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♪♪
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00:00:02,862 --> 00:00:05,000
Narrator: ANIMALS...
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DO THE MOST INCREDIBLE THINGS.
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[ GOAT BLEATS ]
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LIKE THIS...
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00:00:10,758 --> 00:00:12,206
AND THIS.
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I BET YOU'RE WONDERING,
"HOW DO THEY DO THAT?"
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WE'RE REVEALING ANIMALS'
BIGGEST SECRETS, LIKE...
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00:00:20,689 --> 00:00:24,344
HOW ARE VULTURES
IMMUNE TO DISEASE?
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00:00:24,344 --> 00:00:28,413
HOW DO KOALAS KEEP COOL
IN 100 DEGREE HEAT?
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00:00:28,413 --> 00:00:32,551
AND WHAT'S THE SECRET
BEHIND A FROG'S AMAZING TONGUE?
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00:00:32,551 --> 00:00:35,068
THESE WONDERS AND MORE ON...
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--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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KOALAS SPEND MOST OF THEIR LIVES
HIGH UP IN EUCALYPTUS TREES
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IN THE AUSTRALIAN WOODLANDS.
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00:00:49,689 --> 00:00:52,413
THESE EXPERT CLIMBERS
ARE PERFECTLY ADAPTED
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00:00:52,413 --> 00:00:54,000
FOR THE HIGH LIFE.
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00:00:56,206 --> 00:00:59,965
TWO CLAWED THUMBS ON EACH PAW
PROVIDE A FIRM GRIP,
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GIVING THEM THE CONFIDENCE
TO RELAX
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00:01:01,827 --> 00:01:04,827
WHILE DANGLING DOZENS
OF FEET IN THE AIR.
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00:01:08,068 --> 00:01:11,827
BUT WHAT THEY'RE NOT SO WELL
ADAPTED FOR IS THE HEAT.
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THAT BIG FURRY COAT
JUST DOESN'T SUIT
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THE EXTREME DAYTIME TEMPERATURES
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THAT SOMETIMES CLIMB
TO 115 DEGREES.
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WORSE FOR THESE AUSSIE FUR BALLS
IS THAT ABOVE 105 DEGREES,
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THE BODY STARTS TO SHUT DOWN.
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SO HOW DO KOALAS KEEP COOL?
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TREE-HUGGING KOALAS
ARE INCREDIBLY CUTE,
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BUT THERE IS PURPOSE
BEHIND THIS ADORABILITY
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THAT CAN BE REVEALED WITH THE
HELP OF THERMAL IMAGING CAMERAS.
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KOALAS LOVE EUCALYPTUS TREES,
NOT JUST FOR THE LEAVES,
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BUT FOR THE TRUNKS, TOO.
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THAT'S BECAUSE THE TRUNK
OF THE EUCALYPTUS
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CAN BE UP TO 10 DEGREES COLDER
THAN THE SURROUNDING AIR.
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SO WHAT DO KOALAS DO?
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THEY GIVE THE TREE UP BIG HUG.
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THE REASON THE TREES ARE COLDER
IS BECAUSE WATER HEATS UP
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AND COOLS DOWN
MORE SLOWLY THAN AIR.
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AND SOME TREES CAN CONTAIN
MORE THAN 70% WATER.
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BUT TREES LIKE THE EUCALYPTUS
HAVE AN EXTRA COOL SETTING,
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AND THAT'S BECAUSE THEY SUCK UP
FRESH GROUNDWATER
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FROM THE COOLER ROOTS
TO THEIR LEAVES.
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FOR KOALAS, IT'S LIKE THEY'RE
HUGGING A GIANT POPSICLE.
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BUT THEIR LIFESAVING HUG
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MUST PUT AS MUCH
OF THEIR SURFACE AREA
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INTO CONTACT WITH THE TREE
AS POSSIBLE
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TO GET THE MAXIMUM
REFRIGERATED EXPERIENCE.
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IF THEY GET THAT HUG JUST RIGHT,
IT CAN TRANSFER A PHENOMENAL
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50% OF THEIR BODY HEAT
INTO THE TREE.
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AND WHEN THE TOPS OF THE TREES
HEAT UP IN THE SUN,
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KOALAS HAVE A PLAN.
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THEY CLIMB DOWN
TO THE LOWER BRANCHES,
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WHERE THE GROUNDWATER IS COOLER.
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SO IT MAY LOOK LIKE
ADORABLE TREE HUGGING,
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BUT IT'S ACTUALLY
THE BEST AIR CONDITIONING
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THE OUTBACK CAN OFFER.
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♪♪
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AFRICAN ELEPHANTS LIVE
IN LARGE, TIGHT-KNIT FAMILIES.
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A SINGLE HERD CAN HAVE
AS MANY AS 70 ELEPHANTS.
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AND WITH THAT MANY MOUTHS
TO FEED,
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THE HERD NEEDS TO COVER
A 4,000-SQUARE-MILE TERRITORY
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TO FIND ENOUGH FOOD.
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THAT'S NINE TIMES THE SIZE
OF LOS ANGELES.
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ALTHOUGH INDIVIDUALS WILL OFTEN
WANDER AWAY FROM THE HERD
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AND DEEP INTO THIS TERRITORY...
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...THEY ALWAYS SEEM TO FIND
THEIR WAY BACK TOGETHER.
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IT'S AS IF THE ELEPHANTS
HAVE TOLD EACH OTHER
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WHERE THEY'RE LOCATED.
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SO, CAN ELEPHANTS COMMUNICATE
WHEN THEY'RE MILES APART?
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[ ELEPHANT GROWLS ]
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AT THE ADVENTURES WITH ELEPHANTS
SANCTUARY IN SOUTH AFRICA,
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DR. ANGELA STOEGER-HORWATH
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IS HOPING TO ANSWER
THIS QUESTION
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BY TRYING TO RECORD THE SOUNDS
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OF SEPARATED ELEPHANTS
COMMUNICATING.
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SHE SPENT 10 YEARS
STUDYING THE COMPLEX SOUNDS
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THAT MAKE UP ELEPHANT LANGUAGE.
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Stoeger-Horwath:
ELEPHANTS ARE SPECIAL SPECIES
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WHEN IT COMES
TO VOCAL COMMUNICATION.
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I'M INTERESTED IN WHAT THEY MEAN
AND HOW THEY PRODUCE THE SOUNDS.
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Narrator: SHE'S DEVISED A TEST
THAT INVOLVES SPLITTING A HERD
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OF RESCUE ELEPHANTS
INTO TWO GROUPS.
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SO, WE'LL TAKE MESSINA
AND THE BABIES THAT WAY.
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WARDENS FOLLOW ONE GROUP
OF ELEPHANTS
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AS THEY WANDER
OVER TWO MILES AWAY.
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ANGELA AND RESEARCHER ANTON STAY
WITH THE REMAINING ELEPHANTS
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TO SEE IF THEY CAN COMMUNICATE
EVEN OVER THIS DISTANCE.
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TO EAVESDROP ON
ANY LONG-DISTANCE CHATTER,
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00:04:58,724 --> 00:05:02,172
THEY NEED SOME HIGHLY SENSITIVE
RECORDING EQUIPMENT.
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00:05:02,172 --> 00:05:04,310
THESE MICROPHONES
CAN DETECT FREQUENCIES
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ABOVE AND BELOW
WHAT OUR HUMAN EARS CAN HEAR.
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THE RESEARCHERS SET UP
NEXT TO ONE ADULT FEMALE
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AND TWO YOUNG MALES.
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ONE OF THEM
IS 23-YEAR-OLD BULL CHOVA.
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WITH THE OTHER GROUP
NOW OVER TWO MILES AWAY
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AND COMPLETELY OUT OF SIGHT,
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CHOVA APPEARS TO BE LOOKING
FOR THE REST OF HIS HERD.
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BUT HE'S NOT SAYING ANYTHING.
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OR IS HE?
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OH. DO YOU HEAR THAT?
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ANGELA'S RECORDING EQUIPMENT
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HAS DETECTED SOMETHING THE HUMAN
EAR COULD NORMALLY NEVER HEAR.
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TO US, IT SOUNDS LIKE NOTHING,
BUT THROUGH THE HEADPHONES,
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ANGELA CAN HEAR A SERIES
OF AMPLIFIED INFRASONIC CALLS.
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[ ELEPHANT GRUMBLING ]
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OH, YEAH,
THAT'S GREAT.
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WE HEAR SOUNDS BETWEEN
20 AND 20,000 HERTZ,
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BUT CHOVA'S BASSY RUMBLES
ARE 12 HERTZ,
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00:06:01,413 --> 00:06:05,241
THREE OCTAVES LOWER
THAN THE DEEPEST HUMAN VOICE.
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00:06:05,241 --> 00:06:07,689
AND THIS IS POSSIBLE
THANKS TO THE SCALE
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00:06:07,689 --> 00:06:12,034
OF AN ELEPHANT'S
UNIQUELY LARGE ANATOMY.
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LIKE MANY ANIMALS,
AFRICAN ELEPHANTS
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CREATE SOUND BY EXHALING AIR
OVER THEIR VOCAL CORDS.
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BUT AT 3 INCHES LONG,
AN ELEPHANT'S VOCAL CORDS
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ARE EIGHT TIMES BIGGER
THAN A HUMAN'S
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AND CAN PRODUCE MUCH DEEPER,
LOWER FREQUENCIES,
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BELOW THE RANGE
OF HUMAN HEARING.
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00:06:29,620 --> 00:06:32,965
THE AIR ALSO REVERBERATES
IN A HUGE CHAMBER
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00:06:32,965 --> 00:06:36,206
CREATED BY THE MOUTH
AND 7-FOOT-LONG TRUNK,
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00:06:36,206 --> 00:06:40,896
WHICH AMPLIFIES
THE LOW-FREQUENCY SOUND.
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AND THE LOWER THE FREQUENCY
OF THE SOUND WAVES,
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00:06:43,275 --> 00:06:45,620
THE FARTHER THEY CAN TRAVEL.
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00:06:45,620 --> 00:06:47,655
Stoeger-Horwath: THE DISTANCE
THAT THESE RUMBLES CAN TRAVEL
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00:06:47,655 --> 00:06:50,862
IS ESTIMATED
OF ABOUT 4 KILOMETER.
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Narrator:
THAT'S 2 1/2 MILES.
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AND IN COOLER
NIGHT TEMPERATURES,
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A LOW-FREQUENCY ELEPHANT CALL
COULD TRAVEL UP TO 6 MILES.
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00:06:59,896 --> 00:07:02,896
THAT'S LIKE A BANKER
ON WALL STREET SAYING HELLO
130
00:07:02,896 --> 00:07:05,448
AND BEING HEARD
ALL THE WAY IN BROOKLYN.
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00:07:05,448 --> 00:07:06,896
[ ELEPHANT GRUMBLING ]
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00:07:06,896 --> 00:07:10,620
AND CHOVA'S SILENT CALLS
SEEM TO BE SAYING SOMETHING,
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BECAUSE IT APPEARS HE CAN HEAR
THE OTHERS CALLING BACK.
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00:07:13,448 --> 00:07:15,965
[ ELEPHANT GRUMBLING ]
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I'M PRETTY SURE
THAT HE IS LISTENING,
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00:07:17,482 --> 00:07:19,758
BECAUSE HE SPREAD HIS EARS.
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00:07:19,758 --> 00:07:23,793
SO, THE EARS REALLY HELP HIM
TO LOCALIZE THE SOUND.
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Narrator:
CHOVA'S 4-FOOT-WIDE EARS
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FUNNEL THE LOW-FREQUENCY SOUNDS
INTO HIS EAR CANALS.
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HIS MASSIVE EARS AND HEAD
HELP HIM PINPOINT
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WHERE THE CALLS ARE COMING FROM.
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[ ELEPHANT GROWLING ]
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♪♪
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CHOVA IDENTIFIES
THE ORIGIN OF A SOUND
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DUE TO THE
FRACTION-OF-A-SECOND DELAY
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BETWEEN IT HITTING ONE EAR,
THEN THE OTHER.
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BECAUSE THE DISTANCE
BETWEEN ELEPHANT EARS
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00:07:52,103 --> 00:07:55,241
IS FIVE TIMES
THE DISTANCE BETWEEN OURS,
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THEY CAN USE
THIS EXAGGERATED DELAY
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TO MORE ACCURATELY DETERMINE
THE SOURCE OF THE SOUND.
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00:08:02,103 --> 00:08:06,137
THIS UNIQUE METHOD OF BOTH
CREATING AND HEARING INFRASOUND
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00:08:06,137 --> 00:08:09,551
MEANS ALTHOUGH ELEPHANTS
MAY BE PHYSICALLY MILES APART,
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00:08:09,551 --> 00:08:13,655
THEY CAN ALWAYS STAY IN TOUCH.
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00:08:13,655 --> 00:08:16,206
[ ELEPHANTS TRUMPETING ]
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00:08:16,206 --> 00:08:19,068
AND WHATEVER CHOVA'S
LAST CALL WAS,
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IT'S BROUGHT THE REST OF
THE HERD STRAIGHT BACK TO HIM.
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00:08:23,655 --> 00:08:25,517
THERE'S ONLY ONE THING
AN ELEPHANT LOVES
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MORE THAN A GOOD, OLD WANDER
AROUND THEIR TERRITORY,
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00:08:29,620 --> 00:08:32,344
AND THAT'S GETTING
BACK TOGETHER AGAIN.
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00:08:32,344 --> 00:08:34,965
[ ELEPHANT GRUMBLING ]
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COMING UP, WHAT'S THE SECRET
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00:08:40,689 --> 00:08:43,517
OF THE FROG'S AMAZING TONGUE?
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00:08:43,517 --> 00:08:47,000
HOW DO VULTURES
SURVIVE A TOXIC MEAL?
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00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:51,068
AND WHAT'S THIS SPIDER'S SECRET
TO LONG LIFE?
165
00:09:01,206 --> 00:09:04,379
Narrator:
WHEN IT COMES TO CATCHING BUGS,
166
00:09:04,379 --> 00:09:06,379
FROGS HAVE GOT IT LICKED.
167
00:09:08,689 --> 00:09:11,034
SUPER-STRETCHY TONGUES BLAST OUT
168
00:09:11,034 --> 00:09:15,275
FIVE TIMES FASTER
THAN THE BLINK OF AN EYE.
169
00:09:15,275 --> 00:09:17,068
AND ONCE IT STICKS,
170
00:09:17,068 --> 00:09:20,551
THERE'S NO GETTING AWAY.
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00:09:20,551 --> 00:09:24,517
WHAT'S THE SECRET
BEHIND A FROG'S AMAZING TONGUE?
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00:09:26,965 --> 00:09:29,344
SO THERE'S BLACK PANTHER,
173
00:09:29,344 --> 00:09:32,034
SPIDERMAN, BATMAN,
174
00:09:32,034 --> 00:09:36,827
BUT WHY NO SUPERHERO NAME
FOR A FROG?
175
00:09:36,827 --> 00:09:39,620
FROGS CAN SECRETE POISON.
176
00:09:39,620 --> 00:09:42,068
THEY CAN HAVE INVISIBLE SKIN,
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00:09:42,068 --> 00:09:46,689
AND THEY CAN JUMP 20 TIMES
THE LENGTH OF THEIR OWN BODY.
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00:09:46,689 --> 00:09:50,344
BUT FOR BIOMECHANICS ENGINEER
DR. ALEXIS NOEL,
179
00:09:50,344 --> 00:09:52,689
A FROG'S GREATEST SUPERPOWER
180
00:09:52,689 --> 00:09:54,758
IS SOMETHING THEY ALL HAVE --
181
00:09:54,758 --> 00:09:57,137
THAT INCREDIBLE TONGUE.
182
00:09:57,137 --> 00:09:59,241
THEIR TONGUES ARE JUST AMAZING.
183
00:09:59,241 --> 00:10:01,275
YOU KNOW, HOW ARE THESE FROGS
ABLE TO SNATCH INSECTS
184
00:10:01,275 --> 00:10:02,517
RIGHT OUT OF THE AIR?
185
00:10:02,517 --> 00:10:06,896
HOW ON EARTH DO THESE TONGUES
ACTUALLY STICK?
186
00:10:06,896 --> 00:10:10,034
Narrator: FOR FIVE YEARS,
ALEXIS HAS BEEN TRYING TO CRACK
187
00:10:10,034 --> 00:10:12,103
THIS STICKY MYSTERY.
188
00:10:12,103 --> 00:10:14,724
SHE'S DISCOVERED
A FROG'S TONGUE MUSCLE
189
00:10:14,724 --> 00:10:17,965
IS 10 TIMES SOFTER THAN OURS,
190
00:10:17,965 --> 00:10:20,034
SQUISHY LIKE BRAIN TISSUE,
191
00:10:20,034 --> 00:10:23,310
BUT AS ELASTIC AS A BUNGEE CORD.
192
00:10:23,310 --> 00:10:27,413
AND IT'S COVERED
IN THICK, STICKY SALIVA.
193
00:10:27,413 --> 00:10:30,931
Noel:
THE WAY I LIKE TO IMAGINE IT IS
ACTUALLY A PIECE OF CHEWING GUM
194
00:10:30,931 --> 00:10:33,758
COVERED IN STICKY HONEY.
195
00:10:33,758 --> 00:10:35,586
AND THAT'S BASICALLY
WHAT A FROG TONGUE
196
00:10:35,586 --> 00:10:38,758
AND TOAD TONGUES ARE LIKE.
197
00:10:38,758 --> 00:10:41,379
Narrator:
THIS ELASTIC, HONEY-LIKE SALIVA
198
00:10:41,379 --> 00:10:46,068
IS MADE FROM THE SAME CELLS
FOUND IN OUR MUCUS.
199
00:10:46,068 --> 00:10:49,000
FROG SALIVA IS ABOUT
THE SAME CONSISTENCY.
200
00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:53,206
IT'S WHAT MAKES THE SALIVA
SO STICKY AND GOOEY.
201
00:10:53,206 --> 00:10:55,379
Narrator:
BUT WITH A TONGUE SO STICKY,
202
00:10:55,379 --> 00:10:58,586
WHY DOESN'T ITS MOUTH
STICK SHUT?
203
00:10:58,586 --> 00:11:02,379
FROG SALIVA IS ACTUALLY
A REVERSIBLE ADHESIVE,
204
00:11:02,379 --> 00:11:04,724
SO IT'S ABLE TO CHANGE
HOW STICKY
205
00:11:04,724 --> 00:11:07,103
OR HOW VISCOUS ITS SALIVA IS
206
00:11:07,103 --> 00:11:09,517
BASED ON WHEN IT'S
CONTACTING THE INSECT
207
00:11:09,517 --> 00:11:12,344
OR WHEN IT'S TRYING
TO SWALLOW THE INSECT.
208
00:11:12,344 --> 00:11:15,620
Narrator: TO REVEAL THE SECRET
OF HOW THIS SALIVA CAN SWITCH
209
00:11:15,620 --> 00:11:18,103
BETWEEN STICKY AND UN-STICKY,
210
00:11:18,103 --> 00:11:20,310
ALEXIS FILMS THE TONGUE LASHINGS
211
00:11:20,310 --> 00:11:22,793
WITH A HIGH-SPEED CAMERA.
212
00:11:22,793 --> 00:11:28,241
FIRST, THE ELASTIC TONGUE
ROLLS OUT INTO ACTION.
213
00:11:28,241 --> 00:11:30,689
WHEN THE TONGUE SLAPS
INTO A BUG,
214
00:11:30,689 --> 00:11:35,241
IT LOOKS LIKE THE BUG'S STUCK
WITH FAST-ACTION SUPER GLUE.
215
00:11:35,241 --> 00:11:38,655
BUT WHAT'S ACTUALLY HAPPENING
IS THE TONGUE IS SO FAST,
216
00:11:38,655 --> 00:11:43,034
IT HITS THE BUG WITH A FORCE
12 TIMES GREATER THAN GRAVITY,
217
00:11:43,034 --> 00:11:45,068
AND THE PRESSURE FROM THIS FORCE
218
00:11:45,068 --> 00:11:47,793
CHANGES THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
OF THE SALIVA,
219
00:11:47,793 --> 00:11:50,965
TURNING IT FROM ITS NATURAL
THICK AND GOOEY STATE
220
00:11:50,965 --> 00:11:53,758
INTO A RUNNY, WATERY LIQUID.
221
00:11:53,758 --> 00:11:56,551
Noel: IT'S THE FLUID
ACTUALLY BEING SQUISHED
222
00:11:56,551 --> 00:11:59,310
THAT CAUSES THE SALIVA
TO DROP ITS VISCOSITY
223
00:11:59,310 --> 00:12:02,448
FROM HONEY TO WATER.
224
00:12:02,448 --> 00:12:04,965
Narrator: WHEN THE SUPER-FAST
TONGUE MAKES CONTACT,
225
00:12:04,965 --> 00:12:08,965
THE SALIVA BECOMES
50 TIMES THINNER.
226
00:12:08,965 --> 00:12:12,172
IT'S SO WATERY,
IT CAN SEEP INTO ALL THE GROOVES
227
00:12:12,172 --> 00:12:15,344
ON THE INSECT'S SHELL.
228
00:12:15,344 --> 00:12:17,034
A FRACTION OF A SECOND LATER,
229
00:12:17,034 --> 00:12:19,551
AS THE PRESSURE
FROM THE IMPACT FADES,
230
00:12:19,551 --> 00:12:23,655
THE SALIVA GOES BACK TO BEING
THICK AND GLOOPY AGAIN,
231
00:12:23,655 --> 00:12:25,758
EXPANDING IN THE CRACKS,
232
00:12:25,758 --> 00:12:28,724
CREATING A VICE-LIKE GRIP
ON THE BUG.
233
00:12:30,896 --> 00:12:33,758
SO THAT INSECT HAS NO CHANCE
OF GETTING OFF THE TONGUE.
234
00:12:37,586 --> 00:12:40,413
Narrator: SO THE REASON
A FROG'S TONGUE IS SO STICKY
235
00:12:40,413 --> 00:12:42,379
IS BECAUSE IT'S SO FAST,
236
00:12:42,379 --> 00:12:45,862
GUARANTEEING ANY BUG
A STICKY END.
237
00:12:50,034 --> 00:12:51,275
COMING UP...
238
00:12:51,275 --> 00:12:55,620
A BIRD THAT DINES ON BOTULISM,
239
00:12:55,620 --> 00:13:00,862
AND THE SECRET TO THIS SPIDER'S
INCREDIBLY LONG LIFE.
240
00:13:10,827 --> 00:13:12,517
Narrator:
ANIMALS CAN MAKE A MEAL
241
00:13:12,517 --> 00:13:16,068
OUT OF PRETTY MUCH ANYTHING.
242
00:13:16,068 --> 00:13:19,896
BUTTERFLIES DINE ON SALTY TEARS.
243
00:13:19,896 --> 00:13:23,068
DUNG BEETLES --
WELL, YOU KNOW WHAT THEY EAT.
244
00:13:25,172 --> 00:13:28,310
AND VULTURES,
NATURE'S CLEANUP CREW,
245
00:13:28,310 --> 00:13:32,448
HAVE A TASTE FOR ROTTING FLESH.
246
00:13:32,448 --> 00:13:36,620
CONSIDERING THIS BUFFET
OF LETHAL BACTERIA,
247
00:13:36,620 --> 00:13:39,620
HOW ARE VULTURES IMMUNE
TO DISEASE?
248
00:13:39,620 --> 00:13:41,482
[ BIRD SCREECHES ]
249
00:13:41,482 --> 00:13:43,586
[ BIRDS CHIRPING ]
250
00:13:43,586 --> 00:13:47,310
TO FIND OUT, WE'VE COME
TO THE VulPro VULTURE SANCTUARY
251
00:13:47,310 --> 00:13:50,241
IN SOUTH AFRICA.
252
00:13:50,241 --> 00:13:52,896
HERE, CONSERVATIONIST
KERRI WOLTER
253
00:13:52,896 --> 00:13:58,448
TAKES CARE OF MORE THAN
400 RESCUED CAPE VULTURES.
254
00:13:58,448 --> 00:14:00,689
Wolter:
THESE BIRDS ARE JUST INCREDIBLE.
255
00:14:00,689 --> 00:14:02,793
THEY'RE NATURE'S
GARBAGE COLLECTORS.
256
00:14:02,793 --> 00:14:06,241
THEY'RE ABLE TO CONSUME
ANY TYPE OF CARCASS
257
00:14:06,241 --> 00:14:10,000
THAT HAS DIED
OF VARIOUS DISEASES.
258
00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:13,034
Narrator: TO SEE HOW VULTURES
CAN SURVIVE DISEASE-RIDDEN MEAT
259
00:14:13,034 --> 00:14:15,551
THAT WOULD KILL EVERYTHING ELSE,
260
00:14:15,551 --> 00:14:18,827
KERRI HAS OPENED UP
A VULTURE RESTAURANT.
261
00:14:18,827 --> 00:14:22,172
WITH ENTREES TOO TOXIC
FOR HUMANS TO HANDLE,
262
00:14:22,172 --> 00:14:26,137
HER CUSTOMERS AREN'T WORRIED
ABOUT EXPIRATION DATES.
263
00:14:26,137 --> 00:14:28,310
THEY CAN EAT FRESH FOOD,
AND THEY CAN EAT
264
00:14:28,310 --> 00:14:33,241
THE MOST ROTTEN PIECE OF MEAT
THAT IS LYING AROUND.
265
00:14:33,241 --> 00:14:35,482
Narrator:
FROM THE MOMENT AN ANIMAL DIES,
266
00:14:35,482 --> 00:14:39,206
BACTERIA START TO SPREAD
THROUGHOUT THE BODY.
267
00:14:39,206 --> 00:14:40,827
IN JUST A COUPLE OF HOURS
268
00:14:40,827 --> 00:14:44,620
THIS MEAT WOULD BE LETHAL TO US,
269
00:14:44,620 --> 00:14:47,551
BUT VULTURES HAPPILY DIVE IN.
270
00:14:47,551 --> 00:14:48,793
THEIR SECRET --
271
00:14:48,793 --> 00:14:53,413
A CHEMICAL ARSENAL
HIDDEN IN THEIR GUTS.
272
00:14:53,413 --> 00:14:58,482
VULTURES HAVE THE MOST ACIDIC
STOMACH ACIDS OF ANY ANIMAL.
273
00:14:58,482 --> 00:15:03,000
THEIR ACIDITY IS 10 TIMES
WHAT A HUMAN STOMACH WOULD BE.
274
00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:06,551
THEY'RE ABLE TO BREAK DOWN
ANY OF THESE BACTERIA
275
00:15:06,551 --> 00:15:09,034
OR POTENTIAL
INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
276
00:15:11,310 --> 00:15:13,620
Narrator: THE VULTURE'S
STOMACH JUICES ARE MORE ACIDIC
277
00:15:13,620 --> 00:15:16,206
THAN CAR BATTERY ACID --
278
00:15:16,206 --> 00:15:19,620
SO CORROSIVE,
IT DISSOLVES NOT JUST BONES,
279
00:15:19,620 --> 00:15:22,758
BUT METALS LIKE COPPER
AND NICKEL
280
00:15:22,758 --> 00:15:26,310
AND COMPLETELY OBLITERATES
DEADLY DISEASES LIKE RABIES,
281
00:15:26,310 --> 00:15:29,655
CHOLERA, AND EVEN ANTHRAX.
282
00:15:29,655 --> 00:15:32,724
BUT INCREDIBLY, BY THE TIME
THE VULTURE POOPS,
283
00:15:32,724 --> 00:15:36,241
THE REMNANTS ARE TOTALLY
DECONTAMINATED --
284
00:15:36,241 --> 00:15:38,827
ULTRA-FILTERED FECES,
YOU MIGHT SAY.
285
00:15:41,068 --> 00:15:44,137
BUT WHEN YOU HAVE TO GO IN
HEADFIRST TO GET YOUR MEAL,
286
00:15:44,137 --> 00:15:47,862
THINGS CAN GET A LITTLE MESSY
AT THE DINNER TABLE.
287
00:15:47,862 --> 00:15:51,275
THAT'S WHY VULTURES
MAKE A BOLD FASHION CHOICE.
288
00:15:51,275 --> 00:15:53,551
THEY GO BALD.
289
00:15:53,551 --> 00:15:55,862
[ BIRDS CHIRPING ]
290
00:15:55,862 --> 00:15:58,793
WITH NO FEATHERS
ON THEIR HEADS AND NECKS,
291
00:15:58,793 --> 00:16:01,000
THEY DON'T NEED TO WORRY
ABOUT BLOOD AND MEAT
292
00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:02,724
CLOGGING THEIR FEATHERS.
293
00:16:05,517 --> 00:16:09,034
IN JUST TWO HOURS, THE VULTURES
HAVE STRIPPED THE CARCASSES
294
00:16:09,034 --> 00:16:12,137
TO SKIN AND BONES.
295
00:16:12,137 --> 00:16:16,655
EACH BIRD HAS EATEN 4 1/2 POUNDS
OF ROTTEN, STINKING MEAT,
296
00:16:16,655 --> 00:16:22,103
THE EQUIVALENT OF A MAN EATING
170 OUT-OF-DATE, RAW BURGERS
297
00:16:22,103 --> 00:16:24,551
IN ONE SITTING.
298
00:16:24,551 --> 00:16:27,379
BUT PLEASE DON'T
CONSIDER THEM DISGUSTING.
299
00:16:27,379 --> 00:16:30,034
VULTURES ARE LIFESAVERS.
300
00:16:30,034 --> 00:16:32,896
WITHOUT VULTURES
TO ERADICATE THE DEAD,
301
00:16:32,896 --> 00:16:36,241
DANGEROUS BACTERIA
WOULD MULTIPLY IN CARCASSES
302
00:16:36,241 --> 00:16:39,172
AND INFECT OTHER ANIMALS.
303
00:16:39,172 --> 00:16:41,379
Wolter: THESE BIRDS ARE
SO INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT.
304
00:16:41,379 --> 00:16:45,034
THEY ARE ESSENTIAL
FOR OUR ENVIRONMENT.
305
00:16:45,034 --> 00:16:48,793
Narrator: VULTURES TRULY ARE
THE ULTIMATE CLEANUP CREW.
306
00:16:51,241 --> 00:16:54,689
[ BIRD SCREECHES, HOOTS ]
307
00:16:54,689 --> 00:16:58,758
NEXT, A SPIDER'S SECRET
TO A LONG LIFE.
308
00:17:11,103 --> 00:17:12,896
Narrator: SPIDERS.
309
00:17:12,896 --> 00:17:15,551
IF THEY'RE LUCKY,
THE TYPICAL GARDEN VARIETY
310
00:17:15,551 --> 00:17:18,068
LIVES FOR ABOUT A YEAR.
311
00:17:18,068 --> 00:17:21,206
THE BIGGER THEY GET,
THE LONGER THEY TEND TO LIVE,
312
00:17:21,206 --> 00:17:26,586
WITH SOME TARANTULAS
SURVIVING INTO THEIR 20s.
313
00:17:26,586 --> 00:17:29,655
BUT IN AUSTRALIA,
SCIENTISTS HAVE DISCOVERED
314
00:17:29,655 --> 00:17:32,103
AN AMAZING
AND RECLUSIVE ARACHNID
315
00:17:32,103 --> 00:17:35,413
THAT LIVES TWICE AS LONG
AS ANY OTHER SPIDER,
316
00:17:35,413 --> 00:17:38,379
REACHING THE RIPE, OLD AGE
OF 43.
317
00:17:41,827 --> 00:17:43,275
THIS IS THE TINY
318
00:17:43,275 --> 00:17:46,931
AND APPROPRIATELY NAMED
TRAPDOOR SPIDER.
319
00:17:49,724 --> 00:17:51,206
THEY'RE HARD TO SPOT,
320
00:17:51,206 --> 00:17:54,551
AND THEY DON'T GIVE UP
THEIR SECRETS EASILY.
321
00:17:54,551 --> 00:17:57,931
HOW DOES A SPIDER LIVE SO LONG?
322
00:18:02,172 --> 00:18:05,517
THE SECRET TO THIS TIMID
LITTLE CRITTER'S LONG LIFE
323
00:18:05,517 --> 00:18:07,896
IS HIDING BEHIND THIS DOOR.
324
00:18:10,103 --> 00:18:12,310
IT'S THEIR EXTRAORDINARY HOME.
325
00:18:14,931 --> 00:18:18,793
THE TRAPDOOR SPIDER'S BURROW
CAN REACH 12 INCHES LONG
326
00:18:18,793 --> 00:18:20,931
AND ABOUT 2 INCHES WIDE.
327
00:18:20,931 --> 00:18:22,896
THEY DIG IT OUT
WITH SPECIALLY ADAPTED
328
00:18:22,896 --> 00:18:27,310
AND HARDENED MOUTH PARTS,
LIKE DIGGING FANGS.
329
00:18:27,310 --> 00:18:30,206
THEN THE INDUSTRIOUS SPIDERS
WALLPAPER THE CHAMBER
330
00:18:30,206 --> 00:18:34,172
WITH THEIR OWN SILK
TO KEEP IT FROM CAVING IN.
331
00:18:34,172 --> 00:18:36,793
PART OF THE REASON
THESE SPIDERS LIVE SO LONG
332
00:18:36,793 --> 00:18:41,379
IS THEIR SECURE HOME
KEEPS THEM SAFE FROM PREDATORS.
333
00:18:41,379 --> 00:18:44,620
MORE THAN THAT, THESE HOMEBODIES
NEVER LEAVE IT,
334
00:18:44,620 --> 00:18:47,931
NOT EVEN FOR DINNER.
335
00:18:47,931 --> 00:18:50,896
INSTEAD, THEY GET IT DELIVERED.
336
00:18:50,896 --> 00:18:53,517
THEY GRAB MEALS
RIGHT FROM THEIR DOORSTEP,
337
00:18:53,517 --> 00:18:56,482
THANKS TO AN INCREDIBLE
BOOBY TRAP.
338
00:18:56,482 --> 00:18:58,379
THIS AMAZING TRAPDOOR
339
00:18:58,379 --> 00:19:01,172
IS MADE OUT OF SOIL
AND PIECES OF LEAVES
340
00:19:01,172 --> 00:19:04,482
BOUND INTO A LID
WITH SPIDER SILK.
341
00:19:04,482 --> 00:19:07,034
THEY EVEN FASHION A SILK HINGE,
342
00:19:07,034 --> 00:19:09,551
WHICH ENSURES THE DOOR
DOESN'T FLY OFF
343
00:19:09,551 --> 00:19:11,724
WHEN THE SPIDER JUMPS OUT --
344
00:19:11,724 --> 00:19:14,206
HANDY FOR WHEN
YOU GET THE WRONG ORDER.
345
00:19:16,241 --> 00:19:19,172
BUT MEALS AREN'T ALWAYS EASY
TO COME BY.
346
00:19:19,172 --> 00:19:22,241
THE SPIDER CAN WAIT FOR DAYS,
SOMETIMES WEEKS
347
00:19:22,241 --> 00:19:24,689
FEELING FOR THE MOVEMENT
OF A PASSING BUG,
348
00:19:24,689 --> 00:19:26,482
WHICH THE SPIDER DETECTS
349
00:19:26,482 --> 00:19:29,448
WITH SUPER-SENSITIVE HAIRS
ON ITS LEGS.
350
00:19:29,448 --> 00:19:33,172
DURING THIS WAIT, THE SPIDER
DOES SOMETHING INCREDIBLE.
351
00:19:33,172 --> 00:19:35,103
IT POWERS DOWN.
352
00:19:35,103 --> 00:19:39,655
AND HERE STARTS
THE REAL SECRET TO A LONG LIFE.
353
00:19:39,655 --> 00:19:42,034
INSIDE ITS BODY,
THE CONTINUOUS CYCLE
354
00:19:42,034 --> 00:19:45,827
OF CELL DIVISION
AND REPLICATION SLOWS.
355
00:19:45,827 --> 00:19:49,965
EVERY TIME A CELL SPLITS,
IT DAMAGES ITS DNA.
356
00:19:49,965 --> 00:19:52,896
THIS IS ONE OF THE MAIN
CAUSES OF AGING.
357
00:19:52,896 --> 00:19:55,103
SO BY SLOWING DOWN
CELL DIVISION,
358
00:19:55,103 --> 00:19:59,000
A TRAPDOOR SPIDER
IS ABLE TO EXTEND ITS AGE.
359
00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:02,758
BUT THAT'S JUST ONE
OF ITS ANTI-AGING TRICKS.
360
00:20:02,758 --> 00:20:04,551
BY USING UP SO LITTLE ENERGY,
361
00:20:04,551 --> 00:20:07,448
THE SPIDER DOESN'T
NEED MUCH FOOD,
362
00:20:07,448 --> 00:20:11,793
WHICH IS LUCKY, BECAUSE WHEN
FINALLY AN INSECT DOES PASS BY,
363
00:20:11,793 --> 00:20:15,068
THERE'S A GOOD CHANCE
THAT THE SPIDER WILL MISS.
364
00:20:15,068 --> 00:20:17,448
OOPS.
365
00:20:17,448 --> 00:20:18,655
AND AGAIN?
366
00:20:20,655 --> 00:20:25,482
ONLY 10% OF THIS SPIDER'S
AMBUSHES ACTUALLY WORK.
367
00:20:25,482 --> 00:20:27,068
BUT SCIENTISTS HAVE DISCOVERED
368
00:20:27,068 --> 00:20:29,551
THAT THE SPIDER'S
LOW-CALORIE DIET
369
00:20:29,551 --> 00:20:33,551
CAN LEAD TO A LONGER LIFE.
370
00:20:33,551 --> 00:20:36,965
SO IT LOOKS LIKE OUR DOCTORS
HAVE BEEN RIGHT ALL ALONG.
371
00:20:36,965 --> 00:20:40,482
THE SECRET TO A LONG,
HEALTHY LIFE IS EAT WELL
372
00:20:40,482 --> 00:20:44,275
AND GET PLENTY OF REST.
AND ONE MORE THING --
373
00:20:44,275 --> 00:20:48,344
GET ALL YOUR MEALS DELIVERED.
WHO KNEW?
29357
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