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♪♪
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00:00:02,862 --> 00:00:05,000
Narrator: ANIMALS...
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DO THE MOST INCREDIBLE THINGS.
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[ GOAT BLEATS ]
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LIKE THIS...
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AND THIS.
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I BET YOU'RE WONDERING,
"HOW DO THEY DO THAT?"
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WE'RE REVEALING ANIMALS'
BIGGEST SECRETS, LIKE...
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00:00:21,137 --> 00:00:22,620
HOW DO SEA TURTLES FIND
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00:00:22,620 --> 00:00:24,862
THE EXACT SAME BEACH
WHERE THEY HATCHED
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00:00:24,862 --> 00:00:27,827
AFTER 20 YEARS AT SEA?
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00:00:27,827 --> 00:00:31,137
WHAT'S THE SECRET
BEHIND A DOG'S BARK?
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00:00:31,137 --> 00:00:36,310
AND HOW AND WHY
DO SLOTHS TURN GREEN?
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THESE WONDERS AND MORE ON...
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--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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THEY'RE OUR BEST FRIENDS
IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM,
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00:00:49,310 --> 00:00:52,827
BUT EVEN BEST FRIENDS
CAN HAVE SOME ANNOYING HABITS.
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[ DOGS BARKING ]
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SOME HABITS ALSO
ANNOY THE NEIGHBORS
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BUT NOT ALWAYS THE OWNER.
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BECAUSE FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS,
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DOGS HAVE BEEN BARKING THEIR WAY
INTO THEIR OWNERS' HEARTS.
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00:01:09,241 --> 00:01:12,310
WHAT'S THE SECRET
BEHIND A DOG'S BARK?
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00:01:15,655 --> 00:01:17,000
THE DOG'S BARK ORIGINATES
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FROM THEIR COMMON ANCESTORS,
THE WOLF.
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COME ON.
[ CHUCKLES ]
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IN NEW MEXICO,
LEYTON COUGAR RUNS A SANCTUARY
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THAT RESCUES CAPTIVE-BRED
WOLVES AND WOLF DOGS.
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FOR 20 YEARS,
LEYTON HAS STUDIED
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BARKING, HOWLING,
AND OTHER SOUNDS
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COMING FROM WOLVES.
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AND TO TRY TO FIGURE
OUT WHY DOGS BARK,
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HE'S INVESTIGATED THE DIFFERENT
WAYS WOLVES COMMUNICATE.
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OKAY.
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FLURRY IS THE ALPHA MALE
OF THE WOLF PACK.
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SO RIGHT NOW,
AS FLURRY LEAVES THE COMPOUND,
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THE WOLVES
ARE SINGING ABOUT IT.
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THEY'RE COMMUNICATING
THAT FLURRY IS LEAVING THE PACK.
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[ HOWLING ]
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Narrator: WHEN FLURRY GETS
MORE THAN 100 YARDS AWAY,
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IT BECOMES
A TWO-WAY CONVERSATION...
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[ HOWLING CONTINUES ]
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...USING THAT
INFAMOUS WOLF HOWL.
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WOLVES, WHEN THEY'RE VOCALIZING,
WHEN THEY'RE HOWLING --
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THEY'RE COMMUNICATING
TO OTHER PACK MEMBERS.
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[ HOWLING CONTINUES ]
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Narrator:
THE HOWL IS LIKE A LONG-DISTANCE
PHONE CALL SAYING...
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"HEY, GUYS, GUESS WHERE I AM."
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THEY'RE STILL SINGING FOR YOU,
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SO LET'S GET YOU BACK
TO YOUR HOUSE.
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COME ON. LET'S WALK.
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Narrator: WHEN FLURRY GETS BACK,
THE HOWLING STOPS.
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BUT ANOTHER TYPE OF WOLF
COMMUNICATION CAN START --
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THE BARK.
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SCIENTISTS THINK
THE WOLF'S BARK
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MAY BE WHAT STARTED
THE UNIQUE RELATIONSHIP
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THAT WE HAVE WITH OUR DOGS.
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AROUND 40,000 YEARS AGO,
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00:02:55,448 --> 00:02:58,103
HUMANS HAD TO WORRY
ABOUT BEING ATTACKED --
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BY BOTH OTHER HUMANS
AND WILD BEASTS.
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THEY NEEDED
AN EARLY-WARNING SYSTEM,
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AND THEY GOT IT
BY ADOPTING ORPHANED WOLF CUBS.
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A WOLF WILL INSTINCTIVELY BARK
TO WARN THE PACK OF DANGER.
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THAT WARNING BARK IS REALLY
SOMETHING THAT HUMANS WANTED
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BECAUSE YOU WANT
TO PROTECT YOUR CAMP,
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00:03:23,413 --> 00:03:24,793
AND WHEN THERE'S A CANINE
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WHO CAN HEAR AND SEE
WAY BETTER THAN WE CAN,
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HAVING THAT WARNING BARK
IS REALLY ESSENTIAL FOR HUMANS.
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Narrator: OVER TIME,
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GUARD WOLVES WERE BRED
INTO DOMESTICATED GUARD DOGS,
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AND AS THEIR RELATIONSHIP
WITH HUMANS CHANGED,
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THE MEANINGS
OF THE DOGS' BARKS CHANGED.
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DOGS HAVE LEARNED
TO ADAPT THEIR BARKS
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FOR DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
AND DIFFERENT SCENARIOS.
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Narrator: AS THE HOWL BECAME
A LESSER PART OF DOG LANGUAGE,
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DOMESTICATED DOG BARKS HAVE
EVOLVED TO HELP THEM COMMUNICATE
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00:04:03,172 --> 00:04:04,931
WITH DELIVERY PEOPLE,
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00:04:04,931 --> 00:04:06,551
INATTENTIVE OWNERS,
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00:04:06,551 --> 00:04:09,137
AND NEIGHBORS' CATS.
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00:04:09,137 --> 00:04:13,310
AND DOGS HAVE LEARNED TO BE
EVEN MORE COMMUNICATIVE WITH US.
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BY CHANGING THE PITCH
OF ITS BARK,
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A DOG CAN SAY
MANY DIFFERENT THINGS.
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EVERY GOOD DOG OWNER KNOWS
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EXACTLY WHAT
THEIR DOG'S BARKS MEAN.
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Narrator: SCIENTISTS
HAVE PUT THIS TO THE TEST.
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RESEARCHERS RECORDED
DIFFERENT BARKS MADE BY DOGS
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IN A VARIETY OF SITUATIONS.
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AND IT TURNS OUT
WE'RE SURPRISINGLY GOOD
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AT UNDERSTANDING
WHAT DOGS ARE SAYING.
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00:04:41,517 --> 00:04:44,241
FROM "I WOULD REALLY,
REALLY, REALLY LIKE
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00:04:44,241 --> 00:04:46,965
TO HAVE THAT BALL
YOU'RE HOLDING,"
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00:04:46,965 --> 00:04:52,551
TO THIS HIGH-PITCHED LONGER BARK
WITH SHORT PAUSES THAT SAYS,
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00:04:52,551 --> 00:04:55,103
"I'M LONELY. WHERE ARE YOU?"
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00:04:58,241 --> 00:04:59,793
SOME SCIENTISTS NOW THINK
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THAT IT WAS OUR ADOPTION
OF WOLVES 40,000 YEARS AGO
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THAT LED TO THE SUPREMACY OF
HOMO SAPIENS OVER NEANDERTHALS.
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WE DO KNOW THAT NEANDERTHAL MAN
AND MODERN MAN
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WALKED ON PLANET EARTH
AT THE SAME EXACT TIME,
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00:05:15,275 --> 00:05:19,137
BUT THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THEM IS THE DOG.
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Narrator: BY ADOPTING WOLVES
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AND BREEDING THEM
INTO DOMESTICATED DOGS,
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HUMANS FOUND A FURRY FRIEND
THAT WOULD WARN THEM OF DANGERS,
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FIGHT OFF ENEMIES,
AND HUNT FOR FOOD.
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00:05:30,827 --> 00:05:33,413
SUDDENLY, HUMANS COULD FIND
AND KILL THEIR DINNER
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A LOT QUICKER
THAN THEIR NEANDERTHAL RIVALS.
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00:05:39,344 --> 00:05:42,241
SO EVEN IF THE BARKING
DOES GET IRRITATING,
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IF IT WASN'T FOR FIDO,
WE'D ALL LOOK LIKE NEANDERTHALS.
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♪♪
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SLOW-MOVING SLOTHS
ARE BORN BROWN,
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BUT IN THE WILD OVER TIME
THEY TURNED GREEN,
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00:06:00,379 --> 00:06:01,896
WHICH IS SUPER STRANGE BECAUSE
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NATURE DOESN'T MAKE
GREEN MAMMALS.
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NO GREEN DOGS.
115
00:06:07,517 --> 00:06:09,448
NO GREEN CATS.
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NO GREEN POLAR BEARS.
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SO HOW AND WHY
DID SLOTHS TURN GREEN?
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00:06:16,965 --> 00:06:19,586
LOTS OF ANIMALS LIKE
TO MAKE THEMSELVES AT HOME
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ON OTHER ANIMALS.
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BARNACLES CLING TO WHALES.
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TICKS LOVE SHAGGY DOGS.
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00:06:27,758 --> 00:06:30,068
AND REMORAS LOVE A SHARK.
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LIVING IN THE EMERALD GREEN FUR
OF A WILD SLOTH
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IS NOT ONE CRITTER,
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BUT A BUSTLING,
GIANT COLONY
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OF MITES, TICKS,
BEETLES, AND MOTHS.
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00:06:46,103 --> 00:06:50,724
IT'S LIKE THE SLOTH IS
A MINIATURE SLOW-MOVING FOREST,
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00:06:50,724 --> 00:06:52,310
AND THERE'S A REASON FOR THAT.
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00:06:55,620 --> 00:06:57,379
THE SLOTH'S GREEN COAT
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00:06:57,379 --> 00:07:00,413
IS THE RESULT
OF AN AMAZING PROCESS.
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FIRST, ITS UNIQUE
INDIVIDUAL HAIRS
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00:07:02,620 --> 00:07:06,344
HAVE TINY GROOVES
THAT COLLECT RAINWATER.
133
00:07:06,344 --> 00:07:09,896
THE NATURAL SALTS AND MINERALS
IN BOTH HAIR AND RAINWATER
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00:07:09,896 --> 00:07:11,689
MEAN ALGAE CAN GROW
IN THOSE RIDGES
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00:07:11,689 --> 00:07:14,862
WITHOUT NEEDING
NUTRIENTS FROM SOIL.
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00:07:14,862 --> 00:07:16,482
ESSENTIALLY, OVER TIME,
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00:07:16,482 --> 00:07:19,206
THE SLOW-MOVING SLOTH'S
THICK, COARSE FUR
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TURNS INTO A LUSCIOUS,
GREEN ALGAE GARDEN.
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00:07:24,448 --> 00:07:27,379
SO, INSECTS ARRIVE
TO EAT THE ALGAE
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00:07:27,379 --> 00:07:29,862
AND DECIDE THEY LIKE
THE NEIGHBORHOOD SO MUCH
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THAT THEY MOVE IN
AND SETTLE DOWN.
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WORD GETS AROUND,
AND BEFORE YOU KNOW IT,
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THE SLOTH BECOMES
INSECT CENTRAL.
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THEN WHEN THE OLDER INSECT
RESIDENTS DIE OFF,
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THEIR DECOMPOSING BODIES
BECOME FOOD FOR THE GREEN ALGAE,
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AND SO THE WHOLE GREEN CYCLE
CONTINUES.
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IT MAY LOOK LIKE AN ITCHY MESS,
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00:07:53,448 --> 00:07:58,206
BUT THIS LIVING ARRANGEMENT
IS ACTUALLY GOOD FOR THE SLOTH.
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00:08:00,931 --> 00:08:04,931
IF THERE'S ONE THING THE HARPY
EAGLE LOVES EATING FOR LUNCH,
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00:08:04,931 --> 00:08:06,620
IT'S SLOTH.
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00:08:06,620 --> 00:08:11,586
THIS APEX PREDATOR
STANDS NEARLY FOUR FEET TALL,
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00:08:11,586 --> 00:08:13,793
AND THERE'S NO WAY
A SLOW-MOVING SLOTH
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CAN OUTRUN THE 50-MILE-AN-HOUR
RAPTOR.
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THE SOLUTION --
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00:08:19,724 --> 00:08:22,931
IMITATE A BUSH OR TREE.
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00:08:22,931 --> 00:08:25,931
SO THE SLOTH, THE ALGAE,
AND THE INSECTS
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00:08:25,931 --> 00:08:29,068
HAVE ENTERED INTO A CONVENIENT
MUTUAL ARRANGEMENT.
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00:08:32,655 --> 00:08:36,172
IN FACT, ALGAE ARE SO IMPORTANT
TO THE SLOTH,
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00:08:36,172 --> 00:08:38,586
A MOTHER WILL HOLD HER YOUNGSTER
CLOSE
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TO ENCOURAGE THE ALGAE
TO COVER THE BABY,
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AND THAT KEEPS THEM BOTH
SAFE FROM PREDATORS.
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COMING UP,
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00:08:51,482 --> 00:08:55,965
ANIMALS THAT CAN JUMP MORE
THAN 20 TIMES THEIR OWN HEIGHT
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00:08:55,965 --> 00:09:00,758
AND HOW SEA TURTLES REMEMBER
EXACTLY WHERE THEY WERE BORN.
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00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:14,068
NARRATOR: THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
IS FULL OF CREATURES
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00:09:14,068 --> 00:09:18,241
WHO LEAP INTO ACTION
WHEN LIFE DEMANDS IT.
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00:09:18,241 --> 00:09:22,586
FROM TIGERS WHO JUMP 12 FEET
FOR THEIR DINNER...
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00:09:22,586 --> 00:09:27,344
TWO GAZELLES WHO VAULT
TO AVOID BECOMING PREY.
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00:09:27,344 --> 00:09:31,793
ANIMALS GO AIRBORNE
FOR A WHOLE HOST OF REASONS,
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00:09:31,793 --> 00:09:35,275
BUT WHO IS NATURE'S
GREATEST JUMPER?
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00:09:38,620 --> 00:09:40,827
WHEN IT COMES
TO JUMPING THE LONGEST,
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00:09:40,827 --> 00:09:44,379
THERE IS ONE ANIMAL
THAT SPRINGS TO MIND --
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THE KANGAROO.
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00:09:46,896 --> 00:09:50,275
KANGAROOS CAN COVER
AN IMPRESSIVE 25 FEET
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00:09:50,275 --> 00:09:53,896
IN A SINGLE BOUND.
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00:09:53,896 --> 00:09:59,137
BUT THERE'S AN ANIMAL THAT CAN
JUMP FARTHER THAN A KANGAROO --
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00:09:59,137 --> 00:10:00,862
US.
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00:10:00,862 --> 00:10:05,689
OLYMPIC LONG JUMPERS CAN HURL
THEMSELVES MORE THAN 29 FEET.
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00:10:05,689 --> 00:10:09,896
THAT MAKES HUMANS ONE OF
THE LONGEST LEAPERS ON LAND.
180
00:10:09,896 --> 00:10:13,862
BUT WHAT ANIMAL
JUMPS THE HIGHEST?
181
00:10:13,862 --> 00:10:15,827
THE FOUR-OUNCE
KANGAROO RAT JUMPS
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00:10:15,827 --> 00:10:17,862
BECAUSE ITS LIFE DEPENDS ON IT.
183
00:10:22,758 --> 00:10:25,137
WHEN A RATTLESNAKE STRIKES,
184
00:10:25,137 --> 00:10:28,862
SPRINGY TENDONS IN THE RAT'S
PROPORTIONALLY HUGE BACK LEGS
185
00:10:28,862 --> 00:10:32,793
REACT IN JUST 40 MILLISECONDS --
186
00:10:32,793 --> 00:10:35,551
10 TIMES FASTER
THAN THE BLINK OF AN EYE,
187
00:10:35,551 --> 00:10:38,482
THROWING THEM AWAY FROM DANGER.
188
00:10:38,482 --> 00:10:41,827
THEY CAN REACH HEIGHTS
OF NINE FEET.
189
00:10:41,827 --> 00:10:44,206
THAT'S 20 TIMES
THEIR OWN LENGTH.
190
00:10:46,793 --> 00:10:50,137
BUT, SURPRISINGLY,
THE GREATEST JUMPER OF THEM ALL
191
00:10:50,137 --> 00:10:53,310
IS ONE OF THE TINIEST
CREATURES --
192
00:10:53,310 --> 00:10:55,000
THE HUMBLE FLEA.
193
00:10:57,103 --> 00:11:00,965
THESE MINI BLOODSUCKERS ARE
NO BIGGER THAN A GRAIN OF RICE,
194
00:11:00,965 --> 00:11:03,137
AND THEIR FOOD,
INCLUDING OUR PETS,
195
00:11:03,137 --> 00:11:05,931
TOWERS ABOVE THEM.
196
00:11:05,931 --> 00:11:08,758
TO REACH SUCH LOFTY HEIGHTS,
197
00:11:08,758 --> 00:11:10,586
THE FLEA NEEDS MORE FIREPOWER
198
00:11:10,586 --> 00:11:14,689
THAN THEIR LEG MUSCLES
ALONE CAN PROVIDE.
199
00:11:14,689 --> 00:11:17,241
SO THEY HAVE
A SECRET SUPERPOWER --
200
00:11:17,241 --> 00:11:23,620
AN EXTRA STORE OF ELASTIC ENERGY
AND A PROTEIN CALLED RESILIN.
201
00:11:23,620 --> 00:11:25,517
UNLEASHING THIS ENERGY STORE
202
00:11:25,517 --> 00:11:29,172
FORCES THE FLEA'S BENT LEGS
TO STRAIGHTEN SUDDENLY,
203
00:11:29,172 --> 00:11:31,103
LAUNCHING IT INTO THE AIR.
204
00:11:33,206 --> 00:11:34,896
THIS KING OF SPRING CAN LEAP
205
00:11:34,896 --> 00:11:37,896
UP TO 200 TIMES
ITS OWN BODY LENGTH.
206
00:11:37,896 --> 00:11:41,896
THAT'S LIKE A HUMAN JUMPING
TO THE TOP OF THE EIFFEL TOWER.
207
00:11:41,896 --> 00:11:45,896
OF COURSE, WE'D NEED AN ELEVATOR
TO GET BACK DOWN AGAIN.
208
00:11:50,724 --> 00:11:53,000
COMING UP, HOW CAN SEA TURTLES
209
00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:55,241
LOCATE THE EXACT SPOT
THEY HATCHED
210
00:11:55,241 --> 00:11:58,724
AFTER MORE THAN 20 YEARS AT SEA?
211
00:11:58,724 --> 00:12:03,000
AND THE SECRET OF THE BEETLES
THAT CAN BREATHE UNDERWATER.
212
00:12:13,068 --> 00:12:17,241
Narrator:
SEA TURTLES TRAVEL THOUSANDS
OF MILES ACROSS OCEANS,
213
00:12:17,241 --> 00:12:21,310
RETURNING AFTER 20 YEARS TO THE
EXACT SPOT WHERE THEY WERE BORN
214
00:12:21,310 --> 00:12:25,241
IN TIME TO LAY
THEIR OWN EGGS THERE.
215
00:12:25,241 --> 00:12:28,586
THAT'S LIKE A PERSON GOING BACK
TO THE CITY OF HER BIRTH
216
00:12:28,586 --> 00:12:31,206
AND TRYING TO FIND
THE HOSPITAL SHE WAS BORN IN
217
00:12:31,206 --> 00:12:35,517
WITH NO ONE TO ASK
AND NO SMART PHONE TO HELP.
218
00:12:35,517 --> 00:12:38,172
SO HOW DO THESE GUYS DO IT?
219
00:12:38,172 --> 00:12:41,793
HOW DO THE SEA TURTLES
FIND THEIR WAY HOME?
220
00:12:44,172 --> 00:12:46,724
SEA TURTLES SPEND PRETTY MUCH
THEIR ENTIRE LIVES --
221
00:12:46,724 --> 00:12:50,206
80 YEARS OR MORE --
AT SEA,
222
00:12:50,206 --> 00:12:53,103
AND SATELLITE TAGGING
OF ATLANTIC SEA TURTLES
223
00:12:53,103 --> 00:12:56,517
HAS REVEALED
WHERE THEY'VE BEEN GOING.
224
00:12:56,517 --> 00:13:00,586
THEY SWIM IN A GIANT LOOP
FROM FLORIDA TO WEST AFRICA
225
00:13:00,586 --> 00:13:03,275
THEN WEST TOWARD SOUTH AMERICA
226
00:13:03,275 --> 00:13:06,517
BEFORE HEADING BACK TO
THE WATERS OF THE SUNSHINE STATE
227
00:13:06,517 --> 00:13:08,862
TO MATE AND LAY EGGS.
228
00:13:11,137 --> 00:13:15,206
THEY CONTINUOUSLY SWIM
THIS 12,000 MILE ROUND TRIP.
229
00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:20,827
WHEN IT'S TIME TO NEST
THE FEMALES SOMEHOW KNOW
230
00:13:20,827 --> 00:13:25,310
THE PRECISE LOCATION OF THE
EXACT SPOT WHERE THEY WERE BORN
231
00:13:25,310 --> 00:13:27,103
EVEN THOUGH IT COULD
HAVE BEEN 20 YEARS
232
00:13:27,103 --> 00:13:29,586
SINCE SHE WAS LAST THERE.
233
00:13:29,586 --> 00:13:31,137
THEY MAKE
THIS INCREDIBLE JOURNEY
234
00:13:31,137 --> 00:13:33,172
TO PASS ON TO THEIR HATCHLINGS
235
00:13:33,172 --> 00:13:36,448
THEIR INHERITED IMMUNITY
FROM THE PARASITES AND DISEASES
236
00:13:36,448 --> 00:13:38,379
ON THAT PARTICULAR BEACH.
237
00:13:41,689 --> 00:13:44,655
BIOLOGIST KEN LOHMANN
HAS BEEN TRYING TO DISCOVER
238
00:13:44,655 --> 00:13:48,517
THE SECRET OF THE SEA TURTLES'
NAVIGATIONAL POWERS.
239
00:13:48,517 --> 00:13:53,413
SEA TURTLES, IN EFFECT,
HAVE AN IN-BUILT GPS SYSTEM.
240
00:13:53,413 --> 00:13:55,413
Narrator: SCIENTISTS BELIEVE
THAT SEA TURTLES
241
00:13:55,413 --> 00:13:58,758
ARE SOMEHOW READING
THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD,
242
00:13:58,758 --> 00:14:01,482
THE SAME FORCE
THAT DIRECTS A COMPASS.
243
00:14:03,931 --> 00:14:05,206
TO FIND OUT HOW,
244
00:14:05,206 --> 00:14:08,724
KEN'S CREATED
A MINIATURE OCEAN IN HIS LAB
245
00:14:08,724 --> 00:14:10,344
AND ENLISTED THE HELP OF OSCAR,
246
00:14:10,344 --> 00:14:14,310
A THREE-MONTH-OLD HATCHLING
BORN ON A BEACH IN FLORIDA.
247
00:14:14,310 --> 00:14:18,448
I'M PLACING THE TURTLE
INTO A SOFT CLOTH HARNESS.
248
00:14:18,448 --> 00:14:21,275
THIS WILL ALLOW IT
TO SWIM IN PLACE
249
00:14:21,275 --> 00:14:23,689
INSIDE THE MAGNETIC COIL SYSTEM.
250
00:14:26,517 --> 00:14:28,965
Narrator: OSCAR'S SWIMSUIT
IS TIED TO A ROD
251
00:14:28,965 --> 00:14:33,344
WHICH IS SUSPENDED
ABOVE THE TINY OCEAN.
252
00:14:33,344 --> 00:14:35,793
THE WATER, REPRESENTING
THE ATLANTIC OCEAN,
253
00:14:35,793 --> 00:14:37,034
IS SURROUNDED BY
254
00:14:37,034 --> 00:14:39,862
A COMPUTER-CONTROLLED
MAGNETIC-COIL SYSTEM,
255
00:14:39,862 --> 00:14:43,000
WHICH IS RECREATING
THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELDS.
256
00:14:45,862 --> 00:14:49,034
BY VARYING THE STRENGTH
AND DIRECTION OF THE CURRENTS,
257
00:14:49,034 --> 00:14:51,758
KEN CAN SIMULATE
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNATURE
258
00:14:51,758 --> 00:14:55,448
OF DIFFERENT LOCATIONS
AROUND THE PLANET.
259
00:14:55,448 --> 00:14:57,448
Lohmann: THE FLAGS
INSIDE THE COIL
260
00:14:57,448 --> 00:14:59,896
REPRESENT DIFFERENT PARTS
OF THE WORLD.
261
00:14:59,896 --> 00:15:03,275
WE'RE GOING TO TRY TO TRICK
THE TURTLES INTO THINKING
262
00:15:03,275 --> 00:15:05,862
THAT THEY'RE AT THOSE LOCATIONS
BY EXPOSING THEM
263
00:15:05,862 --> 00:15:09,310
TO THE MAGNETIC FIELDS
THAT EXIST THERE.
264
00:15:09,310 --> 00:15:12,448
Narrator: FIRST KEN TYPES IN
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNATURE
265
00:15:12,448 --> 00:15:13,862
FOR THE FLORIDA BEACH
266
00:15:13,862 --> 00:15:16,965
WHERE OSCAR
THE HATCHLING WAS BORN.
267
00:15:16,965 --> 00:15:20,344
AND INCREDIBLY, JUST AS IF
HE WERE OUT IN THE ATLANTIC,
268
00:15:20,344 --> 00:15:23,482
OSCAR RESPONDS BY TURNING
HIS BACK ON FLORIDA
269
00:15:23,482 --> 00:15:26,275
AND HEADS TOWARD
WHAT HE THINKS IS AFRICA.
270
00:15:26,275 --> 00:15:28,344
Lohmann: WE'RE NOW GOING
TO TRY TO TRICK THE TURTLE
271
00:15:28,344 --> 00:15:30,241
INTO THINKING THAT
IT'S IN SENEGAL
272
00:15:30,241 --> 00:15:32,241
BY EXPOSING IT
TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD
273
00:15:32,241 --> 00:15:34,793
THAT EXISTS AT THAT LOCATION.
274
00:15:34,793 --> 00:15:38,137
Narrator: OSCAR NOW BELIEVES
HE'S IN SENEGAL.
275
00:15:38,137 --> 00:15:41,344
SO HE ADJUSTS HIS DIRECTION
TO THE SOUTHWEST
276
00:15:41,344 --> 00:15:44,827
AS IF HE'S CONTINUING
HIS MIGRATION TOWARD BRAZIL.
277
00:15:47,103 --> 00:15:49,241
IN THE WILD, IT WOULD TAKE
A YEAR FOR A TURTLE
278
00:15:49,241 --> 00:15:51,275
TO REACH SOUTH AMERICA.
279
00:15:51,275 --> 00:15:54,827
OSCAR GETS THERE IN 45 SECONDS.
280
00:15:54,827 --> 00:15:57,758
KEN RESETS
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD,
281
00:15:57,758 --> 00:16:01,931
AND OSCAR NOW BELIEVES
HE'S OFF THE COAST OF BRAZIL.
282
00:16:01,931 --> 00:16:05,862
HE IMMEDIATELY CHANGES DIRECTION
AND SWIMS NORTHWEST
283
00:16:05,862 --> 00:16:08,448
AS IF HEADING BACK UP
TOWARD FLORIDA.
284
00:16:08,448 --> 00:16:10,551
Lohmann: THESE ARE TRULY
ASTONISHING RESULTS.
285
00:16:10,551 --> 00:16:13,482
THESE ARE TURTLES THAT HAVE
NEVER BEFORE BEEN IN THE OCEAN.
286
00:16:13,482 --> 00:16:14,827
BUT DESPITE THAT,
287
00:16:14,827 --> 00:16:17,379
THE FIRST TIME THEY ENCOUNTER
THESE MAGNETIC FIELDS
288
00:16:17,379 --> 00:16:22,482
FROM DISTANT LOCATIONS,
THEY KNOW WHAT DIRECTION TO GO.
289
00:16:22,482 --> 00:16:25,206
Narrator: KEN TESTED
OVER 100 BABY TURTLES
290
00:16:25,206 --> 00:16:28,448
ALL WITH THE SAME RESULTS.
291
00:16:28,448 --> 00:16:30,793
HIS EXPERIMENT REVEALED
SEA TURTLES ARE BORN
292
00:16:30,793 --> 00:16:34,068
WITH A PRE-PROGRAMMED BLUEPRINT
OF THE DIFFERENT LOCATIONS
293
00:16:34,068 --> 00:16:37,379
ON THEIR EPIC MIGRATORY ROUTE.
294
00:16:37,379 --> 00:16:41,103
AND EACH LOCATION IS RECOGNIZED
BY A DIFFERENT STRENGTH
295
00:16:41,103 --> 00:16:45,551
AND DIRECTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELD LIKE A MAGNETIC MARKER,
296
00:16:45,551 --> 00:16:51,724
BUT HOW DO TURTLES READ AND
INTERPRET THESE INVISIBLE SIGNS?
297
00:16:51,724 --> 00:16:54,275
RECENTLY, SCIENTISTS HAVE
DISCOVERED THAT SEA TURTLES
298
00:16:54,275 --> 00:16:59,137
HAVE TINY PARTICLES IN
THEIR BRAINS CALLED MAGNETITE.
299
00:16:59,137 --> 00:17:02,586
THESE MAGNETIC PARTICLES
DETECT THE SMALLEST VARIATIONS
300
00:17:02,586 --> 00:17:04,793
IN MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH,
301
00:17:04,793 --> 00:17:06,931
ALLOWING THE TURTLE
TO PHYSICALLY FEEL
302
00:17:06,931 --> 00:17:10,413
WHETHER THEY'RE HEADING
NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, OR WEST.
303
00:17:13,724 --> 00:17:18,103
Lohmann:
IN EFFECT, THE TURTLES ARE USING
THESE REGIONAL MAGNETIC FIELDS
304
00:17:18,103 --> 00:17:21,379
AS A KIND OF SYSTEM
OF NAVIGATIONAL MARKERS
305
00:17:21,379 --> 00:17:22,551
OUT IN THE OPEN OCEAN,
306
00:17:22,551 --> 00:17:26,931
AND A TURTLE, THEREFORE,
IS NEVER LOST.
307
00:17:26,931 --> 00:17:28,793
Narrator:
OVER THOUSANDS OF YEARS,
308
00:17:28,793 --> 00:17:30,931
THE LOCATIONS
OF DESIRABLE PLACES
309
00:17:30,931 --> 00:17:34,793
HAVE BEEN
HARDWIRED INTO TURTLES.
310
00:17:34,793 --> 00:17:36,206
WHICH IS WHY THEY'RE
ABLE TO RETURN
311
00:17:36,206 --> 00:17:40,551
TO THEIR EXACT BIRTHPLACE
20 YEARS AFTER LEAVING IT.
312
00:17:40,551 --> 00:17:46,103
♪♪
313
00:17:46,103 --> 00:17:47,551
COMING UP,
314
00:17:47,551 --> 00:17:50,965
HOW AIR-BREATHING BEETLES
CONQUER THE DEPTHS.
315
00:18:00,379 --> 00:18:05,172
Narrator: THEY'RE FOUND
ON THE HIGHEST, COLDEST PEAKS...
316
00:18:05,172 --> 00:18:09,275
THE MOST PARCHED,
SCORCHED DESERTS...
317
00:18:09,275 --> 00:18:13,724
AND EVERYWHERE IN BETWEEN.
318
00:18:13,724 --> 00:18:17,000
IN FACT, ONE IN EVERY FOUR
ANIMAL SPECIES
319
00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:21,172
ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH
IS A BEETLE.
320
00:18:21,172 --> 00:18:23,172
AND DESPITE BEING A LAND INSECT,
321
00:18:23,172 --> 00:18:25,000
THIS SUPER SUCCESSFUL CRITTER
322
00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:27,655
HAS MANAGED TO CONQUER
THE DEPTHS, TOO.
323
00:18:30,241 --> 00:18:33,965
BUT HOW DO BEETLES
BREATHE UNDERWATER?
324
00:18:37,034 --> 00:18:39,448
THE ONE-INCH LONG
GREAT DIVING BEETLE'S
325
00:18:39,448 --> 00:18:43,655
FAVORITE FOOD OF TADPOLES,
NEWTS, AND OTHER WATER INSECTS
326
00:18:43,655 --> 00:18:46,413
LURKS AT THE BOTTOM
OF THIS POND.
327
00:18:48,551 --> 00:18:51,448
SO THE AIR-BREATHING BEETLE
HAS TO FIGURE OUT A WAY
328
00:18:51,448 --> 00:18:54,827
TO STAY ALIVE
WHILE HUNTING UNDERWATER.
329
00:18:56,896 --> 00:19:00,137
ON LAND, HOLLOW TUBES
HIDDEN UNDERNEATH THE WINGS
330
00:19:00,137 --> 00:19:04,724
CALLED SPIRACLES CARRY AIR
INSIDE THE BUG'S BODY,
331
00:19:04,724 --> 00:19:08,068
BUT DIVING COULD CAUSE THESE
TUBES TO FILL WITH WATER
332
00:19:08,068 --> 00:19:09,689
DROWNING THE BEETLE.
333
00:19:12,172 --> 00:19:15,344
SO THE BEETLE PROTECTS
THE OPENINGS OF THE SPIRACLES
334
00:19:15,344 --> 00:19:18,172
WITH A BIG OXYGEN-RICH
BUBBLE OF AIR
335
00:19:18,172 --> 00:19:22,862
TRAPPED BENEATH ITS PROTECTIVE
WING CASING.
336
00:19:22,862 --> 00:19:27,482
UNFORTUNATELY, THE BUBBLE MAKES
THE BEETLE FLOAT LIKE A BALLOON,
337
00:19:27,482 --> 00:19:28,793
SO THE DIVING BEETLE
338
00:19:28,793 --> 00:19:31,068
HAS TO FIGHT AGAINST
THE BUBBLE'S BUOYANCY
339
00:19:31,068 --> 00:19:33,137
WHENEVER IT DIVES.
340
00:19:35,448 --> 00:19:38,758
AND THAT MAKES DIVING TRICKY.
341
00:19:38,758 --> 00:19:41,724
THE EFFORT NEEDED TO REACH
THE BOTTOM OF THE POND
342
00:19:41,724 --> 00:19:43,586
USES UP MOST OF THE OXYGEN
343
00:19:43,586 --> 00:19:47,379
IN THE BUG'S
AIR-BUBBLE AIR TANK.
344
00:19:47,379 --> 00:19:49,758
TO REFUEL,
THE GREAT DIVING BEETLE
345
00:19:49,758 --> 00:19:54,137
DOES SOMETHING THAT APPEARS
TO BE SUICIDAL.
346
00:19:54,137 --> 00:19:55,931
PRESSING UP WITH THE ABDOMEN,
347
00:19:55,931 --> 00:20:00,620
THE BEETLE PUSHES OUT
MOST OF THE AIR BUBBLE.
348
00:20:00,620 --> 00:20:03,068
THIS IS A CRITICAL OPERATION.
349
00:20:03,068 --> 00:20:05,965
IF THE BEETLE LOSES
ITS AIR TANK,
350
00:20:05,965 --> 00:20:10,758
THE BUG RUSHES BACK
TO THE SAFETY OF THE SURFACE.
351
00:20:10,758 --> 00:20:13,413
BUT THE BEETLES THAT CAN
CONTROL THE BUBBLE
352
00:20:13,413 --> 00:20:17,724
CAN STAY SUBMERGED FOR HOURS.
353
00:20:17,724 --> 00:20:20,862
BECAUSE OUT IN THE OPEN,
THE BUBBLE ABSORBS OXYGEN
354
00:20:20,862 --> 00:20:23,000
DISSOLVED IN THE POND WATER,
355
00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:26,965
NATURALLY REFUELING ITSELF.
356
00:20:26,965 --> 00:20:29,310
AFTER REFUELING
FOR LESS THAN A MINUTE.
357
00:20:29,310 --> 00:20:32,586
THE GREAT DIVING BEETLE
SUCKS THE BUBBLE BACK IN.
358
00:20:35,965 --> 00:20:41,275
NOW THE BUG CAN GET ON WITH
WHAT IT CAME DOWN HERE FOR --
359
00:20:41,275 --> 00:20:45,379
FEASTING ON THE POND'S
UNDERWATER BOUNTY.
360
00:20:45,379 --> 00:20:47,379
YUM.
28463
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