All language subtitles for How Do Animals Do That S02 E06_track3_[eng]

♪♪

Narrator: ANIMALS...

DO THE MOST INCREDIBLE THINGS.

[ GOAT BLEATS ]

LIKE THIS...

AND THAT.

I BET YOU'RE WONDERING,
"HOW DO THEY DO THAT?"

WE'RE REVEALING ANIMALS'
BIGGEST SECRETS, LIKE...

DO ELEPHANTS
REALLYNEVER FORGET?

CAN DOGS DETECT DISEASES
THAT DOCTORS MAY MISS?

AND WHY DOES THIS AMAZING ANIMAL
HAVE BLUE BLOOD?

THESE WONDERS AND MORE ON...

--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com

CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS

IT'S 2:00 A.M.
IN BEDFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND.

A VERY SPECIAL DOG
CALLED MAGIC HAS WOKEN UP.

[ WHINES ]

SOMEHOW, MAGIC KNOWS HIS OWNER
CLAIRE'S BLOOD-SUGAR LEVELS

HAVEN FALLEN DANGEROUSLY LOW.

[ WHINES ]

CLAIRE IS A DIABETIC,

AND RIGHT NOW, IF SHE DOESN'T
WAKE UP AND TAKE HER MEDS,

SHE COULD SLIP INTO A COMA.

[ WHINING ]

♪♪

Claire: HE SAVED MY LIFE OVER
FOUR-AND-A-HALF-THOUSAND TIMES.

HE'S MY GUARDIAN ANGEL,

AND WITHOUT HIM,
I WOULDN'T BE ALIVE TODAY.

[ DOG BARKS ]

[ PANTING ]

Narrator:
IN THE LAST 10 YEARS,

TESTS HAVE SHOWN
THAT DOGS CAN SENSE CANCER.

NOW, AT THE UK'S MEDICAL
DETECTION DOG RESEARCH CENTER,

SCIENTISTS ARE HOPING TO HARNESS
THE DOG'S SUPERPOWER

TO DIAGNOSE AN INCREASING NUMBER
OF HUMAN ILLNESSES.

FREYA IS THE LATEST RECRUIT.

SHE'S BEING TRAINED
TO DETECT THE WORLD'S

MOST DEADLY DISEASE --
MALARIA.

THE MALARIA PARASITE KILLS
A MILLION PEOPLE EVERY YEAR

BY INFECTING
THE PERSON'S BLOODSTREAM.

THE PARASITE ATTRACTS MOSQUITOS
TO THE PERSON ITS INFECTING

BY MAKING THE VICTIM PRODUCE

A SWEET-SMELLING CHEMICAL
THROUGH THEIR SKIN.

ALTHOUGH TOO FAINT FOR US
TO SMELL,

THE SWEET SCENE IS
IRRESISTIBLE TO MOSQUITOS,

WHO THEN DRINK
THE PARASITIC BLOOD

AND CARRY THE PARASITE OFF
TO THE MOSQUITO'S NEXT VICTIM.

BUT THIS SWEET-SMELLING ODOR
COULD BE MALARIA'S DOWNFALL

BECAUSE IF FREYA CAN SMELL
THE INFECTED BLOOD,

THEN DOCTORS COULD
POTENTIALLY QUARANTINE PEOPLE

CARRYING THE PARASITE BEFORE IT
HAS THE CHANCE TO SPREAD.

THE STAKES COULDN'T BE HIGHER.

FREYA'S TRAINER, MARK, HAS FOUR
PAIRS OF WELL-WORN SOCKS.

ONE OF THEM IS FROM A PERSON
INFECTED WITH MALARIA.

WE GET SOCKS SENT TO US
WHERE WE DON'T KNOW WHO HAS

AND WHO HASN'T GOT MALARIA.

THESE WERE WORN FOR 24 HOURS.

WE USE THAT TO TRAIN DOGS
TO RECOGNIZE THE ODOR,

AND THEN THE DOGS
IDENTIFY INTESTINE CONDITIONS.

Narrator:
ONE OF THE PAIRS OF SOCKS
BELONGS TO A CHILD

WHO HAS MALARIA
AT SUCH AN EARLY STAGE

THE DISEASE HASN'T YET
BECOME INFECTIOUS.

THE TEAM IS HOPING FREYA'S
INCREDIBLE NOSE WILL BE ABLE

TO DETECT THE TINY QUANTITIES
OF THE PARASITE'S SWEET SMELL

PRODUCED
IN THIS SUPER-EARLY PHASE.

LIKE ALL DOGS,

FREYA HAS 300 MILLION
SMELL RECEPTORS IN HER NOSE,

50 TIMES MORE THAN IN HUMANS.

AND THE AREA OF FREYA'S BRAIN

THAT PROCESSES THE INFORMATION
FROM HER SMELL RECEPTORS

IS 40 TIMES LARGER THAN OURS.

THIS COMBINATION OF SMELL
RECEPTORS AND PROCESSING POWER

GIVES FREYA THE ABILITY
TO DETECT TINY SCENT PARTICLES

IN THE AIR FAR
BEYOND ANYTHING WE CAN.

Mark:
YOU READY? SEEK, SEEK.

Narrator:
BUT IS HER NOSE GOOD ENOUGH

TO POTENTIALLY SAVE
MILLIONS OF LIVES?

IF FREYA DETECTS THE MALARIA
SMELL, SHE WILL SIT DOWN.

♪♪

GOOD GIRL.

Narrator:
THIS SMELLY SOCK TEST
IS AN IMPORTANT STEP

IN BEATING THE WORLD'S
MOST DEADLY DISEASE.

FREYA IS JUST ONE OF
130 POOCH PIONEERS.

THEY'RE AMONG THE FIRST
GENERATION

OF BUG-HUNTING BLOODHOUNDS

LEARNING TO USE
THEIR INCREDIBLE NOSES

TO IDENTIFY EVERYTHING
FROM PROSTATE CANCER

AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE
TO SEIZURES AND NARCOLEPSY.

SOME OF THESE DOGS ARE ALREADY
SNIFFING OUT TROUBLE

AND SAVING LIVES,

WHICH BRINGS US BACK
TO DIABETES-SNIFFING MAGIC.

HE LETS ME KNOW
WHEN MY BLOOD SUGARS

ARE BECOMING DANGEROUSLY LOW.

Narrator: IT'S LIKE
CLAIRE'S GOT HER VERY OWN

DOG-TOR.
[DOCTOR]

[ ZEBRA VOCALIZES ]

AT THE BOTTOM OF THE OCEAN
IS A LIFEFORM LIKE NO OTHER.

IT'S GOT EIGHT LIMPS,
2,000 SUCKERS,

THE GIFT OF INVISIBILITY,
AND NINE BRAINS.

YOU MIGHT BE FORGIVEN
FOR THINKING THESE GUYS

COME FROM ANOTHER PLANET,

BECAUSE THE WEIRDNESS
GOES EVEN DEEPER,

RIGHT INTO THE OCTOPUS' BLOOD.

OCTOPUSES ARE THE JET-SETTERS
OF THE OCEAN,

BECAUSE THEY BREATHE
IN WATER AND SQUIRT

IT OUT OF THEIR SIPHON TO
ACHIEVE JET-LIKE ACCELERATION.

BUT JETTING AROUND
GETS EXHAUSTING.

SO, MOST OF THE TIME,
THE OCTOPUSES PREFER

TO TAKE A LEISURELY STROLL
ALONG THE SEABED.

BUT BY BEING FORCED TO STICK
CLOSE TO THE OCEAN FLOOR,

THE OCTOPUS FINDS ITSELF
WALKING INTO

SOME OF THE MOST EXTREME
ENVIRONMENTS ON THE PLANET.

FROM THE BROILING
130-DEGREE WATERS

AROUND THE INDIAN
OCEAN'S HYDROTHERMAL VENTS,

TO THE STAGGERING DEPTHS
OF THE PACIFIC,

WHERE AT 13,000 FEET
BELOW THE SURFACE,

YOU'LL FIND THE APTLY
NAMED DUMBO OCTOPUS.

DOWN HERE, THE WEIGHT OF SEA
PUSHING DOWN FROM ABOVE

CREATES A PRESSURE
THAT WOULD CRUSH A HUMAN

LIKE A STEAMROLLER
ROLLING OVER A SODA CAN.

EVEN IF A HUMAN COULD SURVIVE,
IT'S SO COLD,

IT WOULD BE ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE
FOR OUR BLOOD

TO GET OXYGEN AROUND THE BODY.

IN HUMANS, RED BLOOD CELLS
CARRY THE OXYGEN.

THE CELLS ARE RED
BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN IRON.

THE IRON REACTS WITH OXYGEN
TO CREATE CRIMSON-IRON OXIDE,

MOST COMMONLY KNOWN AS RUST.

YES, OUR BLOOD
IS LITERALLY RUSTY.

BUT A QUARTER OF A MILE DOWN,
IRON STRUGGLES TO CARRY OXYGEN

UNDER THE EXTREME PRESSURES
AND TEMPERATURES.

SO, INSTEAD OF IRON,
THE OCTOPUS USES COPPER,

AND WHEN COPPER REACTS
WITH OXYGEN IN THE BODY,

IT TURNS BLUE.

COPPER IS FAR MORE EFFICIENT
AT CARRYING OXYGEN IN THE COLD.

THANKS TO THEIR BLUE BLOOD,

OCTOPUSES CAN THRIVE
EVEN IN NEAR-FROZEN DEPTHS,

WHERE LEVELS OF OXYGEN
ARE LESS THAN 0.1%

OF WHAT WE HAVE
ON THE SURFACE.

THAT'S OXYGEN LEVELS SIMILAR TO
THOSE AT THE EDGE OF SPACE.

IN THESE ALIEN WORLDS,

SQUID,

CUTTLEFISH,

AND HORSESHOE CRABS

ALL HAVE COPPER
RUNNING THROUGH THEIR VEINS.

BUT DON'T WORRY, THE BLUEBLOODS
AREN'T LIKELY TO TAKE

OVER THE PLANET,

BECAUSE SCIENTISTS
HAVE DISCOVERED BLUE BLOOD

HAS A DOWNSIDE.

THE COOPER OXIDE MAKES
AN OCTOPUS' BLOOD THICK,

AND THAT MAKES IT INCREDIBLY
HARD TO PUMP AROUND THE BODY,

WHICH IS WHY THE OCTOPUS
HAS TO RELY ON NOT ONE,

BUT THREE HEARTS, AND WITH THREE
HEARTS WEIGHING THEM DOWN,

THE OCTOPUS WILL FIND IT
DIFFICULT TO WALK

ANYWHERE OTHER THAN
THE OCEAN FLOOR,

EVEN IF THEY HAVE
GOT EIGHT LEGS.

[ RIBBITTING ]

COMING UP, THE ARCHITECTURAL
MASTERPIECES ANIMALS CALL HOME,

AND HOW DOES ONE
OF THE WORLD'S TINIEST ANIMALS

CREATE ONE OF
ITS BIGGEST NOISES?

Narrator: HOME, SWEET HOME.

SOME ANIMALS TAKE NEST-BUILDING
TO THE NEXT LEVEL,

BUILDING DREAM PADS

THAT ARE NOTHING SHORT
OF ARCHITECTURAL MARVELS.

BUT...

CROWDED, HEAVY TRAFFIC.

[ MONKEY CALLING ]NOISY NEIGHBORS.

IN THE WORLD'S BUSTLING
RAINFORESTS,

ORANGUTANS LOVE NOTHING
MORE THAN TO HEAD HOME

FOR A GOOD SLEEP.

PROBLEM IS, LAST NIGHT'S PAD
COULD BE MILES AWAY.

SO, AN ORANGUTAN IS FORCED
TO BUILD A NEW NEST

ALMOST EVERY NIGHT.

A DIZZYING 65 FEET UP,

THE ORANGUTAN FINDS
A THICK BRANCH

THAT WILL SUPPORT HIS
300 POUNDS OF WEIGHT.

THEN HE SNAPS OFF
STURDY BRANCHES TO FORM A FRAME.

AND WITH AN INGENIOUS
BIT OF APE ENGINEERING,

HE KNITS IT ALL TOGETHER
WITH THINNER, BENDABLE BRANCHES.

THEY MAY BE THE BIGGEST
TREE-DWELLING ANIMAL

TO MAKE A NEST, BUT ORANGUTANS
DON'T MAKE THE BIGGESTNEST.

[ CHIRPING ]

OVER IN THE KALAHARI DESERT
IN SOUTHERN AFRICA,

A LITTLE CRITTER
TAKES THAT TITLE.

THE SOCIABLE WEAVER'S
COLOSSAL CONSTRUCTIONS

ARE UP TO 20 FEET WIDE,

AND EACH HOUSE HOUSES
UP TO 100 FAMILIES.

THAT'S A WHOLE VILLAGE
OF HOME-BIRDS ON ONE TREE.

ALTHOUGH THE BIGGEST SINGLE NEST
IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM,

IT HAS NOWHERE NEAR
THE LARGEST POPULATION.

ON THE SUN-SCORCHED PLAINS
OF NORTHERN AUSTRALIA,

THESE 13-FOOT
TOWERING STRUCTURES

LOOK LIKE NEOLITHIC MONUMENTS,
BUT THEY ARE ACTUALLY HOME

TO BETWEEN ONE AND TWO MILLION
MAGNETIC TERMITES.

INSIDE ARE THOUSANDS
OF DEDICATED FLOORS.

THE BOTTOM FLOOR HOUSES
THE KING AND QUEEN,

AND AT THE TOP,
THERE'S EVEN A CEMETERY

WHERE THE TERMITES BURY
THEIR DEAD.

YOU WOULD THINK THESE NESTS
TURN INTO OVENS

IN THIS 100-DEGREE SUN,

BUT THESE TERMITES
ARE HVAC EXPERTS.

INSIDE EACH NEST
IS AN AIR-CONDITIONING UNIT

SO INGENIOUS IT'S INSPIRING
MODERN SKYSCRAPER DESIGN.

AS ALL THE TERMITES BREATHE
IN AND OUT,

WATER VAPOR CONDENSES
ON THE WALLS

AND SLOWLY DRIPS
DOWN TO THE BASEMENT,

CREATING A COLD, WET FLOOR.

AS THE COOL WATER EVAPORATES
IN THE HEAT,

IT'S DRAWN TOWARD A CHIMNEY
AT THE TOP,

COOLING ALL FLOORS
OF THE SKYSCRAPER AS IT RISES.

IT'S LIKE A GIANT REFRIGERATOR.

MAGNETIC TERMITES ARE NATURE'S

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
MASTERMINDS,

ABLE TO DELIVER CUTTING-EDGE,
ECO-FRIENDLY CLIMATE CONTROL.

BUT NO ELEVATOR.

[ GROWLS ]

COMING UP, HOW GOOD IS
AN ELEPHANT'S MEMORY?

AND HOW DO TINY CICADAS

MAKE ONE OF THE BIGGEST
RACKETS ON THE PLANET?

Narrator:
THE ELEPHANT, THE BIGGEST
LAND ANIMAL ON THE PLANET.

IN THE WILD,
THEY CAN LIVE FOR 80 YEARS.

THAT MEANS THERE ARE
ELEPHANTS ALIVE TODAY

WHO LIVED THROUGH
THE SECOND WORLD WAR.

[ CALLS ]

AND THANKS TO THEIR
ENORMOUS BRAIN,

SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE
THESE ELDERLY ELEPHANTS

CAN REMEMBER IT ALL.

SINCE THE 1970s, SCIENTISTS HAVE
KNOWN THAT ELEPHANTS

REMEMBER THINGS THAT ARE VITAL
FOR THEIR SURVIVAL,

LIKE THE LOCATIONS OF
WATER HOLES OR FOOD SOURCES.

BUT WHAT SETS ELEPHANTS
APART FROM ALMOST ALL ANIMALS

IS THAT THEY ALSO STORE MEMORIES
NOT LINKED TO THEIR SURVIVAL.

SO, IF A PIECE OF INFORMATION
ISN'T VITAL,

HOW LONG CAN AN ELEPHANT
REMEMBER IT?

AT THE ADVENTURES WITH ELEPHANTS
SANCTUARY IN SOUTH AFRICA,

SCIENTISTS AND RANGERS
HAVE BEEN TRYING TO UNLOCK

THE SECRETS
OF THE ELEPHANT'S MEMORY.

HUG?
GOOD BOY.

WELL DONE.

THIS IS 3-YEAR-OLD FEMALE
MUSINA.

Keeper:
SHE IS A FANTASTIC ELEPHANT.

ABSOLUTELY A BORN LEADER.

Narrator: TODAY,
MUSINA'S KEEPER HAS DEVISED

A SHORT-TERM MEMORY TEST.

-YOUR NAME, MA'AM?
-ELSA.

necessary HE'S INTRODUCING
MUSINA TO THREE VISITORS.

-YOUR NAME, MA'AM?
-LORI.

Narrator: THE KEEPER SHOUTS
EACH PERSON'S NAME.

-YOUR NAME?
-KYLE.

Narrator:
AND MUSINA TAKES A LOOK.

WILL MUSINA REMEMBER SOMETHING
AS UNIMPORTANT TO HER AS A NAME

AND RECALL IT IN AN HOUR?

OKAY.

ONE HOUR LATER, THE VISITORS
RETURN TO TEST MUSINA'S MEMORY.

IF YOU COULD SWAP
YOUR POSITIONS,

JUST TO MIX UP,
TO CONFUSE THE ELEPHANT.

THANK YOU.

THE VISITORS HAVE CHANGED
WHERE THEY'RE STANDING.

SO, WILL MUSINA BE ABLE TO
TELL THEM APART

AND REMEMBER THEIR NAMES?

AND IN A FEW...

THE RANGER TOSSES HIS CAP
ON THE GROUND AND ASKS MUSINA

TO PASS IT TO THE PERSON
WHOSE NAME HE CALLS OUT.

NOW, GIVE IT TO KYLE.

WHERE'S KYLE?

-OHHH.
-NICELY DONE.

Keeper: GIVE IT TO ELSA.

GIVE IT TO ELSA.

OH, BEAUTIFUL!

Keeper: GIVE IT TO LORI.

WHERE'S LORI?
-YES. AWW.

Narrator:
A STUDY REVEALED ON AVERAGE,

ANIMALS TEND
TO FORGET INFORMATION

AFTER JUST 27 SECONDS,

UNLESS IT'S VITAL
TO THEIR SURVIVAL.

THAT MAKES MUSINA'S ABILITY
TO REMEMBER A NAME

AND A FACE
AFTER AN HOUR REMARKABLE.

WHAT ABOUT AN ELEPHANT'S
LONGER-TERM MEMORY?

SCIENTISTS AT MUNSTER ZOO IN
GERMANY TESTED ANOTHER ELEPHANT

BY SHOWING HER 26 SHAPES
PRINTED ON CARDS.

AMAZINGLY, A YEAR LATER,
INDUCED BY TASTY TREATS,

SHE WAS ABLE TO REMEMBER
ALL OF THEM.

WHY ELEPHANTS ARE ABLE
TO RECALL SHORT-

AND LONG-TERM INFORMATION
NOT LINKED TO SURVIVAL

MAY BE CONNECTED TO AN AREA
OF AN ELEPHANT'S BRAIN

CALLED THE HIPPOCAMPUS,
WHICH IS LINKED TO EMOTION.

THIS PART OF THE BRAIN ENCODES

EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCES
INTO MEMORIES.

IT MAY BE THAT, LIKE HUMANS,

ELEPHANTS REMEMBER THINGS
FOR AN ESPECIALLY LONG TIME

WHEN IT HAS A GREAT
EMOTIONAL IMPACT ON THEM.

WHEN ELEPHANTS
FORM AN EMOTIONAL BOND,

THEY RECOGNIZE EACH OTHER,

EVEN AFTER BEING SEPARATED
FOR DECADES.

ELEPHANTS ARE ALSO THE ONLY
NON-HUMAN ANIMAL

TO MOURN THEIR DEAD
OVER LONG PERIOD,

EVEN RETURNING TO VISIT GRAVES.

SO, IT SEEMS LIKE THERE IS
SOME TRUTH BEHIND THE MYTH

THAT ELEPHANTS NEVER FORGET.

COMING UP, HOW CAN ONE TINY BUG
SING LOUD ENOUGH

TO MAKE YOU DEAF?

♪♪

Narrator: FOR 17 YEARS,
THE CICADA IS SILENT.

AND THEN IN THE LAST MONTH
OF THEIR LIFE...

[ RATTLE-LIKE SOUND ]

THESE TWO-INCH CRITTERS
PRODUCE A CALL SO LOUD,

IT RIVALS
A JET ENGINE AT TAKEOFF,

AND CONTINUED EXPOSURE CAN EVEN
LEAD TO DEAFNESS IN HUMANS.

THERE ARE AROUND 3,000 SPECIES
OF CICADA WORLDWIDE.

DESPITE THEIR SMALL SIZE,
CICADAS HAVE BEEN RECORDED

PRODUCING A 120-DECIBELS CALL,

MAKING THEM
THE LOUDEST INSECT ON EARTH.

BUT MYSTERIOUSLY, THEY SPEND UP
TO 17 YEARS SILENT AS WINGLESS,

JUVENILE BUGS
LIVING UNDERGROUND.

NOBODY KNOWS EXACTLY WHY
THEY STAY THERE SO LONG.

WHEN THE GRUBS FINALLY RISE
TO THE SURFACE,

THEY CLIMB A TREE AND MOLT.

AND THEY EMERGE,
FOR ONE MONTH ONLY,

AS A FULLY FORMED
AND FULLY WINGED CICADA,

EACH READY TO SING A SONG THAT,
AT 120 DECIBELS...

IS AS LOUD AS A ROCK CONCERT.

THE INCREDIBLE VOLUME
COMES NOT FROM THE BUG'S WINGS,

BUT FROM ITS BODY,

WHICH IS ACTUALLY BUILT
JUST LIKE AN ACOUSTIC GUITAR.

INSIDE THEIR HOLLOW ABDOMEN,

CICADAS HAVE TWO ORGANS
CALLED TYMBALS.

THESE WAFER-THIN MEMBRANES
ARE LINED WITH RIBS,

EACH AS THIN AS A HUMAN HAIR.

THESE ARE THE CICADA'S
GUITAR STRINGS.

MUSCLES CONTRACT,
BUCKLING THE TYMBAL'S RIBS,

CAUSING IT TO MAKE
A SHORT, SHARP NOISE.

AND WHEN THE TYMBAL SNAPS BACK,[ CLICK ]

IT PRODUCES ANOTHER SHARP CLICK.[ CLICK ]

SO, WHAT SOUNDS LIKE A SINGLE,
EAR-SPLITTING BUZZ

IS ACTUALLY 400 EAR-SPLITTING
CRACKS EVERY SECOND.

IT'S THE MALE CICADAS
MAKING ALL THIS INFERNAL NOISE,

AND THEY DO IT BECAUSE THEY
THINK IT WILL IMPRESS THE GIRLS.

AND SURE ENOUGH,
THE GIRLS COME RUNNING.

AS FOR WHICH OF THESE
EARDRUM-BUSTING BUGS

HAVE THE MOST LUCK
IN THE LOVE DEPARTMENT,

SADLY,
IT'S THE SAME OLD STORY --

FEMALES SEEM TO BE ATTRACTED
TO THE LOUDEST MALES.

SO, THE PROUD, LOUD FATHERS
HAVE NOISY KIDS,

AND THE MERRY-GO-ROUND
OF MAYHEM CONTINUES.

WHERE'S THE VOLUME BUTTON?

[ GUITAR CHORD STRUMS ]