike" was the cab,
or the building housing the device.
353
00:39:22,260 --> 00:39:25,510
The device "Mike" was called
the "wet bomb"
354
00:39:25,570 --> 00:39:28,130
because he used
liquid hydrogen isotopes
355
00:39:28,190 --> 00:39:30,570
to create the thermonuclear reaction.
356
00:39:30,620 --> 00:39:32,910
This made the device
very impressive,
357
00:39:32,970 --> 00:39:38,180
it weighed 62 tons which made
impractical as throwing weapon.
358
00:39:38,260 --> 00:39:41,530
A wood tube
Zero was the island,
359
00:39:41,580 --> 00:39:44,150
along the road,
to a detection station
360
00:39:44,150 --> 00:39:47,730
located on the farthest island,
361
00:39:47,800 --> 00:39:50,180
Cu tube was filled with helium,
362
00:39:50,270 --> 00:39:52,420
to allow radiation
fatal to travel
363
00:39:52,490 --> 00:39:54,940
more rapidly to
the detection station,
364
00:39:55,010 --> 00:39:57,960
before the island is
consumed by the fireball.
365
00:40:03,010 --> 00:40:04,960
You have a seat in the grandstand
366
00:40:05,030 --> 00:40:08,450
for one of the most important moments
in the history of science.
367
00:40:08,520 --> 00:40:13,510
In less than a minute you
see the most powerful explosion
368
00:40:13,570 --> 00:40:15,750
ever seen by man.
369
00:40:16,750 --> 00:40:20,050
The explosion will appear on the horizon
more or less there.
370
00:40:20,650 --> 00:40:23,420
And what is the importance of the moment:
371
00:40:23,480 --> 00:40:28,240
this is the first large trial
a hydrogen weapon.
372
00:40:28,290 --> 00:40:32,920
If the reaction occurs, we
entering the thermonuclear age.
373
00:40:33,840 --> 00:40:37,720
For the good of us all,
and that of our country,
374
00:40:37,790 --> 00:40:41,390
I know you join me in
This expedition is a success.
375
00:40:41,490 --> 00:40:44,500
30 seconds until time zero
376
00:40:44,560 --> 00:40:47,260
Wear eye protection
or look away.
377
00:40:47,330 --> 00:40:50,000
Do not remove the protection or
do not watch the explosion
378
00:40:50,060 --> 00:40:53,890
for 10 seconds
after the first light.
379
00:41:04,490 --> 00:41:05,490
Least 15 seconds.
380
00:41:14,990 --> 00:41:16,490
Less 10 seconds.
381
00:41:17,490 --> 00:41:20,490
Nine, eight, seven, six
five...
382
00:42:08,830 --> 00:42:14,830
First hydrogen bomb
large-scale
383
00:42:31,390 --> 00:42:33,940
2-6 approach "Ground Zero".
384
00:42:34,920 --> 00:42:36,600
I head Bogoni.
385
00:42:37,810 --> 00:42:42,490
station detection bogon
seems to be in good condition.
386
00:42:43,190 --> 00:42:45,860
visual signals to indicate
the tunnel wood
387
00:42:45,920 --> 00:42:49,290
All the islands of the test
seem to have been swept away.
388
00:42:49,370 --> 00:42:51,800
Elugelab has completely disappeared.
389
00:42:51,870 --> 00:42:56,360
There is nothing more than water
and what looks like a deep crater.
390
00:42:58,290 --> 00:43:00,990
THE BATTLEFIELD AREA NUCL É
391
00:43:04,290 --> 00:43:07,750
In the spring of 1953,
Commission for Nuclear Energy
392
00:43:07,820 --> 00:43:12,520
and the Department of Defense has made
11 nuclear tests in Nevada
393
00:43:12,580 --> 00:43:15,480
under the code name
"Upshot-Knothole."
394
00:43:15,990 --> 00:43:20,340
The Upshot-Knothole objective was to
test new nuclear weapons,
395
00:43:20,410 --> 00:43:22,470
improve tactics of combat,
396
00:43:22,550 --> 00:43:26,800
and study the needs of defense
civil case of Soviet attack.
397
00:43:26,880 --> 00:43:33,960
The first event, called "Encore",
was a 27 kiloton weapon
398
00:43:34,030 --> 00:43:37,310
launched from an aircraft and
landed at an altitude of approximately 850m
399
00:43:37,390 --> 00:43:39,540
over a wide line
deflagration.
400
00:43:39,610 --> 00:43:43,850
The second explosion of the Ministry
of Defense, called "Grable"
401
00:43:43,920 --> 00:43:46,880
exploded in the same region,
402
00:43:46,960 --> 00:43:51,900
and was launched by the new
cannon artillery of the army.
403
00:43:51,980 --> 00:43:59,810
A 280mm projectile was launched
and exploded in the same area
404
00:43:59,870 --> 00:44:06,450
with a power of about 15 kilotons,
at an altitude of approximately 150 meters.
405
00:44:06,550 --> 00:44:10,680
The least powerful,
15 kilotons to 150 meters,
406
00:44:10,760 --> 00:44:13,950
produced a much greater destruction
407
00:44:14,050 --> 00:44:19,980
that the higher power device,
Still, 27 kilotonnes of 850m.
408
00:44:20,050 --> 00:44:23,090
This is because less energy
low-lying
409
00:44:23,150 --> 00:44:27,930
produces a shock wave abnormal
we now call "Pre Crusher"
410
00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:30,810
that generates very violent
wind dynamic
411
00:44:30,870 --> 00:44:35,850
generating for the target
very serious damage.
412
00:44:35,900 --> 00:44:41,370
For example, a Jeep on the ground, had
not damaged especially with Encore,
413
00:44:41,740 --> 00:44:45,970
but with Grable and
effect "Pre Crusher"
414
00:44:46,030 --> 00:44:49,240
the same jeep was
broken into pieces,
415
00:44:49,320 --> 00:44:54,180
and thrown out on
a distance of 150 meters.
416
00:44:54,250 --> 00:44:58,530
There are many other features
these two launches,
417
00:44:58,600 --> 00:45:02,090
but they opened a whole new view
418
00:45:02,160 --> 00:45:07,050
on how to use weapons
nuclear in a combat situation.
419
00:47:38,840 --> 00:47:40,990
THE SAFETY S É É IS COMMON SENSE!
420
00:47:41,290 --> 00:47:44,270
Common sense tells them that
it's dangerous and stupid.
421
00:47:44,340 --> 00:47:46,500
You would not want to risk your life
in a stunt like this.
422
00:47:46,590 --> 00:47:51,120
Common sense tells us that to be pulled
by a gun is a risky business.
423
00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:53,690
Common sense tells you not to
distraction on an airfield
424
00:47:53,730 --> 00:47:56,160
with propellers and engines
in reaction activity.
425
00:47:56,240 --> 00:47:58,910
handling dynamite
seems too dangerous.
426
00:47:58,980 --> 00:48:01,010
But is routine
daily for men
427
00:48:01,070 --> 00:48:03,990
because they observe the instructions
safety based on common sense.
428
00:48:04,030 --> 00:48:06,920
But sometimes we forget that sometimes
breaches of security
429
00:48:07,020 --> 00:48:08,720
can also be dangerous.
430
00:48:08,760 --> 00:48:12,810
If confidential information
these test missions fall into enemy hands,
431
00:48:12,850 --> 00:48:15,380
the consequences would be
disastrous for us all,
432
00:48:15,430 --> 00:48:18,240
individually and collectively
as a nation.
433
00:48:18,310 --> 00:48:20,780
Safety is just
common sense.
434
00:48:20,860 --> 00:48:22,130
Do not take chances!
435
00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:23,480
É Avoid talking too much!
436
00:48:23,510 --> 00:48:25,620
Store safely
confidential information
437
00:48:25,690 --> 00:48:28,100
Immediately report
security breaches.
438
00:48:28,150 --> 00:48:30,160
Early intervention can
prevent a minor incident
439
00:48:30,200 --> 00:48:32,370
becomes a serious problem.
440
00:48:32,440 --> 00:48:35,710
É Avoid writing about
confidential documents at home.
441
00:48:35,790 --> 00:48:38,950
Make sure your safety!
Do not be careless!
442
00:48:40,070 --> 00:48:42,610
I hate careless people...
443
00:48:46,590 --> 00:48:48,290
THE GREATEST
444
00:48:48,340 --> 00:48:50,090
Work on Cluster
high-power hydrogen
445
00:48:50,140 --> 00:48:51,870
had increased since
Operation Ivy,
446
00:48:51,940 --> 00:48:56,220
culminating in spring 1954
with the operation "Castle Bravo".
447
00:48:56,310 --> 00:49:01,880
The most powerful device detonated
in the atmosphere by É United States.
448
00:49:03,480 --> 00:49:08,030
Bravo was a hydrogen bomb that
uses solid thermonuclear fuel,
449
00:49:08,080 --> 00:49:11,940
confirming the designs
Edward Teller and Stan Ulam
450
00:49:12,010 --> 00:49:16,290
paving the way for bomb production
Hydrogen transportable by air
451
00:49:16,350 --> 00:49:18,380
and more effective weapons.
452
00:49:18,950 --> 00:49:20,990
CAPACITY OF ATOMIC WEAPONS É S
453
00:49:21,090 --> 00:49:24,090
MANUAL SUPER EFFECTS
454
00:51:39,090 --> 00:51:43,090
The more powerful engine
Thermonuclear É of the United States.
455
00:51:44,090 --> 00:51:48,270
Far exceeding the power
provided 2.5 times,
456
00:51:48,340 --> 00:51:51,990
Castle Bravo, with a power
15 megatons of explosive
457
00:51:52,070 --> 00:51:54,340
completely shaved
vegetation of the island,
458
00:51:54,410 --> 00:51:57,490
and took scientists
by surprise.
459
00:51:59,090 --> 00:52:03,090
The huge explosion sent large
amounts of radioactive waste
460
00:52:03,140 --> 00:52:04,960
into the atmosphere.
461
00:52:05,010 --> 00:52:09,030
This led to exposure and
contamination of certain employees,
462
00:52:09,090 --> 00:52:11,550
of local populations and crew
a Japanese fishing boat
463
00:52:11,600 --> 00:52:15,160
who had entered the area
security without being detected.
464
00:52:16,780 --> 00:52:20,660
This incident clearly
revealed to the public
465
00:52:20,660 --> 00:52:22,890
the dangers of fallout
nuclear weapons.
466
00:53:07,090 --> 00:53:09,090
H BOMB EXPLOSION OF A RUSSIAN
467
00:53:09,290 --> 00:53:10,550
be clear,
468
00:53:10,610 --> 00:53:13,940
the threat of a war with bombs
Hydrogen is the greatest danger
469
00:53:14,010 --> 00:53:16,020
that our nation has ever known.
470
00:53:16,110 --> 00:53:20,710
bombers loaded with weapons
Nuclear can use various ways
471
00:53:20,760 --> 00:53:25,120
and drop bombs on
main targets of É United States.
472
00:53:26,300 --> 00:53:29,240
The threat of destruction
has affected our lifestyle
473
00:53:29,290 --> 00:53:32,940
in every town and every village
from coast to coast.
474
00:53:33,120 --> 00:53:35,430
These are the signs
of our time.
475
00:53:40,090 --> 00:53:44,260
This is just a sham,
a test, a training exercise.
476
00:53:44,870 --> 00:53:48,350
But tomorrow, the siren could
mean something real.
477
00:53:49,210 --> 00:53:52,220
And if you hear it, when
you drive your car,
478
00:53:52,270 --> 00:53:55,880
while sitting at your desk,
or when working in your agency,
479
00:53:55,940 --> 00:53:59,890
wherever you are,
what will you do?
480
00:53:59,930 --> 00:54:02,820
What will happen to you?
481
00:54:03,790 --> 00:54:06,170
Let hat on the back,
so that we can well see,
482
00:54:06,220 --> 00:54:07,780
I ask for
a very personal matter.
483
00:54:07,790 --> 00:54:08,810
How old are you?
484
00:54:08,860 --> 00:54:12,620
I'm 65 on my next
anniversary. It's sad to say.
485
00:54:13,220 --> 00:54:15,660
This makes you the oldest,
but also the youngest,
486
00:54:15,740 --> 00:54:18,290
observers of our trench
487
00:54:18,350 --> 00:54:20,300
Here at "Ground Zero".
488
00:54:20,330 --> 00:54:22,140
There is a lovely lady
who stands behind you.
489
00:54:22,170 --> 00:54:23,420
I wonder if I can
talk to her?
490
00:54:23,440 --> 00:54:25,790
I would also have
a female response.
491
00:54:25,820 --> 00:54:28,060
This is Helen Leininger
of the City of New York.
492
00:54:28,190 --> 00:54:30,440
Helen, how long
did you wait?
493
00:54:30,500 --> 00:54:33,190
Oh, about eight days.
494
00:54:33,240 --> 00:54:34,810
- Eight... Nine days!
- Nine days!
495
00:54:34,850 --> 00:54:36,110
if we calculate correctly.
496
00:54:36,160 --> 00:54:37,990
Okay, I think it's best
back to Hill Media
497
00:54:38,040 --> 00:54:40,940
and see what happens,
if we are close to the time H.
498
00:54:41,010 --> 00:54:46,680
Leroy the big story that we
see here in the hill Media
499
00:54:46,740 --> 00:54:48,330
This is the story of Civil Defense,
500
00:54:48,380 --> 00:54:51,890
and force history
Military armored vehicles,
501
00:54:51,940 --> 00:54:54,000
tanks and personnel transport.
502
00:54:54,040 --> 00:54:57,460
Leroy, I want to be on the air
for all to see
503
00:54:57,540 --> 00:54:59,370
split screen we have here,
504
00:54:59,440 --> 00:55:01,720
using not only the cameras
who are here at Hill Media
505
00:55:01,790 --> 00:55:03,360
but also those
with you in the trenches.
506
00:55:03,420 --> 00:55:05,070
Come in split screen.
507
00:55:05,110 --> 00:55:07,930
In few seconds you me
will take this position...
508
00:55:08,010 --> 00:55:09,640
what you see behind me.
509
00:55:09,690 --> 00:55:11,720
Look down
in this position.
510
00:55:11,760 --> 00:55:14,410
I will protect my eyes
against flying debris.
511
00:55:14,480 --> 00:55:16,470
I put the helmet on his head,
512
00:55:16,530 --> 00:55:18,650
to protect myself against
falling rocks.
513
00:55:18,710 --> 00:55:22,840
All right. Good luck, Roy. Let me
to explain something on the screen.
514
00:55:22,890 --> 00:55:25,210
The portion of the screen where I
515
00:55:25,270 --> 00:55:29,030
represents 1.6 km on your camera,
the other party is 3.2 km
516
00:55:29,120 --> 00:55:32,050
We now turn to a
another room, I leave you.
517
00:55:32,130 --> 00:55:36,830
Ten, nine, eight, seven, six
518
00:55:36,910 --> 00:55:42,890
five, four, three,
two, one, zero.
519
00:55:46,300 --> 00:55:51,310
The shock wave reaches the area of
checkpoint in about 30 seconds.
520
00:56:44,290 --> 00:56:47,090
800 km off the coast
San Diego, California
521
00:56:49,090 --> 00:56:51,000
Nearly nine years had passed
522
00:56:51,080 --> 00:56:53,570
since the cancellation
of underwater tests
523
00:56:53,630 --> 00:56:55,420
Operation Crossroads.
524
00:56:56,240 --> 00:57:00,460
This test was finally realized,
Operating under the name "Wigwam."
525
00:57:04,690 --> 00:57:08,020
At 800 km off the coast
San Diego, California
526
00:57:08,090 --> 00:57:11,490
a 30 kiloton nuclear device
was suspended from a cable
527
00:57:11,590 --> 00:57:14,500
to 600 meters deep
as a manned barge.
528
00:57:14,750 --> 00:57:17,110
A towing cable
10 km long
529
00:57:17,200 --> 00:57:19,280
extends from the barge.
530
00:57:20,530 --> 00:57:22,050
Suspended from the cable,
531
00:57:22,100 --> 00:57:25,640
there were three submarines
Unmanned called "squaws."
532
00:57:29,810 --> 00:57:32,810
Apparatus and instruments
were placed in each submarine
533
00:57:32,840 --> 00:57:35,720
to record the effects
of the nuclear explosion.
534
00:57:44,480 --> 00:57:46,150
The aim of the operation
535
00:57:46,240 --> 00:57:49,400
was to determine the kill zone
for an enemy submarine
536
00:57:49,500 --> 00:57:52,330
in front of a nuclear
firing in depth.
537
00:58:00,590 --> 00:58:03,600
25 seconds until
zero time.
538
00:58:09,430 --> 00:58:12,480
20 seconds until
zero time.
539
00:58:21,280 --> 00:58:24,300
15 seconds until
zero time.
540
00:58:28,290 --> 00:58:35,280
Ten, nine, eight, seven, six,
541
00:58:35,410 --> 00:58:42,820
five, four, three, two, one...
542
00:59:23,590 --> 00:59:25,450
OPERATION REDWING
543
00:59:25,490 --> 00:59:28,690
The test area Pacific
17 nuclear tests.
544
00:59:30,590 --> 00:59:33,970
Operation Redwing was conducted
the Pacific.
545
00:59:34,040 --> 00:59:38,180
Primarily for testing weapons
thermonuclear high power.
546
00:59:41,440 --> 00:59:45,740
Seven months before Redwing,
the Soviet Union has demonstrated
547
00:59:45,800 --> 00:59:48,090
the ability to drop
thermonuclear weapons
548
00:59:48,130 --> 00:59:49,590
from strategic bombers,
549
00:59:49,650 --> 00:59:52,060
tipping the balance of power
in their favor.
550
00:59:52,930 --> 00:59:57,270
The event will be the first Cherokee
launch by a U.S. plane
551
00:59:57,320 --> 00:59:59,380
of a thermonuclear bomb.
552
01:00:00,290 --> 01:00:04,870
This weapon will explode with
a power of 3.5 megatons.
553
01:00:04,960 --> 01:00:08,710
Nearly 200 times the power
the Trinity bomb.
554
01:00:35,590 --> 01:00:39,470
Cherokee: First H-bomb
dropped from an American plane
555
01:00:39,500 --> 01:00:41,620
Power: 3.8 Megatons.
556
01:00:48,390 --> 01:00:50,820
The craters
explosions of high power
557
01:00:50,910 --> 01:00:54,780
began to affect
test on the islands of the Pacific.
558
01:00:54,900 --> 01:00:58,430
The buildings of the test site
Pacific disappeared
559
01:00:58,530 --> 01:01:00,190
and available land became scarce.
560
01:01:00,280 --> 01:01:04,530
The barges were increasingly
used as a means of transportation
561
01:01:04,600 --> 01:01:08,420
cheap to deliver bombs
thermonuclear detonation on the high seas.
562
01:01:28,640 --> 01:01:32,720
Many of these tests documenting
a growing concern...
563
01:01:33,850 --> 01:01:38,090
THE EFFECTS OF RADIATION
AND RETOMB É ES
564
01:01:39,690 --> 01:01:41,770
A special phase of the study,
565
01:01:41,820 --> 01:01:45,340
is the amount of radiation
which pass through the human body.
566
01:01:45,400 --> 01:01:48,320
This requires tools
adequate in the stomach.
567
01:01:48,410 --> 01:01:51,850
A small capsule is designed
with a series of films,
568
01:01:51,910 --> 01:01:54,350
alternating with
spaces and dividers.
569
01:01:56,190 --> 01:02:00,830
fixed to a cord and covered
with paraffin, the capsule is swallowed.
570
01:02:02,990 --> 01:02:07,360
end of the cord out of the mouth,
for the capsule can be recovered
571
01:02:07,440 --> 01:02:10,380
after exposure and
measuring radiation.
572
01:02:13,510 --> 01:02:16,390
Gamma rays can cause
damage in two different ways,
573
01:02:16,460 --> 01:02:18,070
or both.
574
01:02:18,170 --> 01:02:20,960
First, they can
directly destroy tissue,
575
01:02:21,030 --> 01:02:23,980
over time and eventually
cause the development of cancer.
576
01:02:24,040 --> 01:02:27,390
The particles of interest
in particular have a life
577
01:02:27,440 --> 01:02:29,540
ranging from a few years
thousands of years.
578
01:02:30,090 --> 01:02:33,130
They can not cause damage,
unless they are introduced
579
01:02:33,150 --> 01:02:35,990
in our body through food,
or water or the air we breathe.
580
01:02:36,020 --> 01:02:39,620
examine the results of a
powerful thermonuclear explosion
581
01:02:39,680 --> 01:02:42,800
area test of Pacific
in the Marshall Islands,
582
01:02:42,870 --> 01:02:44,830
to 11 degrees north of the equator.
583
01:02:44,880 --> 01:02:48,470
huge cloud rises,
through the troposphere,
584
01:02:48,520 --> 01:02:53,610
and finally disperses and stabilizes
at an altitude of 23,000 meters,
585
01:02:53,690 --> 01:02:56,090
fully in the layer
the stratosphere.
586
01:02:56,150 --> 01:03:00,760
This brings us to most discussed
fission products, strontium-90.
587
01:03:00,860 --> 01:03:04,680
Chemically similar to calcium
found in the soil,
588
01:03:04,750 --> 01:03:07,770
strontium-90 following calcium
through regular cycles,
589
01:03:07,810 --> 01:03:09,200
in our plant foods
590
01:03:09,250 --> 01:03:13,090
and bones, meat and milk
our grazing animals.
591
01:03:13,190 --> 01:03:16,660
After reaching the body,
strontium-90, such as calcium,
592
01:03:16,730 --> 01:03:19,200
tends to concentrate in the bones,
593
01:03:19,300 --> 01:03:22,180
especially those of children
who develop new bone.
594
01:03:22,290 --> 01:03:25,980
The removal of strontium-90 has a
very limited scope in the body,
595
01:03:26,050 --> 01:03:29,340
it is not a threat to
Genetics of reproductive cells.
596
01:03:29,420 --> 01:03:32,690
But it is a threat to
bone marrow and bone
597
01:03:32,720 --> 01:03:35,640
in the form of leukemia
or bone cancer.
598
01:03:41,250 --> 01:03:46,930
If this happens, it would be a tragedy for those
involved, even if they are few.
599
01:03:47,020 --> 01:03:51,290
Whether a statistically
minimal casualties may be warranted
600
01:03:51,350 --> 01:03:54,770
is a personal evaluation
beyond the scope of the report.
601
01:03:54,820 --> 01:03:58,920
Each citizen must be
its own assessment.
602
01:03:59,300 --> 01:04:01,610
There are those who cry out loud
603
01:04:01,680 --> 01:04:04,220
that there is absolutely no
real threat to the free world
604
01:04:04,300 --> 01:04:08,710
and certainly nothing that can justify
nuclear tests or nuclear weapons.
605
01:04:08,790 --> 01:04:12,400
Those who think otherwise say
development of the nuclear force
606
01:04:12,470 --> 01:04:14,370
protection is
absolutely necessary
607
01:04:14,370 --> 01:04:17,320
against the hostility of communism
and the nuclear threat.
608
01:04:17,390 --> 01:04:21,210
In this perspective, victims
nuclear fallout, if any,
609
01:04:21,290 --> 01:04:24,550
would be considered
of the Unknowns
610
01:04:24,650 --> 01:04:26,290
the service of humanity.
611
01:04:26,340 --> 01:04:29,710
Anonymous soldiers in a war
that would never have begun,
612
01:04:29,790 --> 01:04:33,620
and that our nuclear power can
mean it will never happen.
613
01:04:35,080 --> 01:04:40,310
À the fall of 1957, with a moratorium
on tests looming on the horizon,
614
01:04:40,390 --> 01:04:44,190
24 nuclear tests were
conducted in the Nevada desert
615
01:04:44,260 --> 01:04:47,340
Operating under the name "Plumbbob".
616
01:04:47,400 --> 01:04:51,470
During Plumbob, the event "Hood"
became the most powerful test
617
01:04:51,540 --> 01:04:55,910
ever made in the atmosphere
of the continental United States É.
618
01:04:55,980 --> 01:04:59,000
Hood, a 74 kiloton device,
619
01:04:59,070 --> 01:05:03,210
was suspended at 500 m above
the desert floor in a ball.
620
01:05:09,980 --> 01:05:12,680
As new models of weapons
continued to be tested,
621
01:05:12,740 --> 01:05:15,260
the Ministry of Defence
tests used
622
01:05:15,310 --> 01:05:18,440
to accelerate the military training
in the nuclear battlefield,
623
01:05:18,520 --> 01:05:22,700
while pursuing the study of
effects of nuclear explosions.
624
01:07:55,320 --> 01:08:01,000
The 21st test conducted during the operation
Plumbbob the event was "Rainier."
625
01:08:01,080 --> 01:08:07,520
It was the first explosion completely
led underground by É United States.
626
01:08:07,600 --> 01:08:12,990
The device exploded three kilotons
240m to under Mount Rainier,
627
01:08:13,060 --> 01:08:17,380
spraying of the powder of rock
within 30 meters.
628
01:08:17,440 --> 01:08:21,860
This technology will be of great importance
after the Treaty of restriction tests
629
01:08:21,940 --> 01:08:25,520
banning all nuclear tests,
except underground
630
01:08:25,600 --> 01:08:29,340
and to hide future experiments
from prying eyes.
631
01:08:42,160 --> 01:08:47,120
During Operation Hardtack, the United States É
detonated 35 nuclear devices,
632
01:08:47,190 --> 01:08:50,730
as well as in all previous tests
the Pacific.
633
01:08:53,770 --> 01:08:57,440
So far, nuclear testing
were seen largely
634
01:08:57,490 --> 01:08:58,970
practice as intimidation,
635
01:08:59,020 --> 01:09:01,110
increasing international tensions
636
01:09:01,180 --> 01:09:04,200
that could lead
a nuclear war.
637
01:09:13,420 --> 01:09:14,960
Against the increasing pressure,
638
01:09:15,040 --> 01:09:18,620
the U.S. Government believed
although the weapons are essential,
639
01:09:18,670 --> 01:09:23,430
and they are the only counterweight to
increasing the number of Soviet soldiers.
640
01:09:23,920 --> 01:09:28,810
The Russians, having developed and finalized
a series of atmospheric tests,
641
01:09:28,890 --> 01:09:33,230
pretended to surrender
tests, knowing full well
642
01:09:33,300 --> 01:09:36,500
É the United States had undertaken
a major operation.
643
01:09:38,270 --> 01:09:42,450
Operations were conducted
Bikini and Enewetak in as before.
644
01:09:42,540 --> 01:09:47,370
And a new site was created
Hardtrack for the operation,
645
01:09:47,370 --> 01:09:49,740
Johnston Island.
646
01:09:49,790 --> 01:09:55,300
During testing, one of the events
significant event was the Cactus.
647
01:09:55,370 --> 01:09:58,630
It was a small device
18 kilotonnes of which produced
648
01:09:58,680 --> 01:10:03,110
a crater about 42m wide
and 11m deep.
649
01:10:03,520 --> 01:10:07,580
Many years later, in 1980,
all debris from the fission
650
01:10:07,640 --> 01:10:11,640
and radioactive materials that
were in the Enewetak Atoll
651
01:10:11,700 --> 01:10:15,380
were collected and disposed
in the crater of the bomb Cactus.
652
01:10:15,440 --> 01:10:19,270
Then we placed a concrete dome
on the crater
653
01:10:19,340 --> 01:10:23,770
to maintain and stabilize
radioactive materials.
654
01:10:23,820 --> 01:10:25,410
A year before Hardtack,
655
01:10:25,410 --> 01:10:29,660
the Soviets launched a small
satellite named "Sputnik-1."
656
01:10:29,720 --> 01:10:32,580
Concerned about the superiority
Soviet missiles,
657
01:10:32,650 --> 01:10:35,240
É the United States have made
their first two shots
658
01:10:35,280 --> 01:10:37,140
missiles at high altitudes,
659
01:10:37,210 --> 01:10:39,400
known under the names "Teac" and "Orange".
660
01:10:39,460 --> 01:10:41,700
Nuclear weapons from Teac and Orange
661
01:10:41,760 --> 01:10:44,820
were carried into space
by a Redstone rocket,
662
01:10:44,910 --> 01:10:47,290
developed by Wernher Von Braun.
663
01:10:47,350 --> 01:10:49,360
Von Braun and his team
have developed
664
01:10:49,410 --> 01:10:52,240
the V2 rocket for Germany
during World War II.
665
01:10:52,330 --> 01:10:55,050
The Redstone was considered
an extension of the technology
666
01:10:55,130 --> 01:10:57,080
the Second World War,
667
01:10:57,150 --> 01:10:58,760
and was limited in scope.
668
01:10:59,800 --> 01:11:02,200
Using liquid oxygen
as fuel,
669
01:11:02,270 --> 01:11:07,160
Redstone propelled its nuclear charge
in the upper atmosphere of Earth,
670
01:11:07,240 --> 01:11:09,760
and released for firing.
671
01:12:32,920 --> 01:12:36,370
Teac, with a power
of 3.8 megatonnes
672
01:12:36,440 --> 01:12:39,940
exploded about 80 km
of the surface of the Earth.
673
01:12:40,810 --> 01:12:44,980
The explosion created a violent disturbance
magnetic in the atmosphere
674
01:12:45,040 --> 01:12:49,010
called EMP or electromagnetic pulse.
675
01:12:49,100 --> 01:12:53,610
This silenced the
radios to nearly 8 hours,
676
01:12:53,670 --> 01:12:57,550
And damaged electrical circuits
from Hawaii to New Zealand.
677
01:13:02,030 --> 01:13:05,550
Immediately after the events
Teac Orange and the Pacific
678
01:13:05,630 --> 01:13:09,130
É the United States led
"Operation Argus".
679
01:13:09,210 --> 01:13:13,270
Three tests of missiles with warheads
from 1 kiloton in the South Atlantic.
680
01:13:19,690 --> 01:13:24,400
The experiment sought Argus
to create and explore the use
681
01:13:24,460 --> 01:13:26,660
of "traps" in radiation
the Van Allen belt of the Earth.
682
01:13:27,620 --> 01:13:30,470
Firing at 480 km above the Earth,
683
01:13:30,540 --> 01:13:33,970
experiment sought to create
a shield radioactive
684
01:13:34,040 --> 01:13:37,440
to prevent the execution of a
Soviet missile attack.
685
01:13:49,320 --> 01:13:53,420
These images, expanded by 16 mm
for your movie screen,
686
01:13:53,420 --> 01:13:57,210
are the first to show their hands
levees that made history in Russia.
687
01:13:57,300 --> 01:13:59,850
As testimony to the approval
Supreme Soviet
688
01:13:59,910 --> 01:14:02,640
ascension as prime
Minister Nikita Khrushchev.
689
01:14:02,690 --> 01:14:05,150
power that was held
earlier by Stalin.
690
01:14:05,210 --> 01:14:08,230
The free world expects
diplomatic treaties obvious.
691
01:14:08,290 --> 01:14:10,560
The first just
4 days later.
692
01:14:10,620 --> 01:14:14,130
Russia announces that it suspends
nuclear testing.
693
01:14:14,190 --> 01:14:18,000
É A statement that the United States
describe as propaganda exercise.
694
01:14:19,890 --> 01:14:22,280
É the United States are preparing,
695
01:14:22,350 --> 01:14:26,160
unless the Soviet Union
resume testing,
696
01:14:26,230 --> 01:14:32,110
Refer to other tests
atomic and hydrogen bombs
697
01:14:32,200 --> 01:14:37,300
over a period of 1 year from
the start of trading.
698
01:14:45,420 --> 01:14:49,420
IVAN (The Monstrous Bomb)
57 Megatons
699
01:14:50,620 --> 01:14:54,700
For two years, a moratorium
difficult on nuclear testing
700
01:14:54,790 --> 01:14:58,230
remains between the United States É
and the Soviet Union.
701
01:15:01,580 --> 01:15:04,400
In secret, the Soviets
began to design
702
01:15:04,450 --> 01:15:06,740
new weapons of mass destruction.
703
01:15:06,790 --> 01:15:10,030
Including a hydrogen bomb
of 57 megatons,
704
01:15:10,100 --> 01:15:13,620
the largest nuclear weapon ever created.
705
01:15:24,120 --> 01:15:27,310
This monstrous bomb
was a smaller version
706
01:15:27,370 --> 01:15:29,660
a model of 100 megatons,
707
01:15:29,730 --> 01:15:32,960
and could be transported
and launched from an aircraft.
708
01:16:25,620 --> 01:16:29,730
While we sit here,
Khrushchev detonated his bomb giant
709
01:16:29,770 --> 01:16:32,420
cynically ignoring the Organization
United Nations.
710
01:16:32,620 --> 01:16:34,920
Adlai Stevenson - Ambassador
U.S. to the UN (1961 - 1965)
711
01:16:35,020 --> 01:16:39,220
By this act, the Soviet Union
added insult to injury
712
01:16:39,270 --> 01:16:43,680
they broke the moratorium
on nuclear weapons testing
713
01:16:43,720 --> 01:16:47,570
they raised the air pollution
to new levels,
714
01:16:47,630 --> 01:16:52,820
they started a new race,
for more deadly weapons.
715
01:16:53,740 --> 01:16:57,560
They ignored calls
UN humanitarian
716
01:16:57,640 --> 01:17:00,410
and all peace-loving peoples.
717
01:17:00,490 --> 01:17:03,880
They have presented no
justification
718
01:17:03,930 --> 01:17:08,950
to detonate the weapon
monstrous is useless.
719
01:17:09,020 --> 01:17:11,750
They remained insensitive
720
01:17:11,820 --> 01:17:16,240
the dangers of radioactive fallout
for the human race.
721
01:17:16,320 --> 01:17:20,920
The Delegation of the United States É
deeply regrets
722
01:17:20,990 --> 01:17:24,510
contempt of this
world opinion.
723
01:17:24,580 --> 01:17:29,850
And we think that following these
discouraging events,
724
01:17:29,920 --> 01:17:33,950
other delegations should
express their views
725
01:17:34,020 --> 01:17:37,800
on these new
shocking and disturbing.
726
01:17:38,320 --> 01:17:44,280
Because today, Mr. President,
the world has taken a big step backwards,
727
01:17:44,320 --> 01:17:46,990
into anarchy and disaster.
728
01:17:47,050 --> 01:17:51,100
The Russians had broken
a voluntary moratorium.
729
01:17:51,180 --> 01:17:53,830
É the United States responded quickly
730
01:17:53,900 --> 01:17:58,230
by a wide range of weapons testing
in retaliation for a large scale.
731
01:18:11,920 --> 01:18:16,380
The tension rises when near
100 nuclear tests were conducted
732
01:18:16,450 --> 01:18:19,970
between the test area in Nevada
and the Pacific Ocean,
733
01:18:20,010 --> 01:18:24,790
under the code names Nougat,
Storax and Dominic.
734
01:18:43,920 --> 01:18:48,920
Testing the Polaris missile
Power: [Confidential]
735
01:18:52,920 --> 01:18:55,580
The primary importance
was uncertainty
736
01:18:55,640 --> 01:18:58,510
on weapon systems
offensive and defensive
737
01:18:58,570 --> 01:19:02,690
installed but not proven, since
the beginning of the voluntary moratorium.
738
01:19:19,920 --> 01:19:23,920
anti submarine weapon
Power: [Confidential]
739
01:19:24,520 --> 01:19:27,930
Operations resumed
on Johnston Island and Christmas Island
740
01:19:27,990 --> 01:19:30,030
during Operation Dominic.
741
01:19:30,640 --> 01:19:34,620
É the United States negotiated the use
Christmas Island with the British
742
01:19:34,700 --> 01:19:38,480
who used the island for
their own thermonuclear tests.
743
01:19:40,560 --> 01:19:46,020
Multi megaton bombs were loaded
on B-52 strategic bombers,
744
01:19:46,090 --> 01:19:51,290
sent from Hawaii, and release
on the southern tip of Christmas Island.
745
01:22:02,620 --> 01:22:06,000
The Ministry of Defence continued
its progress in space
746
01:22:06,060 --> 01:22:10,520
conducting five tests at high
altitude over Johnston Island.
747
01:22:10,560 --> 01:22:15,400
Most of these bombs were transported
Thor missiles by the U.S. Air Force,
748
01:22:15,450 --> 01:22:17,140
to continue research
749
01:22:17,180 --> 01:22:21,560
neutralization of warheads
enemy at high altitude.
750
01:22:23,010 --> 01:22:27,410
The nuclear weapons tests
had joined the space age.
751
01:25:06,920 --> 01:25:10,920
Kennedy signed the ban
nuclear tests.
752
01:25:12,720 --> 01:25:16,200
This small step towards safety
could be followed by other,
753
01:25:16,270 --> 01:25:18,200
longer and less limited
754
01:25:18,260 --> 01:25:20,930
but also more difficult to take.
755
01:25:20,990 --> 01:25:24,380
With our courage and understanding
reinforced by this success,
756
01:25:24,440 --> 01:25:29,990
supporting research on the willingness
man's essential for peace.
757
01:25:30,040 --> 01:25:34,050
As president of the United States and É
with the advice and consent of the Senate,
758
01:25:34,100 --> 01:25:38,500
I now sign the instruments
of ratification of this treaty.
759
01:25:38,540 --> 01:25:46,540
"Tightrope" was the last test
atmospheric É done by the United States.
760
01:25:47,620 --> 01:25:49,750
He was fired from Johnston Island
761
01:25:49,800 --> 01:25:53,100
a missile with "Nike-Hercules"
air defense,
762
01:25:53,150 --> 01:25:57,400
and was detonated at high altitude,
above Johnston Island.
763
01:25:57,450 --> 01:26:03,110
This put an end to the whole series
atmospheric testing of É United States,
764
01:26:03,160 --> 01:26:09,570
when in 1963 we have joined the treaty
Nuclear Test Ban
765
01:26:09,640 --> 01:26:14,180
which prohibits any atmospheric testing.
766
01:27:28,920 --> 01:27:35,920
Between 1945 and 1962, the United States have É
conducted 331 atmospheric nuclear tests.
767
01:27:36,920 --> 01:27:39,620
100 countries approved the treaty
Ban nuclear tests
768
01:27:39,720 --> 01:27:42,110
to end the threat
radioactive pollution
769
01:27:42,210 --> 01:27:44,620
resulting from atmospheric testing
770
01:27:45,020 --> 01:27:46,920
However...
771
01:27:49,020 --> 01:27:51,920
ONE YEAR LATER
66111
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