All language subtitles for How Do Animals Do That S01 E08_track3_[eng]

♪♪

Narrator: ANIMALS...

DO THE MOST INCREDIBLE THINGS.

[ GOAT BLEATS ]

LIKE THIS...

AND THIS.

I BET YOU'RE WONDERING,
"HOW DO THEY DO THAT?"

WE'RE REVEALING ANIMALS'
BIGGEST SECRETS, LIKE...

HOW DO BEES MAKE HONEY?

WHY DO COBRAS SPIT?

AND HOW CAN A BUG
SURVIVE SPACE?

THESE WONDERS AND MORE...

--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com

CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS

IT'S THE START OF FALL, TIME
FOR ONE CREATURE TO GET BUSY --

THE SQUIRREL.

SQUIRRELS DON'T HIBERNATE,
SO THEY NEED TO FIND,

THEN HIDE NUTS
TO FEED THEMSELVES

THROUGH THE COLD WINTER.

INCREDIBLY, A SINGLE SQUIRREL

CAN BURY UP TO
10,000 NUTS EACH YEAR.

WITH NO SQUIRREL-GPS AND NO "X"s
TO MARK THE SPOT,

LOCATING ALL THESE NUTS
AGAIN MONTHS LATER

SEEMS AN IMPOSSIBLE TASK.

HOW DO SQUIRRELS
FIND THEIR NUTS?

♪♪

SQUIRRELS CAN BE FOUND
EVERYWHERE FROM DESSERTS,

TO TROPICAL RAINFORESTS,
AND IN WOODS ACROSS AMERICA.

AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA,
BERKELEY,

BIOLOGIST AND SQUIRREL EXPERT
DR. AMANDA ROBIN

IS MORE INTERESTED
IN WHAT SQUIRRELS DO

BEFORE HIDING THEIR FOOD.

SHE'S TAKING HER FANCY SQUIRREL
TEST INTO THE CAMPUS FOREST

TO FIND OUT HOW
THEY CHOOSE THEIR NUTS

AND HOW THEY HIDE
THOUSANDS OF THEM IN A WAY

THEY CAN FIND MONTHS LATER.

HAZELNUTS AND PEANUTS
WILL LURE THE SQUIRRELS

TOWARDS REMOTE CAMERAS,
ALLOWING ROBIN AN UP-CLOSE VIEW

OF THEIR INCREDIBLE
NUT-BURYING BEHAVIOR.

AND IT DOESN'T TAKE LONG
FOR OUR NUT LURE

TO BE SNIFFED OUT BY OUR FIRST
BUSHY-TAILED VISITOR.

BUT IT DOESN'T GRAB AND GO.

FIRST, THE NUT IS PUT THROUGH
SQUIRREL QUALITY CONTROL.

A QUICK SNIFF CHECKS
IF IT'S ROTTEN,

THEN A CLOSE UP INSPECTION.

SO THEY'RE GOING TO TURN IT
IN THEIR PAWS,

AND THEY'RE CHECKING
FOR HOLES AND CRACKS.

Narrator: A CRACKED SHELL MEANS
IT WILL ROT IN THE GROUND,

NO GOOD FOR BURYING.

FINALLY, THE SHAKE TEST.

Robin: IT'S CONFIRMING THAT
THERE IS ACTUALLY A SEED

IN THAT POD, AND GETTING A ROUGH
ESTIMATED WEIGHT OF THAT ITEM.

Narrator:
ONCE THEY FIND A PERFECT NUT,

HOW DO THEY CHOOSE
A PERFECT HIDING PLACE?

MOST SQUIRRELS ARE
SCATTER HOARDERS.

THEY HIDE THEIR NUTS OVER VAST
AREAS, UP TO SEVEN-ACRES WIDE.

THAT'S BIGGER THAN
FIVE FOOTBALL FIELDS.

IT'S A HUGE AREA
TO FIND THOSE NUTS.

AND EVEN THOUGH THEIR SENSE
OF SMELL IS AS GOOD AS DOG'S,

SURPRISINGLY THEY DON'T JUST
SIMPLY SNIFF THE NUTS OUT.

SQUIRRELS ARE ACTUALLY USING
A LOT MORE MEMORY THAN SMELL

WHEN FINDING
THEIR OWN BURIED NUTS.

Narrator: REMEMBERING THE
LOCATIONS OF UP TO 10,000 NUTS?

I COULDN'T EVEN REMEMBER WHERE
MY CAR KEYS WERE THIS MORNING.

SO HOW DO THEY DO IT?

IT TURNS OUT, THEY USE
A KIND OF MEMORY MAP.

IMAGINE YOU'RE TRYING
TO COME UP

WITH A GREAT LUNCH SPOT
IN MANHATTAN.

IT COULD BE THE BEST PIZZA
IS BY TIMES SQUARE,

AND THE TASTIEST MEXICAN
MIGHT BE A BLOCK PAST

THE GROCERY STORE ON THE RIGHT.

WE USE LANDMARKS TO HELP US
FIND OUR WAY.

WELL, SQUIRRELS DO THE SAME.

Robin: THEY'RE ACTUALLY
REMEMBERING WHERE THEY ARE

AND BUILDING SPACIAL MAPS
THAT INCLUDE LANDMARKS

OF THINGS AROUND THEM.

Narrator: LIKE ON TOP OF THAT
TREE STUMP, BESIDE THAT BUSH,

OR UNDER THAT PARK BENCH.

SO SQUIRRELS DO HAVE
A KIND OF NUT-GPS,

IT'S JUST IN THEIR HEADS.

NEXT, THEY USE AN INGENIOUS
ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY.

SQUIRRELS CHOOSE WHERE
TO BURY THEIR NUTS

BY WHAT TYPE OF NUT IT IS.

Robin: THEY MIGHT PUT ALL OF
THEIR HAZELNUTS IN ONE PLACE

AND ALL OF THEIR PEANUTS
IN ANOTHER PLACE

AS A WAY TO HELP THEM REMEMBER
WHERE THOSE THINGS ARE.

Narrator: IT'S A BIT LIKE
NEW YORK HAS CHINATOWN.

GO THERE, AND YOU'LL KNOW
THERE'S LO MEIN.

GO TO LITTLE ITALY,
AND YOU'LL GET GREAT PASTA.

IN THE SQUIRREL WORLD,

IT'S HAZELNUTVILLE
AND PEANUTBURG.

USING THEIR MEMORY
AND MAPPING TECHNIQUES,

THESE FURRY MASTERMINDS
HAVE A PHENOMENAL

90% SUCCESS RATE
RECOVERING NUTS.

IT TURNS OUT, SQUIRRELS REALLY
ARE NATURE'S NUTTY PROFESSORS.

SWEET GOLDEN HONEY.

IT'S NOT JUST DELICIOUS,
IT INCREASES BRAIN POWER.

BUT HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED
HOW IT'S MADE?

HOW DO BEES MAKE HONEY?

[ BEES BUZZING ]

ACROSS THE PLANET,

20,000 SPECIES OF BEES BUZZ
THROUGH FORESTS AND WOODS.

ALL FEAST ON POLLEN
AND NECTAR FROM FLOWERS.

BUT ONLY A FEW SPECIES
CAN TURN NECTAR INTO HONEY.

[ BEES BUZZING ]

EXAMINING THEIR
HONEY MAKING PROCESS

REVEALS THEIR RECIPE IS GROSS.

DON'T GET ANGRY, GUYS.

YOU KNOW,
JUST SAYING IT LIKE IT IS.

TURNS OUT, HONEY
IS A SORT OF BEE BARF.

YES, AS IN BEE VOMIT.

EW.

TO MAKE HONEY,
FIRST BEES SUCK NECTAR.

ENZYMES IN ITS BEE SALIVA
BREAK DOWN THE NECTAR

INTO SIMPLE SUGARS.

THEN, THAT'S SUCKED INTO
ONE OF THEIR TWO STOMACHS.

A SPECIALIZED HONEY STOMACH
DOESN'T DIGEST THE LIQUID.

INSTEAD, IT ABSORBS
WATER FROM IT,

CONCENTRATING IT INTO
A SUPER-STRENGTH SUGARY JUICE.

AND THAT'S WHEN IT GETS
REALLY GROSS.

BECAUSE THE BEE
THEN REGURGITATES IT.

THAT CLEAR STUFF COMING
OUT OF ITS MOUTH,

THAT'S REGURGITATED SUGAR JUICE.

THEN, ANOTHER BEE SUCKS UP
THAT SUGARY SICK -- UGH!

EACH TIME IT DOES THIS,
IT TAKES WATER FROM THE JUICE.

THEN, MORE BARFING,
MORE SUCKING, AND MORE BARFING

UNTIL THE WATER CONTENT DROPS
FROM 80% TO A GLOOPY 20%.

AND...

[ CHOIR SINGING ]

...IT'S HONEY.

YES, THAT'S RIGHT.

YOUR SWEET TOOTH CRAVES
BEE BARF.

FINALLY, THAT INCREDIBLE HONEY
THEN MAKES IT

ALL THE WAY
TO YOUR BREAKFAST TABLE.

UH, NOT SURE ABOUT
THE NEW MARKETING, GUYS.

♪♪

[ BUZZING ]

COMING UP, EXCITABLE REPTILES,
FIRING FANGS,

AND SPACE-TRAVELING BUGS.

♪♪

♪♪

Narrator: THERE ARE AROUND
600 SPECIES OF VENOMOUS SNAKES

ACROSS THE PLANET
DISHING OUT MORE THAN

FIVE MILLION BITES A YEAR.

THEY CAN BE FOUND EVERYWHERE
ON EARTH, SAVE THE POLES.

YOU DON'T WANT TO WIND THEM UP
OR GET THEM RATTLED.

IT'S PROBABLY BEST TO STAY OUT
OF THEIR WAY ALTOGETHER.

BUT THERE'S ONE SNAKE THAT
CAN DELIVER ITS DEADLY VENOM

FROM A DISTANCE,
THE APTLY NAMED SPITTING COBRA.

GET TOO CLOSE, AND YOU COULD
BE IN THE FIRING LINE.

BUT WHY DO COBRAS SPIT?

THERE ARE 19 SPECIES OF COBRA
THAT CAN SPIT VENOM.

AND ONE OF THE MOST TOXIC IS
THE MOZAMBIQUE SPITTING COBRA.

UP TO FIVE-FEET LONG,
THEY'RE CONSIDERED

ONE OF THE DEADLIEST SNAKES
IN AFRICA.

WITH A BITE THAT CAN KILL
ITS PREY IN MINUTES.

TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT
ITS SPITTING SKILLS,

SNAKE EXPERT DONALD STRYDOM...

-GET MY GOGGLES HERE.
-...IS PUTTING THIS COILED COBRA

TO THE TEST.

[ DRAMATIC CHORD STRIKES ]

AND THIS TOXIC SUPER-SOAKER
HAS A PARTICULAR VENOM

IT CAN SPIT UP TO SIX FEET.

THE MOZAMBIQUE SPITTING COBRA
IS BEING PROVIDED

WITH A CYTOTOXIN,
CELL-DESTROYING VENOM.

NOW, THIS VENOM IS HARMLESS
ON YOUR SKIN,

DANGEROUS ON YOUR EYES.

IT IS EXTREMELY PAINFUL,
IMMEDIATELY BLINDS YOU.

Narrator: TO DEMONSTRATE
HOW ACCURATELY IT SPITS,

DONALD HAS BROUGHT
A FRIEND ALONG.

THIS IS JEFF,
AND HE'S GOING TO MEET

THIS MOZAMBIQUE
SPITTING COBRA FACE TO FACE.

I'VE GOT A PICTURE HERE
THAT I'M GOING TO BE USING

AS A TARGET JUST TO TRY
AND ESTABLISH

WHAT DOES
THE SPITTING COBRA SPIT AT?

Narrator: AND THIS IS JEFF'S
BIG CHANCE TO PROVE

HE WON'T FOLD
UNDER THE PRESSURE.

♪♪

THE COBRA'S EYES ARE FIRMLY
FIXED ON JEFF'S PAPERY FACE.

AND WHEN THE COBRA SEES
THAT JEFF IS NOT BACKING DOWN...

...IT LETS HIM HAVE IT

WITH BOTH BARRELS.

Strydom: THE VENOM IS DIRECTED
IN A CONTINUAL SPINNING MOTION,

WHICH SPLATTERS THE VENOM

STRAIGHT INTO THE FACE
OF THAT IMAGE.

THAT WOULD HAVE MOST CERTAINLY
BLINDED THIS PERSON.

Narrator: AND SCIENTISTS
RECENTLY DISCOVERED

THAT THESE SPITTING COBRAS
DON'T JUST HIT THE FACE,

THEY CAN HIT
THE EYES EVERY TIME --

EVEN WITH A MOVING TARGET.

BUT HOW ARE THEY SO ACCURATE?

DONALD IS ABOUT TO PUT JEFF
BACK IN THE FIRING LINE.

IN THE REAL WORLD,
OUT THERE IN THE BUSH,

SOME PREDATOR
ATTACKING THIS COBRA

WOULD BE BOUNCING
ALL OVER THE PLACE,

LEFT AND RIGHT,
FORWARDS AND BACKWARDS

AND TRYING TO DODGE
THE STRIKE OF THE SNAKE.

THAT WOULD NORMALLY BE A VERY
DIFFICULT TARGET TO AIM ON.

SO I'M GOING TO TRY AND SIMULATE
THE MOVEMENT OF AN ENEMY

AND SEE IF WE CAN NOTICE
ANY PREDICTIVE MOVEMENT.

Narrator: NEW RESEARCH SUGGESTS
THE COBRA WILL STUDY ITS TARGET,

ANALYZING THE DISTANCE, SPEED,
AND PATH OF THEIR MOVEMENT

SO IT CAN ANTICIPATE
ITS NEXT MOVE AND DELIVER VENOM

WITH ALL THE ACCURACY
OF A TRAINED SNIPER.

BULLS EYE.

I MEAN, JEFF'S EYE.

YOU CAN SEE ITS HEAD
FOLLOWING THE TARGET.

Narrator: WHETHER HIGH OR LOW,
GREEN OR BROWN,

THE SNAKE WILL FIND THE EYES.

AND, INCREDIBLY, THEY CAN MAKE
THESE CALCULATIONS

IN JUST 200 MILLISECONDS.

THAT'S JUST HALF A BLINK.

LOTS OF ANIMALS WILL TRY TO EAT
THE MOZAMBIQUE SPITTING COBRA.

AND THAT'S WHEN IT USES
THE VENOM TO BLIND THEM

AND TO MAKE AN ESCAPE.

Narrator: SO IF YOU'RE SMART,
YOU'LL NEVER COME WITHIN

SIX FEET OF
A MOZAMBIQUE SPITTING COBRA.

AND IF YOU EVER DO, REMEMBER,
ALWAYS CLOSE YOUR EYES.

ISN'T THAT RIGHT, JEFF?

COMING UP, MASSIVE REPTILES
DO A DELICATE DANCE.

AND BUGS BLAST OFF INTO SPACE.

♪♪

♪♪

Narrator:
1944, NEW YORK CITY.

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF NATURAL HISTORY

IS HOSTING A FUNDRAISING
ORCHESTRAL PERFORMANCE

NEAR ITS HANDFUL
OF LIVE ANIMAL EXHIBITS.

BUT AS THE BIG BRASS SECTION
HITS A LOW B-FLAT,

OSCAR, THE RESIDENT ALLIGATOR,
GETS VERY EXCITED

AS IF TUBAS ARE
HIS FAVORITE INSTRUMENT

AND B-FLAT, HIS FAVORITE NOTE.

WAS THIS A ONE-OFF THING, OR DO
ALL ALLIGATORS REACT TO MUSIC?

WEIGHING UP TO 1,000 POUNDS
AND ARMED WITH 80 TEETH,

THE BIGGEST AND MOST
DANGEROUS REPTILE

IN THE U.S.
IS THE AMERICAN ALLIGATOR.

5 MILLION SWIM THROUGH
SWAMPS AND LAKES

ACROSS SOUTHEASTERN STATES.

AND AT ST. AUGUSTINE
ALLIGATOR FARM IN FLORIDA,

REPTILE EXPERT JIM DARLINGTON
HAS BEEN GETTING UP CLOSE.

[ ALLIGATOR GROWLING ]

SOMETIMES TOO CLOSE.

Darlington: BUT WE HAVE SEVERAL
HUNDRED AMERICAN ALLIGATORS

HERE AT OUR ZOO.

THIS AREA THAT WE'RE IN RIGHT
NOW IS SOME OF OUR LARGEST.

THEY GET OVER 13 FEET IN HERE.

Narrator: JIM'S HEARD THE 1944
STORY OF THE TUBA-LOVING GATOR

AND WANTS TO KNOW
IF OTHER GATORS

ARE MUSIC ENTHUSIASTS, TOO.

SO HE'S INVITED ALONG
AN ORCHESTRAL MUSICIAN,

JAMES JENKINS.

Darlington: WHAT WE'RE GOING TO
DO TODAY IS PLAY WHAT WE HOPE

IS THE PERFECT NOTE
ON A TUBA, THE B-FLAT.

Narrator: THE PLAN IS TO SEE IF
THE GATORS REACT TO THE SOUND.

RIGHT.

GO FOR IT, JAMES.

[ TUBA PLAYS ]

[ TUBA PLAYS ]

[ ALLIGATOR GROWLS ]

[ TUBA PLAYS ]

[ ALLIGATOR GROWLS ]

WOW!

NOW THAT'S SOME RESPONSE.

[ TUBA PLAYS ]

THEY'RE COMMUNICATING AUDIBLY
AND VISUALLY

BY STICKING THEIR SELVES UP
OUT OF THE WATER.

AND THEY ELEVATE THEIR HEAD
AND TAIL OUT OF THE WATER

AND TAKE A BIG, DEEP BREATH.

AND THERE'S A RUMBLING, BREATHY,
EVEN A VOCAL ROARING SOUND.

[ ALLIGATOR GROWLS ]

Narrator: AND THE TUBA TRIGGERS
ANOTHER INCREDIBLE REACTION.

VIBRATING AT A PRECISE FREQUENCY
SENDS THE WATER ON THEIR BACK

FLYING INTO THE AIR
AS TINY FOUNTAINS,

RESULTING IN
A MESMERIZING SHOW.

Jenkins: IT'S FASCINATING.
I HAD NO IDEA WHAT TO EXPECT.

IT SOUNDED TO ME AS THOUGH
THEY WERE PRETTY ENTHUSIASTIC.

REALLY FANTASTIC.

[ TUBA PLAYS ]

Narrator: AND AS JAMES RESUMES
PLAYING, MORE GATORS JOIN IN.

[ ALLIGATORS GROWLING ]

ONCE ONE ALLIGATOR
STARTS BELLOWING,

THEN THAT REALLY KIND OF
GETS THEM IN GEAR.

Narrator: SO WHAT IS IT
ABOUT A TUBA THAT MAKES THEM

BELLOW AND DANCE?

[ ALLIGATOR GROWLS ]

WELL, FOR THE ALLIGATORS,

IT SOUNDS LIKE
ANOTHER GATOR'S ROAR.

IT TURNS OUT THAT A B-FLAT
ON A TUBA

MATCHES PERFECTLY
TO AN ALLIGATOR.

Narrator:
IT'S THE GATOR'S ONE-NOTE SONG.

BELLOWING IS
A TERRITORIAL DISPLAY.

SO MALE ALLIGATORS AND OTHER
CROCODILIA WILL DO THIS

TO ESTABLISH THEIR
LITTLE PERSONAL BUBBLES.

Narrator: BUT JIM BELIEVES THIS
ROARING AND DANCING

CAN HAVE ANOTHER,
MORE ROMANTIC PURPOSE...

AS A MATING CALL.

BY BELLOWING, THAT'S THEIR,
YOU KNOW, YELLING,

"HEY, I'M OVER HERE."

SO FOR ALLIGATORS THAT CAN'T
BE SEEN IN THE SWAMPS

BY OTHER ALLIGATORS,
THEY CAN BE HEARD.

AND THE FEMALES WILL MOVE
INTO THAT AREA.

[ ALLIGATOR GROWLS ]

Narrator: YES, THIS SOUND
MEANS LOVE IS IN THE AIR.

[ ALLIGATOR GROWLS ]

AND THE ROAR AND DANCE ROUTINE

IS THE BEST WAY FOR A MALE
TO IMPRESS THE LADIES.

BECAUSE IT SHOWS OFF
THEIR STRENGTH AND SIZE.

THE LOUDER THE ROAR
AND GREATER THE WATER DANCE,

THE BIGGER
AND STRONGER THE GATOR.

IT'S THE EQUIVALENT
OF FLEXING THEIR MUSCLES.

AND JAMES' TUBA
IS REPLICATING THE SOUND

OF THIS ALLIGATOR SEDUCTION.

SO, JAMES, HOW DOES IT FEEL
FLIRTING WITH AN ALLIGATOR?

ANOTHER THING I CAN ADD
TO MY REPERTOIRE, I GUESS.

[ TUBA PLAYS ]

BEST NOT GET TOO CLOSE, JAMES.

[ ALLIGATOR GROWLS ]

COMING UP...

[Echoing] BUGS IN SPACE!

Narrator: SPACE,
THE FINAL FRONTIER.

AND THE DEADLIEST.

A HUMAN WOULD LAST
ONLY A COUPLE OF MINUTES

WITHOUT A SPACE SUIT
BEFORE SUFFOCATING

AND FREEZING TO DEATH.

IN FACT, NO EARTHLY ANIMAL
CAN SURVIVE

THESE LETHAL CONDITIONS
FOR LONG.

WELL, EXCEPT ONE CREATURE.

IT'S THE SIZE OF
A GRAIN OF SAND,

AND IT'S CALLED THE TARDIGRADE.

HOW DOES A BUG SURVIVE IN SPACE?

Man: THREE, TWO, ONE.

Narrator: IN 2007,
THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY

FOTON M3 MISSION
ROCKETED THOUSANDS

OF TINY TARDIGRADES INTO SPACE.

THESE EIGHT-LEGGED AND STRANGELY
CUTE MICRO-ANIMALS

ARE NICKNAMED WATER BEARS

BECAUSE THEY USUALLY
LIVE IN WATER,

AND IF YOU REALLY SQUINT,

THEY LOOK A BIT
LIKE MINISCULE BEARS.

IN THEIR SPACESHIP,
FAR, FAR AWAY FROM THEIR HOME,

THESE TINY ASTRONAUTS WERE
EXPOSED TO THE VACUUM OF SPACE.

WHEN THEY RETURNED TO EARTH,
TO EVERYONE'S SURPRISE,

NEARLY ALL OF THEM
WERE STILL ALIVE.

BUT HOW?

TURNS OUT, THEY SURVIVED
BY GOING INTO A UNIQUE FORM

OF SUSPENDED ANIMATION.

IN THE DRYNESS OF SPACE,
THEIR BODY'S WATER EVAPORATES.

BUT THE TARDIGRADE REPLACES IT
WITH A PROTEIN.

IT THEN SHUTS DOWN EVERYTHING
EXCEPT VITAL PROCESSES

TO KEEP IT JUST ALIVE.

IN THIS STATE,
IT DOESN'T MOVE OR BREATHE.

AND THAT MEANS IT DOESN'T
NEED HEAT OR OXYGEN.

SO THE THINGS IN SPACE
THAT ALMOST INSTANTLY KILL US

AND ALL OTHER ANIMALS
DON'T HARM THEM.

THE ONLY THING THAT CAN HURT
THE TARDIGRADES IN SPACE

IS SOLAR RADIATION
THAT SLOWLY COOKS THEM.

AWAY FROM A STAR, IT'S POSSIBLE
THEY COULD LIVE FOR DECADES.

SO, THIS TINY BUG'S
INCREDIBLE SURVIVAL SKILLS

HAVE GOT SOME THINKING,

"WELL, IF THEY CAN
SURVIVE SPACE,

MAYBE THEY ARE ALIENS
FROMSPACE."

IT'S AN OUT-OF-THIS-WORLD
THEORY,

BUT KNOWING WHAT THESE HARDY
TARDIGRADES CAN LIVE THROUGH,

ANYTHING IS POSSIBLE.

LIVE LONG AND PROSPER,
LITTLE GUY.

♪♪