All language subtitles for david.attenboroughs.conquest.of.the.skies.s01e01.bdrip.x264-haggis

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The ability to move through
the air in any direction you wish,

to cross continents and oceans,

to range over forests
and deserts and mountains,

all this birds have been able
to do for 150 million years.

But they weren't the first
or indeed the last, in the skies.

We are setting out to explore
one of the most astonishing stories
in the natural world.

The way in which animals manage
to rise up from the surface of the Earth,

and colonise the air.

From the dazzling aerobatics
of the insects...

to the majesty
of ancient winged reptiles.

The splendour and agility of birds...

and the sonar guided precision
of night flying bats.

Flight has been the key to the success

of some of our planet's most
remarkable inhabitants.

To analyse their spectacular skills,
we will use the latest technology.

And we will travel around the world.

From the jungles of Borneo,
to the fossil-filled rocks of China,

and the Cloud Forests of Ecuador.

We will take you into the air...

and travel with animals as they fly.

Evidence for the very beginnings
of this astonishing story

can be found close to home
in The Fens of Cambridgeshire.

Here live creatures that have an ancestry
stretching back millions of years.

Nobody knows exactly
how the first flying animals
in the world evolved,

but there are creatures alive today,
that can take us back

to those far-distant, remarkable times,

and they live - surprisingly - under water.

Looking down through
the surface to the riverbed,

is like traveling back
in time, over 320 million years.

It was then, in an age long before
even the dinosaurs evolved,

that creatures like this,
first appeared in the waters
of the Earth.

It's an insect.

A ferocious predator
with jaws like a mechanical grab.

It seems unlikely
that this animal's ancestors

were among the first
creatures ever to fly.

But this one is not yet adult,
it's a larva,

and it doesn't spend all
its life in the water.

It has another life,
and another body above the surface.

Early one morning, it climbs up a reed.

A split appears in its skin,
and a very different-looking
creature begins to emerge.

It has four lumps on its back,
that might perhaps ancestrally

have become either gills,
or protective armour plates.

But now they develop
into something very different.

Wings.

It has two pairs of them.

Liquid from its body is pumped-down
along veins, to stretch them tight.

As they dry in the sun, they harden.

The water-living dragon
has become the dragonfly.

And the four-winged apparatus
that he uses to get into the air,

is the earliest that we know.

Imprints of such wings have been found
in rocks that were laid down

on the bottom
of ancient lakes and streams.

This specimen is
about 150 million years old.

And this wing is double that age
at nearly 300 million years old.

Ancient and modern wings share
a structure that is strikingly similar.

So today's dragonflies are amazingly,
living fossils that can show us

how the very first flyers
overcame the pull of gravity,
and took to the skies.

Their wings are marvels
of natural engineering.

But to see how they lift
the dragonfly into the air,

we need to slow the action down.

In principle, it looks fairly simple,
each wing beats down,

pushing on the air below,
so lifting the dragonfly up.

But each beat also creates
another air current

that lifts the dragonfly
in a very different way.

And I can demonstrate it,
using this strip of paper
to represent a wing.

If I blow across the top of it,
it'll rise. Watch.

That is because the faster air moves,
the lower its pressure.

So I created a lower pressure
above the wing,

and in consequence
it was sucked upwards.

The problem for a flying animal,
is to recreate
that difference in air-speed.

The way the dragonfly
does this is remarkable.

As it moves through the air,
we can see that it twists
its wings at different angles.

On the powerful down-beat,
it holds them at a slight
upwards angle to the air flow,

and this produces an extraordinary
effect above the wing.

It creates a swirl
behind the leading edge,
which spins the air round,

increasing the speed
of the air current
over the top of the wing,

and just a tiny increasing speed
generates a significant upwards force,

lifting up the wing, and the dragonfly.

The dragonfly can then change
the direction of its wing beats,

to propel it forwards, as well as upwards.

Remarkably, a dragonfly can beat
each of its four wings independently.

And that enables it to perform
an astonishing variety of manoeuvres.

It can hover.

It can glide.

It can even fly backwards.

For maximum power,
it beats both pairs together,

and can make really sharp turns.

So the very first dragonflies were able

to extend their territories far and wide.

And as more insects
joined them in the skies,

the dragonflies had the skills
to be deadly aerial hunters.

The ability to fly brought
great advantages to those early insects.

It enabled them to find food,
to escape from predators,

and particularly important,
to travel to new territories
in search of a mate.

Damselflies like their
close relations dragonflies,

have remained virtually unchanged
for millions of years.

Mating can be quite complicated
when both partners can fly,

and these were among
the first kind of animals
that had to deal with that problem.

The blue colour of this one,
shows that it's a male.

To attract a female, a male must have
something to offer her. A territory.

He chooses a stretch of water,
that is likely to contain
plenty of food for his offspring.

Then he guards this territory
against any rivals.

Until a female flies in and joins him.

He must now grab her before she changes
her mind, in mid-air if necessary.

He uses claspers at the tip
of his abdomen,
to grip her behind her neck.

Amazingly, the pair are able to
coordinate the beats of their eight wings.

They may mate in the air,
or choose a secluded perch
where they'll be safe from predators.

They then fly around the territory,
laying their fertilized eggs.

Flight enabled insects
to invade part of the planet

that until then, had been uninhabited:
The air.

And they flourished.

So, 320 million years ago,
the skies thronged with flying insects.

But those early four-wing forms
were destined to produce

a whole range of spectacular,
highly specialized flyers.

The need to lay eggs in water,
tied the first dragonflies

to streams and ponds like these.

But then, around 20 million years
after their arrival,

a new kind of flying insect appeared
with no such ties to water.

Proof of their success
can be found almost wherever you look,

and few places more abundantly
than in Borneo.

The very first flyers
had two pairs of wings,

now we're looking for their successors.

One group of creatures
adapted that original

four-wing design with such success,

that they diversified
into the most numerous

and widespread group of animals
on the entire planet,

and you can find some
of the most spectacular examples,
down there in the rainforest.

Not all insects are hunters,
some are strict vegetarians like this one.

This it is the land living equivalent
to that underwater monster,

the dragonfly larva.

But this larva instead
of catching little fish
and water fleas, munches wood pulp.

The trouble is, that wood pulp
is not very nutritious,

and this creature has to eat it
for at least a year,

before it's this size,
which is full grown.

But then this larva will turn
into an adult, which is equally monstrous.

Emerging from beneath the ground,
where it is lived and fed
as a larva, is a beetle.

One of the biggest in the world.
The Atlas beetle.

Males like this one
are armed with long horns,

powerful weapons with which to
compete with rivals for a mate.

It now spends most of its time
above the ground,

barging its way through
the undergrowth, where it feeds
on tree-sap and fallen fruit.

This hefty, powerful creature
may not look as if it could fly.

But it can.

At key moments in its life
it takes to the air

to look for new sources of food,
and of course, a female.

All this burrowing and munching around,
could injure delicate flight wings.

So beetles have hardened the front pair

to form this pair of protective covers,

and the delicate flight pair,
are stowed away in safety, underneath.

To see how the wings are
folded away beneath their covers,
we need to wait for take-off.

As it flaps, sprung hinges
click-open and the wings
are stretched to their full size.

The working wings create lift in just
the same way that the dragonfly wings do,

and the front wings, which have now
become covers, are held out to the side.

And their shape does
give a little extra lift.

But it's clear that this is really,
rather a clumsy flyer.

Landings can be clumsy too.

And now those fragile wings
must be carefully packed away,
beneath their covers.

They're guided by a line of tiny hairs
at the base of the abdomen.

These grip the wings and
help push them into position.

The beetle does it
with all the care and precision

that a skydiver uses
when packing away his parachute.

Once in a new territory, it will
stake out a fresh source of food,

and then defend it
until a female arrives.

The beetle way of life proved
astonishingly successful.

There are over 370,000 different
species of beetle, so far discovered.

Unbelievable figure.

So early on, the beetles managed
to fly as much as they need to,

with just one pair of wings.

And then, around 57 million years ago,

came another key development
in the history of flight.

A new type of insect appeared,
with two pairs of wings

that became in effect, huge billboards.

Wings that are perhaps
the most dazzlingly beautiful of all.

Butterflies.

To create these extraordinary wings,
the butterflies evolved
a complex life cycle.

They hatch from eggs, as little worms
with legs - caterpillars.

But, unlike many beetle grubs,
caterpillars find their food
above ground,

where they're very vulnerable
to predators.

So they have evolved several strategies

to accumulate all the body mass
they will need, to become flying adults.

The first is to eat as much as they can,
as quickly as they can.

Many are able to reach full size,
in just a matter of weeks.

Of course, a little thin-skinned,
fat-filled sausage

is a tempting morsel
for any bird or reptile.

So caterpillars have to have
ways of defending themselves.

This one, which is the caterpillar
of a lovely swallowtail butterfly

has disguised itself, as a bird dropping.

And if that doesn't deceive a bird,
and a bird goes for it,

it has another form of defence.

It's emitted a rather
unpleasant smell as well.

In the struggle to survive long enough
to become winged adults,

other caterpillars have developed
other equally ingenious forms of defence.

Concealed within these fluffy strands
are short stinging spikes.

And this one is armed with long spines
which have really painful stings.

Not only that, it has
these bright warning colours

to tell any potential predator
that they'll be in trouble if they attack.

This caterpillar may appear
to be dangerous,
but it is in fact a fraud.

The spines don't sting at all.

It's relying on its disguise to make
a potential predator think twice,

and leave it alone.

Or... you can simply hide.

These little tents, have been made
by the caterpillars
of a Skipper butterfly.

Each caterpillar's started by making
a circular cut in the edge of the leaf,

but it's left one segment uncut,
so it can act as a hinge.

Then it pulls over the whole segment

and hides beneath to munch away
at the tissues of the leaf.

And if I just pull it up..
There's a caterpillar.

Caterpillars that survive
this hazardous stage,

can now build their wings
and turn into adults.

They undergo
a truly radical transformation.

Instead of shedding a final layer
of skin as the dragonfly does,

a caterpillar first surrounds itself,
with a protective shell

to act as a sort of changing room.

Within which it dismantles and then
completely reconstructs its body.

After around 10 days,
it emerges as a butterfly.

Now fluid pumps along veins and the wings,
to stretch them out to their full size.

And then, it is ready to fly.

Butterflies live on nectar
which they collect from flowers.

Like dragonflies and beetles,
they also fly to find a mate.

But the way they beat their colourful wings
is significantly different.

This lovely creature
has two pairs of wings,

but it has in effect,
turned them into one.

It's done that quite simply,
by overlapping the larger front pair,
over the smaller hind pair,

so that when the front pair beat-down,
they automatically
press down the lower pair.

The lower pair themselves
don't have the muscles to beat-down,

but just enough strength to return up.

A butterfly's overlapping wings, compared
to the size of their bodies, are enormous,

around 10 times the size
of other insect wings.

Because the wing is larger, each beat
can generate a huge amount of lift.

So to stay airborne, a butterfly needs
to flap less often than other insects.

But that slow wing-beat
also enables it to make rapid
and unpredictable changes of direction.

And that allows butterflies to
fly in that zigzag, erratic way,

which makes them so difficulty to catch,
if you're a butterfly collector,

or more importantly, a predator.

The combined front and hind wings
of a butterfly, not only constitute

very effective flying mechanism,
they can also carry messages.

In fact, they carry some
of the loveliest advertisements
in the whole of the animal kingdom.

Like for example, this beautiful
Golden Birdwing butterfly from Borneo.

The butterfly's huge wings
provide a spacious canvas

on which they display
fantastically elaborate designs.

So, how are these flying
advertisements created?

The secret lies
in the microscopic structure
of the wing surface.

These overlapping scales,
lined up like tiles on a roof,

have evolved from bristles
that were once tiny sensors.

Some contain tiny packets of pigment,
that give the wings colour.

Others have a complex structure
which splits the light,

so that when viewed
from a particular angle,
it reflects a brilliant iridescence.

There are over 18,000 species
of butterfly around the world,

and each has wings
with their own distinctive design.

These ravishing colours
and delectable patterns, of course,

enable a male butterfly
and a female butterfly, to know

whether or not they belong
to the same species.

And a mature adult ready to mate,

can identify a suitable partner
from surprising distances.

When a male and female eventually meet,
they flutter around each other
in a ritual dance.

Each is checking out the flying skills
and wing-patterns of the other.

If both pass the test, they mate.

The sheer size of butterfly wings
might seem to condemn
their owners to a slow,

almost dawdling flight.

But they can be much more
efficient aeronauts,
than you might suppose.

Butterflies may not be able
to fly very fast, but astonishingly,

for such frail looking creatures,
they can travel for hundreds
of miles in search of food.

New discoveries are revealing
that butterflies make immense journeys,

and one of the most exciting
of these studies,

is taking place 7,000 miles
west of Borneo, in Europe.

I am joining a research project
in Central Spain,

to look for one of the greatest
of all butterfly travellers.

The Painted Lady.

Every spring, Painted Ladies
appear in Spain in great numbers.

But Spain is just a stopover.

An international team of scientists
are uncovering evidence

of an astonishing journey
right across Europe and beyond.

This hugely ambitious project,
is the brainchild
of Dr. Constantise Stefanescu.

Detailed records of when
and where Painted Ladies appear,

have revealed an extraordinary
mass migration.

We were able to collect
a huge number of observations

from ah.. more than
60 different countries,

and.. maybe 35,000 records...
- Really?

..many people contributing
ah.. their observations,

and for the first time
it was possible to understand

the general pattern
of migration all around.

By combining this wealth of data,
the team are revealing a route map

that spans incredible distances.

And it begins in North Africa.

Large numbers of Painted Ladies
breed in Morocco over the winter,

before setting out
across the Mediterranean to Europe.

They then follow the spring bloom north,
as the plants

that they and their young feed on,
sprout leaves and flowers.

In summer, they appear
in Britain and Scandinavia.

But no individual butterfly lives
long enough to achieve
this huge journey by itself.

Each step is taken by a new generation.

So, this Painted Lady in Britain
is the grandchild

of a butterfly that set out from Morocco.

But then, in autumn,
all the Painted Ladies vanish.

Do they simply die out? Or could there be
a return leg to their epic migration?

Searching for an answer to this mystery,
has given the project

its most astonishing revelation yet.

And it comes from a part
of the team based

at Rothamsted Research Institute,
just outside London.

The key discovery emerged
from a surprising source. Radar.

Our radar has a vertical pointing beam,
and it illuminates a narrow column
of the sky above,

like shining a powerful spotlight
up into the sky,

and we're able
to detect individual insects
as they fly through that beam.

The signal is so detailed,
it can even help identify the species.

And during the autumn disappearance,

the radar picked up large
numbers of Painted Ladies.

They won't dying out,
they were on the move,

and they were flying
at astonishing heights.

What we found was that in fact
the Painted Ladies were highly abundant

at heights of three, four, five
hundred metres above the ground.

At this great height, they were
invisible to observers down below.

This explained their disappearance.

But the butterflies
had their own very good reasons
to travel at such altitudes.

One of the benefits of flying
at three or four hundred metres
above the ground,

is that the wind speeds there are much
faster than they are at ground level,

so the insects are able to get
a lot of assistance from the wind,

and travel much faster
than they would,
under their own powered flight,

and we see these Painted Ladies
traveling at 50 or even 70 km an hour.

As well as measuring
the phenomenal speed of their flight,

the radar also revealed its direction.

They were heading south.

So where were they going?

The astonishing answer came
from Constantise� far-flung
network of observers,

and the crucial piece of data
was gathered in Africa.

Some expeditions in Africa,
in October, November,

have shown that there is a huge arrival
of butterflies at that moment.
- Really?

So, by the end of the summer,
the newborn butterflies in Europe,

start to migrate way back to Africa.

Really?
- Yeah.

A final generation riding
on high altitude winds
makes an immense journey

of up to 3,000 miles to West Africa,
in just a matter of days.

Observers on the ground,
and radar in the air,

had found proof
of an amazing migration cycle.

Just in one year the whole cycle is made,

and is the succession
of these six generations moving about

5,000 kilometres in one direction,
and 5,000 in another direction.

This migration is in fact
the longest made by

any insect on the planet
so far discovered.

But that raised another question.

How did each generation know
which direction in which to fly?

The Rothamsted scientists once again
set out to find an answer,

by tracking the behaviour
of Painted Ladies
much closer to the ground.

This is our flight simulator experiment.

What we are done is we've tethered
our butterflies to a very fine rod,

and we've put them inside
these flight simulators.

They are ridged up to the computer,
and the butterflies are free to turn.

And as they're turning,
we're recording that turning,

and we can actually draw out
the flight path that they would've taken
if they free flying.

The barrel blocks the butterfly's view
of the surrounding scenery,

removing any possible distractions.

The only reference point they have,
is the sky above.

Remarkably, the butterflies
consistently choose a common direction.

These are the flight headings,
so each spot is one individual butterfly

and the overall direction
that they went in.

So you can see that on average
my butterflies were flying South.

What we found, when we put the lid
on the simulator
so they couldn't see the sky,

is, as you will see, they didn't know
which direction to go in,

they weren't able to maintain
the southwards heading.

Rebecca concluded that their ability
to choose this heading

must depend on the one thing
they can see in the sky above:

The sun.

Actually the sun is a really good cue,
it's very predictable
in its movements across the sky,

and butterflies will be flying
in the middle of the day when it's warm,

when the sun is out, and the sun will be
in the south at that time of day.

So that's a really clear cue
for the butterflies to know
which way is south.

This inbuilt compass
allows Painted Ladies

at high altitude, to select
a wind that's heading south,

and so hitch a free ride
on the long return journey,
all the way to Africa.

Some insects face
a very different challenge,
not flying long distances,

but flying in the dark.

A light trap can attract some
of the most remarkable
of these nocturnal flyers.

Moths.

Moths probably evolved to fly
at night to avoid predators.

Their eyes are adapted to low light,
but they also use a second,
highly developed sense: Smell.

This is a male Moon Moth.

Moths overlap their two pairs of wings,
in just the same way as butterflies do,

and this particular moth is very special.
It has an extremely short life.

It will only live for a week.
It won't even feed.

Its only object is to find a female.

And it does that with these
remarkable feather-like antenna.

The female emits a particular
characteristic scent,

and with those antennae, the male can
sense it from as much as a mile away.

He then takes-off and flies upwind,
until eventually it finds the source.

Moths with their combined front and
rear wings, are also excellent flyers.

Some live longer,
and so need to fly to find food.

This Sphinx Moth's
favourite food, is nectar.

It can even hover as it drinks.

So by overlapping
their two pairs of wings,

butterflies and moths
have become very competent flyers.

But there's one group
of flying insects that has changed

the back pair of wings
into something quite, quite different.

Something that enables them to perform
the most extraordinary aerial gymnastics.

For the final chapter
in our story of flying insects,
I'm returning to London.

The urban jungle and
its human inhabitants,
provide plenty of shelter and food,

for a particularly adaptable
and numerous kind of insect.

Ah, thank you very much.
- Thank you.

An inviting meal like this one,
will I'm quite sure,

very soon attract a flying diner,
that is one of the most remarkable

of all insect aeronauts.

It is of course, a fly.

This particular kind, a blow fly,
occurs all over the world,

and its ancestors have been buzzing
around for a least 250 million years.

Flies are so common, we tend
to dismiss them as just irritating pests,

but their flying abilities
are truly remarkable.

Watch what happen if I try
and swat this one with the menu.

Slowing down the action by 40 times,
we can see how astonishingly
agile flies are.

It makes its escape in the time
it takes me to blink my eye.

The ability to twist and turn at such
high speeds, and so evade enemies,

has made flies the global success
that they are.

They are the jet fighters
of the insect world,

and they owe their manoeuvrability
not to the shape of their wings,

nor the power of their muscles, but to
a set of highly advanced flight sensors.

A fly has its own version
of a fighter pilot's instrument panel,

providing constant updates on speed,
altitude and direction of travel.

A fly gathers this flight-data
through its eyes,

and these are among the best
in the business.

They can process visual information
around 10 times as fast as our own eyes.

But in high speed manoeuvres,
even a fly's eyes

struggle with one crucial
piece of flight data:

The angle of its body in the air,
and the way it changes.

Information that a human pilot would get
from an instrument based on a gyroscope.

And that is essential if you going
to pull-off a stunt like this one.

Fortunately, flies not only
have eyes to guide them.

They also have a second, and even
more remarkable set of sensors.

One that is derived
from that original four-wing design.

A fly only has a single pair of wings.

The rear pair have been
converted into something else.

A tiny club-like appendage
known as a haltere.

This surprisingly sophisticated organ,
alerts the fly to changes

in the position of its body in the air.

As the fly takes-off, each haltere
begins to beat up and down,

and so fast, it immediately
becomes a blur.

But in slow motion, we can see that it
swings back-and-forth like a pendulum.

To understand how the haltere works,

we need to track its movement
in a mid-air roll.

The weighted tip of the haltere,
has a kind of moving inertia,

so that it remains
on the same swinging path
as the fly banks.

Now, the angle between the body
and the haltere changes,

and the base is put under strain.

This triggers sensors
which register the roll.

The fly can then adjust
its wing beat to correct
any imbalance, however extreme.

New studies into a second,
remarkable use of the haltere signal,

are taking place
at London's Imperial College.

In the department of Bioengineering,
experts are studying Blow Flies

to see if their natural flight mechanics
can improve the performance

of man-made flyers, like this drone.

Flies are incredibly manoeuvrable,
and if you look at their performance,

one chasing another one,
um.. it's really hardly

any other animal that can match
this sort of aerodynamic performance.

Holger has devised an experiment
to investigate an intriguing connection,

between a fly's halteres and
its other key flight sensor, its eyes.

A tiny motor simulates a series
of high speed mid-air rolls.

The way the fly then reacts,
is recorded on a specialist camera

which can replay
the action in slow motion.

As you can see if you look closely,
the head of the fly is maintained level,

the body is rotating,
and to maintain level gaze,

they have to counter-rotate the head.

Keeping the eyes level is vital,
if they're to gather
accurate flight information,

and the halteres have been identified
as the crucial sensor,
that makes this possible.

Visual system alone would
just be too slow, that's where
actually the halteres come in.

The halteres are extremely fast
in terms of their responses,

and their immediate.. well signals,
that are then sent to..
to the neck motor system,

and to the flight motor system,
they are the first really

to compensate for any disturbances,
and if that has happened,

the visual system is perfectly well
situated to cope with the rest.

So flies lost a pair of wings,
but gained an extraordinary
new flight sensor

that made them the most advanced
flyers in the insect world.

Flight has enabled the insects
as a whole, to become
an astonishing global success.

There are twice as many insect species,

then there are, of all
other animals put together.

Theirs is a remarkable evolutionary story

that spans over 320 million years.

From the first four-winged creatures
that emerged from the water,

to the armour-plated beetles
which colonise land away from water.

The butterflies
with their huge colourful wings.

And the stunningly skilful
aerobatic flies.

But skill may not be enough,
sometimes sheer size counts.

The insects had the skies for themselves,
for around 100 million years,

but then a new group of animal appeared,
animals that could build bigger bodies,

and they were to lift the techniques
of flying, to even greater heights.

As our journey through time
continues, we encounter

the extraordinary pioneers
of a new wave of larger flyers:

Monstrous winged reptiles.

Strange feathered dinosaurs, whose
ventures into the air led to the birds.

And a group of mammals that conquered
the pitch-black of the night:

The bats.

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