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(cannon exploding)
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00:02:23,185 --> 00:02:25,813
- [Narrator] This is a film
about that scale and grandeur.
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00:02:26,022 --> 00:02:28,566
(cannon exploding)
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00:02:28,774 --> 00:02:31,485
This is a film about that
military achievement.
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00:02:31,694 --> 00:02:33,195
(cannon exploding)
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00:02:33,404 --> 00:02:36,490
This is a film about a
people who, for all time,
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00:02:36,699 --> 00:02:39,285
shattered the legend of Nazi invisibility.
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00:02:39,493 --> 00:02:40,578
(cannon exploding)
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00:02:40,786 --> 00:02:44,373
This is a film about victory and defeat.
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00:02:44,582 --> 00:02:46,042
(rousing orchestral music)
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00:02:46,250 --> 00:02:51,130
German victory, and German defeat.
12
00:02:51,464 --> 00:02:54,342
(cannon exploding)
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00:02:55,718 --> 00:02:57,178
This is the battle for Russia,
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00:02:58,262 --> 00:03:00,514
a battle that has been
going on for centuries,
15
00:03:01,932 --> 00:03:04,310
a battle that fills the
pages of Russian history.
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00:03:05,519 --> 00:03:06,312
1242.
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00:03:07,730 --> 00:03:10,858
(dramatic music)
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00:03:11,067 --> 00:03:12,652
The Germany order of Teutonic Knights
19
00:03:12,860 --> 00:03:14,945
had invaded northeastern Russia,
20
00:03:15,154 --> 00:03:17,323
and occupied the old city of Pskov.
21
00:03:30,836 --> 00:03:33,297
Under the leadership of
their grandmaster, von Bock,
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they threatened to enslave
the whole population
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00:03:35,925 --> 00:03:39,553
of that area, including
the capital, Novgorod.
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(bell ringing)
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00:03:51,315 --> 00:03:53,109
In their hour of peril, the Russian people
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00:03:53,317 --> 00:03:56,445
turned for leadership to their
prince, Alexander Nevsky.
27
00:04:05,705 --> 00:04:10,209
And on April 5th, 1242, on Lake Peipus,
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the Russians met the might
of the German forces.
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00:04:13,879 --> 00:04:17,341
(rousing orchestral music)
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They weren't as well equipped
or as well organized.
31
00:04:35,234 --> 00:04:39,488
(speaking Russian)
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00:04:41,031 --> 00:04:44,034
- [Narrator] But in their
hearts was a flaming courage,
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00:04:44,243 --> 00:04:47,121
a flame so fierce that it
pierced the German army.
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00:04:56,046 --> 00:05:01,010
The victory they won fills a
bright page of Russian history.
35
00:05:01,969 --> 00:05:05,014
1704, and another conquering army
36
00:05:05,222 --> 00:05:06,849
marched across Russian land.
37
00:05:08,768 --> 00:05:12,229
This time, under Charles
XII of Sweden, and again,
38
00:05:12,438 --> 00:05:14,482
the Russians fought for their country.
39
00:05:14,690 --> 00:05:16,734
(cannons exploding)
40
00:05:20,112 --> 00:05:22,531
Led by their emperor, Peter the Great,
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00:05:22,740 --> 00:05:24,450
after five long years of war,
42
00:05:24,658 --> 00:05:28,162
they defeated the Swedes, in
the historic battle of Poltava.
43
00:05:28,370 --> 00:05:32,541
(speaking Russian)
44
00:05:34,752 --> 00:05:36,921
- [Narrator] The invading
Swedish armies were crushed,
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and forever driven out of Russia.
46
00:05:43,093 --> 00:05:43,928
1812.
47
00:05:45,054 --> 00:05:47,306
("La Marseillaise")
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00:05:47,515 --> 00:05:49,975
Napoleon and his armies have
blazed their triumphant way
49
00:05:50,184 --> 00:05:52,812
across Europe, and were
marching on Moscow.
50
00:05:56,565 --> 00:05:58,609
Conquering armies entered the city,
51
00:05:58,818 --> 00:06:01,028
but they entered a city in flames.
52
00:06:01,237 --> 00:06:04,156
Even in that day, Russian
earth was scorched earth
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00:06:04,365 --> 00:06:06,659
to an invader, and once again,
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00:06:06,867 --> 00:06:09,370
the invader was forced
to start the long march
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00:06:09,578 --> 00:06:11,539
on the road back out of Russia.
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00:06:13,207 --> 00:06:17,169
1914, and another German army, this time,
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00:06:17,378 --> 00:06:20,047
under Kaiser Wilhelm, set
out to conquer Russia.
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00:06:20,256 --> 00:06:22,967
(bombs exploding)
59
00:06:24,969 --> 00:06:27,721
("1812 Overture")
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00:06:27,930 --> 00:06:31,058
This time, the Russian people,
under the regime of the czar,
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00:06:31,267 --> 00:06:33,519
were not only fighting German guns
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(cannons exploding)
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00:06:37,314 --> 00:06:39,733
but oppression and corruption
in their own country,
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00:06:41,068 --> 00:06:43,529
and only the ultimate
collapse of imperial Germany
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saved Russia from losing
the Ukraine and the Crimea,
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which the Germans had occupied in 1918.
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00:06:51,829 --> 00:06:56,000
Yes, for 700 years, the Russian
people have had to fight
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and defend their land
against would-be conquerors.
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00:07:01,881 --> 00:07:03,090
Why?
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00:07:03,299 --> 00:07:06,385
Why have all these attempts
been made to conquer Russia?
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00:07:09,972 --> 00:07:12,558
Perhaps Russia itself
can provide the answer.
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Here it is.
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One sixth of the Earth's surface,
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reaching from east to west,
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00:07:18,105 --> 00:07:20,274
nearly halfway around the world,
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00:07:20,441 --> 00:07:23,360
and southward from the North
Pole to the borders of India.
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One country of nine million square miles.
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00:07:28,782 --> 00:07:31,368
That's our own country three times over,
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00:07:31,577 --> 00:07:34,455
or all of North America, and a
million square miles to boot.
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00:07:35,539 --> 00:07:37,333
The sun never sets on Russia.
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When it is dusk on its western
borders, facing Europe,
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it is already dawn on its eastern borders
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facing the Pacific.
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That's Russia, or to be correct,
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the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
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Deep in its mountains lie thick,
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rich veins of gold and silver.
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Below ground lie enormous
deposits of copper, tin,
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00:08:06,320 --> 00:08:08,280
manganese and nickel,
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00:08:08,489 --> 00:08:09,698
chromium and radium,
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00:08:09,907 --> 00:08:11,241
sulfur and magnesium.
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00:08:12,201 --> 00:08:14,828
Russia is rich in raw materials.
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Her forests cover millions
upon millions of acres.
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00:08:19,208 --> 00:08:21,543
One fourth of all the
lumber reserve in the world
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belongs to Russia, and as for fuel,
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00:08:25,381 --> 00:08:27,967
there's coal, ton upon ton,
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00:08:29,677 --> 00:08:32,012
and more important, there's also oil,
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213 million barrels a year of it,
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black gold flowing from the earth,
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00:08:38,394 --> 00:08:41,188
that contains 55 percent
of the world's oil.
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What else?
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Iron?
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Russia has better than 10 billion tons.
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00:08:48,570 --> 00:08:51,156
That can make a lot of
steel before it's done.
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00:08:51,365 --> 00:08:53,283
Yes, Russia is rich.
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Her farms cover millions
upon millions of acres,
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the rich black earth
that besides giving forth
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oil and coil, will also grow everything
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from sunflowers to lotus.
110
00:09:04,962 --> 00:09:08,173
The tea your people drink
in such huge quantities,
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00:09:08,382 --> 00:09:10,009
and the tobacco that they smoke.
112
00:09:11,218 --> 00:09:13,429
Cotton grows here, too.
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Three million, 800 thousand bales a year,
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and sugar, and on the pasture land,
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00:09:20,185 --> 00:09:23,814
the animals grow fat for
food and wool for clothing,
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while on the warm plains,
the fields of grain
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stretch as far as the eye can reach.
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Corn, oats, hops, rye,
and don't forget wheat.
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One third of the world's best.
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00:09:37,786 --> 00:09:40,205
Yes, Russia is very rich,
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for it has not only raw materials
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and the products of its soil,
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Russia is also people.
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(people singing in Russian)
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193 million people.
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00:09:56,805 --> 00:10:01,268
(people singing in a foreign language)
127
00:10:04,396 --> 00:10:07,441
People of every race, color and creed,
128
00:10:07,649 --> 00:10:09,777
people coming from the
many different republics
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00:10:09,985 --> 00:10:12,071
that comprise The Soviet Union,
130
00:10:12,279 --> 00:10:15,699
people speaking more than a
hundred different languages,
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00:10:15,908 --> 00:10:18,243
but all citizens of one country.
132
00:10:18,452 --> 00:10:22,748
(people singing in Russian)
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Whether they are the great Russians,
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00:10:33,342 --> 00:10:36,637
the descendants of the first
settlers of this vast area,
135
00:10:36,845 --> 00:10:39,348
and for a thousand years,
its main population,
136
00:10:40,516 --> 00:10:43,852
or Cossacks, or famous
horsemen from the open plains
137
00:10:44,019 --> 00:10:45,187
of the Don River Valley.
138
00:10:46,772 --> 00:10:51,318
(people singing in Russian)
139
00:10:56,907 --> 00:10:59,993
Whether they come from the
southwest, the Ukraine.
140
00:11:09,962 --> 00:11:12,297
Here in the bread basket
of the Soviet Union
141
00:11:12,506 --> 00:11:16,135
live the little Russians
that are known as Ukrainians,
142
00:11:16,343 --> 00:11:20,222
and beside them, the
Moldavians and Bessarabians,
143
00:11:20,430 --> 00:11:21,890
but if they come from the far south,
144
00:11:22,099 --> 00:11:24,309
between the Caspian and Black Seas.
145
00:11:33,193 --> 00:11:36,488
Where we find the Armenians
and the Georgians,
146
00:11:36,697 --> 00:11:38,699
the Ingush, the Chechens,
147
00:11:39,867 --> 00:11:40,784
and rugged as the high peaks
148
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of their native Caucasus Mountains.
149
00:12:08,896 --> 00:12:13,066
Whether they are Uzbeks, Turkmen, Kyrgys,
150
00:12:13,275 --> 00:12:15,444
from the Persian and Indian frontiers.
151
00:12:18,530 --> 00:12:19,573
Or Mongols.
152
00:12:21,116 --> 00:12:24,912
(traditional Mongolian music)
153
00:12:29,583 --> 00:12:33,837
The Bashkirs, the Turko-
Tartars, the Buryats,
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00:12:34,046 --> 00:12:37,132
the Yakuts, from beyond
the Ural Mountains,
155
00:12:39,218 --> 00:12:41,053
or the people of the ice country,
156
00:12:41,261 --> 00:12:42,596
hunters like the Saamis.
157
00:12:44,223 --> 00:12:46,642
Or settlers like the Laplanders.
158
00:12:50,187 --> 00:12:52,272
Whether they come from
the pioneering wilderness
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of the far north,
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00:12:54,691 --> 00:12:57,778
or from a great city, like
their capital, Moscow,
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00:12:57,986 --> 00:13:01,740
where the ancient buildings
of an ancient civilization
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00:13:01,949 --> 00:13:06,662
stand beside the modern structures
of a modern civilization,
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00:13:06,870 --> 00:13:09,248
where the old Russian
droshky still competes
164
00:13:09,456 --> 00:13:10,624
with the modern limousine.
165
00:13:11,792 --> 00:13:15,587
(people singing in Russian)
166
00:13:22,552 --> 00:13:26,139
Whether they work in
factories or as soldiers,
167
00:13:27,224 --> 00:13:31,144
whether they are brick
layers or traffic cops,
168
00:13:31,353 --> 00:13:36,233
sailors or riveters,
school children or farmers,
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00:13:38,652 --> 00:13:41,530
nurses or engineers,
170
00:13:41,738 --> 00:13:44,866
window washers or sales girls,
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00:13:45,075 --> 00:13:48,704
housewives or postal clerks,
172
00:13:48,912 --> 00:13:51,707
radio announcers or stewardesses,
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00:13:51,915 --> 00:13:54,459
scientists or typists,
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00:13:54,668 --> 00:13:57,004
musicians or ballerinas.
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00:13:57,212 --> 00:13:59,756
("Swan Lake")
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00:14:06,972 --> 00:14:10,058
Regardless of what they
do or where they live,
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00:14:10,267 --> 00:14:14,313
they all have one thing in
common: love of their soil.
178
00:14:14,521 --> 00:14:18,817
(people singing in Russian)
179
00:14:24,948 --> 00:14:26,325
That is Russia.
180
00:14:26,533 --> 00:14:27,576
Size?
181
00:14:27,784 --> 00:14:29,328
The largest country in the world.
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00:14:30,329 --> 00:14:31,872
Raw materials?
183
00:14:32,080 --> 00:14:33,457
Unlimited.
184
00:14:33,665 --> 00:14:34,791
Man power?
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00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:36,960
193 million.
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00:14:37,169 --> 00:14:39,880
These are three reasons why
ever conqueror in history
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00:14:40,088 --> 00:14:42,716
has wanted Russia, and
these are the reasons
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00:14:42,924 --> 00:14:45,427
why the modern would be conqueror wrote.
189
00:14:45,635 --> 00:14:47,429
- [Man] "When we speak of new territory,
190
00:14:47,596 --> 00:14:48,889
"we must think of Russia.
191
00:14:49,097 --> 00:14:51,475
"Destiny itself points the way there."
192
00:14:52,601 --> 00:14:53,727
- [Narrator] Yes, as we have seen,
193
00:14:53,935 --> 00:14:56,229
Germany's spirit of
aggression was handed down
194
00:14:56,438 --> 00:14:58,482
from generation to generation,
195
00:14:58,690 --> 00:15:00,817
and now, in Hitler's Germany,
196
00:15:01,026 --> 00:15:03,153
the dream was world conquest.
197
00:15:04,613 --> 00:15:06,865
For such a dream, there
could be only one answer:
198
00:15:07,074 --> 00:15:08,033
collective security.
199
00:15:09,117 --> 00:15:10,744
So with this objective,
200
00:15:10,911 --> 00:15:15,582
in 1934, the Soviet Union
joined the League of Nations.
201
00:15:15,791 --> 00:15:17,793
Again and again before the League,
202
00:15:18,001 --> 00:15:20,212
its representatives
urged binding agreements
203
00:15:20,420 --> 00:15:22,381
to support by collective action
204
00:15:22,589 --> 00:15:24,883
any nation submitted to attack.
205
00:15:25,092 --> 00:15:27,636
- [Litvinoff] The State I
represent entered the League
206
00:15:27,844 --> 00:15:29,888
with the sole purpose of the maintenance
207
00:15:30,097 --> 00:15:31,598
of invisible peace.
208
00:15:31,807 --> 00:15:33,975
The League of Nations
is still strong enough
209
00:15:34,184 --> 00:15:35,685
by its collective actions
210
00:15:35,894 --> 00:15:38,105
to avert or arrest aggression.
211
00:15:38,313 --> 00:15:40,857
There is no room for
bargaining or compromise.
212
00:15:41,066 --> 00:15:42,401
- [Narrator] But while
some members of the League
213
00:15:42,609 --> 00:15:45,028
were pleading vainly for
the use of collective force
214
00:15:45,237 --> 00:15:48,532
to stop aggression, the
world saw other members,
215
00:15:48,740 --> 00:15:53,620
Germany, Italy, Japan,
withdraw from the League
216
00:15:53,870 --> 00:15:55,747
to follow the path of aggression.
217
00:15:56,957 --> 00:16:00,419
Manchuria, Ethiopia,
218
00:16:01,711 --> 00:16:03,964
then Hitler invaded Austria,
219
00:16:04,172 --> 00:16:08,093
Czechoslovakia, and in 1939, Poland.
220
00:16:08,969 --> 00:16:11,304
First step on the road to Russia.
221
00:16:11,513 --> 00:16:13,306
But his eastward march was interrupted
222
00:16:14,474 --> 00:16:17,936
by France and Britain declaring war.
223
00:16:19,146 --> 00:16:22,023
So the Germans were forced to turn west,
224
00:16:22,232 --> 00:16:24,568
and in 1940, as we have seen,
225
00:16:24,776 --> 00:16:27,195
wiped the last opposition
from western Europe,
226
00:16:28,447 --> 00:16:30,782
and while the Nazis were
unsuccessfully trying
227
00:16:30,991 --> 00:16:33,034
to bring Britain to her knees,
228
00:16:33,243 --> 00:16:35,745
the German generals were
already planning to resume
229
00:16:35,954 --> 00:16:37,664
the interrupted eastern blitz.
230
00:16:38,582 --> 00:16:41,168
The road to Russia was now open,
231
00:16:41,376 --> 00:16:44,880
but before that attack,
preliminary steps were necessary.
232
00:16:45,088 --> 00:16:48,258
South and east of Germany
are Hungary, Romania,
233
00:16:48,467 --> 00:16:52,012
Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Greece,
234
00:16:52,220 --> 00:16:55,515
and Hungary had grain, rich fields of it,
235
00:16:56,391 --> 00:16:59,227
grain too good for Hungarians,
when German soldiers
236
00:16:59,394 --> 00:17:01,146
have such good appetites.
237
00:17:01,354 --> 00:17:03,315
Hungary had bauxite.
238
00:17:03,523 --> 00:17:07,319
Bauxite makes aluminum,
and aluminum makes planes,
239
00:17:07,527 --> 00:17:09,696
and Hungary had an army,
240
00:17:09,905 --> 00:17:11,865
not the battle trained German army,
241
00:17:12,073 --> 00:17:14,367
but good enough to throw
against Russian guns.
242
00:17:15,702 --> 00:17:18,663
Romania had not only grain, but oil,
243
00:17:18,872 --> 00:17:20,749
and Hitler needed every last drop of it
244
00:17:20,957 --> 00:17:22,918
to power his war machine.
245
00:17:23,126 --> 00:17:27,130
Romania also had men, more slave labor,
246
00:17:27,339 --> 00:17:30,300
and more cannon fodder
for the attack on Russia.
247
00:17:30,509 --> 00:17:33,428
And most important,
Romania and Hungary both
248
00:17:33,637 --> 00:17:37,349
had Russian frontiers, and
Hitler wanted those frontiers
249
00:17:37,557 --> 00:17:39,809
in the hands of German generals.
250
00:17:40,018 --> 00:17:42,687
Bulgaria didn't have a Russian frontier,
251
00:17:42,896 --> 00:17:44,689
but it did have bases,
252
00:17:44,898 --> 00:17:47,234
bases on the Black Sea,
253
00:17:47,442 --> 00:17:51,112
bases for German submarines
to prey on Russian shipping.
254
00:17:52,489 --> 00:17:54,199
By the spring of 1941,
255
00:17:54,407 --> 00:17:56,785
the reactionary governments of Hungary,
256
00:17:56,993 --> 00:18:01,289
under the dictatorship of
Admiral Horthy of Romania,
257
00:18:01,498 --> 00:18:03,500
governed by young King Michael,
258
00:18:03,708 --> 00:18:06,628
who was only a tool in the
hands of Hitler's puppet,
259
00:18:06,836 --> 00:18:11,716
General Antonescu, and of
Bulgaria, ruled by King Boris,
260
00:18:12,551 --> 00:18:14,761
always a disciple of German imperialism.
261
00:18:15,720 --> 00:18:17,889
All had sold their
countries out to Hitler.
262
00:18:18,848 --> 00:18:22,060
Now, threatened by a
revolt of their peoples,
263
00:18:22,269 --> 00:18:25,146
they were only too glad to be
protected by Hitler's armies.
264
00:18:26,314 --> 00:18:30,652
So by March of 1941, German
armies were in occupation
265
00:18:30,860 --> 00:18:35,156
of Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria.
266
00:18:35,365 --> 00:18:38,159
That still left Yugoslavia and Greece.
267
00:18:38,368 --> 00:18:40,620
So long as they remained
unoccupied territory,
268
00:18:40,829 --> 00:18:41,580
they remained the root
269
00:18:41,788 --> 00:18:44,457
for a possible Allied counter invasion.
270
00:18:44,666 --> 00:18:45,792
At one of their regular meetings,
271
00:18:46,001 --> 00:18:47,919
Hitler had assigned the
job of conquering Greece
272
00:18:48,128 --> 00:18:50,255
to his stooge, Mussolini.
273
00:18:50,463 --> 00:18:51,881
The stooge was delighted.
274
00:18:52,799 --> 00:18:54,634
Here was his chance to prove to his people
275
00:18:54,843 --> 00:18:56,845
that he, too, was a conqueror.
276
00:18:58,096 --> 00:18:59,764
But he was wrong.
277
00:18:59,973 --> 00:19:01,433
Perhaps the uniforms fooled him.
278
00:19:02,350 --> 00:19:03,685
Something did.
279
00:19:03,893 --> 00:19:06,563
For after the fascist legions
had blitzed on one cylinder
280
00:19:06,771 --> 00:19:08,940
this far into Greece, the Greeks,
281
00:19:09,149 --> 00:19:11,776
in a brilliantly conducted
mountain campaign,
282
00:19:11,985 --> 00:19:15,196
drove the Italians back,
and invaded Albania.
283
00:19:16,197 --> 00:19:17,824
Hitler was enraged.
284
00:19:18,033 --> 00:19:20,493
The failure of his stooge to
protect his southern flank
285
00:19:20,702 --> 00:19:23,121
was delaying the attack on Russia.
286
00:19:23,330 --> 00:19:24,998
He sent a final ultimatum.
287
00:19:25,206 --> 00:19:29,336
For the Yugoslavs and Greeks,
it was surrender or else.
288
00:19:30,962 --> 00:19:33,131
But the Yugoslavs and
Greeks come from a long line
289
00:19:33,340 --> 00:19:34,758
of fighting men.
290
00:19:34,966 --> 00:19:37,385
Nazi slavery didn't appeal to them.
291
00:19:37,594 --> 00:19:41,473
(plane engine whirring)
292
00:19:41,681 --> 00:19:44,017
(bombs exploding)
293
00:19:44,225 --> 00:19:48,104
(missiles whirring and exploding)
294
00:19:48,313 --> 00:19:51,191
(missiles whirring)
295
00:19:53,818 --> 00:19:58,156
At dawn on April 6th, German
bombs told the Yugoslavians
296
00:19:58,365 --> 00:19:59,741
they were at war with Germany.
297
00:20:00,784 --> 00:20:03,662
The Nazis and Italians launched a powerful
298
00:20:03,870 --> 00:20:05,622
and coordinated attack
from all their bases,
299
00:20:05,830 --> 00:20:08,500
supported by virtually
unopposed aerial bombarding.
300
00:20:09,626 --> 00:20:11,544
The conclusion was inevitable.
301
00:20:11,753 --> 00:20:13,088
Although resistance was determined,
302
00:20:13,296 --> 00:20:14,673
the Yugoslav army was cut up
303
00:20:14,881 --> 00:20:17,550
into many small segments, and captured.
304
00:20:17,759 --> 00:20:20,762
The war in Greece also began on April 6th.
305
00:20:20,970 --> 00:20:23,223
There, in spite of fierce
and valiant resistance
306
00:20:23,431 --> 00:20:25,266
by the Greeks, and the British,
307
00:20:25,475 --> 00:20:27,143
who had come to their aid,
308
00:20:27,352 --> 00:20:29,729
the Germans, overwhelmingly superior
309
00:20:29,938 --> 00:20:31,815
in both numbers and equipment,
310
00:20:32,023 --> 00:20:34,067
forced their way past the Vistritza River,
311
00:20:34,275 --> 00:20:38,488
Mount Olympus, the famous
passage of Thermopylae,
312
00:20:38,697 --> 00:20:39,572
and by the end of April,
313
00:20:39,781 --> 00:20:42,075
a swastika flew over the
ancient city of Athens.
314
00:20:44,536 --> 00:20:46,746
The conquest of the
Balkans was now complete.
315
00:20:47,706 --> 00:20:49,708
The whole force of Nazi might could now
316
00:20:49,916 --> 00:20:51,251
be turned loose on Russia.
317
00:20:52,168 --> 00:20:54,087
There was no time to waste,
318
00:20:54,295 --> 00:20:56,256
for time was Russia's weapon.
319
00:20:57,132 --> 00:21:00,176
Their industries, so
recently built and which,
320
00:21:00,385 --> 00:21:03,430
like our own, were designed
for the ways of peace,
321
00:21:03,638 --> 00:21:05,724
were converted for war.
322
00:21:05,932 --> 00:21:08,393
Instead of steel for plows and tools,
323
00:21:08,601 --> 00:21:11,730
steel for shells and guns.
324
00:21:11,938 --> 00:21:13,857
They knew their industry
could never produce enough
325
00:21:14,065 --> 00:21:16,609
too adequately for the titanic struggle,
326
00:21:16,818 --> 00:21:18,695
but what they could produce, they would.
327
00:21:20,447 --> 00:21:22,657
(people singing in Russian)
328
00:21:22,866 --> 00:21:24,784
At the same, the army began to grow.
329
00:21:24,993 --> 00:21:27,704
More and more men were
called up to be trained,
330
00:21:27,912 --> 00:21:32,250
hardened, drilled, prepared
to defend their land.
331
00:21:32,459 --> 00:21:33,084
(engine revving)
332
00:21:33,293 --> 00:21:36,254
(people singing in Russian)
333
00:21:37,505 --> 00:21:42,343
(people singing in Russian)
334
00:21:42,552 --> 00:21:43,511
With the conquest of the Balkans,
335
00:21:43,720 --> 00:21:47,182
the Nazis had a solid front
from the Black Sea to the Baltic
336
00:21:47,390 --> 00:21:49,934
but the Russians had
built themselves a buffer,
337
00:21:50,143 --> 00:21:52,145
to take some of the steam
out of the Nazi punch
338
00:21:52,353 --> 00:21:53,813
no matter where it landed,
339
00:21:54,022 --> 00:21:55,273
but where would it land?
340
00:21:55,482 --> 00:21:56,733
(cannons exploding)
341
00:21:56,941 --> 00:22:00,695
When the blow came, it was
from five different directions,
342
00:22:00,904 --> 00:22:03,406
and from the north, one
extra, just for luck.
343
00:22:04,699 --> 00:22:05,950
That was the big day.
344
00:22:06,159 --> 00:22:09,496
(engines roaring)
345
00:22:09,662 --> 00:22:12,165
As dawn broke, more
than 200 Axis divisions,
346
00:22:12,373 --> 00:22:15,960
more than 2 million men
plunged into a front
347
00:22:16,169 --> 00:22:20,548
2000 miles long, reaching from
the White Sea to the Black.
348
00:22:20,757 --> 00:22:21,382
Their aim?
349
00:22:21,591 --> 00:22:22,717
The annihilation of the Red Army,
350
00:22:22,926 --> 00:22:25,762
in the decisive battle on the frontier.
351
00:22:27,013 --> 00:22:29,933
(gunfire exploding)
352
00:22:34,312 --> 00:22:36,564
The offensive started along
the whole length of the front,
353
00:22:36,773 --> 00:22:40,318
but was concentrated on
three main objectives:
354
00:22:40,527 --> 00:22:45,406
Leningrad, Moscow, and Kiev,
the capital of the Ukraine.
355
00:22:46,074 --> 00:22:47,992
In the first 30 days, von Leeb's forces
356
00:22:48,201 --> 00:22:51,287
drove to within 125 miles of Leningrad,
357
00:22:51,496 --> 00:22:55,124
while the Finns under Mannerheim,
supported by the Germans,
358
00:22:55,333 --> 00:22:58,336
began to drive from the
north to encircle the city.
359
00:22:58,545 --> 00:23:02,257
In the center, von Bock's
army plunged 480 miles
360
00:23:02,465 --> 00:23:04,300
into Soviet territory.
361
00:23:04,509 --> 00:23:06,803
One Russian city after
the other was overrun
362
00:23:07,011 --> 00:23:08,096
by the invaders.
363
00:23:21,860 --> 00:23:25,321
And on July 17th, they captured
the first main objective:
364
00:23:25,530 --> 00:23:29,033
Smolensk, regarded as the key to Moscow.
365
00:23:29,242 --> 00:23:32,579
Simultaneously in the south,
von Rundstedt's forces
366
00:23:32,787 --> 00:23:34,163
cut deep into the Ukraine.
367
00:23:35,164 --> 00:23:37,458
This was Blitzkrieg at its best.
368
00:23:37,667 --> 00:23:40,336
The world gave Russia another six weeks,
369
00:23:40,545 --> 00:23:42,797
and the Germans issued a communique.
370
00:23:44,048 --> 00:23:46,759
- [Man] The issue in the east
has already been settled.
371
00:23:46,968 --> 00:23:50,513
Smolensk is the last halt
on the road to Moscow.
372
00:23:50,722 --> 00:23:52,932
- [Narrator] But then, a
strange thing happened.
373
00:23:53,099 --> 00:23:55,310
For the first time since
the mighty German army
374
00:23:55,518 --> 00:23:58,813
started its career of blitz,
smashing into submission
375
00:23:59,022 --> 00:24:01,399
one European country after the other,
376
00:24:01,608 --> 00:24:04,611
that same German army
came up against a country
377
00:24:04,777 --> 00:24:06,321
(cannons blasting)
378
00:24:06,487 --> 00:24:08,156
that did not submit.
379
00:24:08,364 --> 00:24:09,949
Despite the fact that Hitler's army
380
00:24:10,158 --> 00:24:12,702
swept deeper and deeper
into the Soviet Union,
381
00:24:12,911 --> 00:24:15,413
and by October the 15th stood practically
382
00:24:15,622 --> 00:24:17,457
within the shadows of the Kremlin,
383
00:24:17,665 --> 00:24:19,417
despite the fact that
the Soviet government
384
00:24:19,626 --> 00:24:23,171
and all foreign missions were
forced to move to Kuibyshev,
385
00:24:23,379 --> 00:24:25,214
700 miles to the east,
386
00:24:25,423 --> 00:24:27,717
despite Hitler's triumphant pronouncement,
387
00:24:27,926 --> 00:24:30,553
I can say that this
enemy is already broken
388
00:24:30,762 --> 00:24:32,263
and will never rise again.
389
00:24:32,472 --> 00:24:33,097
(speaking German)
390
00:24:33,306 --> 00:24:34,849
Despite the fact that by December,
391
00:24:35,058 --> 00:24:37,977
500,000 square miles of Russian territory,
392
00:24:38,144 --> 00:24:41,773
an area equal to the entire
middle western United States
393
00:24:41,981 --> 00:24:45,318
had fallen to the invaders, yes,
394
00:24:45,526 --> 00:24:49,447
despite Russia's loss of
her best agricultural areas,
395
00:24:49,656 --> 00:24:52,367
her most thoroughly
developed industrial plants,
396
00:24:52,575 --> 00:24:54,702
millions of her people,
397
00:24:54,869 --> 00:24:57,705
thousands of her tanks and her planes,
398
00:24:57,914 --> 00:25:01,084
despite everything, those
six weeks had lengthened
399
00:25:01,292 --> 00:25:04,671
into nearly six months,
and the dread Nazi blitz
400
00:25:04,837 --> 00:25:09,759
had spluttered, stumbled,
and finally died.
401
00:25:10,176 --> 00:25:11,552
What had happened here?
402
00:25:11,761 --> 00:25:13,513
Let's try to analyze it.
403
00:25:15,098 --> 00:25:18,101
First, in this titanic
struggle, not only two armies,
404
00:25:18,309 --> 00:25:21,729
but two fighting methods
and two strategies
405
00:25:21,938 --> 00:25:23,648
came face to face.
406
00:25:23,856 --> 00:25:25,858
The German strategy was
based on the well tried
407
00:25:26,067 --> 00:25:28,152
'Keil and Kessel'
408
00:25:28,361 --> 00:25:30,029
or wedge and trap maneuver.
409
00:25:30,238 --> 00:25:32,657
One wedge would be driven
deep into the enemy territory,
410
00:25:32,865 --> 00:25:35,076
to hook up with another spearhead,
411
00:25:35,284 --> 00:25:36,953
driven through to meet it.
412
00:25:37,161 --> 00:25:40,373
In the trap thus formed,
the victim would be pocketed
413
00:25:40,581 --> 00:25:42,041
for annihilation.
414
00:25:42,250 --> 00:25:45,169
The German plan in every
campaign was to seek
415
00:25:45,378 --> 00:25:48,214
a decisive battle at
the moment of invasion.
416
00:25:48,423 --> 00:25:50,341
- [Man] A single blow
must destroy the enemy,
417
00:25:50,550 --> 00:25:52,051
without regard for losses,
418
00:25:52,260 --> 00:25:55,221
a gigantic, all destroying blow.
419
00:25:56,556 --> 00:25:58,641
- [Narrator] Remember the
campaigns you have already seen
420
00:25:58,850 --> 00:26:00,351
in these films.
421
00:26:00,560 --> 00:26:04,063
Poland, the Poles
concentrated on their borders.
422
00:26:04,272 --> 00:26:06,107
The blitz broke through.
423
00:26:06,315 --> 00:26:08,109
18 days finished Poland.
424
00:26:09,110 --> 00:26:12,363
France, the Allied
strength on the borders,
425
00:26:12,572 --> 00:26:14,449
the breakthrough at Sedan,
426
00:26:14,657 --> 00:26:17,201
and the issue of France was settled.
427
00:26:17,410 --> 00:26:21,122
The Balkans, the Yugoslavians
rushed to the border,
428
00:26:21,330 --> 00:26:25,376
the breakthrough came and in
12 days, Yugoslavia was gone.
429
00:26:26,252 --> 00:26:29,505
The Germans planned the same
blitz against the Russians,
430
00:26:29,714 --> 00:26:32,091
but the Russians had
developed their own strategy,
431
00:26:32,300 --> 00:26:36,179
one to take full advantage of
the vast area of their land.
432
00:26:36,387 --> 00:26:39,140
The Russian strategy
was a defensive depth,
433
00:26:39,348 --> 00:26:43,227
line after line, far
back into the interior,
434
00:26:43,436 --> 00:26:45,563
and when the Nazi wedge struck,
435
00:26:45,772 --> 00:26:47,815
the first line would bend with it,
436
00:26:48,024 --> 00:26:49,901
until it became part of the second.
437
00:26:50,818 --> 00:26:52,904
Again, the wedge would strike,
438
00:26:53,112 --> 00:26:56,115
again, a segment would be lost, but again,
439
00:26:56,324 --> 00:27:00,620
the line would bend, until
it became part of the third.
440
00:27:00,828 --> 00:27:04,415
So the deeper the Germans
plowed into Russian soil,
441
00:27:04,624 --> 00:27:06,834
the stronger their opposition,
442
00:27:07,043 --> 00:27:10,546
until finally, they faced
an unshatterable wall,
443
00:27:10,755 --> 00:27:12,423
and were robbed of their chance to hit
444
00:27:12,632 --> 00:27:15,468
that all destroying blow
they had counted on.
445
00:27:15,676 --> 00:27:17,136
The result?
446
00:27:17,345 --> 00:27:20,890
The Germans conquered land
and lost the campaign.
447
00:27:21,099 --> 00:27:23,142
For the Russian tactics kept the main bulk
448
00:27:23,309 --> 00:27:26,813
of their armies intact, and
made a long war inevitable,
449
00:27:27,021 --> 00:27:29,982
instead of that quick
decision the Germans sought.
450
00:27:30,191 --> 00:27:31,943
And the Russians had other tactics
451
00:27:32,151 --> 00:27:34,403
that threw the Germans for a loss.
452
00:27:34,612 --> 00:27:35,655
(bombs exploding)
453
00:27:35,863 --> 00:27:36,989
Germany had developed blitz warfare,
454
00:27:37,198 --> 00:27:41,285
mechanized warfare, armies on wheels,
455
00:27:41,494 --> 00:27:43,579
juggernauts to crush
everything before them.
456
00:27:44,914 --> 00:27:46,541
(cannons exploding)
457
00:27:46,707 --> 00:27:48,209
But the Russians found
a way to drag them out
458
00:27:48,376 --> 00:27:49,961
of their traveling fortresses.
459
00:27:50,169 --> 00:27:52,672
They used their cities as strongholds,
460
00:27:52,880 --> 00:27:55,591
and made the blitz come
to them down alleys.
461
00:28:02,265 --> 00:28:03,349
(cannons exploding)
462
00:28:03,558 --> 00:28:06,727
The more a city was bombed,
the more impassable it became
463
00:28:06,936 --> 00:28:08,813
to the German Panzers.
464
00:28:09,021 --> 00:28:11,440
They made the names of
these Russian cities
465
00:28:11,649 --> 00:28:14,694
as familiar to us as the names
of towns in the next county.
466
00:28:15,570 --> 00:28:20,491
Rostov, Kharkov, Kiev, Kursk, Smolensk.
467
00:28:22,076 --> 00:28:25,079
City after city, standing in
the path of the Nazi blitz,
468
00:28:25,288 --> 00:28:28,875
the Red Army has found a
way to make their cities
469
00:28:29,083 --> 00:28:30,543
of great strategic importance.
470
00:28:31,544 --> 00:28:36,507
Odessa, the scene of a heroic
siege of more than two months
471
00:28:37,925 --> 00:28:40,636
held up the whole Nazi
thrust into the Crimea.
472
00:28:42,096 --> 00:28:45,224
Sevastopol, which resisted
every attempt of the Germans
473
00:28:45,433 --> 00:28:46,184
to break through.
474
00:28:50,646 --> 00:28:52,398
Here, for eight and a half long months,
475
00:28:52,607 --> 00:28:54,650
the Russians fought for the town.
476
00:28:54,859 --> 00:28:57,361
Inch by inch, barring the Germans
477
00:28:57,570 --> 00:29:00,364
from the great Black Sea
naval base located there.
478
00:29:01,407 --> 00:29:04,327
Finally, when the
Germans entered the town,
479
00:29:04,535 --> 00:29:07,580
each district was
defended street by street.
480
00:29:07,788 --> 00:29:10,374
(guns firing)
481
00:29:10,583 --> 00:29:11,667
(machine gun firing)
482
00:29:11,876 --> 00:29:14,295
Each street house by house
483
00:29:14,503 --> 00:29:16,881
(guns firing)
484
00:29:24,513 --> 00:29:27,183
and each house room by room.
485
00:29:27,391 --> 00:29:29,894
(guns firing)
486
00:29:34,440 --> 00:29:35,858
(bombs exploding)
487
00:29:36,067 --> 00:29:37,860
The Russians knew their
cities would be demolished,
488
00:29:38,069 --> 00:29:41,322
but their objective
was not to save cities,
489
00:29:41,530 --> 00:29:43,157
but to destroy Germans,
490
00:29:44,075 --> 00:29:46,786
a high price to pay for
a copy of Mein Kampf.
491
00:29:47,870 --> 00:29:50,998
So the Germans were forced
out of their armored shells,
492
00:29:51,207 --> 00:29:55,336
to fight and to die in
the hand to hand combat
493
00:29:55,544 --> 00:29:57,255
they thought they had abolished.
494
00:29:57,463 --> 00:29:59,840
There was another item the
Germans had overlooked.
495
00:30:00,049 --> 00:30:04,929
They overlooked people, and
generals may win campaigns,
496
00:30:05,429 --> 00:30:07,807
but people win wars,
497
00:30:08,015 --> 00:30:10,893
and on that fatal June 22nd,
498
00:30:11,102 --> 00:30:13,104
when the Russian people first learned
499
00:30:13,312 --> 00:30:15,439
of the invasion of their country,
500
00:30:15,648 --> 00:30:18,943
their grim faces told
of their determination,
501
00:30:19,151 --> 00:30:23,322
to fight and to die,
but never to surrender.
502
00:30:24,282 --> 00:30:26,701
They knew this wasn't a
question of who occupied
503
00:30:26,867 --> 00:30:28,619
what piece of land.
504
00:30:28,828 --> 00:30:31,706
This was a question of life or death.
505
00:30:32,748 --> 00:30:34,959
(speaking Russian)
506
00:30:35,167 --> 00:30:36,836
- [Interpreter] This war
is not an ordinary war.
507
00:30:37,044 --> 00:30:39,964
It is the war of the
entire Russian people,
508
00:30:40,172 --> 00:30:43,676
not only to eliminate the
danger hanging over our heads,
509
00:30:43,884 --> 00:30:47,346
but to aid all people groaning
under the yoke of fascism.
510
00:30:48,472 --> 00:30:51,809
- [Narrator] So the alarm was
spread to factory and farm,
511
00:30:52,018 --> 00:30:54,520
and from every Russian town and village,
512
00:30:54,729 --> 00:30:57,064
men poured forth to answer the call.
513
00:30:59,567 --> 00:31:01,235
From now on, one thing mattered,
514
00:31:01,444 --> 00:31:04,613
and one thing only: victory.
515
00:31:04,822 --> 00:31:07,450
Total war meant total mobilization,
516
00:31:07,658 --> 00:31:11,746
not war just for soldiers,
war for everyone,
517
00:31:11,912 --> 00:31:16,208
young or old, male or female,
it made no difference.
518
00:31:17,251 --> 00:31:19,670
Age had nothing to do with it.
519
00:31:19,879 --> 00:31:21,797
If you were only 12
years old, there was work
520
00:31:22,006 --> 00:31:23,549
for 12 year olds to do.
521
00:31:24,675 --> 00:31:26,886
Sex had nothing to do with it.
522
00:31:27,094 --> 00:31:30,556
If you could hold a
rifle, you were a soldier.
523
00:31:30,765 --> 00:31:33,351
If you could turn a
lathe, you were a soldier.
524
00:31:33,559 --> 00:31:36,562
If you could harvest the
fields, you were a soldier.
525
00:31:36,771 --> 00:31:38,189
If you could handle a locomotive,
526
00:31:38,397 --> 00:31:41,275
or pilot a ship, or guide a tractor,
527
00:31:41,484 --> 00:31:43,694
you were still a soldier.
528
00:31:43,903 --> 00:31:46,906
For everything you did was
part of that total war.
529
00:31:47,907 --> 00:31:51,160
Nothing that the enemy
could use was left behind,
530
00:31:51,369 --> 00:31:54,497
not a yard of wire, or a pound of iron,
531
00:31:54,705 --> 00:31:57,583
not an acre of wheat or a head of cattle,
532
00:31:57,792 --> 00:32:01,003
and the old men stood
watch over the fields,
533
00:32:01,212 --> 00:32:02,797
ready to give the word to burn
534
00:32:03,005 --> 00:32:04,465
at the first sight of the enemy.
535
00:32:07,259 --> 00:32:08,052
Scorched earth.
536
00:32:08,928 --> 00:32:12,098
What can't be withdrawn must be destroyed.
537
00:32:13,224 --> 00:32:16,894
That meant the factories,
the plants, the oil depots,
538
00:32:17,103 --> 00:32:19,063
flames claimed them all.
539
00:32:19,980 --> 00:32:23,609
The giant dam at Dneprostroi,
into which had been poured
540
00:32:23,818 --> 00:32:25,861
not only steel and concrete,
541
00:32:26,070 --> 00:32:29,865
but five long years of Russian
toil and Russian sweat,
542
00:32:30,074 --> 00:32:32,326
to yield the miracle of
electricity to the farms
543
00:32:32,535 --> 00:32:34,495
and people of the Ukraine.
544
00:32:34,703 --> 00:32:37,373
Now, rather than let
the power it generated
545
00:32:37,581 --> 00:32:40,126
fall to the enemy, they destroyed it.
546
00:32:40,292 --> 00:32:42,545
(exploding)
547
00:32:43,504 --> 00:32:45,423
Scorched earth.
548
00:32:45,631 --> 00:32:48,300
The land they had lived on, worked on,
549
00:32:48,509 --> 00:32:52,012
their forests, their fields, their farms,
550
00:32:52,930 --> 00:32:54,682
they surrendered them to the flames,
551
00:32:55,724 --> 00:32:57,059
but not to the invaders.
552
00:32:58,018 --> 00:33:00,104
That was the scorched earth.
553
00:33:00,312 --> 00:33:03,149
(flames crackling)
554
00:33:03,357 --> 00:33:05,317
And for action behind the German lines,
555
00:33:05,526 --> 00:33:07,236
a new army was formed,
556
00:33:07,445 --> 00:33:10,698
an army without uniforms
whose home was the forest,
557
00:33:11,866 --> 00:33:13,868
and whose front was the enemy's rear,
558
00:33:14,994 --> 00:33:16,078
the guerrilla army.
559
00:33:17,246 --> 00:33:21,792
A minimum of glory, and a
maximum of determination.
560
00:33:22,001 --> 00:33:24,920
Their achievements were seldom recorded.
561
00:33:25,129 --> 00:33:27,715
Look well at these faces.
562
00:33:27,923 --> 00:33:31,218
You will never see them again
in the ranks of war prisoners,
563
00:33:31,427 --> 00:33:33,804
or read their names over heroes' graves.
564
00:33:35,014 --> 00:33:37,808
Ahead of them lay nothing
but the rope and the halter,
565
00:33:38,809 --> 00:33:40,978
but they stayed behind
and went on fighting.
566
00:33:41,979 --> 00:33:45,232
Their only goal was merciless destruction,
567
00:33:45,399 --> 00:33:48,444
destruction of communication
lines, supplies,
568
00:33:48,652 --> 00:33:51,238
the invaders themselves.
569
00:33:51,447 --> 00:33:52,865
(guns firing)
570
00:33:53,073 --> 00:33:56,619
Their weapons were dynamite,
and the terror of surprise.
571
00:33:56,827 --> 00:33:59,038
(exploding)
572
00:34:01,499 --> 00:34:04,627
They asked for no mercy,
and they gave none.
573
00:34:04,835 --> 00:34:07,213
(guns firing)
574
00:34:10,424 --> 00:34:14,345
This is the guerrilla army,
this, the scorched earth,
575
00:34:15,429 --> 00:34:19,058
this, the Red Army, these, its leaders.
576
00:34:20,184 --> 00:34:21,644
These are the reasons why
577
00:34:21,852 --> 00:34:24,772
although the Germans conquered land,
578
00:34:24,980 --> 00:34:27,608
500,000 square miles of it,
579
00:34:27,816 --> 00:34:32,071
it was just land, barren
land, scorched land.
580
00:34:33,072 --> 00:34:35,950
These are the reasons why,
after five and a half months
581
00:34:36,158 --> 00:34:40,788
of blitz warfare, after coming
within sight of their goal,
582
00:34:40,996 --> 00:34:44,625
the Germans were stopped at
the very gates of Moscow.
583
00:34:44,833 --> 00:34:47,836
These are the reasons why
although Hitler had sworn
584
00:34:48,045 --> 00:34:50,256
that before December,
the swastika would fly
585
00:34:50,422 --> 00:34:54,593
from the Kremlin towers,
December had come,
586
00:34:54,802 --> 00:34:56,512
but it wasn't the swastika that flew
587
00:34:56,720 --> 00:34:57,846
over the Russian capital,
588
00:34:58,973 --> 00:35:01,100
and it wasn't the Nazi
conquerors who marched
589
00:35:01,308 --> 00:35:03,394
through the streets of the ancient city.
590
00:35:03,602 --> 00:35:04,562
(singing in Russian)
591
00:35:04,770 --> 00:35:06,021
But fresh reserves of the Red Army.
43321
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