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Why some animals notifies tighten presence
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with stunning color patterns or courageous?
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I was very lucky
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To see some of the most charming animals on the planet,
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but some of them I find very interesting.
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Some of them we know for centuries.
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Others were recently discovered.
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In this series, I present
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And reveal why they are considered curiosities of nature.
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David Attenborough curiosities OF NATURE
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Nature is full of colors and patterns.
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For many of us, many animals are just something beautiful,
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so beautiful that they become collectors pieces.
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What role but the colors and patterns
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in animal life that exposes them?
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See MODEL
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Zebra stripes is unique in the world of mammals.
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When they became known outside of Africa in the 18th century,
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menageries were sought for the royal nobility and courts.
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The audience was fascinated, but scientists were nedumeriþi.
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What role do they have these special stripes?
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Replies considered centuries
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They are amazing.
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At first, everything was knew about zebras
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that live in herds on the vast plains of Africa.
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As the zebras were more familiar in Europe
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We began to teach more.
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The Zebra,
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He became famous in England in the Georgian era,
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so familiar that was painted
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the famous horse painter George Stubbs.
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Here's a copy of the painting.
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Zebra was offered the Queen Charlotte wedding gift,
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from her husband, King George III,
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And lived in Buckingham House,
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as it was known then Buckingham Palace.
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Queen Charlotte was a passionate collector of exotic animals
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And soon became the most famous zebra animal in her file collection,
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which attracts hundreds of visitors.
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London era was quite familiar with exotic creatures -
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many curiosities arriving from all corners of the expanding British Empire.
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But this strange striped horse was the most interesting.
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The first owners have attempted to îmblâzeascã zebras,
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And explained stripes in a certain way.
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Not only Queen Charlotte
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It was obsessed with zebras.
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So was a gentleman, Lord Clive of India -
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an English officer who represent the interests of English there
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in the 18th century.
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He had two zebras, a male and a female,
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And he wanted to get a zebra that can be tamed
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so he tried to mate with a male donkey.
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To make attractive female donkey, it's hard to believe it or not,
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the stripes painted on it -
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and the experiment failed.
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After pregnancy, gave birth to a foal zebra.
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As you can see,
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Survivor this union is partially striped.
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Sometimes they are and fertile.
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The success of Lord Clive
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He suggested that the streaks are important
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for partners to like each other.
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Charles Darwin on this matter issued an opinion.
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He noticed that every zebra has a unique pattern of stripes.
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He suggested that the stripes are way
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whereby individuals are recognized during courtship.
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Sometimes, however, it appears as a zebra
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a model so strange that it requires eplicaþie.
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In 1968, he appeared very strange picture of a zebra.
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The animal dgrabã have more spots than stripes,
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And this gives us a model of functions.
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If it has to do with social units
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you expected it strange creatures
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be avoided from the flock,
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but it did not happen so - it was treated like any other member.
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So that the model has to do with social unity.
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Other theories suggest that plays an important role Dugi
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in defense against predators.
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But how?
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It claimed that bodies moving stripes on a herd of zebras
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zãpãceºte a lion prevents him appreciate the distance,
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And misses.
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Others have argued that changes silhouette zebra lines,
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And then gives spotted are difficult, especially by vegetation.
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Comparative research between zebras and tigers concluded,
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While that tiger stripes make him lose in the background, at least to our eyes,
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regular spaces between zebra stripes make it more obvious.
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Strange zebra stripes Queen Charlotte
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Palace attracts many people Bucklngham,
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but the animal itself proved nãrãvaº.
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It was a temperamental animal,
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and guards must alert the audience that can strike with hooves or bitten.
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Not surprisingly,
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If we account for the strange food penitent
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a mixture of raw meat and tobacco -
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inappropriate for a herbivore.
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He arrived and a way to mock the royal family.
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The animal was known as Queen bottom,
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and Prince George stripes depict the son of the royal couple.
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In the Victorian era continued obsession with taming zebras,
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but this time had a practical reason.
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Plea could provide another explanation for stripes.
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Muºtele.
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Deadly flies spread diseases affecting both humans and livestock,
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And one of the most dangerous is biting Theth.
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Rãspândeºte sleeping sickness
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killing people, cattle and horses.
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The first colonists Victorians have noticed that while domestic horses
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get sick, zebras are not affected.
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So they were determined to tame.
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While many have tried this,
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an eccentric but efforts were spectacular.
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These zebras once part of an aristocratic menagerie
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obsessed with taming the zebra.
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Waiter was a member of the famous Rothschild family of bankers Rothschild
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but that was not too good banker.
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His passion was for wildlife.
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He had a weakness for zebras,
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And made great efforts to tame and train them.
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He succeeded where others have failed.
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This extraordinary picture shows him the way to Buckingham Palace,
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a tame zebra-drawn carriage.
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It was a long process.
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A zebra trained each separately using a carriage.
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And they were left slightly,
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but eventually all three zebras and a pony,
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pulled carriages from London to Buckingham Palace.
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It must have been a strange image to pass,
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But maybe they have not even noticed zebras.
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Walter's brother, Charles, noted that the stripes of a zebra
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do almost disappears while traveling through town.
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Despite the efforts of Rothschild, zebras was never really
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An alternative routes, either in England or Africa.
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Observations of the first colonists,
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such that zebras are immune to bite muºcãturile Theth,
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They were not totally accurate.
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Zebras can be bitten by bite
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And may have the same disease as the domestic horses.
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But though the evidence shows that draw much less bite.
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Some savanþi found that stripes are somehow
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înþepãtoare more difficult flies landing on the body zebras.
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To verify this theory, few Hungarian researchers
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used four models of horses.
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One was painted black, the other brown,
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third and fourth white stripes of a zebra that.
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They took turns these models in a field
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And they were coated with glue.
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Then, after some time,
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They came and counted the flies that landed on four horses.
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It seems incredible, but the fewest were body as zebras.
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How can such a thing?
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Insect eyes are compounds - have much in them -
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And flies using horizontally polarized light.
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Perhaps zebra stripes,
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in a certain way, disrupt polarized light
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And thus hampers flies landing on the body of a zebra.
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These recent discoveries
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though not elucidate why zebras have stripes.
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It could be and other benefits.
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But most seem to be înþepate prevent streaks,
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than being bitten.
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Whatever the motivation biological stripes
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zebras fascinated us for centuries.
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Queen Charlotte was so disappointed in her zebra-bought that and the other.
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The first was very nãrãvaºã
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And sold it to a friend of King George III.
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Then zebra traveled with a menagerie,
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and when he died was stuffed and Etal
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the pub "BIue Boar" from York -
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something like a memory from Buckingham House.
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I will present the model story
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a more fragile animal.
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It is the butterfly wings.
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Despite occasional streaks changes
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Zebra has remained unchanged to this basic model.
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The second animal has done the opposite
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And produced thousands, if not millions, of variations on the same theme.
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Naturaliºtii seemed obsessed Victorian era butterfly,
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And many museums filled with whole collections.
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Only Natural History Museum in London has over three million copies.
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It's easy to see why those naturaliºti were obsessed.
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Butterflies are amazing and wonderful variation of frumoºi.
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When it comes to model,
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nature seems to have autodepãºit Chapter butterfly wings.
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Why reshaped the nature of wings so many ways
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Science has long fascinated.
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Most specimens come from the Victorian era,
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a time when amateur collectors passion peaked.
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Many of those early collectors recognized relationship
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of butterfly wing color and pattern
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And his identity as a species.
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Each species has its own pattern and nuance.
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Bringing a wing seen how models are created.
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The surface is covered with millions of solziºori.
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Are fãcuþi of chitin
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And diferiþi contain pigments which tend to fade.
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There are also another type of CoLoRaTh wing
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which give certain particular brilliance butterflies, spectacular,
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which is maintained long after the butterfly died.
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Morpho butterflies Collect these were over 100 years ago
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And are as bright and today as the day they were rounded up.
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That's wings contain
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some microscopic structures called giroide.
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When light reaches one of them is bent and refracted,
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And produces color
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which varies depending on the angle of the concerns.
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Giroida is a pigment disappears -
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It is a crystalline structure.
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Darwin pondered these bright colors.
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They could actually make more visible butterfly predators.
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Then why be colored?
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Naturaliºtii Victorian age males and females knew that butterflies
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CoLoRaTh of the same species can be very different.
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The male Great Blue is blue,
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but the female is dark brown.
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For Darwin, such species are perfect examples
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of a process called "sexual selection".
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The coloring occurs among males to attract the opposite sex,
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CoLoRaTh alive so that males will probably reproduce easier.
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Interestingly, it is sometimes possible to see the male CoLoRaTh
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And the female from the same specimen.
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Like this.
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This side is the female and male it.
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Such copies are called gynandromorphe
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And they are very rare.
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Summary infertile,
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but may reveal more
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CoLoRaTh about sex and butterflies.
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Genetic studies of gynadromorphelor
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savanþilor allowed to understand the role of genes of the male and the female
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the development wing colouration and shape.
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But why female must be ashes
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and the male coloring?
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Because such species males are territorial,
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and bright colors are visible from a distance and remote pertain Althea males.
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On the other hand, females lay eggs,
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And it's better for them to be less obvious.
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But not all butterflies look the same clear difference between the sexes.
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I once visited the monarch butterfly's winter home in Mexico.
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Here, tens of millions of butterflies,
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who left North America to avoid winter
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îngrãmãdiþi stay on the trees.
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Very hard Poth differentiate males from females.
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Both sexes are bright orange with black stripes.
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It is a wonderful show,
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one that takes you to the thought that all these butterflies learn in one place,
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It would be a feast for predators.
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Interestingly
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Monarch butterflies can eat little animals,
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because I am veninoºi.
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Understanding wing model
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And a coloring them, as a defense, is due largely
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particularly a Victorian collector.
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In 1848, a young English naturalist Henry Bates,
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Shipping started a collection on Amazon
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which lasted 11 years.
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Bates era of umilã originally a autodidact,
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savanþi was different from others of the time.
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He traveled on Amazon along with naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace,
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which noted that the purpose of their trip was not only to colecþioneze,
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but "to gather facts to resolve the origin of species."
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He spent over a decade in Amazon
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And has collected thousands of specimens,
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And he also discovered over 100 new species of butterflies.
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His work was not only a picture of the diversity of life in the tropics.
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It's theory and the butterfly tied CoLoRaTh
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which attracted great attention of Charles Darwin.
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He noticed differences in behavior between butterflies.
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Some species fly with a purpose.
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Other is moving slowly with irregular flickering wings.
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And yet they were left alone despite visible markings.
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Bates knew that some of butterflies in the collection to
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periculoºi were for predators.
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He knew that certain species in the Amazon,
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they left, were avoided by predators because they are poisonous.
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Here we have a nearly identical butterfly.
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In fact, it belongs to another group.
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As it observed the collection and form a certain trend.
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Each species of butterfly, poisonous or bad taste,
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He has an almost perfect imitator,
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And he drew side by side in his book.
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He called this form "imitators".
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Bates came across another reason butterfly pattern,
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one in which colors are warning signs for predators.
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These wings model simulators similar to those periculoºi
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they were and avoid predators.
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Those who showed less convincing
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They would probably be killed.
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Over time, evolution has created these children
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with an almost identical model and color of the original.
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Darwin was delighted by his remarks Bates.
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The butterfly wings fit well with his new theory about developments.
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Bates also found that the butterfly wing pattern
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can vary with distance.
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This is a butterfly called Heliconius,
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And so it shows in the southern Amazon basin.
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But so it shows in the north.
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Even more interesting is that discovered that imitator
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varies in the same way.
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So show imitator in south
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And so looks north.
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While Bates explains the importance of the model wing against predators,
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It was a question that could not respond.
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How succeed imitator does not mate with the model?
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Practically they are almost identical - at least to our eyes.
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Now we know that many butterflies
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I can see a greater range of the light spectrum,
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even ultraviolet end.
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Butterfly Hellconlus left
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It is very similar to imitate or right.
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To our eyes, they are similar,
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But if we look at them we can see through the filter ultraviolet
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imitator is that the darker deleted.
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In conclusion, himself butterflies
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I can see the differences between them much easier than us.
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Evolution butterflies wing model is more complex
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than first imagined tighten Victorian collectors.
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Indeed many factors involved
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the shape and color of each species wing.
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Henry Bates However we must thank
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on revealing the link between color and defense.
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When he returned from Amazon
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He described the 11 years spent in the tropics as the best of his life.
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And he spent the rest of career
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working as a secretary at the Royal Geographical Society,
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post which did not suit its analytical Mind.
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Many collectors have contributed specimens of butterflies
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an impressive collection of the Museum of Natural History.
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Because I could not see beyond Bates
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the amazing variety of colors wings and I discovered the link evoluþionistã
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of the many models and butterfly wings.
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Striped zebra fur
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And colored elements of the wing butterfly
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may play a role similar,
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Protection of animals that decorate them.
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