All language subtitles for الإنجليزية (تم إنشاؤها تلقائيًا)_en_0_the Linux File System explained in 1_233 seconds __ Linux for Hackers __ EP 2(1080P_HD)

welcome to linux for hackers and

everyone

because everyone needs to learn linux in

episode one we learned a lot if you

haven't seen it yet go check it out but

that sucker just scratched the surface

in episode two which is right now we're

going deeper we're going crazy

no time to waste let's start right now

[Music]

now just like episode one in the series

you're getting a free

linux lab to play with right now all

thanks to my sponsor

hack the box academy so if you haven't

already signed up link below i walk you

through it in episode 1

so go check that out and before we get

started have you hacked the youtube

algorithm today

like this video subscribe comment

notification bell let's hack youtube

today

ethically of course anyways

yeah let's get started

all right before we get started we'll

need two things first

coffee check got it next we'll need our

lab our linux lab

free from hack the box academy go to get

logged in right here and then we'll jump

back into our linux fundamentals course

and launch our phone box here at the

very bottom go ahead and click on start

instance

boom now if you have no idea what i'm

talking about here like what free linux

will have

go back to episode one i'll show you how

to set this up anyways let's keep going

and then we'll click interact to launch

our linux box and the browser which is

crazy still so cool to me anyways let's

go now in episode one we covered that

you don't experience linux like this

no no no we're gonna launch our linux

terminal right here go ahead and do that

it's that green or yellow icon right

there

ah we're home yes now real quick who am

i

go ahead and type that in real quick who

am i no spaces just type that in

hit enter that's our first command today

just a quick little fun command that

tells us who we are

who we are logged in as and i am user

86527 who are you comment below just in

case in linux you ever have an identity

crisis you're like man who am i

you can find out real quick moving on so

last time

in episode one we learned a few things

like hey ls our list command will tell

us all the stuff in our current working

directory

we also learn cd we can change

directories to something else where

we're not

like cd desktop now we're in desktop if

i type in pwd it'll also tell me where i

am i'm in desktop

because we just went there and we even

saw that we type in cd space dot dot

it'll take us back so now we're back

where we started and but

if we keep going cd dot dot

cd dot dot we go back and back and back

until we can't go back anymore

which is where we're at right now

forward slash

the root if i type in pwd that's where

we are

the root of the file system that's where

it all starts and that's where we're

starting our video

today and i'm going to clear my screen

real quick just by typing in clear hey

another command just type and clear

it'll clear your terminal

so it's nice and clean like a dry erase

board clear now what's here

what's at the root of the file system

let's see go ahead and type in

ls right now ls ooh a bunch of

stuff let's find out what it is but

before we do that i want to get one big

idea across to you real quick those will

help you understand things as we go

forward

everything and i mean everything and

linux is a

file literally everything like

configuration like your network settings

things like your ip address and all that

interface stuff

it's a file devices like your hard

drives and your

printers and your cd-roms all files they

are represented in a file in linux

now even more shocking and crazy the

commands we use

are also files ls and all the commands

we just learned

they're files what you don't believe me

let me show you let's jump in there

i'll show you where they live this first

directory right here our bin directory i

feel like i'm calling him

ben hi ben let's jump in there real

quick let's jump into ben

that's weird anyways so we'll do cd

bin to jump in there and we're there by

the way ben

stands for binaries you know computer

speak and inside the bin folder

or directory are the command binaries

let's take a look inside

let's type ls to list all the contents

and whoa

that was a lot and here are a lot of the

commands you'll end up using

in linux in fact within the bin folder

are the essential command binaries

so let's scroll up and let's let's find

ls like it's here

and the l's let me let me scroll up

there ah there he is

ls that sucker is a file the command you

use to list files

is itself a file right

now if this is a file we should be able

to bust it open and see what's inside

right

yes we can let's do that it's new

command time

so let me show you this command

first i'm going to clear things out by

tapping clear or i can actually do

control l to clear

yeah nice and clear this new command we

have is

cat cat that's it

cat stands for con cat

innate did i spell that right yeah i did

yeah

and like any cat this command will take

a file and just throw it up on your

terminal

in the output let's try it let's cat ls

cat ls

that is a lot of spit up there

now do you understand any of this

because if you do you might be a robot

where's my captcha for this course but

anyways you should not

understand this it's the command binary

when you type in ls this is what it

tells the computer to do

now check this out to further illustrate

that this is indeed a file

i'm going to do something with it or to

it i'm going to delete it

you can delete files so let's delete

this file now first you got to back it

up so

new command time here we go i'm going to

clear things out

i'm going to back up my ls command or

rather i'm going to copy it

so here we go new command cp cp stands

for

copy and that's pretty much what it

means no further explanation needed so

after cp we'll reference the file we

want to copy so

ls space and then the file we want to

copy it to

i'll name it i don't know network chuck

you can name it whatever you want

ah can't do it permission denied how do

we fix that

well sometimes in linux you have to say

please i mean not really but

kind of to give ourselves permission

real quick for this one command we'll

type in the

sudo command before our command so sudo

cp ls network check

now we will end up covering what sudo

means or su do but for right now just

know

we weren't allowed to use the copy

command in this directory we didn't have

the permissions

but by using the sudo command we can

pretend to be the root or the admin user

for just that one command

and we can run it so let's try it out

totally worked

so here's what we did we have the ls

command still there

but we also have a new command that's

just network chuck

that's because we copied the binary

contents of ls to a new file named

network chuck

and if we try to use that command

what do you think will happen let's try

it out network chuck

it's the ls command that's that's kind

of cool right anyways

let's delete the ls command we can do

that let me clear my screen once more

new command time the command will be r m

very simple two letter commands right

now rm stands for

remove and much like the copy command no

explanation necessary it removes crap

it removes stuff so i'll say remove ls

now as you may imagine we'll also need

pseudo permissions to remove this so

i'll go to the beginning of my command

and type in sudo

so sudo rmls and it's going to go away

say bye

it's gone so now what do you think will

happen if we type in ls

let's try it ls

nope it's gone but not a big deal like

we still have network chuck don't we

it still does the same thing so we're

good but for real to return it back to

normal all we got to do is

sudo copy once more just cp right

we want to copy the contents of network

chuck to a new file named

ls so now if we type in ls once more

ah we're back we're good now let's talk

about ben again

ben he's got all the essential command

binaries like we talked about

things like the commands we just learned

cp

copy rm remove and even cat

there he is which also means we can

cat cat let's try it out cat

cat and we just catted cat anyways let's

move on so i'm gonna cd dot dot or

cd forward slash to get back to our

route let's clear things out once more

and let's list the contents once more of

root so we talked about ben

the the bend directory he's awesome but

there's also another one over here

called

s ben or i like to refer to it as

super ben ben with a cape on now super

ben is just like ben but he's

a bit more special you see super ben has

special commands that only

administrators would use to administer

the system

let me show you let's jump into super

bent so cd s bin

and if we ls inside super bin or list as

contents we'll see some cool commands

some top secret commands that only

admins can use

we'll take a look at one and actually

use it real quick let me score the top

here

ah here we go add user what do you think

that does

wild guess it's going to add ourselves a

user so let's do that real quick i'm

going to clear my screen

and we'll do sudo because this is a

special command we'll need please

please add user and then the username

now this is new command time i forgot to

say it new command time i'm going to

create

super ben i feel like he should have a

presence right now so sudo add user

super bin

and it's creating we'll give a password

to super bin

give him a full name super bin skip the

rest of the stuff

super ben is alive he's here we added a

user but anyways that's what you see in

sbin super bing commands

let's get back out of there cd dot dot

and clear my screen once more

let's do ls and see what we're working

with again now we're still going to talk

about commands for a bit

we're not quite done ben had our

essential commands

super bin had our super essential

commands but now we're going to jump

into our

user directory let's jump in there real

quick so cd

user usr type in ls while we're there

and notice something kind of strange it

might throw you off inside the usr

directory or the user directory

we also have a ben and an s bin

huh what's going on here something's up

let's take a look inside so

cd into ben but inside the user

directory

let's ls that

looks like a lot of the same things

doesn't it like is there an ls here

yep so same commands here let's jump

back for a second

cd dot dot and then jump into s ben here

inside the user directory

let's ls that yup seems to have the same

commands here too

what's going on it seems like we have

some imposters here like

which one is the real one ben and root

or been in the user directory

the answer is both they're both real

there's actually a pretty interesting

history as to why we have two locations

i'm not going to talk about it here but

it all comes down to hard drive space

look it up but essentially the ben and

the super bin directories in the user

directory

are the same as the ben and s bin in the

root directory now ben and s ben in the

user directory will typically have

more commands there but you will see a

ton of overlap here so that begs the

question when we use the ls command

are we using the command stored in bin

or in user

bin we can actually find out you want to

try it let's try it out new command time

go ahead and clear your screen with me

here we're going to type in the command

which it's going to help us figure out

which is it is it in bin

or is it in user bin so type in which

and then right after that

ls hit enter ah so it's the ls

and user bin if we which cat

it's also in user forward slash ben

which if you didn't catch on what which

is doing

i feel like i'm saying which too much

you can use which to find out where your

command binaries live

so i can actually which that command i

made earlier which

network chuck so that's pretty cool and

that's extremely handy so anyways let's

um get back to our user directory

cd dot dot let's ls once more

so again here in our user directory we

have ben and super bin

carbon copies but a bit more power we

also have a local directory which you

can hardly see

let me back up there our local directory

which similar to ben and super bin will

store command binaries but it's here

that you'll want to store the command

binaries that you might create

anyways let's move on the user directory

also has some fun stuff like libraries

that the command binaries will share

and apparently it has games that's fun

so

we don't use a directory let's get out

of there cd dot dot let's ls once more

to see

our root location here now real quick

speed route

boot what is that files your system

needs to boot boot files

self-explanatory let's move on var will

have things like

log files and also web application

related files we'll talk more about that

later

temp or tmp temporary files

files that go away after a system reboot

or something another lib directory

more shared library files specifically

things your system needs to boot

okay speed round done some more stuff

some more key directories here in the

route

first home home is where you live home

is where we

live in fact it's where every user lives

on your system let's take a look inside

cd home now what's ls there real quick

aha two homes one is our home and then

one hey

super bend has a home too if we see the

it's a super bin

and ls his stuff ah there's his house

all right

we're on welcome here let's get out of

here let's get back to our route now

every linux system has a root user

but we didn't see a home for the route

where does he live because he wasn't

in this home but you may have noticed

that he is over here

all by himself he's special he lives

somewhere else

where people can't bother him he's kind

of a recluse or a recluse i don't know

how to emphasize that

we can list the contents of root let's

do a pseudo because we'll need his

special permissions to look inside his

house sudo ls

root and we're looking inside the root

directory

there's all his stuff anyways let's keep

moving now earlier i mentioned that

even devices in our system are files

hard drives printers cd-roms you want to

see them

they're right here in the dev directory

dev stands for devices

let's go take a look well cd dev

let's ls that sucker oh a lot of weird

stuff going on

now we could spend all day here but

we're not going to we're going to look

at one thing

vda and vda1 those right now are our

hard drives they stand for virtual disks

on other linux systems you might see

this listed as

sda or sda1 and that's our hard drive

that's the disk it's a file

which means we can cap that sucker so

let's do that now

it's this is gonna be a little rough it

might scare you

and i'll show you how to stop it here in

a second but we're going to do this

we're going to

cat our drive

cat vda i believe we will need pseudo

permission so i'll put a pseudo here at

the beginning

ready for this it's going to blow up

and it's gonna keep going hurry hit

control c and it stops

yeah whoo but yeah that's all the binary

and gobbledygook and all the stuff that

your hard drive

is it's a stinking file which is really

cool and really

really weird you know but anyways the

dev directory

is where devices live now i also

mentioned that the settings of your

linux server or your linux computer

are files things like your network

settings are stored inside

a file you want to see it let's go see

it real quick these things are stored in

the etc file which stands for etc

officially i think so you might hear it

referred to as the etc file

or directory but people mainly call it

in the linux world

the etsy file which was here first

before etsy.com

so they stole the idea but let's jump in

there real quick let's jump into our

etsy file so we'll see the etc

you'll go here a lot because

configuration files of your system are

here

as well as some applications they can

throw some stuff in there too

if we lsd etc directory a ton of stuff

almost too much stuff but let's focus on

one set of configurations let's focus on

networking so right here we've got our

network directory

let's jump in there cd network

let's lsd network directory and we got a

few things going on here but the thing i

want you to see

is the interfaces file let's take a look

at that let's cap that sucker

cat interfaces

ah we need to say please sudo

cat interfaces there we go

here in a file are your network

interfaces and they're assigned ip

addresses

this is where they're configured pretty

cool and if you wanted to change your

network settings you would often go

into this file and just change it here

now things do work differently on some

linux systems nowadays but this was a

common way to do it and

is still the common way to do on some

systems now we're almost done i know

it's been a lot but i got to cover this

i've got i got to show you this stuff

let's get back to our route cd forward

slash

clear the screen two more places i want

to talk about

let's ls the route so last two here we

go

here we have the mnt directory and the

media directory they both do the same

thing

they mount drives if you plug in a usb

flash drive into your linux box here

it will automatically and auto magically

be mounted to the

media directory as a file because

everything's a stinking file remember

so media is mainly for your system

mounting things automatically for you

whereas the mnt directory it also has

drives mounted to it but it drives you

might mount

manually you would actually use commands

to mount a drive and again that would be

represented as a file in the mnt

directory now i think we covered most of

it like almost all of it

if you're still curious about any of the

remaining ones

let's ls that real quick there are a few

we didn't talk about and maybe a few you

want to review

go check out the hack the box academy

right up here

they do go over most of the ones we

mentioned here

and some we didn't so refer to that wow

we covered so much in this video

oh you need coffee for this but it was

awesome right so we like we saw

that everything literally everything in

linux is a file

and we jumped around the different

directories and looked at everything

from devices to commands

to configuration files and we covered

what the main directories actually are

for and that's key in learning linux

because when you

are doing stuff in linux when you're

messing with applications or configuring

things or

hacking it's important to know where

stuff is and where stuff should go

and then while we were jumping around

and exploring our linux file system

which officially is called the fhs how

it's arranged the

file system hierarchy while doing that

we learned a bunch of new commands

things like who am i cp or copy

rm or remove add user which cat

so we did a lot today so here's my

homework for you

i want you to first make flash cards of

all these commands

i want you to commit these suckers to

memory second i want you to practice

using these

jump around if you forget who you are

type in who am i

copy things remove things be careful

though although if you're using this

hack the box lab you can just

restart it it's fine witch cat which cat

all kinds of stuff cat cat the more you

practice the faster you'll learn linux

the better an engineer you'll become now

that's your homework but i also have a

challenge for you i always have a

challenge let's see what you got

and i'll actually have that quiz linked

below the first one to get all the

answers right will win a

gift card to network chuck coffee so you

can grab yourself some coffee or

a shirt or a mug or whatever hurry up

well guys that's about it

huge shout out again to the sponsor of

the series hack the box academy this is

the structured learning platform for

hack the box it's where you want to come

to learn how to hack

and also it's what you can use right now

as a free lab as you go through

this course so if you haven't already

signed up i mean what are you doing you

can practice for free

right now right now and of course don't

forget to hack the youtube algorithm

today hit that like button subscribe

notification bell comment all that stuff

let's hack youtube today ethically of

course and yeah that's about all i have

this was episode two of my linux for

hackers and

everyone course i'll catch you guys next

time

[Music]

you