All language subtitles for 20240418 LIFE BEYOND：Visions of Alien Life. Full Documentary Remastered [melodysheep]

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Follow your curiosity.
Lead humanity forward.

Two possibilities exist:

Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe,

Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.

Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.
Both are equally terrifying.

Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.
Both are equally terrifying.
Arthur C. Clarke

Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the universe, or we are not.
Both are equally terrifying.
Arthur C. Clarke
In all of time,

on all the planets of all the galaxies in space,

what civilizations have risen,

looked into the night,

seen what we see,

asked the questions that we ask?

Are we alone?

Is Earth the only chapter in the story of life?

The answers lie somewhere in distant space and time.

For the first time,

For the first time, the truth is finally within our reach.

The search will reveal who we are

and who we might become.

LIFE

LIFE BEYOND

CHAPTER I

CHAPTER I
The Dawn

In the search for life out there, we must first look inward.

Life seems to have conquered
every corner of the Earth.

How did all this complexity emerged?

What does it take to create life?

What does it take to create life?
Living organisms are created by chemistry.

Living organisms are created by chemistry.

We are huge packages of chemicals.

And what are the ideal conditions for chemistry?

Well, first, you need energy.

I
Well, first, you need energy.

I
E
Well, first, you need energy.

I
EN
Well, first, you need energy.

I
ENE
Well, first, you need energy.

I
ENER
Well, first, you need energy.

I
ENERG
Well, first, you need energy.

I
ENERGY
Well, first, you need energy.

I
ENERGY
e.g
Well, first, you need energy.

I
ENERGY
e.g Sunlight,
Well, first, you need energy.

I
ENERGY
e.g Sunlight,

I
ENERGY
e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat

I
ENERG
e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat

I
ENER
e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat

I
ENE
e.g Sunlight, Geothermal Heat

I
EN
e.g Sunlight,

I
E
e.g

I
E

I

But not too much.

What you want is just the right amount and

planets it turns out are just right,

because they are close to stars,

but not too close.

You also need a great diversity

II
You also need a great diversity

II
HE
You also need a great diversity

II
HEA
You also need a great diversity

II
HEAV
You also need a great diversity

II
HEAVY
You also need a great diversity

II
HEAVY E
You also need a great diversity

II
HEAVY EL
You also need a great diversity

II
HEAVY ELE
You also need a great diversity

II
HEAVY ELEM
You also need a great diversity

II
HEAVY ELEME
You also need a great diversity

II
HEAVY ELEMEN
You also need a great diversity

II
HEAVY ELEMENT
You also need a great diversity

II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
You also need a great diversity

II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
e.g
of chemical elements.

II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
e.g Oxygen,
of chemical elements.

II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
e.g Oxygen, Carbon,
of chemical elements.

II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur
of chemical elements.

II
HEAVY ELEMENTS
e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur

II
HEAVY ELEMENT
e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur

II
HEAVY ELEMEN
e.g Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur

II
HEAVY ELEME
e.g Oxygen, Carbon,

II
HEAVY ELEM
e.g Oxygen, Carbon,

II
HEAVY ELE
e.g Oxygen, Carbon,

II
HEAVY EL
e.g Oxygen,

II
HEAVY E
e.g

II
HEAVY

II
HEAV

II
HEA

II
HE

II
H

II

I

And you need liquid,

such as water.

III
such as water.

III
L
such as water.

III
LI
such as water.

III
LIQ
such as water.

III
LIQU
such as water.

III
LIQUI
such as water.

III
LIQUID
such as water.

III
LIQUID
such as water.

III
LIQUID
e.g
such as water.

III
LIQUID
e.g Water
such as water.

III
LIQUID
e.g. water

Why?

Well, in gases,

atoms move past each other so fast

that they can't hitch up.

In solids, atoms are stuck together.

They can't move.

In liquids,

they can cruise and cuddle

and link up to form molecules.

Liquid water is just so good
for getting evolution going.

Molecules can dissolve in the water
to form more complex chains.

Now, where do you find
such goldilocks conditions?

Well, planets are great.

And our early Earth was almost perfect.

Earth

Earth: 4 Billion Years Ago

It was just the right distance from its star
to contain huge oceans of liquid water.

And deep beneath those oceans,

at cracks in the Earth's crust,

fantastic chemistry began to happen

and atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations.

The exact recipe is still a mystery, but the ingredients for life are simple:

The exact recipe is still a mystery, but the ingredients for life are simple:
energy, organic molecules, and liquid water.

Somewhere in the seas of early Earth, basic chemistry
became biology — possibly even more than once.

The first cells were likely born in hot volcanic waters,
in conditions once thought impossible for biology.

The closer we study life, the more extreme places we find it thriving.

The closer we study life, the more extreme places we find it thriving.
Here on our planet,

Here on our planet,

microbes have adapted to survive the most hostile conditions.

Arid deserts,

the frozen Himalayas,

in trenches under thousands of tons of pressure

in the ocean deeps.

New research suggests that life emerged over 4 billion years ago,

when Earth was an alien and deadly planet.

At the time,

Earth was ravaged by intense volcanism

and an asteroid storm that lasted 100 million years.

But even in these extreme conditions,

life quickly found a foothold.

As soon as the Earth cooled off after its formation,

we know that life began here.

Because it happened quickly here on Earth,

we think it is going to happen quickly
on other planets as well.

The story of Earth gives us hope
that life could be universally common.

It teaches us that life is fast acting, tenacious,
and made of basic, common ingredients.

After 4 billion years of isolation,
the search for our cosmic kin has finally begun.

Our best bet will be to look for ocean worlds like Earth.

Already, the finding are tantalizing.

KEPLER-62F

KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.

KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.

KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.

KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.
Age: ~7 billion years.

KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.
Age: ~7 billion years.
Possible Water World

KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.
Age: ~7 billion years.

KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.
Temperature: ≥ -85ºF.

KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.
Size: 1.4x Earth.

KEPLER-62F
Distance: 1200 Light Years.

KEPLER-62F

TRAPPIST-1D

TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.

TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.

TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
Age: ~7.5 billion years.

TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
Age: ~7.5 billion years.
Temperature: ≥ 20ºF.

TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
Age: ~7.5 billion years.
Temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
Possible Water World

TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
Age: ~7.5 billion years.
Temperature: ≥ 20ºF.

TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.
Age: ~7.5 billion years.

TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.
Size: 0.77x Earth.

TRAPPIST-1D
Distance: 41 Light Years.

TRAPPIST-1D

TEEGARDEN-B

TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.

TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.

TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
Age: 8 billion years.

TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
Age: 8 billion years.
Minimum temperature: ≥ 20ºF.

TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
Age: 8 billion years.
Minimum temperature: ≥ 20ºF.
Possible Water World

TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
Age: 8 billion years.
Minimum temperature: ≥ 20ºF.

TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.
Age: 8 billion years.

TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.
Size: 1.07x Earth.

TEEGARDEN-B
Distance: 12 Light Years.

TEEGARDEN-B

K2-18B

K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.

K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
Size: 2.7x Earth.

K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
Size: 2.7x Earth.
Temperature: -100 -116ºF.

K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
Size: 2.7x Earth.
Temperature: -100 -116ºF.
Confirmed atmospheric water vapor

K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
Size: 2.7x Earth.
Temperature: -100 -116ºF.

K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.
Size: 2.7x Earth.

K2-18B
Distance: 111 Light Years.

K2-18B

And we have still barely scratched the surface.

And we have still barely scratched the surface.
Nature's trove of secrets is bottomless.

And we have still barely scratched the surface.
Nature's trove of secrets is bottomless.
We know that the galaxy is awash in water.

We know that the galaxy is awash in water.

It’s awash in organic molecules

and complex chemistry.

All of the things that we know were
necessary for life to begin on this planet,

exist in abundance throughout the galaxy.

Did something similar to
what happened on our own planet

happen on those other planets?

Looking at the raw numbers, the existence of alien life
seems almost inevitable.

About 25% of stars have rocky planets in their habitable zone,

About 25% of stars have rocky planets in their habitable zone,
the right orbital distance for liquid water.

In our Milk Way galaxy alone,
that's ~50 billion worlds like Earth.

In the entire universe, the possible number of habitable planets is staggering:

In the entire universe, the possible number of habitable planets is staggering:
100,000,000,000,000,000,000.

Imagine each flash of light represents an Earth-like planet.

You would have to watch this animation
for over a billion years to view them all.

Each one with a history as rich and unique as Earth.

Trillions and trillions of chemical soups, stewing for eons.

There are more habitable Earth-mass planets
in the observable volume of the universe

than there are grains of sand
on all the beaches on Earth.

Among this abundance of worlds,

many will be deadly to life as we know it.

There will be planets in the habitable zone

that are scorched, frozen, and suffocated by poison gases.

Many will lack an atmosphere

critical for temperature regulation,

or have one that is deadly.

Venus, once thought
to potentially support life,

is now sterilized by a
crushing, toxic atmosphere.

But life may not be confined
to the habitable zone.

Far from the warmth of their star,

the moons of giant gas planets
may be hidden oases for life.

Their energy comes not from starlight,
but from gravity.

The lurching push and pull of the host planet.

Icy Enceladus has it all:

a huge subsurface ocean with hydrothermal vents
spewing the chemistry of life.

Titan is especially alluring.

Larger than Mercury and speckled with
methane lakes and organic compounds.

In 2026, NASA plans
to send a drone to Titan,

seeking out signs of life
in its valleys and craters.

There may be 100 trillion exomoons in our galaxy alone,
100 times the number of planets.

With so many places to find life,

With so many places to find life,
it seems only a matter of time before we make a discovery.

And we may not have to look far.

For years, we have looked to Mars as our
best bet for finding life in the solar system.

The idea that Venus could have
been habitable in the past

is also quite plausible.

Venus could have maintained liquid water
for around 3 billion years,

only becoming uninhabitable
just 750 million years ago.

Life could have been
present on the surface and

evolved the ability to
float up into the clouds.

Up here, the pressures drop
and the temperatures become balmy.

Comparable to none of the Earth.

The idea of life on Venus

isn't that crazy.

Recently, signs of phosphine gas have been spotted
in the Venutian atmosphere.

Phosphine is produced by microbes on Earth;

Phosphine is produced by microbes on Earth;
no know physical processes on Venus produce it.

Is this a sign of life right next door to Earth?

In 2029, NASA's DAVINCI probe
will dive into Venus' clouds to see for itself.

A similar mystery is unfolding on Mars.

Traces of methane in the air remain unexplained
and could be biological in origin.

A discovery on either planet
would have profound implications.

A discovery on either planet
would have profound implications.
The discovery of just one bacteria on Mars,

The discovery of just one bacteria on Mars,

or any other body of the solar system

would indicate that the
whole chain of evolutions,

cosmic, chemical and biological

is at work everywhere.

In that case, the creation of life
anywhere in the universe

would be more the rule
than the exception.

And we might not have to wait long to find answers.

NASA scientists now think we are on the verge of discovery.

NASA scientists new think we are on the verge of discovery.
Within all of our lifetime, we're gonna understand
that there is life on other bodies in the solar system.

We're gonna understand the implications
of that for evolution of life here on Earth.

We're gonna find planets around other stars
that we can say we see potential signs

of habitability in their atmospheres.

That's all gonna happen
in the next 10 to 20 years.

How exciting is that?

We're on the verge of things that people
have wondered about for Milennia:

"Are we alone?"

And here we are,

on the verge of finding that out.

If we do find life out there, what will we discover about ourselves?

What chapter is Earth in the story of life?

Our universe is close to 14 billion years old,

and there is planets out there
that are three times as old as Earth.

With all that time to develop,
there could be life out there

far more advanced than us.

Is Earth life a latecomer on the cosmic stage?

Just how ancient could life be?

100 Thousand Years Ago

1 Million Years Ago

5 Million Years Ago

10 Million Years Ago

50 Million Years Ago

100 Million Years Ago

200 Million Years Ago

300 Million Years Ago

400 Million Years Ago

500 Million Years Ago

1 Billion Years Ago

2 Billion Years Ago

3 Billion Years Ago

4 Billion Years Ago

5 Billion Years Ago

10 Billion Years Ago

13.8 Billion Years Ago

Event: The Big Bang

For its first few million years,
the cosmos was too hot for life as we know it.

The ambient temperature would have boiled you alive.

Event: First generations of Stars borned

When it was finally cool enough for life, there were no stars and planets.
Only huge lumbering clouds of hydrogen.

After 70 million years, gravity took hold of these clouds
and spun them into the first generation of stars.

The first stars were massive and bright,

The first stars were massive and bright,
but there was no life to watch them rise.

Vital heavy elements were still being forged in their cores.

Vital heavy elements were still being forged in their cores.
Not even the Big Bang was hot enough to create them.

Vital heavy elements were still being forged in their cores.
Not even the Big Bang was hot enough to create them.
The Big Bang created only
the three lightest elements:

The Big Bang created only
the three lightest elements:

hydrogen, helium and lithium.

The heavier elements that make life possible

were only created later
in the ultra dense cores of stars.

And for those elements
to wind up inside your body,

those stars would have to explode.

Event: Death of a Star

The explosive death of the first mid-sized stars
seeded the cosmos with the ingredients for life.

From their ashes rose a second generation of suns,
this time with rocky planets dancing around them.

This is the moment: the raw ingredients for life together
for the first time, ~13.7 billion years ago.

As the heat from the Big Bang faded,

As the heat from the Big Bang faded,
the universe passed through a "goldilocks" era.

Some 15 million years after time began,

Some 15 million years after time began,
the ambient temperature reached a balmy 75º F (24º C).

For millions of years, it was warm in all directions,

For millions of years, it was warm in all directions,
like an endless summer day on Earth.

Stars and planets could have formed this early on,

Stars and planets could have formed this early on,
in theoretical ultra-dense regions of space.

If such regions existed, liquid water could have flowed abundantly,

If such regions existed, liquid water could have flowed abundantly,
even on rogue planets far from any star.

Could this have been dawn of life?

Could this have been dawn of life?
Alien beings feeding off the heat of the Big Bang?

Despite decades of searching,

Despite decades of searching,
no sign of alien life has ever been confirmed.

So where is everybody?

Could we really be alone?

Maybe primitive life is common,
but intelligence is exceedingly rare.

Maybe space is just too vast for feasible communication.

Or maybe we are the first.

Could we be the opening chapter in a sprawling history of life?

13.8 Billion Years

14 Billion Years

15 Billion Years

16 Billion Years

17 Billion Years

18 Billion Years

19 Billion Years

20 Billion Years
The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born.

21 Billion Years
The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born.

22 Billion Years
The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born.

23 Billion Years
The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born.

24 Billion Years
The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born.

25 Billion Years
The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born.

30 Billion Years
The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born.

35 Billion Years
The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born.

40 Billion Years
The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born.

45 Billion Years
The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born.

50 Billion Years
The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born.

55 Billion Years
The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born.

60 Billion Years
The universe is young, and the vast majority
of planets have yet to be born.

65 Billion Years

70 Billion Years

80 Billion Years

90 Billion Years

100 Billion Years

110 Billion Years

120 Billion Years

130 Billion Years

140 Billion Years

150 Billion Years
The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years.

200 Billion Years
The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years.

250 Billion Years
The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years.

300 Billion Years
The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years.

350 Billion Years
The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years.

400 Billion Years
The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years.

450 Billion Years
The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years.

500 Billion Years
The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years.

600 Billion Years
The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years.

700 Billion Years
The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years.

800 Billion Years
The ingredients for life will be stewing
for another 100,000,000,000,000 years.

900 Billion Years

900 Billion Years
From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life.

1 Trillion Years
From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life.

2 Trillion Years
From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life.

4 Trillion Years
From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life.

8 Trillion Years
From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life.

16 Trillion Years
From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life.

32 Trillion Years
From this perspective, we are the dawn:
the opening melody in a symphony of life.

32 Trillion Years

64 Trillion Years

70 Trillion Years

80 Trillion Years

90 Trillion Years

95 Trillion Years

~100 Trillion Years Later

Event: Last Star Dies
~100 Trillion Years Later

Event: Last Star dies
~100 Trillion Years Later
What might come long after us?

Red dwarf stars can live
up to 10 trillion years,

bathing their planets in starlight for eons.

Life is much more probable
on these time scales,

where conditions are stable
for vast periods of time.

Any beings living close to
these stars would have to contend

with violent solar flares that
continually threaten extinction.

Many of these planets
would be tidally locked:

one side permanently exposed to the sun,

the other frozen in darkness.

But as Earth has taught us,

But as Earth has taught us, life is remarkably adaptable.

What forms might life take when it has trillions of years to evolve?

One day, somehow, the story of life will come to an end.

If we are the first chapter of that story,

If we are the first chapter of that story,
we have the chance to carry the torch of life far into the future.

And if biology does persist far into the future,

And if biology does persist far into the future,
then we live in a privileged moment.

In later chapters, the universe will seem far different.

Distant galaxies will fade from view,
stars will die off, and the night skies will go dark.

Perhaps life in the far future will wonder:

Perhaps life in the far future will wonder:
What it was like to live in the universe's brilliant early days?

We are lucky enough to know the answer.

All we have to do is look up.

If there is alien life out there,

If there is alien life out there,
will we know it when we see it?

What would other trees of life actually look like?

Imagine a museum
containing every type of life form in the universe.

What strange things would such a museum hold?

What is possible under the laws of nature?

LIFE

LIFE BEYOND

CHAPTER II

CHAPTER II
The Museum of Alien Life

To have any hope of finding alien life,
we have to know what to look for.

But where do we begin?

How do we narrow down a
seemingly infinite set of possibilities?

There's one thing we know for sure:

nature will have to play by her own rules.

No matter how strange alien life might be,

it's going to be limited by the
same physical and chemical laws that we are.

On top of this,

each alien environment will further limit
what kinds of lifeforms can evolve there.

Despite these natural boundaries,

the possibilities are staggering to imagine.

Trillions of planets,

each a unique cauldron of chemicals
undergoing their own complex evolution.

To guide our thinking,

this museum of alien life
will be divided into two exhibits:

Life as we know it,

home to beings with biochemistries like ours;

and life as we don't know it,

home to beings that challenge our concept of life itself.

Before we venture too far into the unknown,

we have to ask ourselves:

What if alien life is more like us than we think?

If there's one feature that unites us
with the other specimens in this museum,

it's carbon.

Carbon is ubiquitous,

it's one of the most common elements in the universe,

and it's very good at forming large, stable molecules

Carbon has the rare ability to form
four-way bonds with other elements,

and to bind to itself in long, stable chains,

enabling the formation of huge complex molecules.

This versatility makes carbon the centerpiece
in the molecular machinery of life.

And the same carbon compounds that we use
have been found far from Earth,

clinging to meteorites,

and floating in far-off clouds of cosmic dust.

The building blocks of life,

drifting like snow through the universe.

And if alien life has selected other
carbon compounds for their biochemistry,

they will have plenty to choose from.

Scientists recently identified over
a million possible alternatives to DNA—

all carbon-based.

If we ever discover other carbon-based lifeforms,

we would be fundamentally related.

They would be our cosmic brethren.

But would they look anything like us?

If they hail from Earth-like planets,

we could share even more in common
than just our biochemistry.

What would life be like on other planets, if it is evolved?

Would it be like the world today here on Earth,

or would it be completely different?

There are those who argue that,
from the argument of convergent evolution,

if conditions on other planets are similar to here,
then we would see very similar life forms—

animal- and plant-like organisms that look very familiar.

On Earth, certain features like eyesight,
echolocation, and flight

have evolved multiple times
independently in different species.

This process of convergent evolution
could extend to alien planets like Earth,

where creatures face similar environmental pressures.

It's no guarantee,

but there could be certain universalities of life.

The greatest hits of evolution on repeat across the universe.

Each feature would be attuned to its local environment.

Dimly lit planets would produce
huge eyes to suck in extra light,

like nocturnal mammals.

Some people have gone so far as to say
that human-type organisms, humanoids,

will occur on other planets.

The existence of other humanlike organisms seems unlikely,

given the long, convoluted chain of events that produced us.

But we can't rule it out.

If just one in every hundred trillion Earth-like planets
produced a humanlike form,

there could still be thousands of creatures like us out there.

But in reality, we are more likely to find
something lower on the food chain.

Convergent evolution is also rampant in plant life,

and C₄ photosynthesis has arisen independently over 40 times.

Would alien plants look like ours,
or something else entirely?

On Earth, plants appear green because
they absorb the other wavelengths in the Sun's light spectrum.

But stars come in many colors,

and alien plants would evolve different pigments
to adapt to their sun's unique spectrum.

Plants feeding off hotter stars could appear redder,

by absorbing their energy-rich bluer light.

Around dim red dwarf stars,

vegetation could appear black,

adapted to absorb all visible wavelengths of light.

Earth itself may have once appeared purple

due a pigment called retinal that
was an early precursor to chlorophyll.

Some think that retinal's molecular simplicity

could make it a more universal pigment.

If so,

we may find that purple

is life's favorite color.

But the color of alien vegetation is more than just a curiosity—

it's chemical information that
can be seen from lightyears away.

Earth plants leave a signature "bump"
in the light reflected off our planet.

Finding a similar signal from another world
could point the way to alien vegetation.

Perhaps this will be our first glimpse at alien life:

a vibrant hue cast by a distant world.

But the biggest influence on life won't be its host star;
it will be its home planet.

What happens when you change the day length of a planet?

What happens when you change the tilt of a planet?

What happens when you change the shape of the orbit?

What happens when you change the gravity of a planet?

Planets with long, elliptical orbits would see drastic seasons.

There could be worlds that appear
dead for thousands of years,

then suddenly spring to life.

Most of the rocky planets discovered so far
have been massive "super-Earths".

How would life evolve on these worlds?

In the seas, gravity may not matter much at all.

A high-gravity planet isn't high-gravity all over.

If you're in the sea and that's where all life starts,

there's very nearly no gravity 'cause you're
much the same density as the stuff around you.

It's when the animals come out on land,
that they feel the gravity.

High g-forces would necessitate large bones
and muscle mass in complex life on land.

They would also demand a more robust circulatory system.

And plant life could be stunted
by the energy cost of carrying nutrients

under stronger gravity.

Low-gravity planets would more
easily lose their atmospheres to space,

and lack a magnetic field to protect from cosmic rays.

But smaller worlds could be home to secret oases:

huge cave systems that provide hideouts for life.

With steadier temperatures and protection from cosmic rays,

With steadier temperatures and protection from cosmic rays,
life could thrive underground on planets with deadly surfaces.

The smallest possible habitable planets
are estimated at 2.5% Earth's mass.

If surface life does evolve on these worlds,

it could be a sight to behold.

Plant life could grow to towering heights,

able to carry nutrients higher in lesser gravity.

And without the need for bulky skeletons and muscle mass,

animals could have body types that boggle the mind.

Despite our eager imaginations, large complex lifeforms
are probably a cosmic rarity.

Here on Earth, it took three billion years for
evolution to produce complex plant and animal life.

Simpler organisms are hardier,
more adaptable, and more widespread.

The largest collection in the museum of alien life would likely be

the "Hall of Microbes".

Yet finding even the tiniest alien microbe
would be a profound discovery.

And bite-sized life could leave a big footprint.

Like stromatolites on Earth, layers of microbes
could build up into huge rock mounds over time,

leaving behind eerie structures.

And in big enough numbers, some alien bacteria
could leave a distinct biosignature

by exhaling gases that wouldn't coexist naturally,

like oxygen and methane.

There's ways to make oxygen without life,
there's ways to make methane without life,

but to have them in the atmosphere together is almost impossible unless you've got biology making those gases at the surface.

And it would have an imprint on the planet's spectrum of colors.

Next-generation space telescopes could find a signal like this,

on a world not far from home.

The closest Sun-like star with an
Earth-like exoplanet in the habitable zone

is probably only 20 light years away,
and can be seen with the naked eye.

But there may be an even easier target to aim for
than tiny Earth-like planets.

The brown dwarfs: too small to be stars, too big to be planets.

Most brown dwarfs are too
hot to support life as we know it.

But some are just cold enough.

All the prime elements for life have
been detected inside their atmospheres.

And within these clouds, some layers would provide ideal
temperatures and pressures for habitability.

There could be photosynthetic plankton in these skies,

kept aloft by churning upwinds.

And with enough force, these upwinds
could even support larger, more complex life.

Predators...

There are over 25 billion brown dwarfs in our galaxy alone,

There are over 25 billion brown dwarfs in our galaxy alone,
and their sizes will make them easier targets for study.

The first specimen we discover from the museum of life
may not come from a planet at all.

This raises a crucial question:

what if we've been looking in all the wrong places?

What if nature has other ideas?

Most of the universe is too cold or too hot for liquid water

and the biochemistry that supports life as we know it.

But in case our biases are misleading,

we have to cast a wide net—

to search for life outside the habitable zone,

in places that seem wildly hostile to us.

Exotic environments will demand exotic biochemistries,

and while no element can match carbon's versatility,

one contender is a frontrunner.

At first glance, silicon seems similar to carbon.

It forms the same four-way bonds and is also abundant in the universe.

But a closer look reveals that these two elements are false twins.

Silicon bonds are weaker, and less prone
to forming large, complex molecules.

Despite this, they can withstand a wider range of temperatures,

opening up intriguing possibilities.

Life based on the silicon atom, instead of carbon,
would be more resistant to the extreme cold,

providing a whole new range of weird forms.

But silicon has a problem:

in the presence of oxygen, it binds into solid rock.

To avoid turning to stone,

silicon beings might be confined to oxygen-free environments,

like Saturn's frigid moon, Titan.

Its vast lakes of liquid methane and ethane

could be an ideal medium for silicon-based life, or other radical biochemistries.

Without ample sunlight, beings on worlds like Titan
would likely be chemosynthetic,

deriving their energy by breaking down rocks.

Such life forms could have ultra slow metabolisms,

and life cycles measured in millions of years.

And frozen worlds aren't the only possible harbor for exotic life.

In high temperatures, typically rigid silicon-oxygen bonds
become more flexible and reactive,

triggering more dynamic chemistry.

This has led to a truly bizarre proposal:

silicon-based lifeforms that live inside molten silicate rock.

In theory, these forms could even exist

deep beneath the Earth inside magma chambers
as part of a shadow biosphere.

If so,

then the aliens are right under our noses.

Other shadow biospheres have been proposed—

forms of life living alongside us
that we don't even know are here—

including tiny RNA-based life small enough
to go undetected by existing instruments.

Clouds of dust and empty space might
seem like the last place you'd expect to find anything living.

But when cosmic dust makes contact with plasma,
a type of ionized gas,

something strange happens.

In simulated conditions,

dust particles have been seen spontaneously
self-organizing into helical structures that resemble DNA.

These plasma crystals even begin to exhibit lifelike behavior;

replicating, evolving into more stable forms,
and passing on information.

Could these crystals be considered alive?

To some researchers, they meet all the criteria
to qualify as inorganic life forms.

So far, we have only ever seen them in computer simulations.

But some speculate we could find them
among the ice particles in the rings of Uranus.

Plasma is the most common state of matter in the universe.

If complex, evolving plasma crystals really exist,

and if they can be considered life,

they could be its most common form.

Or perhaps life is lurking in the polar opposite environment:

Or perhaps life is lurking in the polar opposite environment:
inside the hearts of dead stars.

When massive suns explode,

some collapse into ultra dense cores called neutron stars.

Hulking masses of atomic nuclei,
crammed together like sardines.

Conditions on the surface are mind-boggling—

gravity is a hundred billion times stronger than Earth's.

But beneath their iron nuclei crust lies something strange:

a hot dense sea of neutrons and subatomic particles.

Stripped of their electron shells,

these nuclei would obey entirely different laws of chemistry,
based not on the electromagnetic force,

but the strong nuclear force which binds nuclei together.

In theory, these particles could
link up to form larger macronuclei,

which could then combine into even bigger "super nuclei".

If so, then this bewildering environment
would mimic the basic conditions for life—

heavy nucleon molecules,
floating in a complex particle ocean.

Some scientists have proposed the unimaginable:

exotic life forms drifting through the strange particle sea,

living, evolving, and dying on
incomprehensibly fast time scales.

There's probably no chance of ever detecting
such a strange breed of life.

But there may be hope of finding an even more exotic form.

Life is not something that has to evolve naturally.

It can be designed.

And once intelligence is introduced
into the evolutionary process,

a Pandora's box is opened.

Free from typical biological limitations,

synthetic and machine-based life
could be the most successful of all.

It could thrive almost anywhere,
including the vacuum of space,

opening up vast frontiers
unavailable to biological organisms.

And compared to the glacial pace of natural selection,
technological evolution allows exponentially faster growth,

adaptability, and resilience.

By some estimates, autonomous self-replicating machines

could colonize an entire galaxy in as little as a million years.

We can't predict how hyperintelligent life would organize itself,

but in theory, there could be convergent evolution at play.

The electrical properties of silicon might
make it a universal basis for machine intelligence,

a redemption for its biological shortcomings.

With all its protentional advantages,

With all its protentional advantages, machine life may even be a universal endpoint:

With all its protentional advantages, machine life may even be a universal endpoint:
the apex of the evolutionary process.

As the universe ages,

perhaps machine intelligence will come to dominate,
and naturally occurring biological life

will be viewed as a quaint starting point.

Perhaps we ourselves will lead this transition,

and the great human experiment would be merely
a first link in a sprawling intergalactic chain of life.

in the end, we are still the only beings we know of
in the museum of alien life.

To truly know ourselves, we will have to know:

To truly know ourselves, we will have to know:
are we the only ones?

Loren Eiseley has said

that one does not meet oneself until one catches
the reflection from an eye other than human.

One day that eye may be that of an intelligent alien.

And the sooner we eschew our narrow view of evolution,

the sooner we can truly explore
our ultimate origins and destinations.

We have seen what could be out there.

And we know how we might find it.

There's only one thing left to do.

Go looking.

(SUBS FOR THE THIRD AND FINAL CHAPTER OF LIFE BEYOND WILL BE COMING SOON!)

Finding even a tiny alien microbe would be historic.

But we're not just looking for tiny microbes.

We're on a search for giants.

Are they out there?

Will we ever make contact?

How powerful could they be?

After 60 years of searching,

After 60 years of searching,
the game is about to change.

New research is revealing stunning possibilities.

From the planetary

to the galactic

and beyond.

melodysheep presents:

LIFE

LIFE BEYOND

CHAPTER III

CHAPTER III
In search of Giants

The most complex object known in the universe

is the Human brain.

These 86,000,000,000 neurons

have given us the power to transform our planet.

But is this the best nature can do?

We now know there are something like

10 billion-trillion habitable planets in the universe.

10 billion-trillion chances for the brain,

to be eclipsed by something else.

The search for intelligent life is more than just a scientific curiosity.

It's driven by a deep desire to connect with something greater.

Finding an Alien civilization

wouldn't just reveal we're not alone;

it could chart a new course of evolution for our species.

And unlike primitive life,

Alien intelligence could be detectable
thousands of light-years away

making them potentially easier to find.

What do they know that we don't?

And how do we make contact?

We're not the first to wonder.

I

I
MESSENGERS

I
MESSENGERS
ᴿᵉᵛᵉᵃˡᶦⁿᵍ ᵂᵉ’ʳᵉ ᴺᵒᵗ ᴬˡᵒⁿᵉ

200 years ago, we dreamed of lighting huge rings of fire
in the Sahara Desert to signal our presence

And in the 1860s, a French poet proposed
a patchwork of giant mirrors,

reflecting sunlight to Mars
in the form of The Big Dipper.

But if you want to send a signal
across an Ocean of space

Bonfires and reflected-sunlight won't help you much.

Even a nuclear war on a nearby planet

would be virtually impossible to detect
with current technology.

To really get your message across

you need a form of light you can't even see.

Radio-waves are ideal for
carrying information long distance

because compared to other forms of light

They travel more freely through Interstellar gas and dust.

That's why SETI -

That's why SETI -
The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence,

has focused almost entirely
on scanning for radio signals,

whether intentional messages,
or byproducts of technology.

Our own radio-transmissions have now traveled

100 light-years, and reached 75 star systems,

some of which include potentially habitable planets.

And if Alien intelligence lies beyond this Bubble of signals

they could still infer life on Earth,
by spotting Oxygen in our atmosphere.

Thanks to the SETI Institute

and the recent 'Breakthrough Listen' project,

we have now scanned tens of
millions of stars for signals.

But despite all this,

after 6-decades of searching...

Nothing.

Only a series of false alarms and dead-end leads.

We call it

The Great Silence.

But in reality, the search has barely even begun.

There are two trillion other galaxies out there

that are still too far away for practical study.

If space or the size of all Earths-oceans,

we would've searched less
than a Pools-worth of Water

for signs of intelligent life.

On top of this, we might even be looking
for the wrong thing.

There's more than one way
to communicate across space.

An Alien life might view radio
as primitive technology.

We have to consider every possible alternative.

From the practical

to the unimaginable.

The search is now underway
for a different type of signal.

One we could even spot with the naked-eye:

Laser light.

High-powered laser bursts can outshine
a star by thousands of times,

and can carry far more Data-Per-Second than radio.

We would have to be in
direct-line of sight to detect the beam.

But spread across many light-years,

they would widen to encompass
entire planets and moons.

Fleets of laser beacons could be used
to sweep the entire galaxy,

like Alien Lighthouses, in a Cosmic Sea.

Thanks to a recent crowdfunding effort,

plans are now in motion to monitor

the entire night sky for laser pulses.

But while these bright flashes
would be relatively easy to find,

advanced life might be using
something far more elusive...

Neutrinos...

tiny subatomic particles that
are streaming through you

by the trillions every second.

These ghost particles can
pass through entire planets

and not touch a single atom.

It takes a giant room like this,
to detect just a handful of them per day.

But researchers recently proved
neutrino communication is possible,

by sending a simple message
through 240 meters of rock.

If advanced life is using them to communicate

their signals could travel anywhere,
through any obstacle

at the speed of light.

Their messages could be streaming
through us right now,

and we would have no idea.

or maybe intelligent life

is taking an entirely different
approach to communication.

Using space-time itself as a medium.

By manipulating high-gravity objects,

they could in theory create
pattern distortions of space-time,

which could ripple through the universe,
in all directions.

But making gravity waves
strong enough to be detectable

would be extremely energy intensive.

Maybe they're up to something far simpler.

Placing giant sunshades into orbit around a star

could block out starlight in distinct patterns,

like a kind of cosmic Morse code.

And even though it might take years
to blink out a basic message,

A system like this would require
little effort to sustain.

But the most sci-fi possibility of all

is that they have left messages in our DNA.

Some have proposed that
certain sequences of our genes

could contain hidden messages.

"Easter eggs" In our genetic code,

placed by a life-designing higher intelligence.

But far-flung scenarios like this
are overshadowed

by a more sobering possibility.

Maybe we're just in the wrong place

at the wrong time?

Using a detailed computer model of our galaxy,

researchers have estimated
that intelligent life was

possibly most concentrated 4 billion years ago,

and closer to the center of the galaxy.

If true, then we would exist on the outskirts.

Llight-years away and billions of years too late

to a galactic Golden Age.

Maybe they were here.
Millions of years ago...

Witnessed to a whole different planet...

By now, they might all be long gone,

and we could be living in a Galactic Graveyard.

It may not be their signals
that we find one day,

but their relics.

As it turns out, our chances
of finding an Alien civilization

depend heavily on their average survival time.

If the average lifetime is
something like 100 years,

then they will blip in and out of existence,
rarely overlapping,

and our chances of finding one alive are slim.

But if they survive for
thousands of years or more,

then our chances will skyrocket,
as the potential for overlap expands.

But what if they're not communicating at all?

There's still a way we could find them.

II

II
ENGINEERS

II
ENGINEERS
ᴵⁿ ˢᵉᵃʳᶜʰ ᵒᶠ ᴳᶦᵃⁿᵗˢ

We tend to assume that Alien intelligence

would share our motivation to communicate.

But they may find the prospect of making contact

too dangerous or too futile.

If this is the case,

then we have to get more creative in our search.

In 2015, astronomers watched
as this normal-seeming star

began to dim and erratic waves,

unlike anything they'd seen before.

The cause is probably a giant dust cloud,
or a shattered moon blocking the light,

but it has all the hallmarks of something else...

An Alien mega-structure.

And even though this explanation looks unlikely,

it hints at a new way of intelligent life.

Not listening for signals,

but looking for their technology directly;

not searching for messengers,

but searching for engineers.

And to do that, we have to wonder:

what mind-boggling Alien technology

should we be looking for?

Each Alien civilization would be wildly different,

but classifying them by their energy usage

will give us insights into what
echnology they might be using.

The Kardashev Scale divides them into 3 levels:

Type One would have a mastery of their home planet,

using all the energy available on it.

Type Two would have mastery over their star,

harnessing all its solar energy.

Type Three would have mastery over their entire galaxy,

and would be more foreign to us
than we are to amoeba.

But before we go searching
for Alien super technology,

how do we find civilizations like our own,
that have yet to reach Type One?

When a typical planet passes in front of its star

we see the starlight dim sharply.

But observing a more gradual fall off of starlight

could be evidence of a dense ring of satellites -

A Clarke Belt.

Spotting this type of light curve
wouldn't be a Smoking-gun,

but rings around rocky planets are unusual,

and it could point us in the right direction.

Just as Alien vegetation would leave
a Biosignature in its atmosphere,

Alien technology would leave a Technosignature.

Silicon produces a recognizable
light curve similar to Chlorophyll.

Spotting this signal could point us to the presence

of Alien Solar-cells.

And something more nefarious

might also leave its mark on a foreign atmosphere...

Alien pollution.

Certain pollutants like Chlorofluorocarbons

aren't produced by nature,

and could be detectable even in small amounts.

These chemicals could even linger
long-after a civilization dies,

pointing us to the remains

of an extinct Alien race.

Such a discovery could
give us crucial guidance

on how to avoid our own extinction.

And there's another universal hazard
we would be familiar with:

Any civilization that uses huge amounts of energy

will produce huge amounts of waste heat.

This excess heat could prove a serious threat,

just as Climate Change does to us.

But it could also leave a Tell-tale Signal.

Finding waste heat radiating from Alien planets

or other regions of space

could point the way to intelligent activity.

If not exterminated by their own technology,

some life-forms may achieve
total control over their planet,

and become a Type One civilization.

With this mastery would come incredible powers...

control over all their world's ecosystems, its resources,

and even its weather.

But no matter how advanced,

every planetary civilization

will face the same cosmic threats we do.

Gamma-Ray Bursts, supernovas
and asteroid impacts

will be a risk factor for any terrestrial race.

Some might decide to flee to Intergalactic space,

reducing their exposure to existential risks

making their home in the voids between the stars.

If so,

then our search will have to encompass

the entire swath of the universe.

But Alien life that decides
to stay planted bound

will need long-term protection.

The best way to protect your world

would be the ultimate in-home defense:

a Planetary Shield.

These shields would cause a Tell-tale
Dimming Pattern during transit,

and could also emit a detectable heat signature.

Large-scale astro-engineering like this

would require a colossal amount of resources.

And the easiest way to get them
may not be from mining planets,

but from mining asteroids.

They're resource-rich

and easier to manipulate
because of their lower gravity.

Searching distant asteroid fields for temperature

or chemical anomalies,

could indicate Alien mining activity.

Eventually though, asteroids might not be enough.

Since our civilization is so new,

any other intelligent life is likely to be
more advanced than us.

So we should think twice
before revealing our presence.

But Alien super civilizations won't
just be looking for resources.

They will also need staggering amounts of energy.

Stars output billions of times
more energy than planets receive.

To harness it all

requires building something truly mind-boggling:

Dyson Spheres are enormous
mega-structures that encircle a star,

designed to capture its entire energy output.

They could also double
as vast habitats for life.

A solid shell would be physically unstable,

so instead of a sphere,

we might find a cloud objects:

A Dyson Swarm...

No matter their design,

they would generate an enormous amount

of infrared waste heat,

and they could also eclipse
or even block out the star's light entirely.

Dyson Spheres could also
be built around black holes,

which could have a smaller radius

and collect thousands of times more energy.

Any beings that come to harness
their stars entire energy output

will reach the next level on the Kardashev Scale:

A Type Two civilization.

This level of mastery would imply

an astounding capability.

Star-lifting is the practice of
harvesting stellar material,

and could provide thousands
of planets worth of resources.

This process would also allow you

to lower the temperature of the star,

postponing its death by billions of years.

In about one billion years time

our own sun will grow too hot for life on Earth.

If we ever find evidence of star-lifting

it could Inspire us to one day do the same,

and prolong the game of life.

Eventually, there may be life that outgrows its star,

and needs even more energy.

To branch out across the galaxy,

life-forms this advance will probably need

near light-speed travel.

And if they do have this capability,

there's a chance we could catch them in the act.

Alien starships that hit the brakes at light speed

could leave behind a long trail of ionized gas.

These trails might emit

detectable infrared radiation.

Strokes of light,

painted by masters of the universe...

Once life-forms have harnessed

all the energy their galaxy can provide,

they will achieve unimaginable power:

A Type Three civilization.

This cosmic virtuosity would be
totally unfathomable to us.

Life that is built billions of Dyson Spheres,

and can create stars at will.

In theory, their thirst for energy

could make a whole galaxy go dark.

So one way to search
for Type Three life-forms

is to look for what's not there.

In distant space,

there are huge voids between clusters of galaxies

where no light emanates.

These voids were once thought
to be evidence of advanced life

having harnessed the energy

from every star in the region.

But it turns out, they are naturally
occurring "features" of the universe,

and the recent analysis of nearby galaxies

revealed no evidence of any
galactic-scale civilizations.

If civilizations this advanced are out there,
maybe they have chosen to remain invisible.

But if we're lucky, instead of hiding,
they'll create something unmistakably alien.

In theory, cosmic architects could assemble

an enormous planetary systems,

far more intricate than
anything nature could produce:

One possible system that would be gravitationally stable

involves 9 Sun-like stars orbiting a supermassive black hole,

which could support 550 Earth-like planets

in habitable zones.

These artisanal solar systems

could make ideal long-term habitats.

Or could even function as an Alien nature reserve,

with each planet hosting a different strain of life.

It's hard to imagine any life-forms
more advanced than this.

But in theory, there could be beings

that control or created our universe itself.

Researchers are beginning to test the idea

that reality itself is just a simulation,

or an experiment run by some higher order bead.

Anything this advanced would
transcend our ideas of life itself,

as they would exist outside of time and space.

In a way, the search for intelligent life

is an evolution of the age-old search for god.

Both are driven by a longing for truth,

and connection with something bigger than ourselves...

And what if we do find a signal one day?

What happens when the ancient dream becomes reality?

III

III
CONTACT

III
CONTACT
ᶜᶦᵛᶦˡᶦᶻᵉ ᶜᵒᵐᵐᵘⁿᶦᶜᵃᵗᶦᵒⁿ

Just knowing they're out there

would profoundly change
how we see ourselves.

For the first time,

we would feel the true sense
of cosmic brotherhood.

And studying their messages or technology

could lead us to huge advancements,

and help secure our own long-term survival.

But the possibility of meaningful Two-way communication

would be bleak.

Separated by hundreds or thousands of light-years,

we would be studying these civilizations

as they were in the deep past.

And our experience of language

could be entirely foreign to them.

But what if, after all our searching

we never find another sign of intelligence?

What if we really are alone?

We can never be truly sure

as there will always be distant
galaxies too far to ever study.

But never finding any evidence

would mean that our place
in the universe is truly unique.

It would saddle us with an immense responsibility

to keep the flame of intelligence alive.

Just as ancient civilizations speak to
us through their monuments,

we could build monuments of
our own for future life to discover.

Cosmic time capsules preserving
a record of our achievements,

and our knowledge.

Perhaps other racers will do the same,

and these memory vaults could
become connected over time.

Each new civilization adding a link.

It could be our destiny

to be the first link in this chain.

To be the founders of
a Galactic Encyclopedia,

built upon by future life-forms
we will never meet...

For social creatures like us,
staring up at a lonely night sky is a curse.

We are newcomers on the Cosmic stage,
longing for connection and guidance.

It might take thousands of years to make a discovery.

But as long as the mystery endures,
the search of giants will push on.

And if our search never bears fruit?

Then it is our chance

Then it is our chance to become the giants ourselves.

CRAFTED BY MELODYSHEEP

Subtitles by BYROXI2000 ✖ Anonymous

Subtitles created by volunteers on the Amara.org public platform