All language subtitles for Byzantium.A.Tale.Of.Three.Cities.S01E02.1080p.AMZN.WEB-DL.DDP2.0.H.264-ETHiCS

I'm on the edge of Anatolia.

It's a Greek word. Greeks had lived here
for thousands of years.

In Greek, it just means
"the land where the sun rises".

But a thousand years ago,
another people arrived here.

When they met people on the road,
they'd say, "Where are you going?"

They would normally answer in Greek,
"eis tin poli", "to the city",

and that's how this city got its new name.

"Eis tin poli", Istanbul.

SIMON: Those people were the Turks.

And this is the story of how

Greek Constantinople
became Turkish Istanbul.

How the ancient capital of Christianity
became the imperial city of Islam.

I've come here
as both historian and traveller...

...to find that story written
into the fabric of the living city.

So far, I have uncovered
its transformation

from a small, pagan fishing village

to the Christian capital
of the Roman Empire.

But that set it on a collision
course with Rome itself

and with new forces to the east.

After 700 years,

this place had come
on an incredible journey.

What happened over the next 400 years

would define not just this city,
but the world.

Now I want to get
to the heart of that moment

when global history seemed to pivot

on the fight to possess
and identify this one fickle city.

Byzantium, Constantinople, Istanbul,

three names for
one totally extraordinary city.

It's been occupied by
the Greeks, the Romans, the Byzantines,

the Venetians and the Turks.

It's been a world city,
a cosmopolitan city, a capital of empires.

It owes its place to its unique
position astride Europe and Asia,

but also to its history

as a holy city and an imperial capital.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]
Constantinople in AD 1000,

the new Rome.

For 700 years,
this city had been the capital

not just of an empire, but of a religion,

a different kind of holy city.

Holy cities are places
where men encounter the divine,

but Constantinople was always
different from Jerusalem or Mecca,

the settings of the great dramas
of the monotheistic religions.

When Constantine the Great
converted to Christianity,

he made Constantinople the capital
of his unified Christian empire,

one faith, one empire, one emperor.

A fusion of power and sanctity.

This was a new idea.
Jesus had been a carpenter's son

and now this was a city
of sacred emperors.

And it defined one thing.

The possession of Constantinople gave you
God's authority to rule the world.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: Constantinople was
about religion and power.

It was a heady cocktail coveted
by every empire that came after it.

And over the centuries,
two great rivals emerged

with their own ambitions
to rule the world for God.

The Caliphs of Islam
and the Popes of Rome.

The fall of Constantinople to Islam is
one of the great stories of world history,

but what is less well known

is that the real story
of the death of Byzantium

began 400 years earlier in AD 1054.

Not with a conflict
between Christians and Muslims,

but a war of words between
Christians and other Christians.

The story unfolded
in the sacred heart of this city.

Its awesome cathedral, Hagia Sophia.

It was more than 500 years old
at the turn of the millennium.

And even today,

it's still one of the most
awe-inspiring buildings on Earth.

This was the holy of holies
of Byzantine Christianity,

the place where,
ever since the fall of Rome,

emperors had been crowned

who claimed rightful sovereignty
over every soul in Christendom.

But in 1054, the peace of this building
and that universal vision were shattered

by the agents of Byzantium's resurgent,
ancient rival,

Rome.

On July the 16th, papal legates burst
into the service here in Saint Sophia

and laid a sentence of
excommunication right on the altar.

Four days later,

the Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople
excommunicated the papal legates.

It seemed like just the latest skirmish
in centuries of ecclesiastical bickering,

but in fact, this time, it would
bring total catastrophe to the city.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]:
They called it the Great Schism,

the moment Christianity split
into two rival camps.

On one side were the Byzantines,
Greek-speaking, Orthodox,

and on the other, the Latins,

so called because they held services
in Latin, not Greek.

But their differences went
far deeper than language.

They disagreed
on the fundamental nature of God.

But that was nothing compared
to the cultural differences.

You can meet the Byzantine Emperors,
appropriately enough, up in the gods.

In this high-up part of the church,

you can almost feel
the air becoming a bit more rarefied.

This is the Marble Gate and up here,
the Empresses would sit on their throne

and watch the services
going on down below,

while over here, the Emperor
and his entourage would arrive

via a secret passageway
from the Great Palace.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: There's no
better place to get into the heads

of the Byzantine side of the quarrel

because here you can come face to face
with the person who was in charge

in the run-up to the Great Schism.

Here's Zoe.

Princess Zoe was a plain old spinster

who, crowned Empress in the autumn
of her life, discovered the joys of sex

which she embraced with unabashed
and brazen enthusiasm.

She married three times
and each husband became Emperor.

You can see here
that every time she remarried,

they had to rub out the head and rub
out the name and put a new one in.

Now, the first husband exhausted himself
taking aphrodisiacs to keep up with her,

but her minister,
the sinister John the Eunuch,

set her up with his
teenage brother Michael.

Zoe fell passionately
and head over heels in love.

She had her first husband
murdered in her bath

and he was still lying there
when she married her teenage lover Michael

who turned out to be actually
a very good emperor.

But he died of exhaustion

and so she married for the third time,

Constantine, who we see up here.

But he had a problem. He was in love
with his mistress Skleraina.

This didn't put off Zoe at all.

The three of them set up home
happily in the Imperial Palace

where they lived together
in a very Byzantine menage a trois.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: It's a juicy story
and it gets you into the heads

of the Byzantine elite.

They were refined, elegant.

They loved strong women
and they despised petty morality.

Down the hall, you can get a sense

of what they thought
of their upstart western rivals.

The Great Schism had divided Christendom

into two warring sects,

Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox.

But the hatred wasn't just religious.
It was also cultural.

And this graffiti here tells
some of the story.

The Byzantines
had really got to know westerners

through the arrival
of the Varangian Guard,

the new Emperor's bodyguard
made up of Norsemen and Vikings

and Anglo-Saxon mercenaries.

This is probably some of their graffiti.

Byzantines regarded themselves

as the greatest civilisation
history had ever known,

the Roman Empire and their Emperor
as Christ's own vicegerents on Earth.

To them, the westerners were
the sort of shaggy-haired axemen

who left graffiti
in their favourite church.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: Christianity
was divided into two camps,

the Greek-speaking,
effete, elegant Byzantines

and the hardy warrior culture
of the Latin-speaking west.

But an amazing twist in the tale
was coming.

Byzantium was going to need the west's
hairy axemen more than ever before

because it was now facing a war
on two fronts.

Just 17 years after the schism with Rome,

Christianity and Byzantium

faced the greatest ever threat
to their existence.

To the east, the Turks
were sweeping into the Empire.

And in 1071,
they destroyed the Byzantine Army.

It was the start of a new chapter
in Byzantium's history,

one in which the city would face
enemies to both east and west.

No one knew what was going to happen.

Islam had been on the march for 400 years

and the big question now was would
Christendom, would Constantinople survive.

This was the beginning
of a 400-year struggle

in which there were
not two sides, but three

in the coming struggle that pitted
the invading Turkish Muslims

against the two feuding sects
of Christendom, east and west.

The big question now would be

could they put aside their differences
and unite to face the common enemy.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: This was the last
chance for Christian Constantinople

to use one enemy to fight off the other.

Of their two possible allies,

they chose the ones
who were at least Christian.

The new Emperor, Alexios Komnenos,

held his nose
and sent an appeal to the Pope

for armed forces to counter
the threat of the infidel.

He had hoped for a battalion
or two of well-trained knights.

What he got was the Crusades.

It was as if the entire world of the west,

from the Adriatic
to the Straits of Gibraltar,

had come here to Constantinople

and the Crusades really were
an extraordinary

and enormous movement of people.

Eighty thousand of them,

some in unruly mobs
and some in organised, princely armies,

but they all came here.

It was actually the last thing
the Emperor wanted.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]:
It was a moment of enormous potential

and latent threat to Byzantium.

Could they harness the power
of these western hordes

or would they be overrun by them?

St. Mary of the Mongols

is the only Byzantine church
still operational in the city.

Historian Peter Frankopan took me
there to understand what happened

when the westerners found themselves
in the capital of eastern Christianity.

So when the first Crusaders arrive,

how did it go,
their first visit to Byzantium?

The first wave that arrives here
behave like football hooligans

on tour who have had too much to drink,

so they steal lead off
the roofs of the churches,

they go berserk through the city

and riot police methods are put in place
to make sure that the city stays safe.

They're quickly shunted off

across the Bosphorus
to keep them out of harm's way,

but even when they get there,

they are said to impale children,
to kill men, women

without asking whether they're Muslim
or Greek or Christian

and they behave in a way
that polite society

in Constantinople just thinks is horrific.

And Alexios, the Emperor at that time,
who is the architect of the Crusades,

has real concerns that he's let
a genie out of the bottle.

They are like country boys
visiting a big, big city.

A traveller walks into Saint Sophia

and he says, "I don't even know
if I'm in Heaven or I'm on Earth."

There is a sense that the Orthodox
are closer to early Christianity.

All the great relics
of Christianity are here.

All of the churches date back
much older than anywhere else in Europe.

And so this is what real Christianity
looks and feels like.

And that is a source of great admiration
on the one hand,

but also enormous envy on the other.

How did the relationship go from amazement

and a bit of envy to wild hatred?

I think what happens is that

the Crusaders and the Latin West
get their claws into the Holy Land

and that requires a narrative that

explains that they are the true heirs
and defenders of Christianity.

At that point, all the animosities
start to rise against the Greeks

and against the Orthodox clergy
and against the Orthodox theology.

Small, little problems are suddenly
blown up into major sticking points

and that poison starts to drip through

into the west and in fact,
it drips through very effectively,

so that the word "Byzantine" still
today has very negative connotations.

Politicians are Byzantine, taxes and
things that are bad are Byzantine,

so the Crusaders start
as being Byzantium's allies

at the moment of great weakness

and become their rivals and their nemesis.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: History was taking
an unexpected turn.

The fate of this city

would finally be determined
not by the battle with the Turks,

but by the battle
with its own Christian allies.

Over the coming centuries,

wave after wave of crusading Latins
stampeded through here

on their way to the Holy Land.

And more ominously still,
others were coming to stay.

Parts of Constantinople were turning
into a city within a city.

This area is called Galata
and by the mid-12th century,

it was filled with new arrivals.

Not Crusaders, but merchants
from Amalfi, Genoa and Venice.

It still has a distinctly Italian feel.

People here looked different.

They spoke different.
They went to different churches.

The Latins were the new force
in Constantinople.

But for the Byzantines, this was
their world being turned upside down.

The Latins had once just been
hairy axemen.

Now they were taking Byzantine jobs

and worming their way
into its highest echelons,

the army, the government,
the imperial family.

Something, they said,
simply had to be done.

The people longed to be rid
of the hated Latins

and for that, they needed
a real Byzantine prince.

His name was Andronikos Komnenos.

And he was well known as
the most glamorous

and best-looking man in the entire Empire.

He was now 65,

but this silver fox had the looks,

the energies and the appetites
of a much younger man.

He was delighted to be crowned
Emperor of Byzantium.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: Xenophobic feeling
was boiling against the Latins.

And in Andronikos, they had found

just the kind of unscrupulous
demagogue ready to use it

to his own advantage.

Andronikos unleashed the mob
against the Latins

who were massacred to a man,
their churches burned

and the Emperor's popularity surged
on a tide of Latin blood.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]:
As so often in history,

sectarian tensions had brought
to power a self-serving autocrat

and ended in terrible violence.

Unfortunately for the Byzantines,

they couldn't control the dark force
they had unleashed.

Andronikos wasn't as charming
as he looked.

The old swinger turned out to be

a sadistic monster
who launched a reign of terror.

He murdered his 13-year-old Co-Emperor

and then married his 12-year-old widow

Even the Byzantines were appalled.

When the mob turned against him,
he tried to run,

but he was captured and subjected
to the most appalling torments.

First, his teeth were pulled out
one by one,

then his hands were cut off and then
he was skinned with boiling water.

Now they jeered,
"You've really lost your looks."

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: The rise and fall of
the tyrant Andronikos had scarred for ever

the holy streets of Byzantium.

Now murder and bloodshed
was how this city solved its problems.

The ingredients for disaster
were all coming together.

Byzantium was embroiled in
an endless, internal power struggle.

The Latins and the Greeks were
locked in a pitiless blood feud.

And the west had got a taste
for the wealth of Constantinople.

It was a matter of time before
all this resulted in cataclysm.

And that is the story
of the Fourth Crusade.

It all had an unlikely start.

The Crusade's leader was one of

the most extraordinary and sinister
characters in this entire story.

He was the Doge of Venice, Enrico Dandolo,

and he was as forceful and ruthless
as he was wily and avaricious.

Bald as a billiard ball
and as blind as a bat,

he was already 80 years old,

yet still as sharp and predatory
as an eagle.

And he had hated Constantinople
for a very long time.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]:
His hatred dated back to 1172.

The Byzantines took the side of Genoa

in its vendetta with Venice

and arrested every Venetian trader
in the Empire.

Enrico Dandolo never forgave them.

The Crusading Army gathered in Venice.

They had the knights,

but they needed ships
to get to the Holy Land

and only Dandolo had a fleet.

For that, he had a price

and the price was Constantinople.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]:
The final ingredient was Alexius Angelus,

a Byzantine Pretender,

who offered the Crusaders
the riches of Constantinople

in return for restoring him
to his rightful throne.

In July 1203,

210 ships arrived outside Constantinople.

The Venetian fleet broke
into the Golden Horn

and their sailors clambered up beams
attached to the masts and on to the walls.

Dandolo directed operations from
the prow of his ship, waving a banner,

and the blind, octogenarian Doge
was one of the first ashore.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: It was
a moment of triumph for Dandolo,

but the beginning of the greatest
disaster to befall Constantinople.

Behind these gates was once

one of Byzantium's oldest
and most venerated monasteries.

But I've had to get special
permission to venture inside,

such is its dangerously
dilapidated condition.

This is all that remains
of St John Stoudios,

a monastery that was one of
the holiest sites in Constantinople.

Its philosophers, its artists,

its scholars were some
of the greatest in Christendom

and it had a peerless collection
of icons and manuscripts.

But by the end of 1204,

all of this was rubble and ashes.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: The desecration
of Byzantine Christianity

took two years to unfold.

Golden, sacred icons, mosaics

and candlesticks were
ripped from their moorings,

first by the new Emperor's own agents,

and then when the Byzantines revolted,
by the Crusaders themselves

in an all-out sack.

Eight hundred years of prayer
by thousands of monks

was not enough to prevent
sacrilege, murder and exile.

It was, some felt,
as if God had abandoned them.

It's not only grand buildings
that tell the story of this city.

This place is indelibly marked
by that moment.

But nowhere escaped the rampage.

The Crusaders burst
into the Church of San Sophia,

killing everybody they encountered,
except the women.

These, they raped, especially
the young virgins and the nuns.

They brought packhorses into the church
and loaded them with treasures.

When the animals fell and broke
their legs on the slippery human blood,

they disembowelled them right there
and then, just for the hell of it.

Then the drunken knights held

a homicidal orgy, inviting
all the whores at the camp.

They crowned one lascivious
strumpet on the Patriarch's throne

and there she danced half-naked

and sang bawdy songs.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: These men had joined
up to save Christendom from the Muslims.

Instead, they spent 50 years

dividing up the spoils
of Christianity's greatest city.

Like the pirates they were,

the Crusaders took what they could
from the city

and then began to look elsewhere.

They were away on a raiding party
when Michael, the Greek Emperor in exile,

snuck back into the city.

The Crusaders didn't bother to fight
over the ruin they had left behind.

Constantinople was once again
the capital of the Roman Empire,

but that fatally wounded Empire

was now little more
than the battered city itself.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: Constantinople
in the 14th century AD,

a great world empire only in name,

its eastern territories
in the hands of the Turks

and its lands in the west
overrun by the Latins,

and even its own port now
outsourced to Italians from Genoa

who now overlooked Constantinople
from their tower in Galata.

Byzantium, once a city
of half a million people,

was now a community of less than 50,000.

But still,
they set about rebuilding the city

and against all odds, produced one last,
extraordinary cultural flowering.

In the back streets
of the Christian district Phanar,

one lonely church contains
the last poignant remnants

of that defiant renaissance.

It's really exciting to be here.

These mosaics are simply awesome.

This is really like coming to the
Sistine Chapel of Constantinople.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: For 400 years,
this was the Kariye Mosque

until, in the 1950s, they removed
the whitewash and found this.

The Byzantine Church
of Saint Saviour in Chora.

These mosaics are part of its
glorious 14th century restoration.

Here, for a moment,

God seemed to have returned to Byzantium.

What really strikes you about
this masterpiece of Byzantine art

is the sheer beauty of the images.

The faces are very delicate, exquisite.

The reds, the blues, the greens
are all still absolutely vivid

and, of course,
the glory is the Byzantine gold.

This is often called
the Byzantine Renaissance

because the Renaissance was just

beginning to blossom
in Italy at this time,

but actually, they're very different.

The Italian Renaissance
was all about realism,

the celebration of the beautiful
sensuality of the human body

that expressed God's perfection.

But the Byzantines
didn't like that at all.

They regarded all that nudity
as pornographic,

vulgar, disgusting.

For them, and you can see that when
you look at these amazing images,

it was all about the celestial
symbolism and the inner meaning,

the inner truth of their sanctity.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: Each one of these
pictures tells a story on a series of levels,

Biblical scenes laced
with symbols of barely penetrable,

philosophical, mystical
and political significance.

And in true Byzantine fashion,

the man behind all this reserved
pride of place for himself.

This is one of the most famous
images in Byzantine art

and it shows the founder
of this church, Theodore Metochites,

presenting it to Jesus Christ.

Theodore was the Grand Logothete,
the Imperial Prime Minister,

and the richest man in the Empire
after the Emperor himself,

but he had a lot to live down.

His father had been a notorious
collaborator with the Latins

and so, when he started on this project,

Theodore was saying,

"Look at me, I'm not my father.
I'm a real, true Byzantine."

And this is the quintessential
Byzantine church.

All that mattered to Theodore

was to be seen in the light
of great Byzantines before him,

even though greatness
now resided elsewhere.

This church stands testament to the
Indian summer of a glorious culture,

turning its back
on the changing world outside,

talking to itself in its own language
of arcane and mystical symbols.

Even as the state was reduced
to just the city itself,

even as enemy forces closed in
from east and west,

Byzantium remained stubbornly
and defiantly obsessed

with its own glorious past,

a doomed empire lost in introspection.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: Constantinople was
writing the last tragic chapter of its history.

The story that begun

a thousand years before
with Constantine the Great,

the dream of a great Christian empire

and a great Christian city
spanning Asia and Europe

was now at an end.

But the story of Istanbul
was just beginning.

This is, after all,
a tale of three cities.

The history of this place
looks completely different

from the Muslim perspective.

This is the heart of Muslim Istanbul,

the oldest mosque in the city,
Eyup Sultan Camii.

It's named after one of
the companions of Muhammad himself,

Ayyub al-Ansari,
who died and was buried here

when the first Muslims tried
to conquer Constantinople

way back in the 7th century AD.

This place isn't very well known
in the west,

but here, it's enormously important

because it's the link

between Islamic Istanbul
and the prophet Muhammad himself.

The mosque is built
around the tomb of Ayyub

and Ayyub was the prophet's companion
in arms and standard-bearer.

And he died here in one

of the first Arab Islamic sieges
of Constantinople.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]:
Twice, the followers of Muhammad

besieged this city,
for four years each time,

and for one reason above all.

The prophet himself had always predicted

the Islamic conquest of Constantinople.

He said it would be a beautiful conquest

by beautiful armies,
by a beautiful conqueror.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: And so this mosque
has one central message to Muslims

that this city was always destined
to fall to Islam.

But they would have to wait 700 years

for that beautiful army
and that beautiful conqueror.

They came in the end
from a completely unexpected place

and that's the foundation myth
of Turkish history.

[SPEAKING IN TURKISH]

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: Yusuf Duru
is one of the last meddah in Turkey,

storytellers who have passed on history,

folklore and morality tales
for generations.

[SPEAKING IN TURKISH]

Since the 1500s, men in this city
have gathered during Ramadan

to hear about the great journey
of their ancestors

into the lands we now call Turkey.

[SPEAKING IN TURKISH]

The foundation myth of modern Turkey

rests on the shoulders
of one man above all.

[SPEAKING IN TURKISH]

This is one of the great epic poems
of Turkish history.

It tells the story of a 13th century
Turkish chieftain named Osman

who ruled just a little bit of Anatolia.

Osman goes to see a holy man named Edebali

to ask for his daughter's hand
in marriage.

Edebali says "no",

but at this very moment, the moon
emanates from Edebali's chest

and merges into Osman's chest.

And out of this fusion grows a giant tree

whose branches overshadowed

the great mountain ranges of the world,
the Caucasus and the Balkans,

the great rivers, the Tigris,
the Euphrates, the Danube, the Nile,

and these branches overshadow
one great city,

Constantinople.

[SPEAKING IN TURKISH]

Osman and Edebali's daughter
spawned a dynasty

that ruled this city
until 1922, the Ottomans.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: Out of a small
Anatolian principality,

Osman created
an expansionist, warrior dynasty

and under his sons, grandsons
and great-grandsons,

his domain grew into an empire.

By the mid-15th century,

the transcontinental Ottoman Empire
dwarfed the Byzantine.

And it was closing in on Byzantium
from every direction.

This is Anadoluhisari,
the Anatolian Castle.

The Ottomans already possessed
all of this, Anatolia,

and far to the west in Europe,
they had conquered the Balkans,

but this castle
right here on the Bosphorus

was as close
as they'd got to Constantinople

when the throne was inherited
by Sultan Mehmed II.

But he was just 19 years old

and even his own ministers
thought he wasn't up to the job.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]:
But that teenager was none other

than the man they call today
Fatih the Conqueror,

the man who would put an end
to Constantinople.

Mehmed was no mere callow teenager.

He was a supreme manipulator,

schooled in the cut-throat world

of the Ottoman court
and a brilliant military strategist.

He was also a sophisticated
and cosmopolitan aesthete

who could read philosophy
in Greek, Latin and Hebrew

and write passionate love poems

to his concubine mistresses
in courtly Persian.

When he was painted
by the Italian Bellini,

the portrait shows
his ferocious, delicate intelligence

and his boundless ambition.

He wanted to be
the new Alexander the Great.

For Mehmed, there could only be
one empire, the Ottoman,

one religion, Islam,

one emperor, himself,

and one capital, Constantinople.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: Mehmed II was
a greater figure than anyone suspected

and he set about the conquest
of the world's greatest city

not with the recklessness of youth,

but with devastating
and ruthless efficiency.

The Bosphorus is only
700 yards across here

and Mehmed's first bold move

was to build a castle
right on Byzantine territory.

And there it is, Rumelihisari,
the castle on the Roman side.

But Mehmed had another name for it.
The Throat Cutter.

It soon lived up to its name.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]:
When an Italian Venetian ship,

commanded by a Captain Rizzo
sailed along here,

Mehmed's castle told him to stop.

He defied it and ignored the warning.

They were blasted out of the water
by Mehmed's cannons.

The entire crew were beheaded,
except for poor Captain Rizzo,

who was impaled with a stake up his rectum

and left out here

as a human scarecrow to warn Europe
Mehmed II meant business.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]:
The great confrontation

that had been brewing for 400 years
was finally at hand.

And the odds were stacked heavily
in the Ottomans' favour.

Their ancestors had once been a gnat

on the side of the Byzantine elephant.

Now Constantinople was just an
enclave within the Ottoman Empire.

The last Byzantine emperor
was named, fittingly,

Constantine.

As Mehmed II approached,

Constantine asked for a summary
of the city's defences.

When he heard the answer,
he is said to have wept.

The Theodosian walls
were still formidable,

but there weren't enough defenders
to man them.

They were a motley
crew, adventurers, mavericks,

monks with crossbows,

Venetian sailors, quixotic knights
and an eccentric, John the German,

who was really from Scotland.

The sort of desperadoes
who fight in desperate wars.

There were only 5,000 of them

against 200,000 Turks
and the biggest cannons in Europe.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]:
The Byzantines had no choice

but to put their trust in the city's
ancient physical defences,

which had seen off
so many invaders before.

Constantinople's chief protection
had always been the sea

and its most formidable maritime barrier

still survives in the naval museum.

It's really amazing to actually see

this famous piece of
Constantinople's defence right here.

I'm quite excited.

When the city was in danger,
this huge chain was winched up

from two towers on either side
of the Golden Horn.

While it was up,
no one could break through

and besiege Constantinople
on all four sides.

Now, in 1453,

Mehmed II had to get past this
in order to take the city

and he came up with
a rather amazing solution.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: What happened
is the stuff of Istanbul legend.

A ghost that still haunts
the contemporary city.

The site where Mehmed executed
his most daring manoeuvre

is now the bustling heart of Istanbul.

This penthouse restaurant

in Taksim Square is the best place
to see what really happened

in the great Turkish siege of 1453.

Now if you look out here, you can
see the city of Constantinople.

Mehmed had brought up his huge
Turkish army to besiege the city,

but he could only besiege it
from the land side.

Then he brought up his fleet,

but he couldn't use it to enter
that little channel over there.

That's the Golden Horn.

He couldn't get in because the Byzantines
had put the huge chain

right across this narrow channel there.

Mehmed was infuriated.

He launched constant attacks.
All of them failed.

He was so angry, he rode his horse
into the sea in frustration

and threatened to execute his own admiral.

But then he came up with a great idea.
He waited for nightfall

and when it came they laid rollers
right across this piece of land here.

And thousands of slave and oxen,
in an amazing feat of engineering,

moved his entire fleet
from the Bosphorus there

all the way over here
to the Golden Horn over there.

When the Byzantines awoke
the next morning,

their most terrible nightmare
had come true.

The entire Ottoman fleet

was in the Golden Horn
and they were surrounded on every side.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: The last nights
of Constantinople saw fervent prayer

and terrible omens.

God, they feared,
was finally leaving His city.

The Ottoman guns pulverised
the city for over a month.

And yet still the tenacious defence
of the walls continued.

By dawn on the 29th of May, 1453,

the city walls had been
under sustained bombardment

by the Ottoman cannons for over a month.

Whenever they smashed a hole,

the people of Constantinople worked
night and day to repair the damage,

but now the Ottoman war cries

of the huge army outside the walls
told them one thing,

the final storm was coming.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: The dying moments

of the Byzantine city played out
just near where I am standing.

One of Mehmed's big cannons

finally brought down
an entire section of wall.

He sent in assault after assault,

first his irregulars,
then his Bashi-Bazouks,

and, finally, the elite Janissaries.

After more than a millennium,

the great walls of Byzantium
had finally come tumbling down.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: Without
the protection of the walls,

the outcome of the battle
was a foregone conclusion.

The last bastion
of classical antiquity had fallen.

Constantine XI,
the namesake of the city's founder,

turned to his companions and said,

"Come, men, let us fight the barbarians."

Then he threw himself into
where the fighting was thickest.

The last of the Roman emperors
was never seen again.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: In this one place,
on this one day,

the grinding tectonic plates
of history seemed suddenly to shift.

The descendants of nomadic Steppe
horsemen were now in possession

of the ancient capital of civilisation.

For Greeks, this is still the
defining tragedy of their history.

Greek legend says that

as the Turkish troops burst in
to the church of San Sophia,

swords drawn, the priests
conducting the last service

calmly turned and disappeared
into the walls.

They will return when Constantinople
is Christian again

to continue the service.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]:
The rest of the congregation

were marched away to death or slavery.

But this was not to be the end
for Hagia Sophia.

When Mehmed arrived to inspect
the church of San Sophia,

he found one of his Turkish soldiers
trying to prise marble off the floor.

He hit him with his sword, saying,
"I gave you the treasure and the people,

"but the buildings are mine.

"From now on," he said, "the church
of San Sophia will be the Great Mosque

"of Aya Sofia."

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: The 800-year-old
prophecy of Muhammad had come true.

"Verily, you shall conquer Constantinople.

"What a beautiful leader
will that leader be."

Mehmed II was now that promised leader.

The Crusaders had come here
to pillage and destroy.

The Ottomans were here to
fulfil the destiny of God's capital city.

To make it the capital of Islam.

[CALL TO PRAYER]

A new city was about to be born
out of the ashes of Constantinople,

with the skyline and the soundtrack

for which it is famed
throughout the world.

The Ottomans brought with them

the minarets that define
Islamic architecture.

But the great domes were inspired
by Hagia Sophia.

Because this is what the Muslims had
come here for,

the thing that
all this architecture stood for,

the Byzantine vision
of a universal empire, blessed by God.

But their approach to Holy Empire
was subtly different.

They replaced
Byzantium's stifling orthodoxy

with a bewildering diversity
of religious belief.

Ottoman Islam was infused with mysticism,

poetry, ancient spirituality.

This was the religion
of the whirling dervish,

followers of the great poet of love, Rumi,

who danced themselves
into a trance of divine love.

Mehmed II was so open to un-Islamic ideas

that he sometimes shocked
his own adherents.

He was seen once or twice
in Istanbul's churches,

prompting outlandish rumours

that he was about to convert
to Christianity.

Mehmed II learned
from the fate of Byzantium.

His empire would not shut itself
off from outside influences.

He set about rebuilding this city

on lines that were international
and surprisingly inclusive.

After two centuries of war,

blockade and depopulation,

Istanbul's markets
were once again thriving.

Sultan Mehmed followed a deliberate policy

of attracting to Istanbul

and settling here
peoples from all over the world,

regardless of their creed or nationality.

So from the east
he attracted Christian Armenians,

Muslim Arabs, Kurds,

and from Western Europe
he attracted Jews and Arabs

fleeing from the repressions
of the intolerant Christians.

Not only that, but from the Balkans,
Albanians, Greeks, Serbs, Bosnians.

And he succeeded, he and his successors,

in making Istanbul
the refuge of the world.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: It's the culmination
of a story heavy with irony.

The Emperor Constantine's
great Christian capital

had been brought to its knees
by the actions of Christians

and brought back to life
by the vision of Muslims.

Thousands upon thousands had
given their lives in the struggle,

but one character had emerged
gloriously intact.

The city had suffered
two centuries of disasters,

culminating in total cataclysm.

But it wasn't the end.

True, the Byzantine civilisation
was all but destroyed,

but the city managed to beguile
its new conquerors.

And their embellishments restored it

to what it was always meant to have been,

the sacred, imperial capital
of a faith and an empire.

The city of the world's desire.

SIMON: [VOICEOVER]: Next time,
I'm going to explore that Ottoman capital,

the creation of a legendary city,

from which larger-than-life
emperors ruled as caliphs of Islam

until the end of the First World War.

[THEME MUSIC PLAYING]