All language subtitles for Nature.S44E09.Parenthood.Jungles.1080p.AMZN.WEB-DL.DDP2.0.H.264-Kitsune_track3_[eng]

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Incredible ingenuity,

dedication,
and extraordinary teamwork.

This is what it takes
to be a parent on our planet.

Meet the hardworking parents
raising their families...

doing all they can to protect...

...and provide
for the next generation.

Discover the extraordinary ways

animal parents navigate
their world.

But a changing planet
is forcing them to adapt.

Success for all parents

has perhaps the greatest
of consequences.

It ensures the future
of life on Earth.

This is "Parenthood."

A mother orangutan
in Borneo

is building her bed
for the night.

First, a mattress
of fresh leaves.

Her young son,
a few branches below,

is getting to work on
his own bunk.

Not entirely successfully.

It will take her almost a decade
to prepare him for independence.

Like many youngsters,

he decides that his mother's
bed is preferable.

And climbs up for a cuddle.

It takes years
to perfect jungle living,

and all rain forest parents
learn to rely on the trees

to protect and provide for them.

Bhutan.

A Himalayan kingdom

where the forests
are regarded as sacred.

The jungles here provide
a refuge for many rare species.

Among them are some of our
planet's most dedicated parents.

Rufous-necked hornbills.

Male and female pair for life,

and each year they renew
their bond.

Raising a hornbill chick
takes teamwork.

The first step is
to secure a good home.

Unlike most birds,

hornbills don't make nests
but prefer a hole in a tree.

Fortunately, the ancient forests
of Bhutan

contain plenty of options.

Once the pair have found one
that seems suitable,

the female starts collecting mud
from the forest floor.

With it, she builds
a barrier across the entrance

that will prevent
any strangers from getting in.

But she is now imprisoned.

And she will remain so
for the next hundred days.

She will be totally reliant
on her partner for food.

You'd better be up to it.

Fruit forms the bulk
of his offerings.

A caterpillar is
a welcome treat

once carefully prepared.

Most of the time
the food is gratefully received.

But not always.

The lack of choice
is beginning to get to her.

The male works hard to maintain
his daily deliveries.

His commitment is total.

But then...

one beak becomes two.

Their growing chick is thriving.

But the nursery is becoming
increasingly cramped

and a touch grubby.

Dad does his best
to keep them both properly fed.

But conditions inside the nest
are now almost unbearable.

Finally, after three months
of imprisonment,

she decides the time
has come to leave.

And to introduce her chick
to the outside world.

The male now starts
to withhold food,

a clear sign that he, too,
thinks that the time has come.

She starts to chip away
at the baked mud.

Her flight muscles are stiff
and weak.

Inch by inch,
she squeezes her way out.

Freedom again.

Her chick, however,
needs more time.

The world seems rather daunting.

His father swoops in
to offer some encouragement.

It's time to go.

All his parents can do
now is watch.

The chick's journey
inevitably has to begin

with a leap of faith.

He is ungainly and awkward.

But that could have been
a lot worse.

They'll remain by his side
for the next six months.

Jungles may appear
to be full of opportunities.

But competition for homes
can be intense.

This Sri Lankan
pug-nosed frog has been lucky.

He's bagged a prime location.

It even has a pool
in the basement.

And it's not long before
an interested female arrives.

Their embrace can last for days.

But as soon as the eggs
are laid, the female leaves.

He is now on his own,
a single parent.

His new brood quickly
attracts unwanted attention.

Frog's eggs are food
for many jungle creatures.

He can protect them from some
of the smaller threats.

But he has little defense
against the bigger ones.

The tiger tarantula with a leg
span the size of a human face.

They can paralyze its victims
with a single venomous bite.

Almost nothing is safe from it.

Certainly not
a defenseless frog father.

The little frog
bravely holds his ground.

Actually, these two
have met before.

They both
live in the same tree hole.

The tarantula has a nice
dry penthouse at the top...

...while the frog prefers
the damp basement.

The stay-at-home frog keeps the
place clean

and free of ants.

And the spider acts
as a full-time security guard.

Together, they make
an excellent team.

One that ensures a future for
two entirely different families.

For some parents,

finding a suitable home
is just the start

of a very long journey.

Learning the intricacies of
the jungle can take a lifetime.

And in the forests of Borneo,

the amount of food on offer
varies hugely each year.

Orangutans have an encyclopedic
knowledge of the forests.

They not only know
which plants are safe to eat,

but when and where
to look for them.

This knowledge is passed
down to their young,

and today's lesson begins
with a pandanus plant.

A meal of its leaves is an
excellent way

to start the day.

Bibi is an experienced mother

and has been giving
her son, Bayas,

daily lessons
for the last seven years.

Orangutan are
mostly solitary animals.

If Bayas is eventually
to survive on his own,

Bibi has a lot of work to do.

She will need to show
him everything

the forest has to offer.

Including where to find over 300
different kinds of food.

Like all orangs, Bibi is
vulnerable on the ground,

but down here,
there is important food.

Termites.

They're packed with nutrients,

an important supplement
for their regular diet.

Bayas isn't yet brave
enough to sample them,

but at least he's paying
attention.

A varied diet can be
the difference

between life and death.

And at his age, Bayas should
really be fending for himself.

But he still relies
on his mother

to show him the best bits.

There is no shortage of leaves.

But even so,
he wants those particular ones

that his mother is eating.

And she is beginning
to find that very irritating.

Eventually, he gets the message
and finds a branch of his own.

Large fig trees are few
and far between.

And you have to know
when they will be full of fruit

if you are not to make
unnecessary journeys.

They've timed their visit
perfectly.

Hundreds of figs
are beginning to ripen.

Bibi has devoted
nearly a decade of her life

to each of her children.

Bayas is approaching
the end of his training

and will soon need to branch
out on his own.

Leaving his devoted mother

will be one of the most
difficult moments in his life.

And he isn't quite ready
for it yet.

Iguazú National Park
in Argentina.

A mother coati is in her nest
with a litter of kits.

She has looked after them
with great care

since the day they were born.

But now they are close
to independence,

and she's able to start
foraging further.

Coati live in tight
social groups,

and the adults take turns
to care for each other's young.

And keep them out of harm's way.

As one mother disappears
into the canopy...

...the other is left in charge,

and she is going to have
her work cut out.

The kits are just about
manageable when in the trees.

But once on the ground,
it becomes total chaos.

The babysitter
is doing her best...

...but every time one
of the missing kits is found...

...another wanders off.

It's a babysitter's nightmare.

Meanwhile, the other female
is enjoying some quiet time

on the other side of the river.

She calls to the group.

But the babysitter knows

that the kits would find it
difficult to make the crossing.

They'd become separated.

The babysitter,
however, has an idea.

She has learned to use something

that previous generations
didn't have.

A bridge.

She just has to get the
youngsters across it unscathed.

The babysitter rounds
up the final straggler

and carries him to safety.

With the group reunited,

everyone has had quite
enough adventure for one day.

By sharing
parental responsibilities,

these coatis now successfully
raise more offspring

than they could ever do
on their own.

Jungle parents have to be
endlessly resourceful.

And the forests of Jamaica
are now home to a creature

whose ancestors were
once ocean goers...

...but who now live
in the tiny pools of water

that form at the base
of jungle plants.

This is a mother bromeliad crab.

But her new home isn't perfect.

It requires
constant maintenance.

Dead leaves fall into it,
and that just won't do.

The leaves have got to
be removed.

For her growing brood,
nothing is too much trouble.

Cleaning the nursery
is just the start.

For the first ten days,

the tiny crabs don't have
hard shells

and are easily picked
off by hungry predators.

They're totally defenseless.

Fortunately, their industrious
mother knows just the thing.

The forest is littered with
snail shells rich in calcium.

She drops a few
into the nursery pool,

where they will dissolve

and can then be reabsorbed
by the tiny crablets,

helping them to toughen up.

Managing her nursery pool
is a daily battle.

Too many leaves,
more shells to find.

And each day she risks
losing more of her brood.

When eventually the youngsters'
shells have hardened,

she has to provide them
with food.

She doesn't leave the safety
of her bromeliad home,

but relies on food
coming to her.

A millipede in search
of a meal of decomposing leaves.

She readies herself.

It won't be easy,
but there's a bounty to be had.

She eventually gets to grips
with her capture...

...and breaks it up
into bite-sized chunks.

The body of the millipede will
not only feed her whole family,

but will also help to further
strengthen the crablets' shells.

The crablets love the guts best.

The mother crab has managed
to create an environment

that suits her family.

But some jungles are
now being transformed in ways

that make raising young
almost impossible.

The karst forests
of southern China.

The limestone peaks are home
to one of the rarest of monkeys.

The white-headed langur.

This infant is one
of the last of his kind.

He's precious not just
to his mother,

but for the future
of his entire species.

A ledge high up
these vertical cliffs

may be a safe place to sleep.

But it's less than
perfect as a nursery.

Traveling around up here
is not for the inexperienced.

But eventually all langurs must
learn to master the rock face.

Fortunately, there are plenty of
others willing to lend a hand.

Young langurs can spend
as much as a third of their time

under the care of other females.

Around mid-morning,

the group begin
their daily descent to the base

of their pinnacle.

One false step here
could be fatal.

But this is the place where
their mothers find their food.

Whilst their babies are free to
develop their climbing skills.

Langurs need a variety
of fresh leaves every day.

Not long ago, the troop had
a much larger forest territory.

But they have become
isolated on their rocky island.

Which is now entirely surrounded
by farmland.

The patches of jungle
that remain

have become increasingly rare.

A couple of outsiders
have been spotted approaching

through the fields.

Looking to take over the island.

Rival males will kill
the offspring of others.

So the mothers quickly
get out of the way...

...and retreat to the safety
of the cliffs.

Leaving the rest of the troop
to resist the attack.

The intruders have
been repelled for now.

But not everyone has gone
unscathed.

The troop begin
the long climb back up.

The mother
and her precious cargo

carefully work their way
up the cliff.

The walls are near vertical
and the holds razor thin.

These langurs have adapted
to this perilous habitat.

And their island refuge
provides the mother

and her baby
with a safe haven for now.

But one day,
the youngster will be forced

to leave his mother's family...

...and establish a territory
of his own.

And that will not be easy.

Forest habitat is
being lost all over the world,

but nowhere is this
more pronounced than

in the Brazilian Amazon.

Every year,

vast swathes of jungle
are deliberately set on fire...

...leaving millions
of animal parents homeless.

Many are forced to find refuge
in nearby patches of forest.

Among them a particularly rare
and seldom seen creature.

An Amazonian tapir,

a close relative of rhinos

and South America's
largest land mammal.

Her young calf sticks close
by her side.

They are in search
of a new territory

which has the resources
they need to survive.

Finding enough vegetation
to eat is not a problem.

But many jungle plants lack
crucial minerals,

and some contain a mix
of toxic chemicals.

Over time, these toxins
can build up in a tapir's body.

Eventually, some need to seek
out a remedy.

She leads her young calf
upstream in the hope

of finding the cure.

The female knew where
to go in the patch of forest

where she was born.

But as her former territory
continues to burn behind her,

she is forced
to look for somewhere new.

As night falls,
the jungle comes alive.

Using her keen sense of smell,

she cautiously guides
her calf through the forest.

The more animals they encounter,

the closer they're likely
to be to their destination.

She can smell something
familiar in the darkness.

Clay.

The remedy that she
and her calf so badly need.

It's thought
the clay neutralizes the toxins

and provides essential minerals
lacking in their diet.

Others arrive, all searching
for the same thing.

The particular chemical
compounds within this clay.

As more tapir arrive,
they dig into the soil,

making it accessible to other,
less powerful species.

The location of this clay lick

is a crucial part
of the calf's education.

There are unique sites
like this all over the Amazon,

including many that have not
yet been identified by humans.

Even the most remote forests
on Earth

are no longer immune
from modern disturbances.

The Daintree
in northern Australia.

Dinosaurs once lived here.

And their feathered
descendants still prowl

the understory today.

A cassowary.

This one is nicknamed Crinkle.

He's nearly 45 years old,
and like all cassowary fathers,

he has the responsibility
of rearing the young.

Success is never guaranteed,

and this year is
tougher than ever.

It's the middle
of the dry season.

Crinkle's head casque helps
him shed heat quickly.

But his chicks
have no such defense.

In these temperatures,

they need to drink almost
every day if they're to survive.

But it has hardly rained
for months.

The forest is parched and many
of the riverbeds are dry.

Crinkle breaks up some fruit
for his chicks,

but it won't sustain them
for long.

He must find water.

There is a remote pool at
the far limit of his territory.

The journey there is risky,

but his chicks are hungry
and thirsty

and increasingly desperate.

Even in a good year,

only 50% of cassowary chicks
survive.

He urges them on.

They must be cautious.

The search for water is drawing
other animals into the area.

Feral pigs introduced by humans

are now abundant
in these forests.

Following their scent,
wild dingoes are also moving in.

Both of these animals are known
to kill cassowary chicks.

Crinkle is by no means
defenseless.

His razor-sharp talons are
effective weapons,

but he will be unable
to save his chicks

if they don't find water soon.

At last.

And for now, they are alone.

The oasis provides
precious relief.

And what is more,
the quandong tree here

is full of fruit,

a food much relished by
cassowaries.

And in return,
the cassowary distribute

the seeds around the forest,

helping the trees to spread.

All over the world,

animals and trees
depend on each other.

But there are some trees
that do more

than we ever thought possible.

A 200-year-old Ajo tree
in Costa Rica

covered in golden blooms.

As one of the largest trees
in the area,

it has unrestricted access
to the sun.

However, for the saplings
growing on the forest floor,

collecting the relatively
little light

that filters down
isn't quite so easy.

But the Ajo tree's
influence is great.

Its immense canopy absorbs
the sunlight,

using its energy to synthesize
sugars in its leaves...

...which then circulate
through its branches

right down to its roots.

Here it collaborates
with microscopic fungi,

and it distributes
excess nutrients

to the tiny saplings nearby.

This underground network
enables trees

to support the next generation.

These complex relationships
take years to establish.

And it's clear that,
as trees age,

they become increasingly
important for the forest,

acting as protectors
and providers

for the whole ecosystem.

A cavity in the Ajo's
ancient trunk

provides a home
for a family of bats.

And thousands of insects
visit it each day.

This Ajo is a keystone
of the forest.

But it's not unique.

The world over,
such giant individuals play

a pivotal role
in their respective forests.

They are the key
to a healthy jungle.

From the majestic meranti
in Borneo

to the giant kapok in Brazil,

trees like these
provide homes for a huge variety

of animal families.

Entire neighborhoods
depend on them for food.

They are the center
of their community...

...and are vital to all parents
who make their homes in jungles.