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Monsoon in Burma.
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00:00:20,521 --> 00:00:24,734
If you can imagine the heaviest
rain you'd ever get in this country
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00:00:24,817 --> 00:00:30,573
going on for six to eight weeks without
a break, this was monsoon period.
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00:00:30,656 --> 00:00:33,868
Five months in every year.
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00:00:34,577 --> 00:00:39,665
Squashing through mud, living
in mud, lying in mud and sleeping in mud
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00:00:39,749 --> 00:00:42,126
and drinking in mud and eating in mud.
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00:00:42,209 --> 00:00:45,796
That was the monsoon in Burma,
and it's just a nightmare.
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00:00:47,590 --> 00:00:53,012
War in Burma made up
in ferocity what it lacked in scale.
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00:00:53,929 --> 00:00:58,184
Here, in 1944, in these conditions,
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00:00:58,267 --> 00:01:04,398
the British were defending the frontiers
of India against the Japanese.
11
00:02:14,301 --> 00:02:20,099
The Burmese jungle -
a steam bath, closing out the sky.
12
00:02:20,766 --> 00:02:26,480
Dense, imprisoning...
and a long way from home.
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00:02:27,356 --> 00:02:31,068
I'd never seen a jungle. I'd seen
a forest, but I hadn't seen a jungle.
14
00:02:31,152 --> 00:02:36,866
We went in there,
it was dark, dirty, damp, rain,
15
00:02:36,949 --> 00:02:41,036
there were all sorts of animal noises
that we'd never heard before...
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00:02:41,120 --> 00:02:43,205
In fact, it was really scary.
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00:02:43,289 --> 00:02:44,999
I liked the jungle.
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00:02:45,082 --> 00:02:50,880
It did not have the fear it seems
to have had for some Allied soldiers.
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00:02:50,963 --> 00:02:55,009
It was a friendly place - dark,
where you could camouflage yourself.
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00:02:58,262 --> 00:03:02,224
Burma:
jagged mountain and fetid swamp,
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00:03:02,308 --> 00:03:07,146
clothed in jungle
and scored by steep river valleys.
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00:03:10,691 --> 00:03:16,488
Burma: endless green growth
spawning every kind of disease -
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00:03:16,572 --> 00:03:20,993
malaria, dysentery, scrub typhus,
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00:03:21,076 --> 00:03:24,997
dengue fever, prickly heat-
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00:03:25,080 --> 00:03:28,417
particularly in monsoon.
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00:03:32,171 --> 00:03:36,717
Mud. It might have been Flanders
in the First World War.
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00:03:37,927 --> 00:03:44,225
The monsoon in Burma turned camps
into swamps, roads into quagmires.
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00:03:47,561 --> 00:03:54,318
After the rains, the country
was just one great bowl of mud.
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00:03:59,448 --> 00:04:02,451
For the British,
Burma was a shield and barrier
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00:04:02,534 --> 00:04:05,788
protecting their Indian empire.
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00:04:05,871 --> 00:04:08,499
The Japanese saw they could use Burma
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00:04:08,582 --> 00:04:10,751
to screen their new territorial gains
33
00:04:10,834 --> 00:04:12,461
in Southeast Asia,
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00:04:12,544 --> 00:04:15,297
to cut the Allied supply route
to China,
35
00:04:15,381 --> 00:04:19,343
and to secure new sources
of oil and rice.
36
00:04:19,426 --> 00:04:22,680
In December 1941, they invaded.
37
00:04:22,763 --> 00:04:25,057
They had the advantage of surprise,
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00:04:25,140 --> 00:04:29,979
and, for this jungle war,
they were thoroughly prepared.
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00:04:30,771 --> 00:04:32,231
I don't think any country
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00:04:32,314 --> 00:04:36,318
could have been more unprepared for war
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00:04:36,402 --> 00:04:39,280
than Burma was at this particular time.
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00:04:39,363 --> 00:04:41,490
The government was unprepared,
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00:04:41,573 --> 00:04:46,287
the civil organisation
and the people were unprepared,
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00:04:46,370 --> 00:04:51,458
and the defence forces
practically didn't exist.
45
00:04:51,917 --> 00:04:57,548
Some of the Gurkha who came along had
400 recruits straight from the depot,
46
00:04:57,631 --> 00:05:03,887
and the British had been milked
of reinforcements and officers to Europe
47
00:05:03,971 --> 00:05:07,725
and, you might say,
only the dull left behind.
48
00:05:14,606 --> 00:05:18,819
The Japanese from the start
swept all before them.
49
00:05:23,699 --> 00:05:26,785
They used the jungle
to outmarch and outmanoeuvre
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00:05:26,869 --> 00:05:30,039
Britain's weak Burma army.
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00:05:36,378 --> 00:05:39,548
The British retreated in confusion.
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00:05:44,720 --> 00:05:51,352
It was a crashing disadvantage to me
in the 1942 campaign
53
00:05:51,435 --> 00:05:54,271
in that I hadn't got a wireless set
54
00:05:54,355 --> 00:05:59,735
which would contact
my air support in Rangoon,
55
00:05:59,818 --> 00:06:02,196
and, therefore, believe it or not,
56
00:06:02,279 --> 00:06:05,991
the only thing I could do was to tap in
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00:06:06,075 --> 00:06:10,704
onto the railway telephone line,
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00:06:10,788 --> 00:06:15,584
get the babu
in the post office in Rangoon,
59
00:06:15,667 --> 00:06:19,713
and try and persuade him
that it was vitally important
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00:06:19,797 --> 00:06:24,635
for me to be put on
to air force headquarters.
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00:06:24,718 --> 00:06:28,305
And that was really
one of the reasons why,
62
00:06:28,389 --> 00:06:32,601
in our withdrawal to the Sittang,
63
00:06:32,726 --> 00:06:36,105
we were
terribly badly bombed by the RAF
64
00:06:36,188 --> 00:06:39,691
as well as by the Japanese air force.
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00:06:43,779 --> 00:06:47,074
The Japanese
had heavy air superiority.
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00:06:47,157 --> 00:06:49,701
They bombed and strafed almost at will,
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00:06:49,785 --> 00:06:54,164
spreading terror
among raw troops and civilians.
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00:06:59,962 --> 00:07:03,048
Only a small force
of American volunteers
69
00:07:03,132 --> 00:07:05,676
and the few RAF planes
that were in Burma
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00:07:05,759 --> 00:07:09,513
challenged their dominance
and rose to battle with them.
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00:07:19,106 --> 00:07:23,652
The damage the Japanese bombers dealt
was, as much as anything, psychological.
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00:07:23,735 --> 00:07:27,906
People couldn't believe
this was happening to peaceful Burma.
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00:07:43,046 --> 00:07:47,509
Resistance, valiant at times,
was swept aside.
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00:07:52,514 --> 00:07:54,892
I was discharged from hospital
at Mandalay
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00:07:54,975 --> 00:08:00,689
having broken three ribs - left
absolutely stranded on the roadside.
76
00:08:00,772 --> 00:08:02,691
And a civilian picked me up,
77
00:08:02,774 --> 00:08:04,610
took me home to his house,
78
00:08:04,693 --> 00:08:08,614
and said what did I do?
And I said, "I'm catering."
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00:08:08,697 --> 00:08:09,907
He said, "if you like,
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00:08:09,990 --> 00:08:11,950
come to our house and cook for us."
81
00:08:12,034 --> 00:08:13,702
We were there two hours,
82
00:08:13,785 --> 00:08:14,995
no more than that,
83
00:08:15,078 --> 00:08:17,080
when the message came through:
84
00:08:17,164 --> 00:08:19,583
"Evacuate, the Japanese are here."
85
00:08:27,049 --> 00:08:29,885
The Japanese march north continued,
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00:08:29,968 --> 00:08:34,598
leaving a trail of chaos and destruction
the length of Burma.
87
00:08:37,100 --> 00:08:39,645
The British retreated.
88
00:08:39,728 --> 00:08:42,481
I had nothing,
only what I stood up in.
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00:08:42,564 --> 00:08:48,695
I raided someone's kit, found a stout
pair of boots, and we began to walk.
90
00:09:04,044 --> 00:09:08,966
In the mounting confusion,
the wounded were a problem.
91
00:09:09,049 --> 00:09:12,553
We had to leave giving treatment
and just bandage up,
92
00:09:12,636 --> 00:09:15,472
do the best we could.
Some we had to leave behind.
93
00:09:15,597 --> 00:09:20,435
Others we put on transport to get them
on the roads - this was all we could do.
94
00:09:20,519 --> 00:09:23,772
And eventually we had
to finally give it up as a bad job
95
00:09:23,855 --> 00:09:25,440
and make our own way out,
96
00:09:25,524 --> 00:09:28,860
as we were only 24 hours
in front of the Japanese
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00:09:28,944 --> 00:09:31,280
through the length and breadth of Burma.
98
00:09:40,664 --> 00:09:44,001
The Japanese
took everything in their stride.
99
00:09:44,084 --> 00:09:49,756
Ahead of them, the last recourse
of a retreating army: scorched earth.
100
00:09:56,847 --> 00:10:01,018
The invaders seemed
to have made the jungle their friend.
101
00:10:01,101 --> 00:10:04,688
They were racing
to win the rich prize of Burma's oil -
102
00:10:04,771 --> 00:10:07,608
but found instead a blazing inferno.
103
00:10:07,691 --> 00:10:14,406
At one installation, £11 million worth
of oil and plant went up in 70 minutes.
104
00:10:22,414 --> 00:10:26,752
Refugees: Eurasians, Chinese, Indians.
105
00:10:28,420 --> 00:10:32,341
Indians we saw die on the
roadside - we could do nothing about it.
106
00:10:32,424 --> 00:10:36,553
We just had to
think about ourselves and go on.
107
00:10:41,224 --> 00:10:43,852
The Japanese
were driving Burma people -
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00:10:43,935 --> 00:10:47,939
in their thousands they came through.
There were some terrible sights.
109
00:10:48,023 --> 00:10:49,608
Men were left behind,
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00:10:49,691 --> 00:10:53,904
and it was heart-breaking to see them
being separated from their people,
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00:10:53,987 --> 00:10:58,241
wondering whether they'd meet up again.
They were dying in their hundreds.
112
00:10:58,367 --> 00:11:00,494
All you used to do was pile 'em up,
113
00:11:00,577 --> 00:11:03,163
throw petrol over them
and set fire to them
114
00:11:03,246 --> 00:11:05,957
and that was the end of those.
115
00:11:14,216 --> 00:11:17,135
We had to hack
through virgin jungle practically
116
00:11:17,219 --> 00:11:23,183
to get out of that country,
and we had to find our own way to India.
117
00:11:23,266 --> 00:11:27,187
I think the overall impression I had
of that horrible trek out of Burma
118
00:11:27,270 --> 00:11:30,565
was that it seemed to bring the best
and worst out of people.
119
00:11:30,649 --> 00:11:32,984
Some people who I'd looked up to
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00:11:33,110 --> 00:11:34,152
and respected
121
00:11:34,236 --> 00:11:36,196
I found I couldn't respect any more
122
00:11:36,279 --> 00:11:41,368
because they became
entirely different on that march.
123
00:11:41,451 --> 00:11:43,120
In fact, I felt that it was
124
00:11:43,245 --> 00:11:45,872
a question of survival of the fittest.
125
00:11:47,708 --> 00:11:53,797
British prisoners -
5,000 in one engagement alone.
126
00:11:53,880 --> 00:11:57,008
The Japanese despised
those who surrendered.
127
00:11:57,092 --> 00:12:00,679
They believed
soldiers should fight to the death.
128
00:12:02,055 --> 00:12:05,183
We felt the British officer
was a very good fighter -
129
00:12:05,267 --> 00:12:10,939
all of the ones we captured, they always
said to me, "We will win the war."
130
00:12:11,022 --> 00:12:15,444
Now this I couldn't understand, because
here is a man who has surrendered
131
00:12:15,527 --> 00:12:18,530
and he still says,
"We will win the war."
132
00:12:35,797 --> 00:12:38,008
Through the deserted cities of Burma,
133
00:12:38,091 --> 00:12:40,761
the conquering Japanese
marched in triumph.
134
00:12:49,102 --> 00:12:53,648
The Burmese people were now exchanging
one set of imperial masters for another.
135
00:13:01,448 --> 00:13:04,367
In five months, by May 1942,
136
00:13:04,451 --> 00:13:07,496
the Japanese
chased the British up past Rangoon,
137
00:13:07,579 --> 00:13:10,081
through the Irrawaddy
and Chindwin valleys,
138
00:13:10,165 --> 00:13:11,666
to the frontiers of India
139
00:13:11,792 --> 00:13:14,127
and out of Burma altogether.
140
00:13:14,211 --> 00:13:18,298
It was the longest retreat
in British history.
141
00:13:18,381 --> 00:13:21,384
The Japanese also drove another army,
the Chinese,
142
00:13:21,468 --> 00:13:23,845
up to Mandalay towards China.
143
00:13:23,929 --> 00:13:26,681
The Chinese,
at war with Japan since 1931,
144
00:13:26,765 --> 00:13:28,809
were protecting their supply line,
145
00:13:28,892 --> 00:13:30,977
the Burma Road.
146
00:13:31,937 --> 00:13:34,981
China was allied to the western powers.
147
00:13:35,065 --> 00:13:40,237
In command of Chinese forces in Burma
was the American, General Stilwell.
148
00:13:40,362 --> 00:13:44,866
Stilwell, chief of staff to the Chinese
supreme commander Chiang Kai-shek,
149
00:13:44,950 --> 00:13:48,036
watched America's interests.
150
00:13:49,079 --> 00:13:52,749
The commander-in-chief, India,
was General Wavell.
151
00:13:52,833 --> 00:13:54,793
Transferred from the Middle East,
152
00:13:54,876 --> 00:13:59,005
he now faced a formidable foe
with scanty resources.
153
00:13:59,089 --> 00:14:03,051
But while his Burma army licked
its wounds, he planned a comeback,
154
00:14:03,134 --> 00:14:06,680
a limited offensive for late in 1942.
155
00:14:08,557 --> 00:14:11,643
Wavell chose to mount this offensive
in the Arakan,
156
00:14:11,726 --> 00:14:14,646
on the Bay of Bengal,
near the Indian Border.
157
00:14:14,729 --> 00:14:18,733
After a hopeful beginning,
everything went wrong.
158
00:14:18,817 --> 00:14:21,820
The British were outmanoeuvred
and outfought again,
159
00:14:21,903 --> 00:14:24,531
and pushed back to their starting point.
160
00:14:24,614 --> 00:14:27,200
They still had not learned
to adapt to the jungle.
161
00:14:28,869 --> 00:14:35,333
In the Burmese jungle, fortunately,
there are many bamboo growths,
162
00:14:35,417 --> 00:14:38,712
and in Japan we all eat bamboo shoots,
163
00:14:38,795 --> 00:14:42,883
so there was a lot of natural food
in the form of bamboo shoots
164
00:14:42,966 --> 00:14:44,509
all over the place.
165
00:14:44,593 --> 00:14:50,223
Apart from that, we all know that
what a monkey can eat, we can eat too.
166
00:14:50,307 --> 00:14:53,935
So if you watch the monkeys
and avoid what the monkeys avoid,
167
00:14:54,019 --> 00:14:56,021
you are fairly safe.
168
00:14:56,104 --> 00:15:01,151
Apart from that there are such creatures
as bandicoots - a type of rat, you see -
169
00:15:01,234 --> 00:15:04,988
snakes, jungle lizards and tokay -
small lizards -
170
00:15:05,071 --> 00:15:07,866
you cut off the head, chop them up
and make into curry,
171
00:15:07,949 --> 00:15:10,827
mixed with pepper, can make good curry.
172
00:15:10,952 --> 00:15:14,331
We have our meats
and Yorkshire puddings and so forth -
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00:15:14,414 --> 00:15:16,249
they lived on rice.
174
00:15:16,333 --> 00:15:20,462
You can't get meat and Yorkshire pudding
and greens and potatoes out there,
175
00:15:20,545 --> 00:15:23,131
so we had to reorganise ourselves
176
00:15:23,214 --> 00:15:26,593
and lived on the things
that the army could produce for us,
177
00:15:26,676 --> 00:15:28,219
like corned beef.
178
00:15:28,303 --> 00:15:30,555
And this is the only place I know
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00:15:30,639 --> 00:15:34,267
where you could open a tin of corned
beef and pour it out like a liquid.
180
00:15:35,226 --> 00:15:38,063
One man
who was going to use the jungle:
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00:15:38,146 --> 00:15:40,815
Orde Wingate,
an experienced guerrilla fighter,
182
00:15:40,899 --> 00:15:44,736
supremely unorthodox,
with a touch of the fanatic.
183
00:15:44,819 --> 00:15:51,034
Now he planned a raid deep in enemy
territory, to be supplied from the air.
184
00:15:51,117 --> 00:15:54,537
He commanded the Chindits,
ordinary British and Gurkha troops,
185
00:15:54,621 --> 00:15:58,041
but intensively trained.
186
00:15:58,833 --> 00:16:01,544
The first operation
was initially
187
00:16:01,628 --> 00:16:06,633
to accompany
a general advance into Burma,
188
00:16:06,716 --> 00:16:09,469
but the general advance was cancelled.
189
00:16:09,552 --> 00:16:15,016
However, Wavell wanted
the expedition to go forward.
190
00:16:15,976 --> 00:16:20,563
February 1943:
the first Chindit expedition.
191
00:16:20,647 --> 00:16:22,983
The going could not have been worse -
192
00:16:23,066 --> 00:16:29,864
long distances in dense, hilly jungle,
and always one more river to cross.
193
00:16:39,749 --> 00:16:43,420
The heat was extreme,
drinking water was short,
194
00:16:43,545 --> 00:16:46,006
and malaria was rampant.
195
00:16:46,089 --> 00:16:49,342
But at last the British were fighting
as the enemy did,
196
00:16:49,426 --> 00:16:54,222
learning to turn the jungle to their
own advantage - but still hating it.
197
00:17:01,312 --> 00:17:07,402
The heat and the smell
of the jungle was vile. Very vile.
198
00:17:07,485 --> 00:17:14,451
You couldn't live in the jungle for an
eternity - you'd never stand the smell.
199
00:17:17,537 --> 00:17:20,999
Even when you went downhill,
you knew you had to go up again,
200
00:17:21,082 --> 00:17:23,793
and we were carrying
60 to 70 pounds on our back,
201
00:17:23,877 --> 00:17:26,796
five days' rations
plus arms, ammunition.
202
00:17:26,880 --> 00:17:30,008
You'd think, "Oh, will it ever end?"
203
00:17:30,091 --> 00:17:32,343
It just went on and on and on,
204
00:17:32,469 --> 00:17:39,100
and the rain - and, of course, the fear
that you would be ambushed or attacked.
205
00:17:45,315 --> 00:17:49,569
It was absolute hell
in the first Wingate expedition,
206
00:17:49,694 --> 00:17:55,283
where the jungle was the friend
of the Japanese, but our enemy.
207
00:17:56,034 --> 00:17:58,119
We were wet all the time,
208
00:17:58,203 --> 00:18:02,082
and while we were wet
we got the leech onto our bodies.
209
00:18:02,165 --> 00:18:06,002
They were there all the time
because of the dampness of it.
210
00:18:06,086 --> 00:18:09,339
They got onto your body,
sucked the blood from your body,
211
00:18:09,422 --> 00:18:12,842
and unless you burnt them the right way
with the cigarette end,
212
00:18:12,926 --> 00:18:16,679
they fell off and left black spots
all over your body.
213
00:18:16,763 --> 00:18:20,767
Once they had their fill of blood,
they dropped from your body
214
00:18:20,850 --> 00:18:26,272
and burst inside your clothes,
and you were smothered in blood.
215
00:18:35,406 --> 00:18:38,868
The thought that
you'd get wounded and be left behind,
216
00:18:38,952 --> 00:18:43,123
that was always in our minds, I think -
I'm sure it was in most people's minds.
217
00:18:43,206 --> 00:18:45,583
I saw chaps having to be left behind -
218
00:18:45,667 --> 00:18:50,255
hand grenade, pistol, flask of water,
219
00:18:50,338 --> 00:18:53,216
water bottle, rations -
220
00:18:53,299 --> 00:18:56,845
and propped up against a tree, left.
221
00:18:59,055 --> 00:19:01,683
450 died.
222
00:19:03,601 --> 00:19:08,022
For some, a simple cross
in a jungle clearing.
223
00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:14,821
In June, after four months,
the first Chindits returned from Burma.
224
00:19:14,904 --> 00:19:20,118
Out of the 3,000 men who had gone in,
less than 2,000 came back.
225
00:19:20,201 --> 00:19:26,249
Weary and emaciated, most
had marched a thousand jungle miles.
226
00:19:28,001 --> 00:19:31,379
Whatever the expedition's
military results,
227
00:19:31,504 --> 00:19:34,591
it did teach valuable lessons
in jungle operations,
228
00:19:34,716 --> 00:19:37,427
in air supply, and in morale.
229
00:19:40,013 --> 00:19:46,811
This was a raid. Its tactical
and strategical effect was not great.
230
00:19:46,895 --> 00:19:52,233
Its main effect was on the morale
of the British and Indian troops.
231
00:19:52,317 --> 00:19:54,986
Our forces were not picked men,
232
00:19:55,069 --> 00:19:58,698
they were ordinary
British and Gurkha battalions,
233
00:19:58,781 --> 00:20:01,409
and the rest of the army said, "My God,
234
00:20:01,492 --> 00:20:03,786
if those people can do it, we can."
235
00:20:04,704 --> 00:20:08,875
Very slowly, the British
were getting the measure of the jungle.
236
00:20:08,958 --> 00:20:12,420
They loathed its stench,
its sticky heat.
237
00:20:12,503 --> 00:20:16,007
It was hard for them to realise
that the jungle was neutral.
238
00:20:16,090 --> 00:20:20,470
Hello, Tommy! Where are you?
239
00:20:24,515 --> 00:20:27,685
Hello, Tommy! Where are you?
240
00:20:30,563 --> 00:20:32,899
I have been hit. Come and help me.
241
00:20:32,982 --> 00:20:37,278
The enemy carried on
a crude but effective war of nerves.
242
00:20:37,362 --> 00:20:41,658
The troops still thought of the Japanese
soldier as master of the jungle,
243
00:20:41,783 --> 00:20:44,285
a man who could go for days
on a handful of rice,
244
00:20:44,369 --> 00:20:47,163
didn't seem to know the meaning of fear,
245
00:20:47,247 --> 00:20:52,418
would never surrender,
was perhaps unbeatable.
246
00:20:59,133 --> 00:21:01,261
A sort of superman.
247
00:21:01,844 --> 00:21:05,765
The Japanese was a good soldier.
He was a good soldier.
248
00:21:05,848 --> 00:21:09,686
If he was told to do a job,
he would stop there until he died.
249
00:21:10,395 --> 00:21:12,397
Animals.
250
00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:15,942
But great soldiers,
great fighting soldiers.
251
00:21:16,651 --> 00:21:21,447
Their battle drill was fantastic.
You couldn't help but admire them.
252
00:21:21,531 --> 00:21:25,159
If they were ambushed,
they were at you -
253
00:21:25,243 --> 00:21:28,830
in 20 or 30 seconds they were
pounding you with their mortars,
254
00:21:28,913 --> 00:21:31,499
and in frontal attacks
nobody could beat them.
255
00:21:31,582 --> 00:21:34,002
They would just come on and on and on.
256
00:21:34,085 --> 00:21:37,297
He hadn't the mentality, I suppose,
to think for himself.
257
00:21:37,380 --> 00:21:38,840
He just obeyed orders.
258
00:21:38,923 --> 00:21:44,512
And he came at you with everything he
had, even if it meant losing his life.
259
00:21:44,595 --> 00:21:46,973
He just... he didn't care about life.
260
00:21:47,807 --> 00:21:50,435
We were taught from the very beginning
261
00:21:50,518 --> 00:21:55,023
that we must...
our life is the emperor's.
262
00:21:55,148 --> 00:22:00,236
For instance, when I left for war duty,
263
00:22:00,320 --> 00:22:02,447
I had to clip my nails and hair
264
00:22:02,530 --> 00:22:04,615
and write a last will and testament,
265
00:22:04,699 --> 00:22:06,200
because from that moment
266
00:22:06,326 --> 00:22:09,078
our lives are in the emperor's hands.
267
00:22:09,162 --> 00:22:10,621
In other words,
268
00:22:10,705 --> 00:22:13,708
my family will put that in the urn
269
00:22:13,791 --> 00:22:16,461
in case my body is not recovered.
270
00:22:16,544 --> 00:22:20,048
So our training
is to die for the emperor, you see.
271
00:23:09,680 --> 00:23:15,686
We had what we called officers' clubs,
where there were Japanese geishas.
272
00:23:15,770 --> 00:23:18,398
These were mostly for officer grade.
273
00:23:18,481 --> 00:23:26,239
For the other ranks, we had
what you might call "comfort girls".
274
00:23:27,365 --> 00:23:33,246
And, of course,
in the officers' parties you all drank -
275
00:23:34,163 --> 00:23:38,084
the thing was to get drunk
very quickly, sing songs,
276
00:23:38,167 --> 00:23:40,545
and because of
the limitation of the girls,
277
00:23:40,628 --> 00:23:43,423
only the high officers got them later.
278
00:23:43,506 --> 00:23:45,508
But the songs would be like...
279
00:23:45,591 --> 00:23:49,262
I think the English have a song
called "Roll Me Over in the Clover",
280
00:23:49,345 --> 00:23:51,556
and you go "One, two, three, four..."
281
00:23:51,639 --> 00:23:55,560
Our songs are very similar - it's always
"One, two, three," like this.
282
00:23:55,643 --> 00:23:58,771
And similar in content, too.
283
00:23:58,855 --> 00:24:04,318
For the enlisted men,
our entertainment...
284
00:24:04,402 --> 00:24:10,074
Because you're entertaining only
between battles or on one day's leave,
285
00:24:10,158 --> 00:24:14,996
and you may die next day, we don't have
much time for any lengthy entertainment,
286
00:24:15,079 --> 00:24:18,291
we go straight to the comfort girls.
287
00:24:18,374 --> 00:24:24,338
You pay your money and you come out
feeling refreshed and like a new man.
288
00:24:26,257 --> 00:24:28,926
Most of the comfort girls
for the enlisted men,
289
00:24:29,010 --> 00:24:30,344
many were Koreans,
290
00:24:30,428 --> 00:24:32,680
and I must say
I respect all of them very much,
291
00:24:32,763 --> 00:24:35,266
because who else
would come to the front line
292
00:24:35,349 --> 00:24:39,479
to give us the last entertainment
293
00:24:39,562 --> 00:24:42,982
for many of us on this earth?
294
00:24:43,107 --> 00:24:47,111
The British had their own,
very different, entertainment.
295
00:24:47,195 --> 00:24:49,363
Burma was the furthest point
296
00:24:49,447 --> 00:24:51,991
and very few artists were going there,
297
00:24:52,074 --> 00:24:54,202
so I said, "Right, that's for me."
298
00:24:54,327 --> 00:24:58,539
They thought they were the forgotten
army and I think they probably were.
299
00:24:58,623 --> 00:25:03,669
In fact, just for them to see me
was quite a lot to them,
300
00:25:03,753 --> 00:25:09,008
because that I had gone
to all the trouble
301
00:25:09,091 --> 00:25:12,428
and travelled so far just to see them
302
00:25:12,512 --> 00:25:17,099
made them feel that they weren't
a long way from home, you know.
303
00:25:17,183 --> 00:25:19,769
If I could pop on a plane
and nip out there,
304
00:25:19,852 --> 00:25:23,481
they weren't too far away
and not forgotten.
305
00:25:23,564 --> 00:25:28,069
In this jungle stalemate,
the message was certainly welcome.
306
00:25:44,168 --> 00:25:51,926
♪ It's a lovely day tomorrow
307
00:25:52,009 --> 00:25:58,558
♪ Tomorrow is a lovely day
308
00:25:58,641 --> 00:26:05,648
♪ Come and feast
your tear-dimmed eyes
309
00:26:05,731 --> 00:26:12,613
♪ On tomorrow's clear blue skies
310
00:26:12,738 --> 00:26:20,037
♪ If today your heart is weary
311
00:26:20,121 --> 00:26:26,335
♪ If every little thing looks grey
312
00:26:26,419 --> 00:26:30,548
♪ Just forget your troubles
313
00:26:30,631 --> 00:26:36,762
♪ And learn to say
314
00:26:37,388 --> 00:26:49,817
♪ Tomorrow is a lovely day
315
00:26:55,948 --> 00:26:59,035
October 1943.
Things are looking up.
316
00:26:59,118 --> 00:27:02,079
Lord Louis Mountbatten arrives
as supreme commander
317
00:27:02,163 --> 00:27:04,957
of a newly created
Southeast Asia Command.
318
00:27:05,041 --> 00:27:10,338
His mission: to end the stalemate
and knock out the Japanese.
319
00:27:12,465 --> 00:27:16,135
Mountbatten's immediate aim
was to rebuild morale
320
00:27:16,218 --> 00:27:21,515
in an army that felt itself forgotten
and wondered why it was there.
321
00:27:21,599 --> 00:27:27,605
"We shall march, fight and fly
through the monsoon," he declared.
322
00:27:28,939 --> 00:27:32,818
Another new appointment:
General Bill Slim,
323
00:27:32,902 --> 00:27:36,280
commander
of the newly formed 14th Army.
324
00:27:36,364 --> 00:27:40,368
He knew Burma,
and he knew the Japanese.
325
00:27:46,874 --> 00:27:51,420
Bill Slim was essentially
a soldier's general.
326
00:27:52,505 --> 00:27:54,882
Watchful of his troops' well-being,
327
00:27:54,965 --> 00:27:58,719
he wanted them fit
and ready to go over to the attack.
328
00:28:02,473 --> 00:28:06,811
♪ Bless 'em all, bless 'em all
329
00:28:06,894 --> 00:28:11,148
♪ The long and the short
and the tall...
330
00:28:11,232 --> 00:28:14,860
"The long and the short
and the tall" were, in this case,
331
00:28:14,944 --> 00:28:17,196
two-thirds of them Indian troops.
332
00:28:19,156 --> 00:28:23,244
♪ Cos we're saying goodbye to them all
333
00:28:23,327 --> 00:28:27,206
♪ As back to their billets they crawl
334
00:28:27,289 --> 00:28:31,460
♪ You'll get no promotion
this side of the ocean
335
00:28:31,544 --> 00:28:35,631
♪ So cheer up, my lads
Bless 'em all
336
00:28:36,382 --> 00:28:38,342
Malaria.
337
00:28:38,426 --> 00:28:40,928
At the First Arakan
this, and other diseases,
338
00:28:41,011 --> 00:28:45,516
had claimed 120 victims
to every battle casualty.
339
00:28:45,599 --> 00:28:47,810
I had malaria 17 times.
340
00:28:47,893 --> 00:28:50,604
The last time they thought
I had spinal malaria -
341
00:28:50,688 --> 00:28:53,441
I couldn't walk
and I couldn't even move my arms.
342
00:28:53,566 --> 00:28:58,821
And I was getting inoculations all day
and every day, three times a day.
343
00:28:59,530 --> 00:29:02,032
To stamp out the scourge at source,
344
00:29:02,116 --> 00:29:04,910
clouds of a new insecticide, DDT,
345
00:29:04,994 --> 00:29:08,330
were sprayed over
the swampy breeding grounds.
346
00:29:19,175 --> 00:29:23,721
December 1943:
a second offensive at Arakan.
347
00:29:24,680 --> 00:29:27,099
The Japanese counter-attacked.
348
00:29:27,183 --> 00:29:29,268
One enemy force advanced north,
349
00:29:29,351 --> 00:29:30,936
wheeled behind the British,
350
00:29:31,020 --> 00:29:33,564
and turned west to capture Ngakyedauk -
351
00:29:33,647 --> 00:29:36,400
or "Okedoke" - Pass.
352
00:29:36,484 --> 00:29:41,280
Another split the British divisions
and encircled one of them.
353
00:29:48,412 --> 00:29:54,460
British and Indian units, trapped in
a small enclave, fought for their lives.
354
00:29:58,214 --> 00:30:01,258
Isolated groups fought on, surrounded.
355
00:30:04,136 --> 00:30:08,015
The skeleton force held out
against an entire Japanese division
356
00:30:08,098 --> 00:30:11,852
in what came to be known
as "The Admin Box".
357
00:30:11,977 --> 00:30:16,899
Clerks, mechanics, drivers,
even a general, joined in.
358
00:30:18,192 --> 00:30:22,238
In the first Arakan operation,
the troops had withdrawn.
359
00:30:22,321 --> 00:30:27,326
Now, on Slim's express orders,
there was no withdrawal.
360
00:30:28,410 --> 00:30:31,413
They were supplied from the air.
361
00:30:35,251 --> 00:30:39,964
By day and night, the planes
of Troop Carrier Command flew in
362
00:30:40,047 --> 00:30:42,758
to drop essential stores.
363
00:30:50,474 --> 00:30:56,564
What seemed certain defeat was
averted by this tactic of air supply.
364
00:31:05,447 --> 00:31:06,782
Casualties were heavy.
365
00:31:06,907 --> 00:31:11,161
The wounded were tended
in improvised dressing stations.
366
00:31:11,245 --> 00:31:17,084
Surgeons performed major operations
in sweating heat, plagued by flies.
367
00:31:38,063 --> 00:31:42,026
At one field hospital, doctors,
medical orderlies and wounded alike
368
00:31:42,109 --> 00:31:44,945
were butchered by Japanese.
369
00:31:51,493 --> 00:31:54,163
The sufferings of prisoners
taken by the Japanese
370
00:31:54,246 --> 00:31:56,540
also stirred the troops to fury.
371
00:32:04,298 --> 00:32:07,843
Thousands of Allied prisoners of war
slaved and died
372
00:32:07,927 --> 00:32:10,012
building the Burma Railway.
373
00:32:10,846 --> 00:32:15,684
They captured us,
and from then on we were no longer men.
374
00:32:17,227 --> 00:32:22,232
They literally
despised us for giving in.
375
00:32:24,068 --> 00:32:26,403
We didn't have the food.
376
00:32:26,487 --> 00:32:30,866
We had to work
anything up to 16, 18 hours a day.
377
00:32:36,121 --> 00:32:38,624
If you argued with one,
if you hit one,
378
00:32:38,707 --> 00:32:43,295
you automatically got six set about you.
379
00:32:45,089 --> 00:32:48,801
And they thought nothing of beating you
until your arm was broke
380
00:32:48,884 --> 00:32:51,887
or your leg was broke.
381
00:32:51,971 --> 00:32:56,725
They'd stand him outside
the guard room in the blazing sun,
382
00:32:56,850 --> 00:33:00,145
take a great delight in pricking him
with a bayonet point
383
00:33:00,229 --> 00:33:02,606
to make him stand upright.
384
00:33:07,820 --> 00:33:10,280
There were men
with terrible ulcers,
385
00:33:10,364 --> 00:33:14,326
and the only treatment they had
was dropping maggots onto the ulcers
386
00:33:14,410 --> 00:33:18,247
and letting the maggots eat out the pus
and clean the ulcers out.
387
00:33:18,330 --> 00:33:21,625
That's the only treatment
we had for them.
388
00:33:21,709 --> 00:33:26,964
To find a chap that was
12 stone down to about five stone
389
00:33:27,047 --> 00:33:31,010
and crawling about trying to beg
for food or scrambling for food...
390
00:33:31,093 --> 00:33:34,346
I mean, it took some living with.
391
00:33:35,055 --> 00:33:39,184
At that time
I was going to the toilet on all fours
392
00:33:39,268 --> 00:33:42,062
cos my bowels had dropped.
393
00:33:42,146 --> 00:33:45,274
The latrines were concrete -
394
00:33:45,357 --> 00:33:49,778
the top was just
one absolute sea of maggots.
395
00:33:49,862 --> 00:33:53,032
This chap in particular
was in such a bad way -
396
00:33:53,115 --> 00:33:55,242
I think it was cerebral malaria -
397
00:33:55,325 --> 00:34:01,248
that they found him with his head
down there. He'd committed suicide.
398
00:34:05,669 --> 00:34:08,881
A very close friend of mine,
in my own regiment,
399
00:34:08,964 --> 00:34:13,844
he'd suffered from everything
from beriberi, cholera...
400
00:34:14,470 --> 00:34:21,185
When he died, he was just skin -
skin over a skeleton and nothing else.
401
00:34:21,310 --> 00:34:24,396
His legs had been eaten away
with ulcers.
402
00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:28,609
And there was just nothing of him.
I only just recognised him.
403
00:34:33,906 --> 00:34:37,785
And there were 16,000 died
just on the railway.
404
00:34:37,868 --> 00:34:41,747
For every sleeper that was laid,
there was a human life given up.
405
00:34:41,830 --> 00:34:45,751
With the proper food, proper treatment,
we could have carried on,
406
00:34:45,876 --> 00:34:49,546
built their blasted railway
and thought nothing of it.
407
00:34:55,469 --> 00:35:01,058
I could never understand
people being like that -
408
00:35:01,850 --> 00:35:06,313
so terrible in things that they'd done,
409
00:35:07,356 --> 00:35:10,275
and the sadistic nature of them.
410
00:35:10,359 --> 00:35:16,031
Thinking of this, I felt sorry for 'em
as much as anything.
411
00:35:34,216 --> 00:35:38,345
Japanese troops
would die rather than surrender,
412
00:35:38,428 --> 00:35:41,557
dig themselves in, resist to the end.
413
00:35:42,182 --> 00:35:44,560
But now, a change.
414
00:35:45,727 --> 00:35:50,065
At Arakan, some Japanese
gave themselves up. They'd had enough.
415
00:35:50,149 --> 00:35:55,904
The superman myth was exploded -
these troops were not unbeatable.
416
00:35:55,988 --> 00:36:00,617
But many Japanese wounded
still took the traditional way out.
417
00:36:00,701 --> 00:36:04,663
It was almost impossible
to take care of the wounded,
418
00:36:04,746 --> 00:36:06,373
and the wounded, knowing this,
419
00:36:06,456 --> 00:36:10,878
would ask their comrades to give them
a grenade so they can commit suicide,
420
00:36:10,961 --> 00:36:13,630
and maybe three or four wounded
who could not walk
421
00:36:13,714 --> 00:36:17,217
could commit suicide that way.
422
00:36:23,807 --> 00:36:27,477
We picked up a number of Japanese
who'd been badly shot up.
423
00:36:27,603 --> 00:36:31,648
It was quite necessary in our field
hospitals to tie their hands down,
424
00:36:31,732 --> 00:36:33,442
because if you didn't do that,
425
00:36:33,525 --> 00:36:37,279
they merely tore at their bandages,
opened their wounds
426
00:36:37,362 --> 00:36:40,991
and literally tried to commit suicide.
427
00:36:47,873 --> 00:36:49,458
Late in 1943,
428
00:36:49,541 --> 00:36:51,835
from Ledo on the India-Burma border,
429
00:36:51,919 --> 00:36:54,213
Stilwell and the Chinese advanced
430
00:36:54,296 --> 00:36:56,506
to open the way for a new route,
431
00:36:56,590 --> 00:36:57,674
the Ledo Road,
432
00:36:57,758 --> 00:37:00,969
joining the old Burma Road at Bhamo.
433
00:37:03,013 --> 00:37:05,515
The Chinese had to fight
to clear the path
434
00:37:05,599 --> 00:37:09,102
which would lead them back to China.
435
00:37:10,854 --> 00:37:16,360
Stilwell's two divisions went ahead,
seeking out the enemy.
436
00:37:36,880 --> 00:37:43,011
Edging southeastwards, in three hard
months they killed 4,000 Japanese.
437
00:37:47,766 --> 00:37:52,020
Behind them came the engineers,
blasting as they went...
438
00:37:56,525 --> 00:38:02,281
and, in their thousands, the labourers
who would build the highway.
439
00:38:10,455 --> 00:38:14,084
The Ledo Road, driven hundreds of miles
through atrocious country,
440
00:38:14,167 --> 00:38:18,171
was to ensure continued supplies
to China.
441
00:38:21,591 --> 00:38:26,221
For Stilwell's troops, conditions
were as hard as anywhere in Burma.
442
00:38:35,647 --> 00:38:38,608
From Wingate, too, a new offensive.
443
00:38:38,692 --> 00:38:40,610
Promoted general, he was to lead,
444
00:38:40,694 --> 00:38:43,739
despite opposition
from more orthodox colleagues,
445
00:38:43,822 --> 00:38:47,576
a second Chindit expedition
to the interior.
446
00:38:47,659 --> 00:38:52,539
They flew in
and were again supplied from the air.
447
00:38:53,915 --> 00:38:57,461
March 1944: Operation Thursday.
448
00:38:57,961 --> 00:39:04,301
Air transport for 10,000 men
and 1,000 pack animals, with stores,
449
00:39:04,426 --> 00:39:08,638
to jungle sites deep in enemy territory.
450
00:39:36,541 --> 00:39:41,463
Landing so many gliders in rough,
hostile country was a formidable hazard.
451
00:39:42,464 --> 00:39:45,675
Guerrilla fighting was new
to most of them.
452
00:39:45,759 --> 00:39:50,055
In spite of their training,
this was a venture into the unknown.
453
00:40:24,214 --> 00:40:30,178
The second Wingate operation
was ten times the size of the first.
454
00:40:30,262 --> 00:40:36,893
The object was, in effect, to cut the
lines of communication of the Japanese.
455
00:40:37,018 --> 00:40:42,774
North Burma's like a great bowl
with mountains all the way round
456
00:40:42,858 --> 00:40:48,530
and communications
running to the rim of the bowl.
457
00:40:48,613 --> 00:40:53,285
We fanned out
to cut these lines of communication.
458
00:40:58,039 --> 00:41:01,918
The Chindits were
on their own, marooned in mid-Burma,
459
00:41:02,002 --> 00:41:04,629
hundreds of miles from their base.
460
00:41:04,713 --> 00:41:10,719
But now it wasn't hit and run.
This time they fought pitched battles.
461
00:41:41,541 --> 00:41:46,713
Bombers were called in time and
time again to save a tricky situation.
462
00:41:48,673 --> 00:41:53,803
Early on, the leader, Wingate,
was killed in an air crash.
463
00:41:54,846 --> 00:41:57,182
The operation went on.
464
00:41:58,642 --> 00:42:02,395
We just marched
on our own two feet with muleteers.
465
00:42:02,521 --> 00:42:06,691
If we was taken ill, we were just
sort of slung across the pony
466
00:42:06,775 --> 00:42:09,694
till such time
as your temperature went down,
467
00:42:09,778 --> 00:42:12,447
and after about two days
you was slung off the pony
468
00:42:12,531 --> 00:42:16,660
and another unfortunate got put on.
469
00:42:18,703 --> 00:42:21,998
Any units
operating in those circumstances
470
00:42:22,082 --> 00:42:24,042
have to be mobile all the time,
471
00:42:24,125 --> 00:42:28,255
and wounded, of course,
immediately bring you to a halt.
472
00:42:28,338 --> 00:42:32,926
Fortunately, Wingate was able to obtain
assistance from the United States
473
00:42:33,051 --> 00:42:35,971
and we were given
some remarkable aircraft,
474
00:42:36,054 --> 00:42:39,057
which was
a very short take-off / landing aircraft
475
00:42:39,140 --> 00:42:44,813
and could get into any little valley
or bit of paddy field and so on,
476
00:42:44,896 --> 00:42:47,232
and evacuate our wounded for us.
477
00:42:48,942 --> 00:42:51,111
Long weeks in the jungle -
478
00:42:51,194 --> 00:42:56,825
weeks of dysentery, jaundice,
jungle sores and malaria.
479
00:42:56,908 --> 00:43:02,831
Aircraft like this meant rescue
for thousands, sick as well as wounded.
480
00:43:06,126 --> 00:43:10,213
The Chindits killed Japanese
where they thought they were safe,
481
00:43:10,297 --> 00:43:15,218
and forced them
to divert troops from other purposes.
482
00:43:15,302 --> 00:43:20,265
Fighting without respite in these
conditions told on the toughest.
483
00:43:20,348 --> 00:43:24,227
Most of the brigades,
through casualties and disease -
484
00:43:24,311 --> 00:43:28,898
they'd been behind the lines
for four to five months - were finished.
485
00:43:29,024 --> 00:43:35,864
My own brigade had only 300 fit men
out of the 4,000 who originally came in.
486
00:43:43,455 --> 00:43:49,002
Meanwhile, pushing down
from the north were Merrill's Marauders.
487
00:43:52,380 --> 00:43:55,300
Named after their leader,
Brigadier General Merrill,
488
00:43:55,383 --> 00:43:58,928
the Marauders were American volunteers.
489
00:44:02,307 --> 00:44:06,936
Among their targets,
the important airfield of Myitkyina.
490
00:44:07,020 --> 00:44:11,191
But the Japanese again
had launched an offensive themselves.
491
00:44:11,274 --> 00:44:15,070
In March 1944,
three divisions crossed the Chindwin
492
00:44:15,153 --> 00:44:19,491
to attack Kohima and Imphal
inside India itself.
493
00:44:19,574 --> 00:44:21,826
One division struck towards Kohima,
494
00:44:21,910 --> 00:44:23,244
two towards Imphal.
495
00:44:23,328 --> 00:44:24,829
They advanced rapidly,
496
00:44:24,913 --> 00:44:27,749
threatening to isolate both objectives.
497
00:44:30,543 --> 00:44:33,171
From the Chindwin river to Michan
498
00:44:33,296 --> 00:44:35,423
there are many precipitous mountains
499
00:44:35,507 --> 00:44:37,842
sticking out
like the fingers of the hand.
500
00:44:37,926 --> 00:44:43,807
We advanced, climbing up and down
these steep mountains.
501
00:44:44,224 --> 00:44:48,144
On the map, the distance
is only about 150 kilometres,
502
00:44:48,228 --> 00:44:51,773
but when the mountains and valleys
were taken into consideration
503
00:44:51,856 --> 00:44:55,026
it was about 300 km.
504
00:44:55,110 --> 00:44:59,364
Without rest or sleep,
it took us 13 days to reach Michan,
505
00:44:59,447 --> 00:45:01,991
where we cut the road.
506
00:45:03,410 --> 00:45:07,080
For the Japanese,
Kohima was a tempting prize.
507
00:45:07,163 --> 00:45:12,168
Its capture would cut the Allies'
supply line to the great base at Imphal.
508
00:45:19,134 --> 00:45:24,723
The British air crews flew dangerous
sorties to prevent their advance.
509
00:45:44,576 --> 00:45:47,328
But the columns came on.
510
00:45:58,840 --> 00:46:03,178
Steadily, the enemy
tightened their circle round Kohima.
511
00:46:03,261 --> 00:46:08,391
They squeezed the small garrison
into a tiny central area.
512
00:46:08,475 --> 00:46:12,937
Losses were heavy,
reinforcements desperately needed.
513
00:46:13,062 --> 00:46:16,608
I sent the 2nd British Division
down to support
514
00:46:16,691 --> 00:46:20,278
the fighting at Kohima,
and they went into Kohima.
515
00:46:20,361 --> 00:46:22,822
The front line was on either side
516
00:46:22,906 --> 00:46:26,534
of the district commissioner's
tennis court.
517
00:46:26,618 --> 00:46:28,870
They stood shoulder to shoulder.
518
00:46:28,953 --> 00:46:32,207
Where they were killed,
they were buried.
519
00:46:32,332 --> 00:46:36,461
Out of three British infantry brigades,
520
00:46:36,544 --> 00:46:41,633
two brigadiers killed, two brigadiers'
replacements seriously wounded.
521
00:46:41,716 --> 00:46:44,385
That's what the fighting was like
in Kohima.
522
00:46:44,469 --> 00:46:47,889
They attacked us at the tennis courts,
523
00:46:47,972 --> 00:46:52,435
and it was just like playing tennis -
524
00:46:52,519 --> 00:46:54,813
so much so that I believe that the area
525
00:46:54,896 --> 00:46:57,524
from one side of a tennis court
to the other
526
00:46:57,607 --> 00:47:02,529
was the positions between the Japanese
and the platoon I was with.
527
00:47:02,612 --> 00:47:06,825
The fighting I saw was literally
hundreds at a time coming towards us.
528
00:47:06,950 --> 00:47:09,953
The manpower strength
just pushed us back
529
00:47:10,078 --> 00:47:13,748
from one trench
to a trench ten foot behind us.
530
00:47:13,832 --> 00:47:17,794
Eventually they kept overrunning us
due to the manpower.
531
00:47:19,087 --> 00:47:22,048
Kohima was
the ordinary soldier's battle.
532
00:47:22,131 --> 00:47:26,761
Small groups of Japanese and British
fought hand to hand.
533
00:47:31,140 --> 00:47:33,643
Every one of us was frightened.
534
00:47:33,726 --> 00:47:39,023
If we put our hands up and surrendered,
our battalion would have been finished.
535
00:47:39,107 --> 00:47:43,611
We knew that if the Japs had got us,
they would have shot us and tortured us,
536
00:47:43,695 --> 00:47:46,781
like they did do to some of our boys.
537
00:47:46,865 --> 00:47:50,827
So we stayed in the holes
and prayed to God.
538
00:47:50,910 --> 00:47:53,872
After the first seven or eight days
539
00:47:53,955 --> 00:47:57,500
the ammunition, the food,
was running out.
540
00:47:57,584 --> 00:48:00,128
Water was almost non-existent.
541
00:48:00,211 --> 00:48:04,841
Then we was told the 2nd All-British
was on their way to get us out.
542
00:48:11,306 --> 00:48:15,476
At last they got there.
The British were now struggling
543
00:48:15,560 --> 00:48:19,022
to force the Japanese
back from the ridge they had seized,
544
00:48:19,105 --> 00:48:22,650
and a continuous artillery duel went on.
545
00:48:26,195 --> 00:48:31,993
The Japanese had started with a force
of 15,000 against a garrison of 3,500.
546
00:48:48,593 --> 00:48:50,595
When the British supplies dwindled,
547
00:48:50,678 --> 00:48:53,556
they were replenished
entirely from the air.
548
00:48:57,352 --> 00:48:59,395
I think everyone on the ground
549
00:48:59,479 --> 00:49:03,816
felt just how much they owed
to these aircrews
550
00:49:03,900 --> 00:49:07,862
who were going flat throughout the day
and sometimes during the night.
551
00:49:07,946 --> 00:49:10,448
And at that time of the war
552
00:49:10,531 --> 00:49:13,868
there weren't that number
of spare crews around,
553
00:49:13,952 --> 00:49:19,499
so that each crew had its aircraft
and that aircraft had to be kept flying,
554
00:49:19,582 --> 00:49:23,211
and they were going absolutely flat out.
555
00:49:29,008 --> 00:49:32,512
Kohima was relieved
after seven weeks.
556
00:49:32,637 --> 00:49:35,974
The troops could now see
the suicidal price
557
00:49:36,057 --> 00:49:39,686
the Japanese had paid
in their bid to capture it.
558
00:49:39,769 --> 00:49:41,813
They were fanatics.
559
00:49:41,896 --> 00:49:44,649
When I say fanatics,
you could be holding a position
560
00:49:44,774 --> 00:49:47,360
and they're about
30 yards away from you,
561
00:49:47,443 --> 00:49:51,114
and all of a sudden they'd come
flying at you, shouting and yelling.
562
00:49:51,197 --> 00:49:54,826
It always amazed us -
or amazed me, rather -
563
00:49:54,909 --> 00:49:58,705
how anybody could come flying
out of the jungle expecting to kill you
564
00:49:58,788 --> 00:50:00,790
who was shouting at you.
565
00:50:00,873 --> 00:50:05,461
I know it unnerves you and all that,
but you can get used to this eventually.
566
00:50:05,545 --> 00:50:09,924
And when we did get used to it,
we took a great toll of the Japanese.
567
00:50:10,008 --> 00:50:13,678
We just held fire and got aim and said,
"You shout on, lad, you come on."
568
00:50:13,761 --> 00:50:17,390
And they came on and
they filled up in front of our trenches,
569
00:50:17,473 --> 00:50:20,518
our little weapon pits.
570
00:50:23,062 --> 00:50:27,025
Fighting the Japanese
was totally committed war.
571
00:50:27,108 --> 00:50:32,280
There was no question of heroics,
mock-heroics or chivalry
572
00:50:32,363 --> 00:50:38,077
in the sense that one read about
prior to the war with Biggles.
573
00:50:38,161 --> 00:50:43,833
We were totally committed
to killing as many Japanese as possible,
574
00:50:43,916 --> 00:50:48,046
probably prompted by the fact
that we knew from bitter experience
575
00:50:48,129 --> 00:50:50,048
that there had been atrocities,
576
00:50:50,131 --> 00:50:52,258
and we were always fearful of the fact
577
00:50:52,341 --> 00:50:55,470
that we didn't wish
to be taken prisoner.
578
00:50:57,722 --> 00:51:01,225
I seen one of my lads
tied up with Dannert wire.
579
00:51:01,309 --> 00:51:03,936
I don't want to see it no more.
580
00:51:04,896 --> 00:51:10,526
It was impossible
to feel sorry or pitiful for 'em,
581
00:51:10,610 --> 00:51:14,197
because we knew what they done
to our boys.
582
00:51:16,324 --> 00:51:22,121
They didn't give us a chance,
and we didn't give them a chance.
583
00:51:37,136 --> 00:51:41,516
After Kohima,
the relief of Imphal.
584
00:51:41,599 --> 00:51:47,146
Fighting there had been as bloody
as at Kohima - and as heroic.
585
00:51:47,230 --> 00:51:52,443
The Japanese now had to be cleared
from the Kohima-Imphal road.
586
00:51:57,406 --> 00:52:02,411
In July 1944,
the Japanese broke off the offensive.
587
00:52:03,621 --> 00:52:08,918
Kohima and Imphal had been
the high point of the Japanese effort.
588
00:52:10,169 --> 00:52:13,881
"They will never come back,"
said General Slim.
589
00:52:24,183 --> 00:52:27,979
On Stilwell's front,
the Chinese, with Merrill's Marauders,
590
00:52:28,062 --> 00:52:30,356
had taken Myitkyina airfield -
591
00:52:30,439 --> 00:52:33,442
but with heavy casualties.
592
00:52:33,526 --> 00:52:37,947
Under monsoon skies,
more wounds to be dressed.
593
00:52:54,672 --> 00:52:59,635
Mountbatten had said the troops
would fight through the monsoon.
594
00:52:59,719 --> 00:53:01,304
Now, in the deluge,
595
00:53:01,387 --> 00:53:04,974
they were driving the Japanese back
across the Burmese frontier.
596
00:53:05,057 --> 00:53:08,728
Ahead, the long road
they had come two years before:
597
00:53:08,811 --> 00:53:13,191
Mandalay, Rangoon,
and much bitter fighting.
598
00:53:14,567 --> 00:53:16,611
There would be no rest
599
00:53:16,694 --> 00:53:22,617
till all the Japanese in Burma
were defeated and destroyed.
69922
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