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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,000 --> 00:00:02,862 ♪♪ 2 00:00:02,862 --> 00:00:05,000 Narrator: ANIMALS... 3 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:07,310 DO THE MOST INCREDIBLE THINGS. 4 00:00:07,310 --> 00:00:09,068 [ GOAT BLEATS ] 5 00:00:09,068 --> 00:00:10,758 LIKE THIS... 6 00:00:10,758 --> 00:00:12,206 AND THIS. 7 00:00:12,206 --> 00:00:15,862 I BET YOU'RE WONDERING, "HOW DO THEY DO THAT?" 8 00:00:15,862 --> 00:00:20,689 WE'RE REVEALING ANIMALS' BIGGEST SECRETS, LIKE... 9 00:00:20,689 --> 00:00:24,344 HOW ARE VULTURES IMMUNE TO DISEASE? 10 00:00:24,344 --> 00:00:28,413 HOW DO KOALAS KEEP COOL IN 100 DEGREE HEAT? 11 00:00:28,413 --> 00:00:32,551 AND WHAT'S THE SECRET BEHIND A FROG'S AMAZING TONGUE? 12 00:00:32,551 --> 00:00:35,068 THESE WONDERS AND MORE ON... 13 00:00:36,068 --> 00:00:39,068 --Captions by VITAC-- www.vitac.com 14 00:00:39,068 --> 00:00:42,448 CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS 15 00:00:42,448 --> 00:00:46,172 KOALAS SPEND MOST OF THEIR LIVES HIGH UP IN EUCALYPTUS TREES 16 00:00:46,172 --> 00:00:49,689 IN THE AUSTRALIAN WOODLANDS. 17 00:00:49,689 --> 00:00:52,413 THESE EXPERT CLIMBERS ARE PERFECTLY ADAPTED 18 00:00:52,413 --> 00:00:54,000 FOR THE HIGH LIFE. 19 00:00:56,206 --> 00:00:59,965 TWO CLAWED THUMBS ON EACH PAW PROVIDE A FIRM GRIP, 20 00:00:59,965 --> 00:01:01,827 GIVING THEM THE CONFIDENCE TO RELAX 21 00:01:01,827 --> 00:01:04,827 WHILE DANGLING DOZENS OF FEET IN THE AIR. 22 00:01:08,068 --> 00:01:11,827 BUT WHAT THEY'RE NOT SO WELL ADAPTED FOR IS THE HEAT. 23 00:01:11,827 --> 00:01:14,000 THAT BIG FURRY COAT JUST DOESN'T SUIT 24 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:15,965 THE EXTREME DAYTIME TEMPERATURES 25 00:01:15,965 --> 00:01:21,344 THAT SOMETIMES CLIMB TO 115 DEGREES. 26 00:01:21,344 --> 00:01:26,172 WORSE FOR THESE AUSSIE FUR BALLS IS THAT ABOVE 105 DEGREES, 27 00:01:26,172 --> 00:01:29,620 THE BODY STARTS TO SHUT DOWN. 28 00:01:29,620 --> 00:01:32,517 SO HOW DO KOALAS KEEP COOL? 29 00:01:35,758 --> 00:01:39,310 TREE-HUGGING KOALAS ARE INCREDIBLY CUTE, 30 00:01:39,310 --> 00:01:41,965 BUT THERE IS PURPOSE BEHIND THIS ADORABILITY 31 00:01:41,965 --> 00:01:47,000 THAT CAN BE REVEALED WITH THE HELP OF THERMAL IMAGING CAMERAS. 32 00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:51,241 KOALAS LOVE EUCALYPTUS TREES, NOT JUST FOR THE LEAVES, 33 00:01:51,241 --> 00:01:53,000 BUT FOR THE TRUNKS, TOO. 34 00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:55,482 THAT'S BECAUSE THE TRUNK OF THE EUCALYPTUS 35 00:01:55,482 --> 00:01:59,310 CAN BE UP TO 10 DEGREES COLDER THAN THE SURROUNDING AIR. 36 00:01:59,310 --> 00:02:01,206 SO WHAT DO KOALAS DO? 37 00:02:01,206 --> 00:02:05,344 THEY GIVE THE TREE UP BIG HUG. 38 00:02:05,344 --> 00:02:08,724 THE REASON THE TREES ARE COLDER IS BECAUSE WATER HEATS UP 39 00:02:08,724 --> 00:02:11,413 AND COOLS DOWN MORE SLOWLY THAN AIR. 40 00:02:11,413 --> 00:02:15,310 AND SOME TREES CAN CONTAIN MORE THAN 70% WATER. 41 00:02:15,310 --> 00:02:18,758 BUT TREES LIKE THE EUCALYPTUS HAVE AN EXTRA COOL SETTING, 42 00:02:18,758 --> 00:02:21,068 AND THAT'S BECAUSE THEY SUCK UP FRESH GROUNDWATER 43 00:02:21,068 --> 00:02:25,551 FROM THE COOLER ROOTS TO THEIR LEAVES. 44 00:02:25,551 --> 00:02:29,724 FOR KOALAS, IT'S LIKE THEY'RE HUGGING A GIANT POPSICLE. 45 00:02:29,724 --> 00:02:31,413 BUT THEIR LIFESAVING HUG 46 00:02:31,413 --> 00:02:33,379 MUST PUT AS MUCH OF THEIR SURFACE AREA 47 00:02:33,379 --> 00:02:35,724 INTO CONTACT WITH THE TREE AS POSSIBLE 48 00:02:35,724 --> 00:02:39,827 TO GET THE MAXIMUM REFRIGERATED EXPERIENCE. 49 00:02:39,827 --> 00:02:43,689 IF THEY GET THAT HUG JUST RIGHT, IT CAN TRANSFER A PHENOMENAL 50 00:02:43,689 --> 00:02:46,793 50% OF THEIR BODY HEAT INTO THE TREE. 51 00:02:49,655 --> 00:02:52,793 AND WHEN THE TOPS OF THE TREES HEAT UP IN THE SUN, 52 00:02:52,793 --> 00:02:55,068 KOALAS HAVE A PLAN. 53 00:02:55,068 --> 00:02:57,379 THEY CLIMB DOWN TO THE LOWER BRANCHES, 54 00:02:57,379 --> 00:02:59,931 WHERE THE GROUNDWATER IS COOLER. 55 00:03:04,137 --> 00:03:07,551 SO IT MAY LOOK LIKE ADORABLE TREE HUGGING, 56 00:03:07,551 --> 00:03:09,586 BUT IT'S ACTUALLY THE BEST AIR CONDITIONING 57 00:03:09,586 --> 00:03:11,724 THE OUTBACK CAN OFFER. 58 00:03:11,724 --> 00:03:16,655 ♪♪ 59 00:03:16,655 --> 00:03:21,482 AFRICAN ELEPHANTS LIVE IN LARGE, TIGHT-KNIT FAMILIES. 60 00:03:21,482 --> 00:03:25,241 A SINGLE HERD CAN HAVE AS MANY AS 70 ELEPHANTS. 61 00:03:25,241 --> 00:03:27,517 AND WITH THAT MANY MOUTHS TO FEED, 62 00:03:27,517 --> 00:03:31,551 THE HERD NEEDS TO COVER A 4,000-SQUARE-MILE TERRITORY 63 00:03:31,551 --> 00:03:33,689 TO FIND ENOUGH FOOD. 64 00:03:33,689 --> 00:03:38,793 THAT'S NINE TIMES THE SIZE OF LOS ANGELES. 65 00:03:38,793 --> 00:03:42,034 ALTHOUGH INDIVIDUALS WILL OFTEN WANDER AWAY FROM THE HERD 66 00:03:42,034 --> 00:03:44,344 AND DEEP INTO THIS TERRITORY... 67 00:03:47,275 --> 00:03:52,103 ...THEY ALWAYS SEEM TO FIND THEIR WAY BACK TOGETHER. 68 00:03:52,103 --> 00:03:54,724 IT'S AS IF THE ELEPHANTS HAVE TOLD EACH OTHER 69 00:03:54,724 --> 00:03:58,379 WHERE THEY'RE LOCATED. 70 00:03:58,379 --> 00:04:02,620 SO, CAN ELEPHANTS COMMUNICATE WHEN THEY'RE MILES APART? 71 00:04:02,620 --> 00:04:05,034 [ ELEPHANT GROWLS ] 72 00:04:05,034 --> 00:04:08,620 AT THE ADVENTURES WITH ELEPHANTS SANCTUARY IN SOUTH AFRICA, 73 00:04:08,620 --> 00:04:10,758 DR. ANGELA STOEGER-HORWATH 74 00:04:10,758 --> 00:04:12,896 IS HOPING TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION 75 00:04:12,896 --> 00:04:14,689 BY TRYING TO RECORD THE SOUNDS 76 00:04:14,689 --> 00:04:17,344 OF SEPARATED ELEPHANTS COMMUNICATING. 77 00:04:17,344 --> 00:04:20,137 SHE SPENT 10 YEARS STUDYING THE COMPLEX SOUNDS 78 00:04:20,137 --> 00:04:22,620 THAT MAKE UP ELEPHANT LANGUAGE. 79 00:04:22,620 --> 00:04:25,068 Stoeger-Horwath: ELEPHANTS ARE SPECIAL SPECIES 80 00:04:25,068 --> 00:04:27,000 WHEN IT COMES TO VOCAL COMMUNICATION. 81 00:04:27,000 --> 00:04:31,965 I'M INTERESTED IN WHAT THEY MEAN AND HOW THEY PRODUCE THE SOUNDS. 82 00:04:31,965 --> 00:04:35,103 Narrator: SHE'S DEVISED A TEST THAT INVOLVES SPLITTING A HERD 83 00:04:35,103 --> 00:04:38,172 OF RESCUE ELEPHANTS INTO TWO GROUPS. 84 00:04:38,172 --> 00:04:41,620 SO, WE'LL TAKE MESSINA AND THE BABIES THAT WAY. 85 00:04:41,620 --> 00:04:43,724 WARDENS FOLLOW ONE GROUP OF ELEPHANTS 86 00:04:43,724 --> 00:04:47,655 AS THEY WANDER OVER TWO MILES AWAY. 87 00:04:47,655 --> 00:04:51,689 ANGELA AND RESEARCHER ANTON STAY WITH THE REMAINING ELEPHANTS 88 00:04:51,689 --> 00:04:55,931 TO SEE IF THEY CAN COMMUNICATE EVEN OVER THIS DISTANCE. 89 00:04:55,931 --> 00:04:58,724 TO EAVESDROP ON ANY LONG-DISTANCE CHATTER, 90 00:04:58,724 --> 00:05:02,172 THEY NEED SOME HIGHLY SENSITIVE RECORDING EQUIPMENT. 91 00:05:02,172 --> 00:05:04,310 THESE MICROPHONES CAN DETECT FREQUENCIES 92 00:05:04,310 --> 00:05:07,931 ABOVE AND BELOW WHAT OUR HUMAN EARS CAN HEAR. 93 00:05:10,034 --> 00:05:12,862 THE RESEARCHERS SET UP NEXT TO ONE ADULT FEMALE 94 00:05:12,862 --> 00:05:15,620 AND TWO YOUNG MALES. 95 00:05:15,620 --> 00:05:20,034 ONE OF THEM IS 23-YEAR-OLD BULL CHOVA. 96 00:05:20,034 --> 00:05:22,689 WITH THE OTHER GROUP NOW OVER TWO MILES AWAY 97 00:05:22,689 --> 00:05:24,551 AND COMPLETELY OUT OF SIGHT, 98 00:05:24,551 --> 00:05:28,413 CHOVA APPEARS TO BE LOOKING FOR THE REST OF HIS HERD. 99 00:05:28,413 --> 00:05:31,206 BUT HE'S NOT SAYING ANYTHING. 100 00:05:31,206 --> 00:05:32,827 OR IS HE? 101 00:05:32,827 --> 00:05:36,034 OH. DO YOU HEAR THAT? 102 00:05:36,034 --> 00:05:37,758 ANGELA'S RECORDING EQUIPMENT 103 00:05:37,758 --> 00:05:42,172 HAS DETECTED SOMETHING THE HUMAN EAR COULD NORMALLY NEVER HEAR. 104 00:05:42,172 --> 00:05:46,379 TO US, IT SOUNDS LIKE NOTHING, BUT THROUGH THE HEADPHONES, 105 00:05:46,379 --> 00:05:50,172 ANGELA CAN HEAR A SERIES OF AMPLIFIED INFRASONIC CALLS. 106 00:05:50,172 --> 00:05:51,310 [ ELEPHANT GRUMBLING ] 107 00:05:51,310 --> 00:05:53,034 OH, YEAH, THAT'S GREAT. 108 00:05:53,034 --> 00:05:57,482 WE HEAR SOUNDS BETWEEN 20 AND 20,000 HERTZ, 109 00:05:57,482 --> 00:06:01,413 BUT CHOVA'S BASSY RUMBLES ARE 12 HERTZ, 110 00:06:01,413 --> 00:06:05,241 THREE OCTAVES LOWER THAN THE DEEPEST HUMAN VOICE. 111 00:06:05,241 --> 00:06:07,689 AND THIS IS POSSIBLE THANKS TO THE SCALE 112 00:06:07,689 --> 00:06:12,034 OF AN ELEPHANT'S UNIQUELY LARGE ANATOMY. 113 00:06:12,034 --> 00:06:14,034 LIKE MANY ANIMALS, AFRICAN ELEPHANTS 114 00:06:14,034 --> 00:06:18,793 CREATE SOUND BY EXHALING AIR OVER THEIR VOCAL CORDS. 115 00:06:18,793 --> 00:06:21,586 BUT AT 3 INCHES LONG, AN ELEPHANT'S VOCAL CORDS 116 00:06:21,586 --> 00:06:24,000 ARE EIGHT TIMES BIGGER THAN A HUMAN'S 117 00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:27,206 AND CAN PRODUCE MUCH DEEPER, LOWER FREQUENCIES, 118 00:06:27,206 --> 00:06:29,620 BELOW THE RANGE OF HUMAN HEARING. 119 00:06:29,620 --> 00:06:32,965 THE AIR ALSO REVERBERATES IN A HUGE CHAMBER 120 00:06:32,965 --> 00:06:36,206 CREATED BY THE MOUTH AND 7-FOOT-LONG TRUNK, 121 00:06:36,206 --> 00:06:40,896 WHICH AMPLIFIES THE LOW-FREQUENCY SOUND. 122 00:06:40,896 --> 00:06:43,275 AND THE LOWER THE FREQUENCY OF THE SOUND WAVES, 123 00:06:43,275 --> 00:06:45,620 THE FARTHER THEY CAN TRAVEL. 124 00:06:45,620 --> 00:06:47,655 Stoeger-Horwath: THE DISTANCE THAT THESE RUMBLES CAN TRAVEL 125 00:06:47,655 --> 00:06:50,862 IS ESTIMATED OF ABOUT 4 KILOMETER. 126 00:06:50,862 --> 00:06:53,137 Narrator: THAT'S 2 1/2 MILES. 127 00:06:53,137 --> 00:06:55,103 AND IN COOLER NIGHT TEMPERATURES, 128 00:06:55,103 --> 00:06:59,896 A LOW-FREQUENCY ELEPHANT CALL COULD TRAVEL UP TO 6 MILES. 129 00:06:59,896 --> 00:07:02,896 THAT'S LIKE A BANKER ON WALL STREET SAYING HELLO 130 00:07:02,896 --> 00:07:05,448 AND BEING HEARD ALL THE WAY IN BROOKLYN. 131 00:07:05,448 --> 00:07:06,896 [ ELEPHANT GRUMBLING ] 132 00:07:06,896 --> 00:07:10,620 AND CHOVA'S SILENT CALLS SEEM TO BE SAYING SOMETHING, 133 00:07:10,620 --> 00:07:13,448 BECAUSE IT APPEARS HE CAN HEAR THE OTHERS CALLING BACK. 134 00:07:13,448 --> 00:07:15,965 [ ELEPHANT GRUMBLING ] 135 00:07:15,965 --> 00:07:17,482 I'M PRETTY SURE THAT HE IS LISTENING, 136 00:07:17,482 --> 00:07:19,758 BECAUSE HE SPREAD HIS EARS. 137 00:07:19,758 --> 00:07:23,793 SO, THE EARS REALLY HELP HIM TO LOCALIZE THE SOUND. 138 00:07:23,793 --> 00:07:26,103 Narrator: CHOVA'S 4-FOOT-WIDE EARS 139 00:07:26,103 --> 00:07:29,724 FUNNEL THE LOW-FREQUENCY SOUNDS INTO HIS EAR CANALS. 140 00:07:29,724 --> 00:07:32,551 HIS MASSIVE EARS AND HEAD HELP HIM PINPOINT 141 00:07:32,551 --> 00:07:34,551 WHERE THE CALLS ARE COMING FROM. 142 00:07:34,689 --> 00:07:36,862 [ ELEPHANT GROWLING ] 143 00:07:36,862 --> 00:07:39,034 ♪♪ 144 00:07:39,034 --> 00:07:41,896 CHOVA IDENTIFIES THE ORIGIN OF A SOUND 145 00:07:41,896 --> 00:07:43,896 DUE TO THE FRACTION-OF-A-SECOND DELAY 146 00:07:43,896 --> 00:07:47,068 BETWEEN IT HITTING ONE EAR, THEN THE OTHER. 147 00:07:49,689 --> 00:07:52,103 BECAUSE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN ELEPHANT EARS 148 00:07:52,103 --> 00:07:55,241 IS FIVE TIMES THE DISTANCE BETWEEN OURS, 149 00:07:55,241 --> 00:07:58,000 THEY CAN USE THIS EXAGGERATED DELAY 150 00:07:58,000 --> 00:08:02,103 TO MORE ACCURATELY DETERMINE THE SOURCE OF THE SOUND. 151 00:08:02,103 --> 00:08:06,137 THIS UNIQUE METHOD OF BOTH CREATING AND HEARING INFRASOUND 152 00:08:06,137 --> 00:08:09,551 MEANS ALTHOUGH ELEPHANTS MAY BE PHYSICALLY MILES APART, 153 00:08:09,551 --> 00:08:13,655 THEY CAN ALWAYS STAY IN TOUCH. 154 00:08:13,655 --> 00:08:16,206 [ ELEPHANTS TRUMPETING ] 155 00:08:16,206 --> 00:08:19,068 AND WHATEVER CHOVA'S LAST CALL WAS, 156 00:08:19,068 --> 00:08:23,655 IT'S BROUGHT THE REST OF THE HERD STRAIGHT BACK TO HIM. 157 00:08:23,655 --> 00:08:25,517 THERE'S ONLY ONE THING AN ELEPHANT LOVES 158 00:08:25,517 --> 00:08:29,620 MORE THAN A GOOD, OLD WANDER AROUND THEIR TERRITORY, 159 00:08:29,620 --> 00:08:32,344 AND THAT'S GETTING BACK TOGETHER AGAIN. 160 00:08:32,344 --> 00:08:34,965 [ ELEPHANT GRUMBLING ] 161 00:08:38,310 --> 00:08:40,689 COMING UP, WHAT'S THE SECRET 162 00:08:40,689 --> 00:08:43,517 OF THE FROG'S AMAZING TONGUE? 163 00:08:43,517 --> 00:08:47,000 HOW DO VULTURES SURVIVE A TOXIC MEAL? 164 00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:51,068 AND WHAT'S THIS SPIDER'S SECRET TO LONG LIFE? 165 00:09:01,206 --> 00:09:04,379 Narrator: WHEN IT COMES TO CATCHING BUGS, 166 00:09:04,379 --> 00:09:06,379 FROGS HAVE GOT IT LICKED. 167 00:09:08,689 --> 00:09:11,034 SUPER-STRETCHY TONGUES BLAST OUT 168 00:09:11,034 --> 00:09:15,275 FIVE TIMES FASTER THAN THE BLINK OF AN EYE. 169 00:09:15,275 --> 00:09:17,068 AND ONCE IT STICKS, 170 00:09:17,068 --> 00:09:20,551 THERE'S NO GETTING AWAY. 171 00:09:20,551 --> 00:09:24,517 WHAT'S THE SECRET BEHIND A FROG'S AMAZING TONGUE? 172 00:09:26,965 --> 00:09:29,344 SO THERE'S BLACK PANTHER, 173 00:09:29,344 --> 00:09:32,034 SPIDERMAN, BATMAN, 174 00:09:32,034 --> 00:09:36,827 BUT WHY NO SUPERHERO NAME FOR A FROG? 175 00:09:36,827 --> 00:09:39,620 FROGS CAN SECRETE POISON. 176 00:09:39,620 --> 00:09:42,068 THEY CAN HAVE INVISIBLE SKIN, 177 00:09:42,068 --> 00:09:46,689 AND THEY CAN JUMP 20 TIMES THE LENGTH OF THEIR OWN BODY. 178 00:09:46,689 --> 00:09:50,344 BUT FOR BIOMECHANICS ENGINEER DR. ALEXIS NOEL, 179 00:09:50,344 --> 00:09:52,689 A FROG'S GREATEST SUPERPOWER 180 00:09:52,689 --> 00:09:54,758 IS SOMETHING THEY ALL HAVE -- 181 00:09:54,758 --> 00:09:57,137 THAT INCREDIBLE TONGUE. 182 00:09:57,137 --> 00:09:59,241 THEIR TONGUES ARE JUST AMAZING. 183 00:09:59,241 --> 00:10:01,275 YOU KNOW, HOW ARE THESE FROGS ABLE TO SNATCH INSECTS 184 00:10:01,275 --> 00:10:02,517 RIGHT OUT OF THE AIR? 185 00:10:02,517 --> 00:10:06,896 HOW ON EARTH DO THESE TONGUES ACTUALLY STICK? 186 00:10:06,896 --> 00:10:10,034 Narrator: FOR FIVE YEARS, ALEXIS HAS BEEN TRYING TO CRACK 187 00:10:10,034 --> 00:10:12,103 THIS STICKY MYSTERY. 188 00:10:12,103 --> 00:10:14,724 SHE'S DISCOVERED A FROG'S TONGUE MUSCLE 189 00:10:14,724 --> 00:10:17,965 IS 10 TIMES SOFTER THAN OURS, 190 00:10:17,965 --> 00:10:20,034 SQUISHY LIKE BRAIN TISSUE, 191 00:10:20,034 --> 00:10:23,310 BUT AS ELASTIC AS A BUNGEE CORD. 192 00:10:23,310 --> 00:10:27,413 AND IT'S COVERED IN THICK, STICKY SALIVA. 193 00:10:27,413 --> 00:10:30,931 Noel: THE WAY I LIKE TO IMAGINE IT IS ACTUALLY A PIECE OF CHEWING GUM 194 00:10:30,931 --> 00:10:33,758 COVERED IN STICKY HONEY. 195 00:10:33,758 --> 00:10:35,586 AND THAT'S BASICALLY WHAT A FROG TONGUE 196 00:10:35,586 --> 00:10:38,758 AND TOAD TONGUES ARE LIKE. 197 00:10:38,758 --> 00:10:41,379 Narrator: THIS ELASTIC, HONEY-LIKE SALIVA 198 00:10:41,379 --> 00:10:46,068 IS MADE FROM THE SAME CELLS FOUND IN OUR MUCUS. 199 00:10:46,068 --> 00:10:49,000 FROG SALIVA IS ABOUT THE SAME CONSISTENCY. 200 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:53,206 IT'S WHAT MAKES THE SALIVA SO STICKY AND GOOEY. 201 00:10:53,206 --> 00:10:55,379 Narrator: BUT WITH A TONGUE SO STICKY, 202 00:10:55,379 --> 00:10:58,586 WHY DOESN'T ITS MOUTH STICK SHUT? 203 00:10:58,586 --> 00:11:02,379 FROG SALIVA IS ACTUALLY A REVERSIBLE ADHESIVE, 204 00:11:02,379 --> 00:11:04,724 SO IT'S ABLE TO CHANGE HOW STICKY 205 00:11:04,724 --> 00:11:07,103 OR HOW VISCOUS ITS SALIVA IS 206 00:11:07,103 --> 00:11:09,517 BASED ON WHEN IT'S CONTACTING THE INSECT 207 00:11:09,517 --> 00:11:12,344 OR WHEN IT'S TRYING TO SWALLOW THE INSECT. 208 00:11:12,344 --> 00:11:15,620 Narrator: TO REVEAL THE SECRET OF HOW THIS SALIVA CAN SWITCH 209 00:11:15,620 --> 00:11:18,103 BETWEEN STICKY AND UN-STICKY, 210 00:11:18,103 --> 00:11:20,310 ALEXIS FILMS THE TONGUE LASHINGS 211 00:11:20,310 --> 00:11:22,793 WITH A HIGH-SPEED CAMERA. 212 00:11:22,793 --> 00:11:28,241 FIRST, THE ELASTIC TONGUE ROLLS OUT INTO ACTION. 213 00:11:28,241 --> 00:11:30,689 WHEN THE TONGUE SLAPS INTO A BUG, 214 00:11:30,689 --> 00:11:35,241 IT LOOKS LIKE THE BUG'S STUCK WITH FAST-ACTION SUPER GLUE. 215 00:11:35,241 --> 00:11:38,655 BUT WHAT'S ACTUALLY HAPPENING IS THE TONGUE IS SO FAST, 216 00:11:38,655 --> 00:11:43,034 IT HITS THE BUG WITH A FORCE 12 TIMES GREATER THAN GRAVITY, 217 00:11:43,034 --> 00:11:45,068 AND THE PRESSURE FROM THIS FORCE 218 00:11:45,068 --> 00:11:47,793 CHANGES THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF THE SALIVA, 219 00:11:47,793 --> 00:11:50,965 TURNING IT FROM ITS NATURAL THICK AND GOOEY STATE 220 00:11:50,965 --> 00:11:53,758 INTO A RUNNY, WATERY LIQUID. 221 00:11:53,758 --> 00:11:56,551 Noel: IT'S THE FLUID ACTUALLY BEING SQUISHED 222 00:11:56,551 --> 00:11:59,310 THAT CAUSES THE SALIVA TO DROP ITS VISCOSITY 223 00:11:59,310 --> 00:12:02,448 FROM HONEY TO WATER. 224 00:12:02,448 --> 00:12:04,965 Narrator: WHEN THE SUPER-FAST TONGUE MAKES CONTACT, 225 00:12:04,965 --> 00:12:08,965 THE SALIVA BECOMES 50 TIMES THINNER. 226 00:12:08,965 --> 00:12:12,172 IT'S SO WATERY, IT CAN SEEP INTO ALL THE GROOVES 227 00:12:12,172 --> 00:12:15,344 ON THE INSECT'S SHELL. 228 00:12:15,344 --> 00:12:17,034 A FRACTION OF A SECOND LATER, 229 00:12:17,034 --> 00:12:19,551 AS THE PRESSURE FROM THE IMPACT FADES, 230 00:12:19,551 --> 00:12:23,655 THE SALIVA GOES BACK TO BEING THICK AND GLOOPY AGAIN, 231 00:12:23,655 --> 00:12:25,758 EXPANDING IN THE CRACKS, 232 00:12:25,758 --> 00:12:28,724 CREATING A VICE-LIKE GRIP ON THE BUG. 233 00:12:30,896 --> 00:12:33,758 SO THAT INSECT HAS NO CHANCE OF GETTING OFF THE TONGUE. 234 00:12:37,586 --> 00:12:40,413 Narrator: SO THE REASON A FROG'S TONGUE IS SO STICKY 235 00:12:40,413 --> 00:12:42,379 IS BECAUSE IT'S SO FAST, 236 00:12:42,379 --> 00:12:45,862 GUARANTEEING ANY BUG A STICKY END. 237 00:12:50,034 --> 00:12:51,275 COMING UP... 238 00:12:51,275 --> 00:12:55,620 A BIRD THAT DINES ON BOTULISM, 239 00:12:55,620 --> 00:13:00,862 AND THE SECRET TO THIS SPIDER'S INCREDIBLY LONG LIFE. 240 00:13:10,827 --> 00:13:12,517 Narrator: ANIMALS CAN MAKE A MEAL 241 00:13:12,517 --> 00:13:16,068 OUT OF PRETTY MUCH ANYTHING. 242 00:13:16,068 --> 00:13:19,896 BUTTERFLIES DINE ON SALTY TEARS. 243 00:13:19,896 --> 00:13:23,068 DUNG BEETLES -- WELL, YOU KNOW WHAT THEY EAT. 244 00:13:25,172 --> 00:13:28,310 AND VULTURES, NATURE'S CLEANUP CREW, 245 00:13:28,310 --> 00:13:32,448 HAVE A TASTE FOR ROTTING FLESH. 246 00:13:32,448 --> 00:13:36,620 CONSIDERING THIS BUFFET OF LETHAL BACTERIA, 247 00:13:36,620 --> 00:13:39,620 HOW ARE VULTURES IMMUNE TO DISEASE? 248 00:13:39,620 --> 00:13:41,482 [ BIRD SCREECHES ] 249 00:13:41,482 --> 00:13:43,586 [ BIRDS CHIRPING ] 250 00:13:43,586 --> 00:13:47,310 TO FIND OUT, WE'VE COME TO THE VulPro VULTURE SANCTUARY 251 00:13:47,310 --> 00:13:50,241 IN SOUTH AFRICA. 252 00:13:50,241 --> 00:13:52,896 HERE, CONSERVATIONIST KERRI WOLTER 253 00:13:52,896 --> 00:13:58,448 TAKES CARE OF MORE THAN 400 RESCUED CAPE VULTURES. 254 00:13:58,448 --> 00:14:00,689 Wolter: THESE BIRDS ARE JUST INCREDIBLE. 255 00:14:00,689 --> 00:14:02,793 THEY'RE NATURE'S GARBAGE COLLECTORS. 256 00:14:02,793 --> 00:14:06,241 THEY'RE ABLE TO CONSUME ANY TYPE OF CARCASS 257 00:14:06,241 --> 00:14:10,000 THAT HAS DIED OF VARIOUS DISEASES. 258 00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:13,034 Narrator: TO SEE HOW VULTURES CAN SURVIVE DISEASE-RIDDEN MEAT 259 00:14:13,034 --> 00:14:15,551 THAT WOULD KILL EVERYTHING ELSE, 260 00:14:15,551 --> 00:14:18,827 KERRI HAS OPENED UP A VULTURE RESTAURANT. 261 00:14:18,827 --> 00:14:22,172 WITH ENTREES TOO TOXIC FOR HUMANS TO HANDLE, 262 00:14:22,172 --> 00:14:26,137 HER CUSTOMERS AREN'T WORRIED ABOUT EXPIRATION DATES. 263 00:14:26,137 --> 00:14:28,310 THEY CAN EAT FRESH FOOD, AND THEY CAN EAT 264 00:14:28,310 --> 00:14:33,241 THE MOST ROTTEN PIECE OF MEAT THAT IS LYING AROUND. 265 00:14:33,241 --> 00:14:35,482 Narrator: FROM THE MOMENT AN ANIMAL DIES, 266 00:14:35,482 --> 00:14:39,206 BACTERIA START TO SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE BODY. 267 00:14:39,206 --> 00:14:40,827 IN JUST A COUPLE OF HOURS 268 00:14:40,827 --> 00:14:44,620 THIS MEAT WOULD BE LETHAL TO US, 269 00:14:44,620 --> 00:14:47,551 BUT VULTURES HAPPILY DIVE IN. 270 00:14:47,551 --> 00:14:48,793 THEIR SECRET -- 271 00:14:48,793 --> 00:14:53,413 A CHEMICAL ARSENAL HIDDEN IN THEIR GUTS. 272 00:14:53,413 --> 00:14:58,482 VULTURES HAVE THE MOST ACIDIC STOMACH ACIDS OF ANY ANIMAL. 273 00:14:58,482 --> 00:15:03,000 THEIR ACIDITY IS 10 TIMES WHAT A HUMAN STOMACH WOULD BE. 274 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:06,551 THEY'RE ABLE TO BREAK DOWN ANY OF THESE BACTERIA 275 00:15:06,551 --> 00:15:09,034 OR POTENTIAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 276 00:15:11,310 --> 00:15:13,620 Narrator: THE VULTURE'S STOMACH JUICES ARE MORE ACIDIC 277 00:15:13,620 --> 00:15:16,206 THAN CAR BATTERY ACID -- 278 00:15:16,206 --> 00:15:19,620 SO CORROSIVE, IT DISSOLVES NOT JUST BONES, 279 00:15:19,620 --> 00:15:22,758 BUT METALS LIKE COPPER AND NICKEL 280 00:15:22,758 --> 00:15:26,310 AND COMPLETELY OBLITERATES DEADLY DISEASES LIKE RABIES, 281 00:15:26,310 --> 00:15:29,655 CHOLERA, AND EVEN ANTHRAX. 282 00:15:29,655 --> 00:15:32,724 BUT INCREDIBLY, BY THE TIME THE VULTURE POOPS, 283 00:15:32,724 --> 00:15:36,241 THE REMNANTS ARE TOTALLY DECONTAMINATED -- 284 00:15:36,241 --> 00:15:38,827 ULTRA-FILTERED FECES, YOU MIGHT SAY. 285 00:15:41,068 --> 00:15:44,137 BUT WHEN YOU HAVE TO GO IN HEADFIRST TO GET YOUR MEAL, 286 00:15:44,137 --> 00:15:47,862 THINGS CAN GET A LITTLE MESSY AT THE DINNER TABLE. 287 00:15:47,862 --> 00:15:51,275 THAT'S WHY VULTURES MAKE A BOLD FASHION CHOICE. 288 00:15:51,275 --> 00:15:53,551 THEY GO BALD. 289 00:15:53,551 --> 00:15:55,862 [ BIRDS CHIRPING ] 290 00:15:55,862 --> 00:15:58,793 WITH NO FEATHERS ON THEIR HEADS AND NECKS, 291 00:15:58,793 --> 00:16:01,000 THEY DON'T NEED TO WORRY ABOUT BLOOD AND MEAT 292 00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:02,724 CLOGGING THEIR FEATHERS. 293 00:16:05,517 --> 00:16:09,034 IN JUST TWO HOURS, THE VULTURES HAVE STRIPPED THE CARCASSES 294 00:16:09,034 --> 00:16:12,137 TO SKIN AND BONES. 295 00:16:12,137 --> 00:16:16,655 EACH BIRD HAS EATEN 4 1/2 POUNDS OF ROTTEN, STINKING MEAT, 296 00:16:16,655 --> 00:16:22,103 THE EQUIVALENT OF A MAN EATING 170 OUT-OF-DATE, RAW BURGERS 297 00:16:22,103 --> 00:16:24,551 IN ONE SITTING. 298 00:16:24,551 --> 00:16:27,379 BUT PLEASE DON'T CONSIDER THEM DISGUSTING. 299 00:16:27,379 --> 00:16:30,034 VULTURES ARE LIFESAVERS. 300 00:16:30,034 --> 00:16:32,896 WITHOUT VULTURES TO ERADICATE THE DEAD, 301 00:16:32,896 --> 00:16:36,241 DANGEROUS BACTERIA WOULD MULTIPLY IN CARCASSES 302 00:16:36,241 --> 00:16:39,172 AND INFECT OTHER ANIMALS. 303 00:16:39,172 --> 00:16:41,379 Wolter: THESE BIRDS ARE SO INCREDIBLY IMPORTANT. 304 00:16:41,379 --> 00:16:45,034 THEY ARE ESSENTIAL FOR OUR ENVIRONMENT. 305 00:16:45,034 --> 00:16:48,793 Narrator: VULTURES TRULY ARE THE ULTIMATE CLEANUP CREW. 306 00:16:51,241 --> 00:16:54,689 [ BIRD SCREECHES, HOOTS ] 307 00:16:54,689 --> 00:16:58,758 NEXT, A SPIDER'S SECRET TO A LONG LIFE. 308 00:17:11,103 --> 00:17:12,896 Narrator: SPIDERS. 309 00:17:12,896 --> 00:17:15,551 IF THEY'RE LUCKY, THE TYPICAL GARDEN VARIETY 310 00:17:15,551 --> 00:17:18,068 LIVES FOR ABOUT A YEAR. 311 00:17:18,068 --> 00:17:21,206 THE BIGGER THEY GET, THE LONGER THEY TEND TO LIVE, 312 00:17:21,206 --> 00:17:26,586 WITH SOME TARANTULAS SURVIVING INTO THEIR 20s. 313 00:17:26,586 --> 00:17:29,655 BUT IN AUSTRALIA, SCIENTISTS HAVE DISCOVERED 314 00:17:29,655 --> 00:17:32,103 AN AMAZING AND RECLUSIVE ARACHNID 315 00:17:32,103 --> 00:17:35,413 THAT LIVES TWICE AS LONG AS ANY OTHER SPIDER, 316 00:17:35,413 --> 00:17:38,379 REACHING THE RIPE, OLD AGE OF 43. 317 00:17:41,827 --> 00:17:43,275 THIS IS THE TINY 318 00:17:43,275 --> 00:17:46,931 AND APPROPRIATELY NAMED TRAPDOOR SPIDER. 319 00:17:49,724 --> 00:17:51,206 THEY'RE HARD TO SPOT, 320 00:17:51,206 --> 00:17:54,551 AND THEY DON'T GIVE UP THEIR SECRETS EASILY. 321 00:17:54,551 --> 00:17:57,931 HOW DOES A SPIDER LIVE SO LONG? 322 00:18:02,172 --> 00:18:05,517 THE SECRET TO THIS TIMID LITTLE CRITTER'S LONG LIFE 323 00:18:05,517 --> 00:18:07,896 IS HIDING BEHIND THIS DOOR. 324 00:18:10,103 --> 00:18:12,310 IT'S THEIR EXTRAORDINARY HOME. 325 00:18:14,931 --> 00:18:18,793 THE TRAPDOOR SPIDER'S BURROW CAN REACH 12 INCHES LONG 326 00:18:18,793 --> 00:18:20,931 AND ABOUT 2 INCHES WIDE. 327 00:18:20,931 --> 00:18:22,896 THEY DIG IT OUT WITH SPECIALLY ADAPTED 328 00:18:22,896 --> 00:18:27,310 AND HARDENED MOUTH PARTS, LIKE DIGGING FANGS. 329 00:18:27,310 --> 00:18:30,206 THEN THE INDUSTRIOUS SPIDERS WALLPAPER THE CHAMBER 330 00:18:30,206 --> 00:18:34,172 WITH THEIR OWN SILK TO KEEP IT FROM CAVING IN. 331 00:18:34,172 --> 00:18:36,793 PART OF THE REASON THESE SPIDERS LIVE SO LONG 332 00:18:36,793 --> 00:18:41,379 IS THEIR SECURE HOME KEEPS THEM SAFE FROM PREDATORS. 333 00:18:41,379 --> 00:18:44,620 MORE THAN THAT, THESE HOMEBODIES NEVER LEAVE IT, 334 00:18:44,620 --> 00:18:47,931 NOT EVEN FOR DINNER. 335 00:18:47,931 --> 00:18:50,896 INSTEAD, THEY GET IT DELIVERED. 336 00:18:50,896 --> 00:18:53,517 THEY GRAB MEALS RIGHT FROM THEIR DOORSTEP, 337 00:18:53,517 --> 00:18:56,482 THANKS TO AN INCREDIBLE BOOBY TRAP. 338 00:18:56,482 --> 00:18:58,379 THIS AMAZING TRAPDOOR 339 00:18:58,379 --> 00:19:01,172 IS MADE OUT OF SOIL AND PIECES OF LEAVES 340 00:19:01,172 --> 00:19:04,482 BOUND INTO A LID WITH SPIDER SILK. 341 00:19:04,482 --> 00:19:07,034 THEY EVEN FASHION A SILK HINGE, 342 00:19:07,034 --> 00:19:09,551 WHICH ENSURES THE DOOR DOESN'T FLY OFF 343 00:19:09,551 --> 00:19:11,724 WHEN THE SPIDER JUMPS OUT -- 344 00:19:11,724 --> 00:19:14,206 HANDY FOR WHEN YOU GET THE WRONG ORDER. 345 00:19:16,241 --> 00:19:19,172 BUT MEALS AREN'T ALWAYS EASY TO COME BY. 346 00:19:19,172 --> 00:19:22,241 THE SPIDER CAN WAIT FOR DAYS, SOMETIMES WEEKS 347 00:19:22,241 --> 00:19:24,689 FEELING FOR THE MOVEMENT OF A PASSING BUG, 348 00:19:24,689 --> 00:19:26,482 WHICH THE SPIDER DETECTS 349 00:19:26,482 --> 00:19:29,448 WITH SUPER-SENSITIVE HAIRS ON ITS LEGS. 350 00:19:29,448 --> 00:19:33,172 DURING THIS WAIT, THE SPIDER DOES SOMETHING INCREDIBLE. 351 00:19:33,172 --> 00:19:35,103 IT POWERS DOWN. 352 00:19:35,103 --> 00:19:39,655 AND HERE STARTS THE REAL SECRET TO A LONG LIFE. 353 00:19:39,655 --> 00:19:42,034 INSIDE ITS BODY, THE CONTINUOUS CYCLE 354 00:19:42,034 --> 00:19:45,827 OF CELL DIVISION AND REPLICATION SLOWS. 355 00:19:45,827 --> 00:19:49,965 EVERY TIME A CELL SPLITS, IT DAMAGES ITS DNA. 356 00:19:49,965 --> 00:19:52,896 THIS IS ONE OF THE MAIN CAUSES OF AGING. 357 00:19:52,896 --> 00:19:55,103 SO BY SLOWING DOWN CELL DIVISION, 358 00:19:55,103 --> 00:19:59,000 A TRAPDOOR SPIDER IS ABLE TO EXTEND ITS AGE. 359 00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:02,758 BUT THAT'S JUST ONE OF ITS ANTI-AGING TRICKS. 360 00:20:02,758 --> 00:20:04,551 BY USING UP SO LITTLE ENERGY, 361 00:20:04,551 --> 00:20:07,448 THE SPIDER DOESN'T NEED MUCH FOOD, 362 00:20:07,448 --> 00:20:11,793 WHICH IS LUCKY, BECAUSE WHEN FINALLY AN INSECT DOES PASS BY, 363 00:20:11,793 --> 00:20:15,068 THERE'S A GOOD CHANCE THAT THE SPIDER WILL MISS. 364 00:20:15,068 --> 00:20:17,448 OOPS. 365 00:20:17,448 --> 00:20:18,655 AND AGAIN? 366 00:20:20,655 --> 00:20:25,482 ONLY 10% OF THIS SPIDER'S AMBUSHES ACTUALLY WORK. 367 00:20:25,482 --> 00:20:27,068 BUT SCIENTISTS HAVE DISCOVERED 368 00:20:27,068 --> 00:20:29,551 THAT THE SPIDER'S LOW-CALORIE DIET 369 00:20:29,551 --> 00:20:33,551 CAN LEAD TO A LONGER LIFE. 370 00:20:33,551 --> 00:20:36,965 SO IT LOOKS LIKE OUR DOCTORS HAVE BEEN RIGHT ALL ALONG. 371 00:20:36,965 --> 00:20:40,482 THE SECRET TO A LONG, HEALTHY LIFE IS EAT WELL 372 00:20:40,482 --> 00:20:44,275 AND GET PLENTY OF REST. AND ONE MORE THING -- 373 00:20:44,275 --> 00:20:48,344 GET ALL YOUR MEALS DELIVERED. WHO KNEW? 29357

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