All language subtitles for How Do Animals Do That S02 E07_track3_[eng]

[ ANIMALS GROWL, CHIRP ]

Narrator: ANIMALS...

DO THE MOST INCREDIBLE THINGS...

[ GOAT BLEATS ]

...LIKE THIS...AND THAT.

I BET YOU'RE WONDERING,
"HOW DO THEY DO THAT?"

[ CAT YOWLS ]

WE'RE REVEALING ANIMALS'
BIGGEST SECRETS, LIKE...

THE ASTONISHING FEATS
OF THE ULTIMATE SUPERMOM,

HOW BIRD BRAINS SOLVE
MIND-BENDING PUZZLES,

AND WHY DOES A SPIDER'S LUNCH
GET STUCK

BUT THE SPIDER DOESN'T?

THESE WONDERS AND MORE ON
"HOW DO ANIMALS DO THAT?"

--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com

CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS

WHEN IT COMES TO
BRINGING UP THE KIDS,

KANGAROO MOMS STAND OUT
FROM ALL THE OTHERS.

YOU SEE, THIS LITTLE JOEY
ISN'T HER ONLY ONE.

HIDDEN DEEP INSIDE HER POUCH
IS ANOTHER TINY BABY ROO,

AND GUESS WHAT?

SHE'S ALREADY PREGNANT
WITH A THIRD.

WHY ARE KANGAROO MOMS
SUCH BABY MAKING MACHINES?

IN A HOME JUST OUTSIDE
ADELAIDE IN SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA

LIVE 16 ORPHAN KANGAROOS,

ALL CARED FOR BY FOSTER MOM
DIANA.

Diana: THE POUCH IS MIMICKING
MOM'S POUCH

TO THE BEST OF OUR ABILITY.

IT'S A REALLY SAFE PLACE
FOR THEM

THAT'S SOMEWHERE
THEY WANT TO STAY.

Narrator: ALTHOUGH KANGAROO MOMS
CARRY JOEYS IN THEIR POUCH

FOR UP TO A YEAR,

THE BABY ROOS
AREN'T BORN INSIDE IT.

THEY HAVE TO GET THERE.

♪♪

AFTER JUST 33 DAYS GESTATING,

THE EMBRYONIC JOEY
SLIPS OUT OF MOM'S UTERUS.

THE NEWBORN IS THE SIZE
OF A JELLY BEAN

AND WEIGHS
LESS THAN A SUGAR CUBE.

DEAF AND BLIND, AND WITH NO SIGN
OF THOSE ICONIC HIND LEGS,

THE JOEY NEEDS TO MAKE
AN EPIC JOURNEY

TO THE SAFETY OF HIS
MOTHER'S POUCH TO SURVIVE.

BUT THE LITTLE FELLA FACES
A VERTICAL CLIMB

10 TIMES HIS OWN LENGTH
THROUGH THICK FUR.

AND MOM CAN'T LIFT
A PAW TO HELP.

SHE WOULD CRUSH THE TINY JOEY.

SO SHE LAYS A TRAIL.

SHE LICKS HER FUR,

CREATING A SCENT RUNWAY
TO GUIDE THE MINI ROO HOME.

ONCE INSIDE THE POUCH,

THE TINY ROO
LOCKS ONTO A NIPPLE.

TOO WEAK TO SUCK, IT'S MOM AGAIN
WHO DOES THE WORK.

SHE CONTRACTS HER MUSCLES
TO PUSH OUT THE MILK

FOR HER BABY'S
WELL EARNED FIRST MEAL.

SAFE AND SNUG,
OVER SEVEN MONTHS,

JOEY GROWS
FROM THE SIZE OF A SUGAR CUBE

TO A 10-POUND LONG-FOOTED ROO.

♪♪

AND WHEN JOEY TAKES HIS FIRST
BABY HOPS OUT OF THE POUCH,

IT'S TIME FOR MAMA ROO
TO MAKE ANOTHER BABY.

BUT NOT SO FAST, DAD.

SHE DOESN'T NEED YOU.
SHE'S ALREADY PREGNANT.

INCREDIBLY, MOM HAS KEPT
A SPARE FERTILIZED EMBRYO.

WHEN THE OLDER SIBLING LEAVES
THE POUCH,

MOM'S REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

AUTOMATICALLY STARTS TO FEED

AND DEVELOP
THE NEXT NEW ARRIVAL.

♪♪

THE PROBLEM IS, THE NEWBORN
IS DESPERATE FOR CARBS

AND THE JOEY REQUIRES MORE FAT,

SO MAMA ROO PRODUCES
TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF MILK.

HERE'S YOURS.
HERE YOU GO, HERE.

SOMETHING DIANA KNOWS
ALL TOO WELL.

Diana:
IT'S VERY, VERY IMPORTANT

TO MAKE SURE
THAT YOU'RE GIVING THEM

THE RIGHT FORMULA
FOR THE AGE OF THE JOEY.

♪♪

Narrator: JUST TWO WEEKS AFTER
GIVING BIRTH TO ROO NUMBER TWO,

MOM IS READY TO MATE.

YES, DAD,
THIS TIME YOU ARE NEEDED.

♪♪

SO WHY PRODUCE BABIES
OF DIFFERENT AGES

ALL AT THE SAME TIME?

WELL, WITH HUNGRY WILD DOGS,
SNAKES, AND EAGLES OUT THERE,

FEW YOUNG ROOS SURVIVE.

AND HAVING TRIPLETS
COULD MEAN WEAKER BABIES,

SO THE BEST ROUTE TO SURVIVAL

IS THE BABY FACTORY
THAT IS MAMA ROO.

[ GRUNTING ]

♪♪

THE ORB-WEAVER SPIDER'S WEB.

POUND FOR POUND, THIS SPIDERWEB
SILK IS STRONGER THAN STEEL,

ALMOST INVISIBLE TO INSECTS,

AND IT'S COVERED IN ONE OF
NATURE'S STICKIEST SUBSTANCES.

PERFECT FOR TURNING FLIES
INTO SPIDER SNACKS.

[ BUZZES ]

♪♪

BUT IF A WEB IS SO STICKY,
THEN...

WHY DON'T SPIDERS
GET STUCK IN THEIR WEBS?

♪♪

[ CHIRPING ]

♪♪

INSIDE A WEB-BUILDING SPIDER'S
ABDOMEN

IS A SILK-MAKING FACTORY,

HOUSING BETWEEN THREE
AND SEVEN SILK GLANDS,

EACH ONE RESPONSIBLE

FOR PRODUCING
A DIFFERENT TYPE OF SILK.

THE SPIDER'S STRONGEST SILKS

ARE USED TO MAKE
THE WEB'S STRUCTURAL SPOKES.

ON THEIR OWN, NONE OF THE SILK
STRANDS ARE STICKY,

BUT THINGS ARE ABOUT TO CHANGE

BECAUSE THE TINY BUILDER
IS READY TO DEPLOY ITS GLUE GUN.

♪♪

AIMING ITS ABDOMEN
TOWARD ONE OF THE SPOKES,

THE SPIDER SQUIRTS OUT A FINER
AND MORE ELASTIC KIND OF SILK,

AND THE ARACHNID GLUE GUN COVERS
IT IN TINY DROPLETS OF GLUE.

[ CHIRPING ]

THE SPIDER PINS
THE GLUE-COVERED STICKY SILK

TO THE NON-STICKY SPOKES,

WORKING ITS WAY AROUND
IN A SPIRAL UNTIL,

AN HOUR AFTER STARTING,
IT ENDS UP IN THE MIDDLE.

♪♪

THIS IS WHERE THE SPIDER
LIKES TO HANG OUT

BECAUSE HERE THE NON-STICKY
SPOKES CONVERGE,

FORMING A KIND OF
GLUE-FREE HAMMOCK.

[ BUZZES ]

♪♪

FROM HERE,
THE SPIDER FEELS FOR VIBRATIONS

THAT ANNOUNCE DINNER IS SERVED.

[ BUZZING ]TO GET THERE,

IT WILL HAVE TO TRAVERSE
THE STICKY PART OF THE WEB.

THE SPIDER SETS OFF,
WALKING ON TIPTOE.

FOR A LONG TIME, PEOPLE THOUGHT
SPIDERS ONLY STEPPED

ON THE NON-STICKY SILK SPOKES.

BUT AS LONG AS THEIR FEET
ARE KEPT SPOTLESSLY CLEAN,

THEY CAN WALK ON
THE STICKY SILK TOO,

BECAUSE SPIDER TOES ARE ACTUALLY
COVERED IN BRISTLES,

SO THEIR LEGS
ONLY COME INTO CONTACT

WITH A TINY AMOUNT
OF THE SUPER GLUE.

AND SOME ARE EVEN COVERED
IN A SPECIAL GLUE-REPELLENT OIL,

SO THE GLUE DOESN'T LATCH
ONTO THE SPIDER AT ALL.

BUT IF THE SPIDER'S FEET
ARE DIRTY OR IF IT MISSES A STEP

AND CATCHES ANOTHER PART
OF ITS BODY ON THE WEB,

THE SPIDER WILL GET CAUGHT
IN ITS OWN TRAP.

♪♪

SO THE SPIDER HAS TO GO SLOW.

[ BUZZING ]

BUT WHEN DINNER LOOKS LIKE IT
COULD BE ABOUT TO WRIGGLE FREE,

THE SPIDER HAS TO TAKE A CHANCE
AND GO FOR IT.

♪♪

SO TO AVOID GETTING STUCK
TO THEIR OWN WEB,

ORB-WEAVER SPIDERS,
LIKE THE REST OF US,

JUST HAVE TO WATCH
THEIR STEP TIMES EIGHT.

[ FROG CROAKING ]

COMING UP, THE SECRET
BEHIND THE CHAMELEON'S TONGUE.

AND WHAT DO THESE OVERSIZED EARS
HEAR THAT WE CAN'T?

♪♪

Narrator:
FOR ALL OF NATURE'S BRAINIACS,

THE SIZE OF YOUR
GRAY MATTER MATTERS.

CHIMPS' BRAINS ARE PRETTY BIG.
OUR BRAINS ARE BIGGER.

AND SUPER SMART DOLPHINS' BRAINS
ARE 20% BIGGER STILL.

[ CAWS ]

AND THEN THERE ARE PARROTS.

[ SCREECHING ]

THEIR BRAINS ARE ONLY
THE SIZE OF A WALNUT.

SO IN SOME
PROBLEM-SOLVING TESTS,

YOU WOULDN'T THINK
A ONE-YEAR-OLD PARROT

WOULD OUTTHINK A FOUR-YEAR-OLD
HUMAN, BUT HE DOES.

WHY ARE PARROTS SO CLEVER?

♪♪

THE REMOTE MALUKU ISLANDS,

AN ARCHIPELAGO
IN EASTERN INDONESIA,

MIGHT SEEM LIKE
A TROPICAL PARADISE,

BUT TORNADOES, HURRICANES,
EARTHQUAKES,

AND VOLCANOES MAKE LIFE HERE
A BIT UNPREDICTABLE.

[ BIRDS SQUAWKING ]

TO SURVIVE,
THE ANIMAL INHABITANTS

MUST CONSTANTLY ADAPT,

AND NONE EMBRACE CHANGE AS WELL
AS THESE GOFFIN COCKATOOS.

THEIR INGENUITY HAS CAUGHT
THE ATTENTION OF SCIENTISTS

AT VIENNA UNIVERSITY IN AUSTRIA.

THE BIRDS HAVE TO BE ABLE
TO DEAL WITH NEW CHALLENGES,

AND THAT MAKES THEM PERFECT
INNOVATIVE PROBLEM-SOLVERS.

[ BIRD SCREECHES ]

Narrator:
DR. ALICE AUERSPERG

WANTS TO SEE IF SMALL-BRAINED
GOFFIN COCKATOOS

REALLY ARE CLEVER.

WELL DONE.

OR IF THEIR INQUISITIVE NATURE
AND PERSISTENCE

JUST MAKE THEM SEEM CLEVER.

SHE CHALLENGED PIPPIN,

WHO HAD NEVER SEEN
THIS TEST BEFORE,

TO REMOVE A PIN,
TURN A SCREW,

SLIDE A BOLT,

TURN A WHEEL EXACTLY 90 DEGREES,

AND THEN SHIFT A LATCH SIDEWAYS
TO GET TO A NUT.

SO WE'RE GOING TO HAVE PIPPIN
TRY TO OPEN THIS BOX

BY GIVING HIM THIS NICE TASTY
PIECE OF CASHEW NUT INSIDE.

♪♪

Narrator: IT TAKES PIPPIN
TWO HOURS TO FIGURE OUT

HOW TO NOT ONLY WORK
THE BOLTS AND LATCHES,

BUT ALSO DO THEM
IN THE CORRECT ORDER.

SO HE'S DEFINITELY PERSISTENT.

PIPPIN.

BUT DR. AUERSPERG THINKS
IF HE'S REALLY CLEVER,

HE'LL HAVE LEARNED
FROM HIS EXPERIENCE

AND DO IT FASTER NEXT TIME.

HERE WE GO.

♪♪

DESPITE PIPPIN'S TINY BRAIN,
HE'S REMEMBERED BOTH

HOW TO UNLOCK
THE VARIOUS BOLTS AND SCREWS,

AND THAT THEY HAVE TO BE TACKLED
IN A CERTAIN ORDER.

KNOWN AS RATCHET-LIKE LEARNING,

THIS IS A CORNERSTONE
OF INTELLIGENCE.

♪♪

45 SECONDS.

WELL DONE.

NOW THAT WE KNOW PIPPIN IS
CAPABLE OF CALCULATING PROBLEMS

AND REMEMBERING SOLUTIONS, IS HE
CAPABLE OF HIGHER LEARNING?

SO THIS LOCK IS NOW MISSING,
AND WE WILL SEE

IF THE BIRD GOES ROBOTICALLY
AGAIN STRAIGHT FOR THE PIN,

THEN FOR THE SCREW,

OR WHETHER HE WILL SEE
THAT THIS LOCK IS MISSING

AND GO FOR THIS WHEEL TYPE
OF LOCK FIRST,

WHICH WOULD BE MORE EFFICIENT.

♪♪

Narrator:
IF PIPPIN'S REALLY CLEVER,

HE'LL REALIZE
HE CAN GO STRAIGHT

FOR THE WHEEL,
KNOWN AS CAUSAL REASONING.

THIS IS SOMETHING
THAT SETS HUMANS APART

FROM ALMOST ALL ANIMALS.

♪♪

HE SEEMS TO HAVE SPOTTED
THE MISSING LOCK.

HE GOES RIGHT FOR THE WHEEL.

♪♪

TRULY REMARKABLE.

[ BIRDS CHIRPING ]

SUCH INTELLIGENCE
SHOULDN'T BELONG TO A BIRD

WITH A WALNUT-SIZED BRAIN,

BUT RESEARCH HAS SHOWN
A PARROT'S BRAIN

SQUEEZES TWO TIMES

AS MANY NEURONS INTO THE SAME
RELATIVE SPACE AS OUR OWN BRAIN.

AND DESPITE THE FACT
THAT BIRDS' BRAINS

PROBABLY EVOLVED FROM DINOSAURS,

THE PARROT'S BRAIN SEEMS
TO BE EERILY SIMILAR TO OUR OWN.

OUR HIGHEST LEVEL
THINKING IS FORMULATED

IN OUR PONTINE NUCLEI,

WHICH IS RELATIVELY MUCH LARGER
IN THE HUMAN BRAIN

THAN OTHER MAMMALS.

WELL, PARROTS HAVE THEIR OWN
VERSION OF THE PONTINE NUCLEI

CALLED
MEDIAL SPIRIFORM NUCLEUS,

WHICH IS UP TO FIVE TIMES LARGER
IN PARROTS THAN IN OTHER BIRDS.

DR. ALICE'S RESEARCH CONTINUES,

BUT RIGHT NOW IT SEEMS LIKE
WHEN IT COMES TO BRAINPOWER,

THESE BIRDS ARE PROVING SIZE
ISN'T EVERYTHING.

WELL DONE.

COMING UP, THE WORLD'S
MOST AMAZING TONGUE.

AND THE SUPER POWER
BEHIND THESE IMPRESSIVE EARS.

♪♪

Narrator: THE BARREN PLAINS
OF NAMIBIA IN EAST AFRICA

ARE AMONG THE DRIEST
ON THE PLANET.

WITH LESS THAN AN EIGHTH OF
AN INCH OF RAIN FALLING A YEAR,

IT'S A HARSH PLACE
FOR ANY ANIMAL TO LIVE.

BUT ONE CUNNING SPECIES
HAS LEARNED TO FIND WATER

IN A WAY NO OTHER ANIMAL CAN.

HOW DO FOXES FIND HIDDEN WATER?

♪♪

IN NAMIBIA'S NAANKUSE
WILDLIFE SANCTUARY,

RANGER SHAUNA JENKINS
HAS BECOME FASCINATED

BY THE LOCAL POPULATION
OF BAT-EARED FOXES

AND HOW THEY MANAGE TO SURVIVE
IN THIS ARID DESERT.

ANALYSIS OF THEIR DROPPINGS HAS
REVEALED SOMETHING SURPRISING.

Jenkins: IN THE WILD, BAT-EARS
WOULD TEND TO EAT INSECTS.

ABOUT 70% TO 80%
OF WHAT THEY EAT IS TERMITES.

♪♪

Narrator: NOT MUCH OF A DIET,
GIVEN EACH HARVESTER TERMITE

CONTAINS A FRACTION OF A CALORIE
AND A DROPLET OF WATER.

TO SURVIVE, THE BAT-EARED FOXES
MUST BE EATING

AT LEAST
A MILLION OF THEM EVERY YEAR.

BUT HARVESTER TERMITES HIDE
FROM PREDATORS IN NESTS

AS DEEP AS 20 FEET
UNDER THE GROUND.

♪♪

SO HOW DO THE FOXES FIND THEM?

♪♪

COULD THOSE FIVE-INCH EARS BE
DETECTING THE IMMEASURABLY QUIET

SOUND OF TIPTOEING TERMITES?

SHAUNA'S DEVISED AN INGENIOUSLY
SIMPLE TEST TO FIND OUT.

Jenkins:
WE'VE GOT A SPEAKER THAT
WE'VE LOADED WITH TERMITE SOUNDS

SO WE CAN DIG THAT IN
IN THE GROUND.

Narrator: THE SPEAKER PLAYS
A RECORDING TAKEN

FROM INSIDE A TERMITE TUNNEL.

TO US, IT SOUNDS LIKE THIS.

[ SILENCE ]

NOTHING.

TO HEAR THEM,

WE WOULD NEED TO CRANK UP
THE VOLUME BY MORE THAN 1,000%.

THAT'S LIKE TURNING UP
THE VOLUME OF A PIN DROPPING

TO THE LEVEL
OF A FIREWORK EXPLODING.

[ BURST ]

AND THEN IT WOULD
SOUND LIKE THIS.

[ RUSTLING ]

50 FEET FROM THE FOX'S DEN,
SHAUNA BURIES THE SPEAKER.

IF THE BAT-EARED FOXES
CAN DETECT THE TERMITE SOUND,

IT WILL MEAN THEIR EARS

ARE AMONG THE MOST SENSITIVE
ON THE PLANET.

♪♪

FOR 30 MINUTES,
SHAUNA WAITS AND WATCHES.

♪♪

THEN, A FEMALE STOPS.

HER HUGE EARS
ARE SHAPED IN SUCH A WAY

AS TO ONLY PICK UP SOUND
FROM A NARROW AREA,

GIVING THE BAT-EARED FOX

THE HEARING VERSION
OF TUNNEL VISION.

THEN, SHE POINTS BOTH EARS
AT THE SPEAKER.

ALTHOUGH THE SOUND WOULD BE
IMPOSSIBLE FOR HUMANS TO HEAR,

IT COULD BE THAT
HER HUGE EAR CAVITY,

CALLED A PINNA,
IS SHAPED IN SUCH A WAY

AS TO AMPLIFY
THE HIGH PITCH TERMITE NOISE,

IN MUCH THE SAME WAY
AS OUR PINNAS AMPLIFY

THE SOUND OF
A DEEPER HUMAN VOICE.

Jenkins: ONCE SHE STARTS
FINDING SOMETHING,

SHE SHOULD START
HOLDING HER HEAD LOW.

♪♪

Narrator:
SHE COCKS HER HEAD,

USING THOSE TUNNEL VISION EARS
TO PINPOINT THE POSITION.

♪♪

AND IN WHAT SEEMS
LIKE A MOMENT OF SILENCE,

SHE'S FOUND THE SPEAKER --

PROOF THAT THESE FOXES

REALLY CAN HEAR TERMITE
FOOTSTEPS UNDERGROUND.

[ RUSTLING ]

RESEARCH SUGGESTS

THAT EACH NEST CONTAINS
OVER A MILLION TERMITES,

AND A BAT-EARED FOX'S
200-ACRE TERRITORY

MIGHT CONTAIN
MORE THAN 500 NESTS.

THAT'S 5,000 GALLONS OF WATER
AND 50 MILLION CALORIES

HIDING UNDERGROUND.

IT'S THEIR GREATEST ASSET
THAT THEY HAVE FOR SURVIVAL HERE

IN THE WILDS OF AFRICA.

Narrator:
THANKS TO THOSE INCREDIBLE EARS,

THE BAT-EARED FOX HAS
TRANSFORMED THIS LAND OF EMPTY

INTO A LAND OF PLENTY.

COMING UP, WHAT POWERS
THE CHAMELEON'S INCREDIBLY FAST

AND DEADLY TONGUE?

[ CREATURES CHIRPING ]

Narrator: WHETHER IT'S
THE TREES OF MADAGASCAR,

OR THE DESERTS OF AFRICA,

ALL SPECIES OF CHAMELEON
ARE SLOW,

EXCEPT WHEN THEY EAT.

♪♪

THE INSECTS HAVE GOT
JUST 50 MILLISECONDS TO ESCAPE

FROM ONE OF THE FASTEST,
LONGEST,

AND MOST ACCURATE TONGUES
IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

SO WHAT IS THE SECRET BEHIND
A CHAMELEON'S PERFECT STRIKE?

♪♪

THE CHAMELEON TONGUE
LAUNCHES OUT OF ITS MOUTH

AT INCREDIBLE SPEED,

REACHING ZERO TO 60
IN 1/100th OF A SECOND.

THAT'S 160 TIMES FASTER
THAN A FORMULA ONE CAR'S

ACCELERATION OFF THE LINE.

THE SECRET BEHIND
THEIR HIGH-VELOCITY TONGUE

IS A LONG SPIKE
CALLED THE HYOID HORN.

THE TONGUE IS WRAPPED
AROUND THE HORN,

WHICH IS DRAWN BACK
LIKE AN ARROW IN A BOW.

[ STRETCHES ]

THEN, THE HYOID BONE
AND TONGUE SHOOT FORWARD.

AT THE SAME MOMENT, MUSCLES
ALONG THE HYOID BONE TIGHTEN,

SQUEEZING THE TONGUE OUT
EVEN FASTER.

THE TIP OF
THE CHAMELEON'S TONGUE

WORKS LIKE A TOILET PLUNGER,

SUCTIONING THE INSECT INSIDE IT.

COMBINED WITH MUCOUS 400 TIMES
STICKIER THAN OUR SALIVA,

NO AMOUNT OF WRIGGLING
WILL EVER PRY THE INSECT FREE.

BUT ALL THIS SPEED
AND STICKINESS WOULD BE USELESS

IF THE CHAMELEON MISSED
ITS TARGET IN THE FIRST PLACE.

THEIR ACCURACY
RELIES ON THEIR EYES.

♪♪

EACH SEEMS TO HAVE
A MIND OF ITS OWN.

OPERATING INDEPENDENTLY,

THEY GIVE THE CHAMELEON
360-DEGREE VISION,

EVEN WHEN THE CHAMELEON
NEEDS TO BE STILL AND STEALTHY.

WHEN ONE EYE SPOTS
ITS NEXT SNACK,

THE CHAMELEON SLOWLY TURNS
ITS HEAD TO FACE THE INSECT,

AND THE OTHER EYE LOCKS ON TOO.

NOW WITH BINOCULAR VISION,

THE CHAMELEON IS ABLE
TO PRECISELY JUDGE THE DISTANCE.

♪♪

AND...
[ WHOOSHES ]

...IT'S ALWAYS A STICKY END.