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ln the beginning,
there was darkness...
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and then, bang...
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giving birth to an endless,
expanding existence...
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00:00:08,426 --> 00:00:11,094
of time, space, and matter.
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00:00:11,137 --> 00:00:13,638
Now, see further
than we've ever imagined...
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00:00:13,681 --> 00:00:15,724
beyond the limits
of our existence...
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00:00:15,766 --> 00:00:18,768
in a place we call
"The Universe."
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00:00:23,733 --> 00:00:29,821
The biggest things in space
are gargantuan beasts.
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Each one is a heavyweight
in its galactic division.
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The universe is
an unimaginably large place.
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lt's so big it's really hard
for human beings...
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to actually comprehend things
ofthese size scales.
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On Earth and in the universe,
size matters...
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00:00:46,505 --> 00:00:50,467
but it matters
in different ways.
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00:00:50,509 --> 00:00:56,014
ln space, bigger is not
necessarily better.
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And oftentimes, the winners
live large and die young.
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They're the Mount Everests
ofthe cosmos.
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Astronomers aim their telescopes
at them like paparazzi...
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eager to capture images
of their every movement.
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They are the biggest things
in the universe...
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and their sizes
are truly mind-boggling.
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The good thing about
being huge in the universe...
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is that the universe
is even huger than you are...
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so there's plenty of space
to stretch out...
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and get your size measured...
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00:01:49,401 --> 00:01:54,989
among intelligent civilizations
that are having a look.
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The first thing you find out...
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when you start
studying astronomy...
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is how darn big everything is.
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00:02:00,955 --> 00:02:02,122
Almost everything you're
studying...
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00:02:02,164 --> 00:02:05,416
is so far beyond
any kind of human scale...
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00:02:05,459 --> 00:02:12,340
that we're ever going to
encounter in our normal lives.
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00:02:12,383 --> 00:02:18,429
The universe is brimming
with gigantic objects.
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00:02:18,472 --> 00:02:20,056
Within our own solar system...
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00:02:20,099 --> 00:02:24,853
Earth is the fifth
biggest planet...
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but it's a hundred million
billion times smaller...
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than the largest stuff
in space.
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00:02:32,236 --> 00:02:34,529
So what holds
the coveted title...
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00:02:34,572 --> 00:02:39,409
as the biggest thing
in the universe?
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00:02:39,451 --> 00:02:42,954
Most astronomers agree
it's the cosmic web...
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00:02:42,997 --> 00:02:46,332
an endless scaffolding
of superclusters of galaxies...
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surrounded by dark matter...
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an invisible and mysterious
form of matter...
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that accounts for 90 percent
ofthe universe's mass.
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The largest thing
in the universe...
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you might even wonder
if it's a thing at all...
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it's a web of dark matter...
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00:03:01,515 --> 00:03:05,435
that fills the volume
ofthe universe.
49
00:03:05,477 --> 00:03:08,188
Dark matter is this matter
that we can't even see.
50
00:03:08,230 --> 00:03:09,856
lt doesn't emit any light...
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00:03:09,899 --> 00:03:12,108
but it is filled
throughout the universe...
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and there's structure in it.
53
00:03:14,737 --> 00:03:16,738
Dark matter is something
much more mysterious...
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than most people know.
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Literally, the stuff
that makes me up...
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00:03:21,076 --> 00:03:22,285
dark matter isn't
made of that.
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00:03:22,328 --> 00:03:23,411
l don't think
you could smell it...
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00:03:23,454 --> 00:03:24,621
l don't think
you could touch it.
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lt simply has
gravitational attraction.
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The cosmic web of dark matter
becomes visible...
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when looking at the objects
that fill it.
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This cosmic web
really is almost like...
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a three-dimensional
spider"s web.
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At the very center
of all the vortexes...
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00:03:44,183 --> 00:03:45,475
there are the superclusters...
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clusters of thousands
of galaxies...
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00:03:47,645 --> 00:03:49,938
and then filaments
of galaxies connect them...
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all the way across the volume
of the universe.
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The deepest,
strongest gravity...
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00:03:57,071 --> 00:04:00,073
at the intersections
of these weblike structures...
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00:04:00,115 --> 00:04:02,242
is where all the gas falls...
72
00:04:02,284 --> 00:04:06,621
and that's where galaxies form--
clusters of galaxies form.
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00:04:06,664 --> 00:04:16,172
Butjust how big
is the cosmic web?
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00:04:16,215 --> 00:04:19,175
lf the Milky Way galaxy were
the size of a poppy seed...
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00:04:19,218 --> 00:04:23,471
then the observable universe,
everything we can see...
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00:04:23,514 --> 00:04:26,140
would be about the volume
of the Rose Bowl stadium.
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Now, that entire volume
is filled with a cosmic web...
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00:04:29,436 --> 00:04:30,687
superclusters
linked together...
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from one side of the universe
to the other.
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The origins of the cosmic web
remain uncertain...
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00:04:42,616 --> 00:04:45,243
but scientists think its initial
seeds were planted...
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in the Big Bang,
the beginning of the universe.
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During the Big Bang
explosion...
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00:04:51,792 --> 00:04:53,793
the whole universe
blew up, essentially...
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and expanded very rapidly...
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so the cosmic matterweb...
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00:04:56,964 --> 00:04:58,423
contains all
of the original matter...
88
00:04:58,465 --> 00:05:00,675
that was created
during the Big Bang...
89
00:05:00,718 --> 00:05:03,052
just blown up into the very,
very large structures...
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00:05:03,095 --> 00:05:05,305
that we see today.
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00:05:10,311 --> 00:05:14,314
Scientists are actively trying
to map out the cosmic web...
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00:05:14,356 --> 00:05:19,152
which spans
the entire universe.
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00:05:19,194 --> 00:05:22,071
One way is to look at hot,
x-ray-emitting gas...
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00:05:22,114 --> 00:05:23,656
and how it's contained...
95
00:05:23,699 --> 00:05:26,367
by the gravity
present in the dark matter.
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00:05:26,410 --> 00:05:28,202
Anotherway is to look
at something called...
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00:05:28,245 --> 00:05:31,873
gravitational lensing,
where light is bent...
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00:05:31,915 --> 00:05:34,542
by the gravity
of the cosmic web...
99
00:05:34,585 --> 00:05:37,253
and so we're able
to sort of see the outlines...
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of that cosmic web...
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by the way it distorts the light
that's behind it.
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The cosmic web...
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basically contains everything
in the universe...
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but some scientists question...
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whether it's technically
the largest object...
106
00:05:52,144 --> 00:05:54,437
because the web isn't
continuously connected...
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00:05:54,480 --> 00:05:58,816
throughout space.
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The cosmic matterweb
is not actually the largest...
109
00:06:00,861 --> 00:06:03,446
gravitationally bound object
in the universe...
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because all the matter
in the universe...
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00:06:04,907 --> 00:06:06,366
has expanded so vastly...
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00:06:06,408 --> 00:06:08,034
the force of gravity
is not enough...
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00:06:08,077 --> 00:06:10,286
to keep it together
in one area...
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00:06:10,329 --> 00:06:11,621
whereas superclusters
of galaxies...
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00:06:11,663 --> 00:06:14,332
are actually
gravitationally bound...
116
00:06:14,375 --> 00:06:15,666
meaning that they
have enough mass...
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to produce enough gravity
to hold them together...
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over the passage of time.
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00:06:24,385 --> 00:06:26,302
Astronomers don't have
a firm estimate...
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00:06:26,345 --> 00:06:28,638
but the cosmic web
could be made up...
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00:06:28,931 --> 00:06:32,308
of hundreds ofthousands
of superclustered complexes.
122
00:06:32,351 --> 00:06:34,811
These are mega collections
of galaxies...
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00:06:34,853 --> 00:06:36,479
gravitationally bound...
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00:06:36,522 --> 00:06:41,901
up to hundreds of millions
of light-years across.
125
00:06:41,944 --> 00:06:44,529
The universe is organized
hierarchically.
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Stars make up galaxies...
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galaxies make up clusters...
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00:06:47,616 --> 00:06:49,992
clusters make up superclusters.
129
00:06:50,035 --> 00:06:51,494
You could draw an analogy...
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00:06:51,537 --> 00:06:55,206
that a cluster might be
the North American continent...
131
00:06:55,249 --> 00:06:58,334
and a supercluster might be
the association of cities...
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00:06:58,377 --> 00:06:59,836
on the North American
continent...
133
00:06:59,878 --> 00:07:01,337
cities on the European
continent...
134
00:07:01,380 --> 00:07:07,927
cities on the Asian
continent, et cetera.
135
00:07:07,970 --> 00:07:09,178
The current record holder...
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for the largest supercluster
of galaxies...
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00:07:10,889 --> 00:07:14,350
is called
the Shapley Supercluster.
138
00:07:14,393 --> 00:07:16,018
This dense region
of galaxies...
139
00:07:16,061 --> 00:07:20,189
is 400 million
light-years long.
140
00:07:20,232 --> 00:07:23,234
So it would take the fastest
interplanetary spacecraft...
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00:07:23,277 --> 00:07:29,365
trillions ofyears
to travel across it.
142
00:07:29,408 --> 00:07:33,161
The Shapley Supercluster
spans several constellations...
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00:07:33,203 --> 00:07:36,038
and is almost
650 million light-years...
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00:07:36,081 --> 00:07:38,583
from our Milky Way galaxy.
145
00:07:44,423 --> 00:07:45,882
l have here
a small toy boat...
146
00:07:45,924 --> 00:07:48,092
which is a replica
of the Queen Mary...
147
00:07:48,135 --> 00:07:50,052
which you can see here
behind me.
148
00:07:50,095 --> 00:07:53,264
And this little toy is
about 4,000 times smaller...
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00:07:53,307 --> 00:07:54,807
than the real Queen Mary.
150
00:07:54,850 --> 00:07:56,225
lfyou could just imagine...
151
00:07:56,268 --> 00:07:58,436
that our own Milky Way galaxy
that we live in...
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00:07:58,479 --> 00:08:00,730
is the same size
as this toy boat...
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00:08:00,772 --> 00:08:02,648
then one of the most
massive superclusters...
154
00:08:02,691 --> 00:08:05,067
that we know about,
the Shapley Supercluster...
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00:08:05,110 --> 00:08:07,820
would be the same size
as theQueen Mary.
156
00:08:07,863 --> 00:08:09,071
So the Shapley Supercluster...
157
00:08:09,114 --> 00:08:13,534
would be about 4,000 times
larger than our own Milky Way.
158
00:08:13,577 --> 00:08:15,077
lt's one of the most massive
things we know about...
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00:08:15,120 --> 00:08:16,954
in the entire universe.
160
00:08:21,335 --> 00:08:23,294
Astronomers have known
about superclusters...
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since the 1950s...
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00:08:25,631 --> 00:08:27,757
but now they've determined
their origin...
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00:08:27,799 --> 00:08:28,799
through recent measurements...
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00:08:28,842 --> 00:08:31,219
ofthe cosmic
microwave background...
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00:08:31,261 --> 00:08:37,058
which is actual radiation
left overfrom the Big Bang.
166
00:08:37,100 --> 00:08:39,435
lt's been concluded
that all superclusters...
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including the Shapley
Supercluster...
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00:08:41,605 --> 00:08:44,190
originated during the formation
of the universe...
169
00:08:44,233 --> 00:08:48,819
over13 billion years ago.
170
00:08:48,862 --> 00:08:51,239
As the universe evolves
and expands...
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00:08:51,281 --> 00:08:52,865
gravity is
an attractive force...
172
00:08:52,908 --> 00:08:55,493
so any region that has
a little extra density there...
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00:08:55,536 --> 00:08:58,496
attracts more matter
and more matter.
174
00:08:58,539 --> 00:08:59,622
So, Shapley is a cluster...
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00:08:59,665 --> 00:09:01,832
that basically
had the accumulation...
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00:09:01,875 --> 00:09:04,335
of many other little galaxies
falling into it...
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00:09:04,378 --> 00:09:07,880
and that's how it's gotten
so big over time.
178
00:09:07,923 --> 00:09:11,008
lncredibly, scientists think
the Shapley Supercluster...
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00:09:11,051 --> 00:09:15,471
may be even bigger
than it appears.
180
00:09:15,514 --> 00:09:17,807
ln fact, we may only be seeing
a small fraction...
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00:09:17,849 --> 00:09:20,518
ofwhat's really contained
within the Shapley Supercluster.
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00:09:20,769 --> 00:09:23,646
When the Wide-Field lnfrared
Survey explorer launches...
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00:09:23,689 --> 00:09:26,357
we should be able to see
about10 times farther away...
184
00:09:26,400 --> 00:09:27,692
and hopefully,
we'll be able to see...
185
00:09:27,734 --> 00:09:28,985
the rest of
the Shapley Supercluster...
186
00:09:29,027 --> 00:09:30,319
to see if it is
even more massive...
187
00:09:30,362 --> 00:09:34,031
than what we already
know about.
188
00:09:34,074 --> 00:09:37,743
Superclusters of galaxies
will stay together over time...
189
00:09:37,786 --> 00:09:41,872
because they're
gravitationally bound.
190
00:09:41,915 --> 00:09:43,416
Gravity is holding them
together.
191
00:09:43,458 --> 00:09:45,418
So, even though the
universe is expanding...
192
00:09:45,460 --> 00:09:49,630
over time those superclusters of
galaxies will stay together...
193
00:09:49,673 --> 00:09:52,008
and they'll always keep
orbiting each other.
194
00:09:58,223 --> 00:10:01,726
We humans also live
in a supercluster complex...
195
00:10:01,768 --> 00:10:03,311
but it's less
than half the size...
196
00:10:03,353 --> 00:10:05,813
and about10 times
less massive...
197
00:10:05,856 --> 00:10:10,109
than the Shapley
Supercluster.
198
00:10:10,152 --> 00:10:13,195
Our Milky Way is part
of a small, little cluster...
199
00:10:13,238 --> 00:10:14,572
called the Local Group...
200
00:10:14,615 --> 00:10:16,532
which is part
of a larger cluster...
201
00:10:16,575 --> 00:10:17,867
called the Virgo Cluster...
202
00:10:17,909 --> 00:10:19,452
sort of on the outskirts
ofthat.
203
00:10:19,494 --> 00:10:20,745
So it's like your home address.
204
00:10:20,787 --> 00:10:22,663
You live on this street,
in this town...
205
00:10:22,706 --> 00:10:24,290
in this state,
in this country.
206
00:10:24,333 --> 00:10:25,499
Similarly, the Milky Way...
207
00:10:25,542 --> 00:10:28,377
has its larger
and larger associations...
208
00:10:28,420 --> 00:10:31,797
ofwhich it's a part.
209
00:10:31,840 --> 00:10:33,299
Superclusters of galaxies...
210
00:10:33,342 --> 00:10:36,385
are the most crowded
neighborhoods in space...
211
00:10:36,428 --> 00:10:38,387
but they surround
equally big regions...
212
00:10:38,430 --> 00:10:41,223
where almost nothing exists.
213
00:10:41,266 --> 00:10:46,062
These bare spots
are called voids.
214
00:10:46,104 --> 00:10:48,689
Voids are the opposite
of clusters.
215
00:10:48,732 --> 00:10:51,484
lf clusters are where
all the galaxies are...
216
00:10:51,526 --> 00:10:54,528
voids are where
all the galaxies aren't.
217
00:10:54,571 --> 00:10:57,823
And you do see this kind
offrothy, weblike structure...
218
00:10:57,866 --> 00:11:01,202
of clusters and voids
and clusters and voids.
219
00:11:01,244 --> 00:11:03,788
So it's kind of like
cities and countrysides...
220
00:11:03,830 --> 00:11:08,751
cities and countryside.
221
00:11:08,794 --> 00:11:13,589
The largest confirmed void
in the universe remains Bootes.
222
00:11:13,632 --> 00:11:16,258
Named after the constellation
where it resides...
223
00:11:16,301 --> 00:11:17,677
this near-empty space...
224
00:11:17,719 --> 00:11:21,889
is a whopping 250 million
light-years across.
225
00:11:21,932 --> 00:11:24,600
That's equal to 2,500
Milky Way galaxies...
226
00:11:24,643 --> 00:11:28,729
placed side by side.
227
00:11:28,772 --> 00:11:30,439
Look out into the cosmos
in any direction...
228
00:11:30,482 --> 00:11:31,607
and you'll see something.
229
00:11:31,650 --> 00:11:34,110
You'll see stuff,
you'll see galaxies...
230
00:11:34,152 --> 00:11:36,320
you'll see gas, dust,
you'll detect dark matter.
231
00:11:36,363 --> 00:11:38,239
Everywhere you look,
there's something.
232
00:11:38,281 --> 00:11:42,326
Yet here's this giant hole
with nothing in it.
233
00:11:47,541 --> 00:11:51,168
The Bootes Void,
which was discovered in 1981...
234
00:11:51,211 --> 00:11:54,922
is almost completely
devoid of galaxies.
235
00:11:54,965 --> 00:11:58,134
A newway to search for even
largervoids may be possible...
236
00:11:58,176 --> 00:12:00,720
by precise measurements
of the temperatures...
237
00:12:00,762 --> 00:12:03,973
of the cosmic microwave
background radiation.
238
00:12:04,015 --> 00:12:06,058
Subtle cold spots
in this radiation...
239
00:12:06,101 --> 00:12:10,187
could locate the directions
of large distant voids.
240
00:12:15,444 --> 00:12:16,986
The story of theirformation...
241
00:12:17,028 --> 00:12:21,866
is basically the reverse
of how superclusters form.
242
00:12:22,159 --> 00:12:23,826
The voids
must have started out...
243
00:12:23,869 --> 00:12:25,703
in the first microsecond
ofthe Big Bang...
244
00:12:25,746 --> 00:12:28,164
as slightly low-density regions.
245
00:12:28,206 --> 00:12:31,500
But with time, they became
less and less dense.
246
00:12:31,543 --> 00:12:34,795
All ofthe matter flowed away
into the sheets and filaments...
247
00:12:34,838 --> 00:12:37,965
leaving the voids emptier
and emptier of matter...
248
00:12:38,008 --> 00:12:40,342
until today,
there is almost nothing...
249
00:12:40,385 --> 00:12:44,054
but a few little dwarf galaxies
in some of these voids.
250
00:12:47,225 --> 00:12:49,935
Voids and superclusters are
just some ofthe big things...
251
00:12:49,978 --> 00:12:52,605
contained in the even
larger structure...
252
00:12:52,647 --> 00:12:55,608
called the cosmic web.
253
00:12:55,650 --> 00:13:00,738
But the web also holds
other immense objects...
254
00:13:00,781 --> 00:13:02,865
including colossal bubbles...
255
00:13:02,908 --> 00:13:07,703
that might hold missing clues
to the formation of galaxies.
256
00:13:14,377 --> 00:13:18,047
The universe is packed
with monstrous things.
257
00:13:18,089 --> 00:13:19,799
Researchers
have recently discovered...
258
00:13:19,841 --> 00:13:21,926
giant clouds of gas...
259
00:13:21,968 --> 00:13:25,513
that resemble something
out of a horror movie.
260
00:13:25,555 --> 00:13:31,560
These mysterious objects
are called Lyman-Alpha blobs.
261
00:13:31,603 --> 00:13:34,313
My personal favorite biggest
objects in the universe...
262
00:13:34,356 --> 00:13:36,732
are the Lyman-Alpha blobs...
263
00:13:36,775 --> 00:13:39,735
an unpredicted,
unexpected phenomenon...
264
00:13:39,778 --> 00:13:42,905
where you're catching a galaxy
in the first phases...
265
00:13:42,948 --> 00:13:46,200
of its formation and collapse.
266
00:13:46,243 --> 00:13:47,326
A Lyman-Alpha blob...
267
00:13:47,369 --> 00:13:52,540
is very much like
this expanding soap bubble...
268
00:13:52,582 --> 00:13:55,876
except, in the case
of the soap bubble...
269
00:13:55,919 --> 00:14:01,590
it's the airwhich is
making it fill up.
270
00:14:01,633 --> 00:14:04,885
A Lyman-Alpha blob
is expanding because of heat.
271
00:14:04,928 --> 00:14:08,180
A lot of energy has been
injected into this gas...
272
00:14:08,223 --> 00:14:09,598
to make it heat up.
273
00:14:09,641 --> 00:14:12,560
And when you put
all that energy into a gas...
274
00:14:12,602 --> 00:14:15,688
it inevitably tends
to puff up and expand...
275
00:14:15,730 --> 00:14:18,983
exactly like
an expanding bubble.
276
00:14:19,025 --> 00:14:20,818
ln the case
of a Lyman-Alpha blob,
277
00:14:20,861 --> 00:14:22,319
it's being puffed up by heat...
278
00:14:22,362 --> 00:14:26,365
and maybe also
by the ultraviolet radiation...
279
00:14:26,408 --> 00:14:28,868
from newly formed stars.
280
00:14:32,914 --> 00:14:34,957
The largest known
Lyman-Alpha blob...
281
00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:37,293
is a colossal,
amoeba-shaped structure...
282
00:14:37,335 --> 00:14:41,130
that resembles
a giant greenjellyfish.
283
00:14:41,172 --> 00:14:43,966
lt's 200 million
light-years wide...
284
00:14:44,009 --> 00:14:47,678
and is located
in the constellation Aquarius.
285
00:14:47,721 --> 00:14:50,264
When we're looking
at the Lyman-Alpha blob...
286
00:14:50,307 --> 00:14:53,309
we're seeing gas
that sort of spread...
287
00:14:53,351 --> 00:14:56,729
amongst these very first
stars and galaxies.
288
00:14:56,771 --> 00:14:57,980
lt's kind of
an amorphous shape...
289
00:14:58,023 --> 00:15:00,691
of about 30 separate
little blobs inside of it.
290
00:15:00,734 --> 00:15:03,485
lt's very large
and very massive.
291
00:15:03,528 --> 00:15:06,530
The whole structure is about
3,000 times the size...
292
00:15:06,573 --> 00:15:11,160
of our own Milky Way galaxy.
293
00:15:11,202 --> 00:15:14,038
The Keck and Subaru
telescopes in Hawaii...
294
00:15:14,080 --> 00:15:16,040
contain special filters...
295
00:15:16,082 --> 00:15:18,876
that are able to see
this faraway blob...
296
00:15:18,919 --> 00:15:21,629
which spreads out
along curvy tentacles.
297
00:15:24,758 --> 00:15:27,968
Scientists estimate that
the largest Lyman-Alpha blob...
298
00:15:28,011 --> 00:15:31,013
was formed about
12 billion years ago...
299
00:15:31,056 --> 00:15:35,476
almost two billion years
after the Big Bang.
300
00:15:35,518 --> 00:15:39,271
The observational technique
we use to see that gas...
301
00:15:39,522 --> 00:15:43,692
refers to a very specific color
of light, emission of light...
302
00:15:43,735 --> 00:15:45,235
that's called Lyman-Alpha.
303
00:15:45,278 --> 00:15:47,988
So you hear a phrase
Lyman-Alpha blob...
304
00:15:48,031 --> 00:15:50,324
because ifyou take
an image of the sky...
305
00:15:50,367 --> 00:15:53,953
through a filter that gives you
only that Lyman-Alpha light...
306
00:15:53,995 --> 00:15:56,288
that very special
wavelength of light...
307
00:15:56,331 --> 00:15:58,916
you'll see a little blob
on the sky.
308
00:16:02,337 --> 00:16:04,922
Lyman-Alpha blobs
are perhaps precursors...
309
00:16:04,965 --> 00:16:08,634
to the galaxy clusters
we see today.
310
00:16:08,677 --> 00:16:12,012
Within these gigantic bubbles
may exist cocoons...
311
00:16:12,055 --> 00:16:16,475
that will one day
spawn new galaxies.
312
00:16:16,518 --> 00:16:18,268
The Lyman-Alpha blobs
are probably...
313
00:16:18,311 --> 00:16:22,523
a fairly special
short-lived phase...
314
00:16:22,565 --> 00:16:25,734
in the evolution
to creating a galaxy.
315
00:16:25,777 --> 00:16:27,403
l would expect
that most of them...
316
00:16:27,445 --> 00:16:30,656
are going to collapse
and form young galaxies...
317
00:16:30,699 --> 00:16:33,784
in the next100 million years
or so of their lives...
318
00:16:33,827 --> 00:16:35,077
so it's a special phase...
319
00:16:35,120 --> 00:16:38,539
just when a galaxy is beginning
to pull itself together.
320
00:16:38,581 --> 00:16:40,624
The search in the universe
for Lyman-Alpha blobs...
321
00:16:40,667 --> 00:16:42,584
isjust beginning.
322
00:16:42,627 --> 00:16:44,878
We'll undoubtedly find
many more ofthem...
323
00:16:44,921 --> 00:16:48,048
and even perhaps
some larger ones in the future.
324
00:16:48,091 --> 00:16:49,466
Stay tuned.
325
00:16:52,762 --> 00:16:55,055
Lyman-Alpha blobs
may hold the answers...
326
00:16:55,098 --> 00:16:57,766
to the formation
of individual galaxies...
327
00:16:57,809 --> 00:16:59,852
which are gravitationally
bound systems...
328
00:16:59,894 --> 00:17:05,149
containing stars, gas,
dust, and dark matter.
329
00:17:05,191 --> 00:17:08,110
At least100 billion
single galaxies exist...
330
00:17:08,153 --> 00:17:10,487
in the observable universe.
331
00:17:10,530 --> 00:17:11,780
They range in size...
332
00:17:11,823 --> 00:17:16,785
from ten thousand to millions
of light-years across.
333
00:17:16,828 --> 00:17:20,289
Galaxies, these titanic
collections of stars...
334
00:17:20,331 --> 00:17:23,751
l think of them as cities...
335
00:17:23,793 --> 00:17:26,253
having been born
in one myself...
336
00:17:26,296 --> 00:17:31,633
not only a galaxy,
but also an actual city...
337
00:17:31,676 --> 00:17:34,636
a native of New Yorkwhere
everyone is crowded together.
338
00:17:34,679 --> 00:17:38,390
Galaxies are sort of how
matter has organized itself...
339
00:17:38,433 --> 00:17:43,187
in the universe.
340
00:17:43,229 --> 00:17:47,316
ln the competition for largest
single galaxy in the universe...
341
00:17:47,358 --> 00:17:51,653
sizing up a winner
is challenging.
342
00:17:51,696 --> 00:17:54,323
The problem in saying
what's the largest galaxy...
343
00:17:54,365 --> 00:17:56,575
is in deciding
where they end.
344
00:17:56,618 --> 00:17:58,619
Galaxy does not have
a sharp edge.
345
00:17:58,661 --> 00:18:00,621
ltjust gets
thinner and thinner...
346
00:18:00,663 --> 00:18:02,831
as you go further out.
347
00:18:02,874 --> 00:18:04,249
lt's exactly analogous
to saying...
348
00:18:04,292 --> 00:18:09,129
where is the end of a very
large metropolitan area?
349
00:18:09,172 --> 00:18:11,840
Where is the end
of Los Angeles?
350
00:18:11,883 --> 00:18:13,133
You can go out 50 miles...
351
00:18:13,176 --> 00:18:16,678
and you'll still find a fairly
high density of suburbs.
352
00:18:16,721 --> 00:18:19,223
The suburbs of a big galaxy
like the Milky Way...
353
00:18:19,265 --> 00:18:23,685
extend out very, very far,
more than 100,000 light-years.
354
00:18:23,728 --> 00:18:26,730
And with a giant galaxy,
those suburbs extend out...
355
00:18:26,773 --> 00:18:29,274
hundreds of thousands
of light-years.
356
00:18:32,904 --> 00:18:35,614
Since scientists can't
determine a clearwinner...
357
00:18:35,657 --> 00:18:39,076
several galaxies share
the title as biggest.
358
00:18:39,119 --> 00:18:42,663
They're called cluster-diffused
or CD galaxies...
359
00:18:42,705 --> 00:18:48,627
and they sit in the centers
of rich clusters of galaxies.
360
00:18:48,670 --> 00:18:50,629
lfyou think about
the cosmic web as being...
361
00:18:50,672 --> 00:18:53,549
sort of like a three-dimensional
spiderweb...
362
00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:55,759
well, then, the spiders lurking
in the middle ofthe web...
363
00:18:55,802 --> 00:19:00,389
are these monstrous CD galaxies,
as we call them.
364
00:19:00,431 --> 00:19:01,932
These galaxies
can have masses...
365
00:19:01,975 --> 00:19:05,310
that are in some cases
maybe 10 times or 20 times...
366
00:19:05,353 --> 00:19:09,022
the mass of our own Milky Way.
367
00:19:09,065 --> 00:19:10,399
These CD galaxies...
368
00:19:10,441 --> 00:19:13,861
are the largest galaxies
in the universe.
369
00:19:13,903 --> 00:19:17,406
For example,
lC-1101 sits in the center...
370
00:19:17,448 --> 00:19:21,076
of a galaxy cluster
called Abell-2029...
371
00:19:21,119 --> 00:19:23,745
and it's six million
light-years across.
372
00:19:23,788 --> 00:19:25,080
Compare that
to our own Milky Way...
373
00:19:25,123 --> 00:19:28,208
that's100,000
light-years across.
374
00:19:28,251 --> 00:19:30,586
lt's a really big galaxy.
375
00:19:30,628 --> 00:19:33,797
lt's 60 times the size
of our Milky Way.
376
00:19:36,634 --> 00:19:39,136
CD galaxies
are elliptically shaped...
377
00:19:39,179 --> 00:19:42,723
as opposed to a disc structure
like our Milky Way.
378
00:19:42,765 --> 00:19:44,641
This is because they've
achieved their size...
379
00:19:44,684 --> 00:19:47,102
by bulking up
on other galaxies...
380
00:19:47,145 --> 00:19:50,939
through galaxy mergers.
381
00:19:50,982 --> 00:19:53,108
You may have heard the phrase
"galaxy cannibalism"...
382
00:19:53,151 --> 00:19:54,943
where one galaxy eats another.
383
00:19:54,986 --> 00:19:58,280
That goes on all the time
in clusters of galaxies.
384
00:19:58,323 --> 00:20:01,116
And so, sitting usually down
at the very center...
385
00:20:01,159 --> 00:20:08,624
of a massive cluster,
you'll find one big galaxy.
386
00:20:08,666 --> 00:20:10,292
These CD galaxies
have so much mass...
387
00:20:10,335 --> 00:20:12,336
that they are
the 800-pound gorilla...
388
00:20:12,378 --> 00:20:13,587
wherever they are.
389
00:20:13,630 --> 00:20:15,964
You see little galaxies
maybe orbiting around them...
390
00:20:16,007 --> 00:20:18,550
but, basically, it's eaten up
everything nearby.
391
00:20:21,346 --> 00:20:22,971
The largest galaxies may be...
392
00:20:23,014 --> 00:20:25,974
six to 20 million
light-years across.
393
00:20:26,017 --> 00:20:29,353
However, there are other
objects even larger.
394
00:20:29,395 --> 00:20:31,605
They're called radio lobes.
395
00:20:31,648 --> 00:20:34,107
Stretching out from both sides
of the galaxy...
396
00:20:34,150 --> 00:20:35,359
these immense structures...
397
00:20:35,401 --> 00:20:38,028
are actually hurling jets
of charged particles...
398
00:20:38,071 --> 00:20:42,950
that emit radio waves.
399
00:20:42,992 --> 00:20:44,910
So we're here
in this auto body shop...
400
00:20:44,953 --> 00:20:47,079
where l'm gonna use
these two torches...
401
00:20:47,121 --> 00:20:48,914
to simulate radiojets...
402
00:20:48,957 --> 00:20:51,250
coming out of opposite sides
of an accretion disc...
403
00:20:51,292 --> 00:20:56,004
swirling around
a supermassive black hole.
404
00:20:56,047 --> 00:20:57,881
So in the visible...
405
00:20:57,924 --> 00:21:01,093
you see a small blue flame
coming off ofthe torch.
406
00:21:01,135 --> 00:21:02,219
But in the infrared...
407
00:21:02,262 --> 00:21:03,512
you can see that the heat
from the torch...
408
00:21:03,554 --> 00:21:10,060
extends much,
much further out.
409
00:21:10,103 --> 00:21:12,187
Similarly
with the radiojets...
410
00:21:12,230 --> 00:21:13,939
what you see in the optical
is actually quite different...
411
00:21:13,982 --> 00:21:16,984
from what you see
in radio waves.
412
00:21:17,026 --> 00:21:19,695
A typical lobe might be
160,000 light-years...
413
00:21:19,737 --> 00:21:22,864
as the lobe spreads out
on both sides of the galaxy.
414
00:21:22,907 --> 00:21:26,785
That's about twice the size
of the Milky Way galaxy's disc.
415
00:21:31,082 --> 00:21:33,667
Astronomers think
radio lobes are powered...
416
00:21:33,710 --> 00:21:37,838
by supermassive black holes
located in quasars.
417
00:21:37,880 --> 00:21:44,011
These are the luminous centers
of most active galaxies.
418
00:21:44,053 --> 00:21:46,388
Thejets of radio energy...
419
00:21:46,431 --> 00:21:48,557
that come from
a giant black hole...
420
00:21:48,599 --> 00:21:51,226
and make these enormous
radio lobe structures...
421
00:21:51,269 --> 00:21:54,354
are very closely related
to quasars.
422
00:21:54,647 --> 00:21:57,566
ln fact, in some cases, you
can see a low-power quasar...
423
00:21:57,608 --> 00:21:59,318
in the center of the galaxy...
424
00:21:59,360 --> 00:22:02,446
and then it's surrounded
by these giant lobes...
425
00:22:02,488 --> 00:22:03,572
to either side.
426
00:22:03,614 --> 00:22:05,032
They have been blasted out...
427
00:22:05,074 --> 00:22:08,118
by very high-energy
jets of electrons...
428
00:22:08,161 --> 00:22:11,580
that are basically moving
at almost the speed of light.
429
00:22:11,622 --> 00:22:14,374
And they are blasted out,
probably...
430
00:22:14,417 --> 00:22:19,921
from the north and south poles
of the spinning black hole.
431
00:22:19,964 --> 00:22:23,425
The radio lobes depend on matter
going down the black hole.
432
00:22:23,468 --> 00:22:24,926
As matter goes down
the black hole...
433
00:22:24,969 --> 00:22:28,180
some of it gets accelerated
up into these lobes.
434
00:22:28,222 --> 00:22:29,848
So the size of the lobes
has something to do...
435
00:22:29,891 --> 00:22:31,433
with the history
of how much matter...
436
00:22:31,476 --> 00:22:33,602
the black hole
has actually fed on.
437
00:22:33,644 --> 00:22:35,896
And so over time,
they'll change size.
438
00:22:39,442 --> 00:22:42,110
Radio telescopes
have surveyed the universe...
439
00:22:42,153 --> 00:22:46,406
and determined the largest
known radio lobe.
440
00:22:46,449 --> 00:22:47,866
The undeniable record holder...
441
00:22:47,909 --> 00:22:52,371
is located in the galaxy
named 3C236...
442
00:22:52,413 --> 00:22:55,749
which is in the constellation
Leo Minor.
443
00:22:55,792 --> 00:23:01,755
ltsjets span 40 million
light-years across.
444
00:23:01,798 --> 00:23:02,798
Scientists don't understand...
445
00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:05,467
why some active galaxies
form thesejets...
446
00:23:05,510 --> 00:23:09,054
and others don't,
but one thing is certain...
447
00:23:09,097 --> 00:23:12,307
radio lobes
will not last forever...
448
00:23:12,350 --> 00:23:16,770
perhaps for only
a few million years.
449
00:23:16,813 --> 00:23:19,815
So, just as this torch will
eventually run out of gas...
450
00:23:19,857 --> 00:23:21,483
and shut itself off...
451
00:23:21,526 --> 00:23:25,195
thejets from a radio galaxy
will eventually die as well.
452
00:23:25,238 --> 00:23:26,446
When the black hole
has consumed...
453
00:23:26,489 --> 00:23:29,074
all of the material
in its immediate vicinity...
454
00:23:29,117 --> 00:23:31,159
there'll be nothing left
of the accretion disc...
455
00:23:31,202 --> 00:23:33,453
to get shot out along
the magnetic field lines...
456
00:23:33,496 --> 00:23:38,166
and thejet will die.
457
00:23:38,209 --> 00:23:39,626
lf black holes
are the producers...
458
00:23:39,669 --> 00:23:42,504
of these gigantic
radio lobes...
459
00:23:42,547 --> 00:23:47,092
then what is the largest
black hole in the universe?
460
00:23:47,135 --> 00:23:50,804
Scientists are currently
placing bets on the winner.
461
00:23:57,228 --> 00:24:00,647
When it comes to the biggest
things in the universe...
462
00:24:00,690 --> 00:24:05,777
some black holes earn a place
in the record books.
463
00:24:05,820 --> 00:24:07,988
A black hole
is a region of space...
464
00:24:08,030 --> 00:24:10,574
where the pull of gravity
is so immense...
465
00:24:10,616 --> 00:24:14,286
that nothing can escape it,
not even light.
466
00:24:18,499 --> 00:24:21,668
There are billions upon billions
ofthese black monsters...
467
00:24:21,711 --> 00:24:24,045
prowling the universe.
468
00:24:24,088 --> 00:24:26,506
They come in two
size categories.
469
00:24:26,549 --> 00:24:29,384
Most ofthem are
the stellar mass black holes...
470
00:24:29,427 --> 00:24:31,887
which are about
five to 100 times...
471
00:24:31,929 --> 00:24:35,390
the mass of our sun.
472
00:24:35,433 --> 00:24:38,185
And then there are
supermassive black holes...
473
00:24:38,227 --> 00:24:43,815
that are millions to billions
of times the mass of the sun.
474
00:24:43,858 --> 00:24:45,108
We have the supermassive
black holes...
475
00:24:45,151 --> 00:24:47,027
the kind
that we seem to be finding...
476
00:24:47,069 --> 00:24:49,237
in the centers
of every galaxy...
477
00:24:49,280 --> 00:24:52,574
where we've had
the resources to look.
478
00:24:52,617 --> 00:24:54,618
Havoc is wrought
upon your environment...
479
00:24:54,660 --> 00:24:55,911
ifyou're a star orbiting...
480
00:24:55,953 --> 00:24:58,538
close to one ofthese
supermassive black holes...
481
00:24:58,581 --> 00:25:00,499
in the centers
of these galaxies.
482
00:25:05,838 --> 00:25:09,174
Black holes are not
physically large regions...
483
00:25:09,217 --> 00:25:10,759
but when measuring their mass...
484
00:25:10,801 --> 00:25:12,260
they become top competitors...
485
00:25:12,303 --> 00:25:16,556
in the galactic
heavyweight division.
486
00:25:16,599 --> 00:25:17,599
The center of our Milky Way...
487
00:25:17,642 --> 00:25:18,767
we know that
there's a black hole...
488
00:25:18,809 --> 00:25:20,894
that's about maybe
three million times...
489
00:25:20,937 --> 00:25:22,437
the mass of our own sun.
490
00:25:22,480 --> 00:25:25,815
And yet, because black holes
are so incredibly dense...
491
00:25:25,858 --> 00:25:27,275
the actual size
of the black hole...
492
00:25:27,318 --> 00:25:28,485
is still fairly small...
493
00:25:28,528 --> 00:25:33,156
but incredibly, incredibly
powerful gravitationally.
494
00:25:33,199 --> 00:25:35,992
As their name suggests,
these black beasts...
495
00:25:36,035 --> 00:25:37,327
are essentially black...
496
00:25:37,370 --> 00:25:40,497
because no light
can escape them.
497
00:25:40,540 --> 00:25:42,207
So one can only be observed...
498
00:25:42,250 --> 00:25:45,377
when its gravity affects
something else in space...
499
00:25:45,419 --> 00:25:47,796
such as a passing star...
500
00:25:47,838 --> 00:25:50,840
orwhen it's gorging
on matter around it.
501
00:25:55,805 --> 00:26:01,142
So what is the reigning
black hole champion?
502
00:26:01,185 --> 00:26:04,396
The current record holder
for the largest black hole...
503
00:26:04,438 --> 00:26:07,899
appears to be in the incredibly
luminous quasar...
504
00:26:07,942 --> 00:26:13,697
which has the prosaic-sounding
name HS1946+7658.
505
00:26:13,739 --> 00:26:16,324
Why do l say
it's the largest black hole?
506
00:26:16,367 --> 00:26:18,243
Because we know it is...
507
00:26:18,286 --> 00:26:20,495
the most luminous quasar
in the universe...
508
00:26:20,538 --> 00:26:22,664
that's been found so far.
509
00:26:22,707 --> 00:26:24,457
The black hole
that's holding it together...
510
00:26:24,500 --> 00:26:25,500
that's producing the energy...
511
00:26:25,543 --> 00:26:28,336
needs to be
about10 billion times...
512
00:26:28,379 --> 00:26:30,088
the mass of the sun.
513
00:26:30,131 --> 00:26:32,549
That corresponds
to a black hole...
514
00:26:32,592 --> 00:26:36,845
which is larger than
our entire solar system.
515
00:26:36,887 --> 00:26:42,309
ln fact, it'sjust out there
to remind us how bizarre...
516
00:26:42,351 --> 00:26:47,814
a seemingly simple force
like gravity can actually be.
517
00:26:47,857 --> 00:26:49,858
The largest
supermassive black hole...
518
00:26:49,900 --> 00:26:53,361
wields power
in the center of a galaxy...
519
00:26:53,404 --> 00:26:55,030
but there are other
big luminous objects...
520
00:26:55,072 --> 00:26:56,656
in the universe.
521
00:26:56,699 --> 00:26:58,867
ln fact, there are some
that seem to exist...
522
00:26:58,909 --> 00:27:04,539
everywhere we look.
523
00:27:04,582 --> 00:27:06,750
When we glance
into the nighttime sky...
524
00:27:06,792 --> 00:27:09,544
we see stars,
twinkling dots of light...
525
00:27:09,587 --> 00:27:14,382
that are actually
luminous balls of plasma.
526
00:27:14,425 --> 00:27:16,676
Although they may seem small
from Earth...
527
00:27:16,719 --> 00:27:20,013
stars come
in a variety of sizes...
528
00:27:20,056 --> 00:27:21,181
from red dwarfs...
529
00:27:21,223 --> 00:27:24,684
which are about1/12
the mass of our sun...
530
00:27:24,727 --> 00:27:26,645
to blue-white super giants...
531
00:27:26,687 --> 00:27:32,942
that can get as big
as 150 solar masses.
532
00:27:32,985 --> 00:27:36,571
Our Milky Way
holds 100 billion stars...
533
00:27:36,614 --> 00:27:38,114
including our sun...
534
00:27:38,157 --> 00:27:43,203
which is over 300,000 times
the mass of planet Earth.
535
00:27:43,245 --> 00:27:44,245
And this cosmic beacon...
536
00:27:44,288 --> 00:27:47,374
is a literal powerhouse
in our solar system.
537
00:27:54,757 --> 00:27:55,757
This natural gas
power plant...
538
00:27:55,800 --> 00:27:59,302
produces about
300 megawatts of power.
539
00:27:59,345 --> 00:28:00,345
You know,
that's enough to power...
540
00:28:00,388 --> 00:28:02,389
a few hundred thousand homes.
541
00:28:02,431 --> 00:28:05,850
But that's only a tiny fraction
of our sun's energy output.
542
00:28:06,102 --> 00:28:08,770
The sun's power is about
two billion, billion times...
543
00:28:08,813 --> 00:28:10,522
the amount of this plant.
544
00:28:10,564 --> 00:28:12,065
So even in spite
of its distance...
545
00:28:12,108 --> 00:28:16,111
the sun is able to warm
our entire planet.
546
00:28:16,153 --> 00:28:18,947
Even so, our sun
isn't the largest...
547
00:28:18,989 --> 00:28:23,034
or the most powerful star
by a long shot.
548
00:28:23,077 --> 00:28:24,202
The most powerful stars...
549
00:28:24,245 --> 00:28:27,038
are about a million times
as powerful as the sun.
550
00:28:27,081 --> 00:28:30,041
So ifyou wanted to compare
that with the Hoover Dam...
551
00:28:30,084 --> 00:28:33,211
you would need
30 million, million...
552
00:28:33,254 --> 00:28:37,132
Hoover Dams per person
on the planet...
553
00:28:37,174 --> 00:28:39,843
to generate that much power.
554
00:28:39,885 --> 00:28:43,388
There's really no human scale
to imagine this power output.
555
00:28:48,644 --> 00:28:50,478
The largest
and most powerful stars...
556
00:28:50,521 --> 00:28:52,439
that produce
this kind of energy...
557
00:28:52,481 --> 00:28:56,484
are called red hyper giants.
558
00:28:56,527 --> 00:28:57,652
That's a class of stars...
559
00:28:57,695 --> 00:29:00,029
that's even larger
than super giant stars.
560
00:29:00,072 --> 00:29:02,323
So typically,
stars like our sun...
561
00:29:02,366 --> 00:29:05,410
are fusing hydrogen into helium
to make their energy.
562
00:29:05,453 --> 00:29:07,078
But hyper giant stars...
563
00:29:07,121 --> 00:29:09,831
have already exhausted all
the hydrogen in their core...
564
00:29:09,874 --> 00:29:11,541
and they're fusing
hydrogen into helium...
565
00:29:11,584 --> 00:29:14,043
in the outskirts
around the core...
566
00:29:14,086 --> 00:29:16,629
and that makes them
extremely hot and energetic...
567
00:29:16,672 --> 00:29:19,841
and all that energy
causes the star to swell up...
568
00:29:19,884 --> 00:29:23,052
and so the star ends up with
a very large surface area...
569
00:29:23,095 --> 00:29:25,138
surface areas of the size
ofthe Earth's orbit...
570
00:29:25,181 --> 00:29:28,183
or even bigger.
571
00:29:28,225 --> 00:29:31,060
Within the hefty field
of red hyper giants...
572
00:29:31,103 --> 00:29:32,645
VY Canis Majoris...
573
00:29:32,688 --> 00:29:35,023
appears to have
the largest diameter.
574
00:29:35,065 --> 00:29:38,359
lt's 2,000 times
wider than our sun...
575
00:29:38,402 --> 00:29:41,696
and consequently, it would take
the world's fastest race car...
576
00:29:41,739 --> 00:29:46,701
2,600 years
to circle it once.
577
00:29:46,744 --> 00:29:50,789
This stellar champ lives about
5,000 light-years from Earth...
578
00:29:50,831 --> 00:29:55,668
in the constellation
Canis Majoris.
579
00:29:55,711 --> 00:29:59,047
lfyou replace the sun
with VY Canis Majoris...
580
00:29:59,089 --> 00:30:02,217
ifyou put this hyper giant star
where the sun is...
581
00:30:02,259 --> 00:30:06,763
its radius would extend out
past Saturn's orbit.
582
00:30:06,806 --> 00:30:08,765
lt would be about nine times
as farfrom the sun...
583
00:30:08,808 --> 00:30:09,933
as the Earth is...
584
00:30:09,975 --> 00:30:12,143
so this is a much broader
in diameter star...
585
00:30:12,186 --> 00:30:17,023
than our sun is.
586
00:30:17,066 --> 00:30:19,901
Astronomers determine the radius
of such a large star...
587
00:30:19,944 --> 00:30:24,072
by looking at its temperature.
588
00:30:24,114 --> 00:30:25,198
We use measurements...
589
00:30:25,241 --> 00:30:27,534
ofthe temperature
of the star's surface...
590
00:30:27,576 --> 00:30:29,160
which we can get
from the color of the star...
591
00:30:29,203 --> 00:30:32,413
and then we will also measure
the total power output...
592
00:30:32,456 --> 00:30:33,957
or luminosity of the star.
593
00:30:33,999 --> 00:30:35,667
And by combining those,
we can determine...
594
00:30:35,709 --> 00:30:37,919
what its total surface area is
of the star...
595
00:30:37,962 --> 00:30:41,047
and from that,
we get its diameter.
596
00:30:41,090 --> 00:30:42,215
Now, that assumes...
597
00:30:42,258 --> 00:30:44,843
that you can measure
its luminosity fairly well...
598
00:30:44,885 --> 00:30:46,594
and that you know something
about its temperature...
599
00:30:46,637 --> 00:30:47,637
from its color.
600
00:30:47,680 --> 00:30:48,763
Most of the time...
601
00:30:48,806 --> 00:30:50,431
theyjust simply appear
as pinpoints of light...
602
00:30:50,683 --> 00:30:52,267
and it's impossible
to actually resolve it.
603
00:30:52,309 --> 00:30:54,602
Although there are
new instruments now...
604
00:30:54,645 --> 00:30:55,728
called interferometers...
605
00:30:55,771 --> 00:30:57,146
which are capable
of resolving...
606
00:30:57,189 --> 00:30:59,941
even very tiny point sources,
like stars.
607
00:30:59,984 --> 00:31:01,109
And in some cases...
608
00:31:01,151 --> 00:31:02,443
there have been
direct measurements...
609
00:31:02,486 --> 00:31:04,362
of stellar diameters.
610
00:31:12,329 --> 00:31:16,541
VY Canis Majoris will not be
a title holderforever.
611
00:31:16,584 --> 00:31:18,793
The red hyper giant
is losing mass...
612
00:31:18,836 --> 00:31:24,966
at the rate of almost 30
Earth masses or more peryear.
613
00:31:25,009 --> 00:31:26,301
The largest stars
in the universe...
614
00:31:26,343 --> 00:31:27,594
like VY Canis Majoris...
615
00:31:27,636 --> 00:31:29,304
are actually dying stars...
616
00:31:29,346 --> 00:31:31,222
that as stars begin to die...
617
00:31:31,265 --> 00:31:33,975
they burn their nuclearfuel
much less stably.
618
00:31:34,018 --> 00:31:37,729
They puff out over time.
619
00:31:37,771 --> 00:31:41,149
VY Canis Majoris is probably
only a few million years old.
620
00:31:41,191 --> 00:31:45,486
Stars that are as massive
as it is don't live very long.
621
00:31:45,529 --> 00:31:47,405
They use theirfuel up
at prodigious rates...
622
00:31:47,448 --> 00:31:49,991
then they swell up
into this hyper giant state...
623
00:31:50,034 --> 00:31:51,034
and only live there...
624
00:31:51,076 --> 00:31:52,160
for a few hundred
thousand years...
625
00:31:52,202 --> 00:31:54,495
a very short time scale...
626
00:31:54,538 --> 00:31:58,833
and then they will explode.
627
00:31:58,876 --> 00:32:02,879
VY Canis Majoris might have
the largest diameter...
628
00:32:02,922 --> 00:32:05,798
but when it comes
to possessing the most mass...
629
00:32:05,841 --> 00:32:09,260
there's another star
that tips the scale.
630
00:32:13,974 --> 00:32:15,558
ln the wide world of stars...
631
00:32:15,601 --> 00:32:17,018
there are many contenders...
632
00:32:17,061 --> 00:32:20,730
vying for the title
as the largest in the universe.
633
00:32:20,773 --> 00:32:22,398
But when it comes to stars...
634
00:32:22,441 --> 00:32:26,110
big can mean
two different things.
635
00:32:26,153 --> 00:32:28,404
When you talk about
the biggest star...
636
00:32:28,447 --> 00:32:29,781
you can mean
one of two things.
637
00:32:29,823 --> 00:32:32,659
You can either mean the star
that has the largest diameter...
638
00:32:32,701 --> 00:32:34,535
oryou might mean
what its mass is.
639
00:32:34,578 --> 00:32:36,454
The mass is a measure
of how much stuffyou have.
640
00:32:36,497 --> 00:32:38,748
lt's sort of like yourweight
when you step on a scale...
641
00:32:38,791 --> 00:32:43,419
how much matteryour body
is made of.
642
00:32:43,671 --> 00:32:45,588
According
to some astronomers...
643
00:32:45,631 --> 00:32:47,423
the most massive star
is located...
644
00:32:47,466 --> 00:32:50,218
in our Milky Way galaxy.
645
00:32:50,260 --> 00:32:54,097
lts part of a binary star system
known as A1...
646
00:32:54,139 --> 00:32:55,515
which is actually two stars...
647
00:32:55,557 --> 00:33:00,687
that orbit each other
once every four days.
648
00:33:00,729 --> 00:33:01,854
We find there
that one of the stars...
649
00:33:01,897 --> 00:33:02,897
appears to have a mass...
650
00:33:02,940 --> 00:33:06,234
of about115 times
the mass of the sun...
651
00:33:06,276 --> 00:33:07,735
and the other star
is also enormous...
652
00:33:07,778 --> 00:33:10,196
about 84 times
the mass of the sun.
653
00:33:10,239 --> 00:33:11,531
So both stars in this binary...
654
00:33:11,573 --> 00:33:15,368
are among the most massive stars
that we have ever measured.
655
00:33:15,411 --> 00:33:16,995
There may be
more massive stars...
656
00:33:17,037 --> 00:33:20,123
than the combination in A1
in this star cluster...
657
00:33:20,165 --> 00:33:21,207
but that's the most massive...
658
00:33:21,250 --> 00:33:25,044
that we've been able
to measure directly.
659
00:33:25,087 --> 00:33:30,758
These massive stars will live
full, but short lives.
660
00:33:30,801 --> 00:33:34,804
Massive stars
are hugely luminous.
661
00:33:34,847 --> 00:33:37,181
Sometimes they can outshine...
662
00:33:37,224 --> 00:33:40,309
millions of stars
in their neighborhood...
663
00:33:40,352 --> 00:33:41,602
but at a cost.
664
00:33:41,645 --> 00:33:45,189
The cost is they will run out
offuel...
665
00:33:45,232 --> 00:33:47,650
faster than everybody else...
666
00:33:47,693 --> 00:33:50,319
and when they die,
they die spectacularly.
667
00:33:50,362 --> 00:33:52,530
They explode their guts...
668
00:33:52,573 --> 00:33:55,116
and scatter it
across the galaxy.
669
00:33:55,159 --> 00:33:59,328
So the cost of living
a high-mass life...
670
00:33:59,371 --> 00:34:00,413
a high-luminous life...
671
00:34:00,456 --> 00:34:02,373
the cost of living
in the fast lane...
672
00:34:02,416 --> 00:34:06,544
is that you explode
at the end ofyour life.
673
00:34:06,587 --> 00:34:10,339
A bright star may burn out
faster and die sooner...
674
00:34:10,382 --> 00:34:11,674
but at the same time...
675
00:34:11,717 --> 00:34:13,301
those hot stars
are cooking up elements...
676
00:34:13,343 --> 00:34:14,886
that are essential for life.
677
00:34:14,928 --> 00:34:17,764
So without really massive stars,
we wouldn't be here...
678
00:34:17,806 --> 00:34:21,142
because you wouldn't get
the iron in my blood...
679
00:34:21,185 --> 00:34:23,102
and the calcium in my bones.
680
00:34:23,145 --> 00:34:26,481
All ofthose things are formed
only in the most massive stars.
681
00:34:31,111 --> 00:34:35,698
We humans need essential
elements from massive stars...
682
00:34:35,741 --> 00:34:42,497
but we also need a planet
with a firm surface to stand on.
683
00:34:42,539 --> 00:34:44,832
Planets come
in two size groups...
684
00:34:44,875 --> 00:34:47,543
large gas giants like Jupiter...
685
00:34:47,586 --> 00:34:52,632
and small rocky terrestrials
such as Earth.
686
00:34:52,674 --> 00:34:54,175
ln our own solar system...
687
00:34:54,218 --> 00:34:56,511
Jupiter
is the largest planet...
688
00:34:56,553 --> 00:35:01,641
while Earth trails
in fifth place.
689
00:35:01,683 --> 00:35:03,976
Yet, even though Jupiter
reigns supreme...
690
00:35:04,019 --> 00:35:06,062
in our galactic zip code...
691
00:35:06,105 --> 00:35:12,401
it's not the biggest planet
in the universe.
692
00:35:12,444 --> 00:35:14,737
The largest planet
with a well-known radius...
693
00:35:14,780 --> 00:35:18,407
is called TRES4.
lt's named after...
694
00:35:18,450 --> 00:35:21,202
the Trans-Atlantic
Exoplanet Survey...
695
00:35:21,245 --> 00:35:23,246
that discovered it
in the constellation Hercules...
696
00:35:23,288 --> 00:35:27,083
in 2006.
697
00:35:27,126 --> 00:35:30,253
TRES4 is unusually large
for its mass.
698
00:35:30,295 --> 00:35:32,713
We can actually directly
measure its radius...
699
00:35:32,756 --> 00:35:35,383
and this particular planet
has an unusually large radius.
700
00:35:35,425 --> 00:35:38,052
lt's about 70 percent
bigger than Jupiter...
701
00:35:38,095 --> 00:35:42,098
yet it has only about 80 percent
of Jupiter"s mass.
702
00:35:42,349 --> 00:35:46,894
That's about the same density
as cork or even whipped cream.
703
00:35:46,937 --> 00:35:48,062
lfyou look at Earth...
704
00:35:48,105 --> 00:35:50,314
it's a rocky planet,
very dense...
705
00:35:50,357 --> 00:35:53,734
and then even the gas giant
planets like Jupiter...
706
00:35:53,777 --> 00:35:57,488
are compressed gas and water
707
00:35:57,531 --> 00:36:00,324
and other chemicals
very tightly compressed.
708
00:36:00,367 --> 00:36:03,953
This thing, TRES4,
is like a marshmallow.
709
00:36:07,833 --> 00:36:10,710
Although TRES4 is light
for its size...
710
00:36:10,752 --> 00:36:15,173
it's about18 times larger
than Earth.
711
00:36:15,215 --> 00:36:20,595
Scientist aren't exactly sure
how TRES4 got so large.
712
00:36:20,637 --> 00:36:23,973
One theory is that the planet's
extremely close distance...
713
00:36:24,016 --> 00:36:25,433
to its parent star...
714
00:36:25,475 --> 00:36:28,477
is cooking up a lot of chemicals
in its atmosphere...
715
00:36:28,520 --> 00:36:33,274
which is trapping heat
much like greenhouse gases.
716
00:36:33,317 --> 00:36:34,692
This particular planet...
717
00:36:34,735 --> 00:36:38,404
is only about five percent
of the Earth's sun distance...
718
00:36:38,447 --> 00:36:39,947
from its parent star...
719
00:36:39,990 --> 00:36:41,616
so it's very, very close.
720
00:36:41,658 --> 00:36:42,867
ln fact, it's so close...
721
00:36:42,910 --> 00:36:45,494
it orbits its star
every three and a half days.
722
00:36:45,537 --> 00:36:48,122
So you can imagine how hot...
723
00:36:48,165 --> 00:36:49,957
and howjust blasted
with sunlight...
724
00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:51,334
this thing must be.
725
00:36:51,376 --> 00:36:55,046
Because the planet can't
cool off, it can't shrink.
726
00:36:55,088 --> 00:36:56,380
Because when it's very hot...
727
00:36:56,423 --> 00:36:58,132
when gases are very hot,
they expand...
728
00:36:58,175 --> 00:37:00,134
so this might be contributing...
729
00:37:00,177 --> 00:37:02,970
to keeping the radius
of this planet so very large.
730
00:37:07,059 --> 00:37:10,019
TRES4 may be
a puffed-up planet...
731
00:37:10,062 --> 00:37:11,979
but when it comes
to sustaining life...
732
00:37:12,022 --> 00:37:16,192
bigger planets don't offer
prime real estate.
733
00:37:16,235 --> 00:37:18,778
These giant planets
really arejust gas.
734
00:37:18,820 --> 00:37:20,780
There's no solid structure
to them at all.
735
00:37:20,822 --> 00:37:22,323
There's nowhere
to stand on them.
736
00:37:22,366 --> 00:37:24,825
So it's not a very likely place
to find life...
737
00:37:24,868 --> 00:37:27,119
'cause life would have to
continually be blown around...
738
00:37:27,162 --> 00:37:28,537
in the atmosphere...
739
00:37:28,580 --> 00:37:31,123
and that's a hard thing
to evolve from.
740
00:37:31,166 --> 00:37:33,626
This planet would not be
a very habitable place...
741
00:37:33,669 --> 00:37:36,671
because it's so close
to its parent star.
742
00:37:36,713 --> 00:37:39,257
lt's getting blasted
with radiation from its sun...
743
00:37:39,299 --> 00:37:41,801
so it would be a very hot
and unpleasant place to be...
744
00:37:41,843 --> 00:37:43,261
at least for humans.
745
00:37:48,767 --> 00:37:52,270
TRES4 currently has
the largest known radius.
746
00:37:52,312 --> 00:37:55,523
However, the planet could be
bumped out offirst place...
747
00:37:55,565 --> 00:37:57,692
in the nearfuture.
748
00:37:57,734 --> 00:37:58,859
Scientists are finding
new planets...
749
00:37:58,902 --> 00:38:01,862
basically every day almost
at this point.
750
00:38:01,905 --> 00:38:04,240
So it's quite possible
that we will find another one...
751
00:38:04,283 --> 00:38:09,120
that's even bigger than this
particular planet any time.
752
00:38:09,162 --> 00:38:10,746
ln addition to planets...
753
00:38:10,789 --> 00:38:15,042
scientists are also discovering
new asteroids all the time.
754
00:38:15,085 --> 00:38:19,046
These are rocky bodies
that didn't become planets...
755
00:38:19,089 --> 00:38:23,968
and the largest one may exist
in our galactic neighborhood.
756
00:38:30,517 --> 00:38:32,226
ln our own solar system...
757
00:38:32,269 --> 00:38:35,229
billions upon billions
of leftover rocks...
758
00:38:35,272 --> 00:38:37,023
that didn't become planets...
759
00:38:37,065 --> 00:38:39,108
take refuge
in the asteroid belt.
760
00:38:39,151 --> 00:38:41,902
Some are as small
as grains of dust...
761
00:38:41,945 --> 00:38:46,073
and others are the size
of nations.
762
00:38:46,325 --> 00:38:49,618
Ceres was the first asteroid
ever discovered...
763
00:38:49,661 --> 00:38:54,040
and it remains the largest known
asteroid to date.
764
00:38:54,082 --> 00:38:57,835
Named after the Roman goddess
of plants and harvest...
765
00:38:57,878 --> 00:39:00,963
Ceres is about 600 miles
in diameter...
766
00:39:01,006 --> 00:39:05,593
so it's almost as large
as the state of California.
767
00:39:05,635 --> 00:39:06,969
Ceres is so big...
768
00:39:07,012 --> 00:39:10,514
that it contains 25 percent
of all of the mass...
769
00:39:10,557 --> 00:39:12,475
in the asteroid belt.
770
00:39:12,517 --> 00:39:14,310
Ceres is so big
that ifyou took...
771
00:39:14,353 --> 00:39:17,313
all the other asteroids
in the asteroid belt...
772
00:39:17,356 --> 00:39:19,023
and glued them all together...
773
00:39:19,066 --> 00:39:22,151
they'd only be about two or
three times bigger than Ceres.
774
00:39:27,032 --> 00:39:28,991
Ceres' size sets it apart...
775
00:39:29,034 --> 00:39:31,952
from the rest of the rocks
in the asteroid belt.
776
00:39:31,995 --> 00:39:34,872
lt would take the Apollo
lunar rover10 days...
777
00:39:34,915 --> 00:39:40,002
to drive around the asteroid
at eight miles per hour.
778
00:39:40,045 --> 00:39:41,962
But in addition to its size...
779
00:39:42,005 --> 00:39:46,258
its other distinct feature
is its round shape.
780
00:39:46,301 --> 00:39:48,135
We have all these
ldaho potatoes...
781
00:39:48,178 --> 00:39:51,597
orbiting in the asteroid belt
of the solar system...
782
00:39:51,640 --> 00:39:54,934
most ofwhich are
craggy chunks of rock.
783
00:39:54,976 --> 00:39:58,145
Ceres is large enough,
massive enough...
784
00:39:58,188 --> 00:40:00,773
that its gravity
has overcome...
785
00:40:00,816 --> 00:40:05,528
the strength of the rocks
that contain it.
786
00:40:05,570 --> 00:40:09,365
And any time that happens,
the shape becomes a sphere.
787
00:40:14,329 --> 00:40:20,751
Because of its round shape,
Ceres now holds a dual title.
788
00:40:20,794 --> 00:40:23,421
The current definition
of a dwarf planet...
789
00:40:23,463 --> 00:40:26,173
is something that in fact
is massive enough...
790
00:40:26,216 --> 00:40:27,675
and has enough self gravity...
791
00:40:27,717 --> 00:40:30,594
to form itself
into a round shape.
792
00:40:30,637 --> 00:40:33,180
And, in fact,
since Ceres is round...
793
00:40:33,223 --> 00:40:34,515
we also call it...
794
00:40:34,558 --> 00:40:35,683
in addition to being
an asteroid...
795
00:40:35,725 --> 00:40:37,351
a dwarf planet.
796
00:40:37,394 --> 00:40:38,394
We know only a little bit...
797
00:40:38,437 --> 00:40:41,814
about the composition
of Ceres right now.
798
00:40:41,857 --> 00:40:43,858
We know that it's made
primarily of rock...
799
00:40:43,900 --> 00:40:45,443
but it may also have
water ice...
800
00:40:45,485 --> 00:40:49,488
and in fact, it could have
clay inside it as well.
801
00:40:49,531 --> 00:40:52,074
The Dawn Mission is actually
gonna go to Ceres...
802
00:40:52,117 --> 00:40:54,034
and enter into orbit
around it...
803
00:40:54,077 --> 00:40:56,120
and they'll bring a whole suite
of instruments to bear on it...
804
00:40:56,163 --> 00:40:57,455
so we should learn a lot more...
805
00:40:57,497 --> 00:40:59,707
about the composition of
this unusually large asteroid...
806
00:40:59,749 --> 00:41:04,545
in our own solar system.
807
00:41:04,588 --> 00:41:08,382
Ceres may be the largest
asteroid in our solar system...
808
00:41:08,425 --> 00:41:12,803
but it's a big universe
out there.
809
00:41:12,846 --> 00:41:15,222
lt's quite possible
that as we go on...
810
00:41:15,265 --> 00:41:17,391
to exploring other solar systems
outside of our own...
811
00:41:17,434 --> 00:41:18,434
that we may in fact someday...
812
00:41:18,477 --> 00:41:21,103
find an asteroid
larger than Ceres.
813
00:41:23,398 --> 00:41:26,984
Our solar system contains
some oversized objects.
814
00:41:27,027 --> 00:41:28,736
The largest planet, Jupiter...
815
00:41:28,778 --> 00:41:33,073
has the biggest moon,
named Ganymede.
816
00:41:33,116 --> 00:41:36,076
Planet Mars actually contains
the largest volcano...
817
00:41:36,119 --> 00:41:38,829
called Olympus Mons.
818
00:41:38,872 --> 00:41:40,456
lt's 17 miles tall...
819
00:41:40,499 --> 00:41:41,957
which makes it about
three times taller...
820
00:41:42,000 --> 00:41:44,251
than the biggest volcano
we have on Earth.
821
00:41:44,294 --> 00:41:45,419
lt's so tall...
822
00:41:45,712 --> 00:41:47,755
that ifyou stood
at the base of Olympus Mons...
823
00:41:47,797 --> 00:41:48,839
you wouldn't be able
to see the top...
824
00:41:48,882 --> 00:41:51,425
due to the curvature
of Mars itself.
825
00:41:51,468 --> 00:41:53,135
So in our own solar system,
the biggest things...
826
00:41:53,178 --> 00:41:57,598
definitely have had a powerful
shaping effect on the universe.
827
00:42:01,478 --> 00:42:04,146
One might guess that the sun
would take top honors...
828
00:42:04,189 --> 00:42:07,608
as the largest thing
in our cosmic suburb.
829
00:42:07,651 --> 00:42:11,278
lt's a thousand times
more massive than Jupiter.
830
00:42:11,321 --> 00:42:14,448
But is there something bigger?
831
00:42:14,491 --> 00:42:16,450
The largest object associated
with our solar system...
832
00:42:16,493 --> 00:42:18,077
is the Oort Cloud.
833
00:42:18,119 --> 00:42:19,995
And this is a very diffuse
cloud of comets...
834
00:42:20,038 --> 00:42:22,289
that literally extends
about halfway out...
835
00:42:22,332 --> 00:42:24,542
to the nearest star,
Alpha Centauri.
836
00:42:24,584 --> 00:42:29,046
Alpha Centauri is about
four light-years away.
837
00:42:29,089 --> 00:42:31,340
Astronomers estimate it would
take the space shuttle...
838
00:42:31,383 --> 00:42:33,425
hundreds of thousands
ofyears...
839
00:42:33,468 --> 00:42:38,514
to travel around the outer edge
ofthe Oort Cloud.
840
00:42:38,557 --> 00:42:40,933
The Oort Cloud is so dark
and so distant...
841
00:42:40,976 --> 00:42:42,685
that we really can't
directly observe it...
842
00:42:42,727 --> 00:42:44,562
but what we do know
is that comets come in...
843
00:42:44,604 --> 00:42:46,772
from every direction
of the sky...
844
00:42:46,815 --> 00:42:49,358
so there must be a spherical
cloud of comets...
845
00:42:49,401 --> 00:42:51,735
far away from us.
846
00:42:55,657 --> 00:42:58,576
The origins of the Oort Cloud
remain puzzling.
847
00:42:58,618 --> 00:43:02,621
One theory is that it was formed
early in our solar system.
848
00:43:02,664 --> 00:43:05,040
As comets fell in towards
the forming sun...
849
00:43:05,083 --> 00:43:07,501
they were ejected
into long orbits.
850
00:43:07,544 --> 00:43:13,424
Over time, their orbits threw
them out into a giant cloud.
851
00:43:13,466 --> 00:43:15,759
lt's very far away...
852
00:43:15,802 --> 00:43:17,928
and it's filled
with icy remnants...
853
00:43:17,971 --> 00:43:21,181
that havejust been left
in basically the same state...
854
00:43:21,224 --> 00:43:22,975
that theywere
from right around the time...
855
00:43:23,018 --> 00:43:24,435
when our solar system formed...
856
00:43:24,477 --> 00:43:28,522
about four and a half
billion years ago.
857
00:43:28,565 --> 00:43:31,984
So they are, you could say,
the archeological remnants...
858
00:43:32,027 --> 00:43:36,780
ofthe formation
of our solar system.
859
00:43:36,823 --> 00:43:43,203
The universe is comprised
of things both big and small.
860
00:43:43,246 --> 00:43:45,497
But it's the large structures
in space...
861
00:43:45,540 --> 00:43:51,003
that challenge our understanding
of how the universe works.
862
00:43:51,046 --> 00:43:54,632
Although astronomers have found
many substantial objects...
863
00:43:54,674 --> 00:44:00,054
the quest to find
even larger ones continues.
864
00:44:00,096 --> 00:44:03,140
Astronomers are hoping
to find new large planets...
865
00:44:03,183 --> 00:44:04,475
new huge super clusters...
866
00:44:04,517 --> 00:44:07,311
and learn more about the things
that we've already seen.
867
00:44:07,354 --> 00:44:09,813
As technology improves
with better telescopes...
868
00:44:09,856 --> 00:44:13,275
better detectors,
newer surveys...
869
00:44:13,318 --> 00:44:15,402
we will be able
to see farther into space...
870
00:44:15,445 --> 00:44:18,155
and therefore hopefully
discover even bigger things...
871
00:44:18,198 --> 00:44:19,865
than we already know about.
9999
00:00:0,500 --> 00:00:2,00
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