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♪♪
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Narrator: ANIMALS...
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DO THE MOST INCREDIBLE THINGS.
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[ GOAT BLEATS ]
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LIKE THIS...
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AND THIS.
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I BET YOU'RE WONDERING,
"HOW DO THEY DO THAT?"
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WE'RE REVEALING ANIMALS'
BIGGEST SECRETS, LIKE...
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WHY DO CATS PURR?
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WHY DO LADYBUGS HAVE SPOTS?
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AND HOW DID THIS GUY BECOME
THE BIGGEST ANIMAL EVER?
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THESE WONDERS AND MORE ON...
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--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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AFRICAN ELEPHANTS AS WELL
AS BEING THE LARGEST ANIMALS
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TO WALK THE PLANET, ALSO HAVE
THE MOST RECOGNIZABLE BODY PART
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IN THE ENTIRE ANIMAL KINGDOM.
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[ TRUMPETS ]
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IT'S A MARVEL
OF THE ANIMAL WORLD.
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NO OTHER CREATURE
HAS ANYTHING QUITE LIKE IT.
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[ ELEPHANT TRUMPETS ]
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OKAY, ZEBRAS HAVE STRIPES
AND GIRAFFES, THAT LONG NECK,
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BUT EVEN SO AT UP
TO 7 FEET LONG,
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AN ELEPHANT'S TRUNK REALLY
DOES STAND OUT IN A CROWD,
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AND IT'S VERSATILE.
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IT CAN REACH BRANCHES UP
TO 20 FEET HIGH
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AND IS STRONG ENOUGH
TO LIFT OVER 700 POUNDS,
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AND ITS SENSE OF SMELL
IS UP TO FOUR TIMES
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MORE SENSITIVE
THAN A BLOODHOUND'S.
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[ SNIFFS RAPIDLY ]
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[ TRUMPETS ]
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AND THEY'VE LEARNED TO USE IT
IN INCREDIBLE WAYS.
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BY HOLDING THE TIPS
OF THEIR TRUNKS
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ABOVE THE WATER'S SURFACE,
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ELEPHANTS CAN CROSS RIVERS AND
EVEN BAYS VIRTUALLY SUBMERGED.
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THAT'S RIGHT.
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THEY'VE LEARNED TO USE
A PURPOSE-BUILT SNORKEL,
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SOME BETTER THAN OTHERS.
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LIVING IN HERDS OF UP TO 100,
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ELEPHANTS ALSO USE
THEIR SUPER-SIZED SCHNOZ
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TO TRUMPET WARNINGS
AND GREET ONE ANOTHER.
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[ TRUMPETS ]
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HELLO!
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BECAUSE THEY HAVE DEEP
FAMILY BONDS,
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THEY EVEN USE THEIR TRUNKS
TO COMFORT AND CARESS.
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IT'S LIKE A BIG GRAY ARM
AROUND YOUR SHOULDER SAYING,
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"DON'T WORRY, MY FRIEND.
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EVERYTHING IS GOING
TO BE JUST FINE."
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SO AN ELEPHANT'S TRUNK IS LONG,
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STRONG, AND ALWAYS THERE
WHEN THINGS GO WRONG.
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BUT HOW IS THIS MARVELOUS NOSE
CAPABLE OF DOING SO MANY THINGS?
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AT THE ADVENTURES WITH ELEPHANTS
SANCTUARY IN SOUTH AFRICA,
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DR. STEPHANIE SLADE
HAS BEEN WORKING
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WITH CHISHURU FOR 3 YEARS.
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STEPHANIE SET UP
A SERIES OF TESTS
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TO REVEAL THE SECRET
OF THE TRUNK'S VERSATILITY.
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FIRST, A DRINKING TEST.
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STEP ONE -- SLOSH THE WATER
AROUND A BIT.
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STEP TWO --
SPRAY THE CAMERA CREW.
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AND STEP THREE --
TAKE A WELL-EARNED DRINK.
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Slade: GOOD BOY.
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GOOD CHISHURU.
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IT'S JUST LIKE YOUR NOSTRILS,
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BUT THAT TRUNK GOES
DIRECTLY TO THE LUNGS,
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NOT TO THE STOMACH
OR ANY DIGESTIVE AREA,
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SO THEY'LL FILL
THE TRUNK WITH WATER,
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AND THEN IMMEDIATELY TRANSFER
THAT WATER
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TO THEIR MOUTH TO SWALLOW.
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SO HOW DOES
HIS INCREDIBLE TRUNK DO THIS?
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WELL, THE HUMAN BODY
IS MADE UP OF 850 MUSCLES,
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BUT AN ELEPHANT'S TRUNK
IS MADE UP OF MORE THAN 40,000.
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THIS VAST MUSCLE NETWORK
ENABLES THEM TO LIFT, TWIST
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AND MOVE ANY PART OF THEIR TRUNK
FROM THE BASE TO THE VERY TIP.
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SO THESE HUGE, STRONG MUSCLES
WITHIN THE TRUNK
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ARE CONSTRICTING AND WIDENING
TO ALLOW THOSE TWO NOSTRILS
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TO BE LARGER TO ACCOMMODATE
ALL OF THE WATER
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THAT THEY CAN SUCK UP
AND HOLD AT ONE TIME.
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AN ELEPHANT CAN HOLD UP
TO 2 GALLONS IN ITS TRUNK
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IN ONE GULP,
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00:04:12,965 --> 00:04:15,931
AND THERE'S MORE
TO THESE NEAT NOSES.
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ELEPHANTS HAVE
A NUMBER OF WAYS
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TO USE THEIR DYNAMIC TRUNK
TO PICK THINGS UP,
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SO WE'RE GOING TO START
WITH THIS CUBED
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APPLES AND SEGMENTED ORANGES.
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CHISHURU IS USING SOMETHING
UNIQUE TO THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT:
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TWO FINGER-LIKE POINTS
AT THE TIP OF HIS TRUNK.
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BY PINCHING TOGETHER
THESE TWO OPPOSING TIPS,
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THEY CAN GRASP OBJECTS
SMALLER THAN A PIN
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MAKING CHISHURU'S TREMENDOUS
TRUNK THE PERFECT PICKUP.
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GOOD BOY.
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NOW WE'RE GOING TO TRY
THE ABSOLUTE HARDEST TEST
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THAT WE CAN COME UP WITH.
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WHAT ABOUT A FINE POWDER?
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IT'S RIGHT THERE.
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THIS IS GROUND FLAX,
ALSO KNOWN AS LINSEED.
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CHISHURU HAS NEVER COME ACROSS
POWDERED FOOD LIKE THIS BEFORE.
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SO YOU CAN SEE HIM EXPANDING
THE TIP OF HIS TRUNK TO SMELL
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00:05:04,241 --> 00:05:05,724
AND TO SEE WHAT IT IS.
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IT'S NOT MOVING,
SO HE'S NOT USING SUCTION.
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IS THE LACK OF SOMETHING
TO GRIP TOO MUCH
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FOR EVEN CHISHURU'S
TALENTED TRUNK?
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THAT'S INCREDIBLE.
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HE'S USING THE SIDE
OF THOSE FINGERS
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JUST AS YOU WOULD SWEEP
SOMETHING OFF OF A COUNTERTOP.
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THIS IS AS MUCH BRAIN WORK
AS IT IS TRUNK WORK.
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LET'S SEE HOW CHOVA,
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AN ELEPHANT WHO SADLY LOST
THE TIP OF HIS TRUNK,
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MANAGES THE POWDERED SEEDS.
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♪♪
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AMAZING.
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♪♪
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Slade: TO BE ABLE TO SURVIVE
IN AN ADAPTING ENVIRONMENT,
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THEY NEED SOMETHING
THAT'S STRONG AND DELICATE,
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THAT'S ALL OF THOSE THINGS
COMBINED INTO JUST ONE ORGANISM.
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THEY CAN ADAPT IT TO USE
IT HOWEVER THEY NEED.
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IT REALLY IS THE MOST USEFUL
DEVICE AN ANIMAL CAN HAVE.
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IT IS THE ALL-IN-ONE TRUNK.
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[ ELEPHANTS TRUMPET ]
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[ BIRDS CALL ]
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ACROSS THE PLANET, ALL SORTS
OF ANIMALS WEAR SPOTS
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FROM THE WILD SAVANNAS OF AFRICA
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TO THE URBAN JUNGLE
OF THE LAS VEGAS STRIP,
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BUT PERHAPS THE MOST VIVID SPOTS
OF ALL ARE WORN BY THE LADYBUG.
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THIS POP OF COLOR OBVIOUSLY
ISN'T FOR CAMOUFLAGE,
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SO WHY DO LADYBUGS HAVE SPOTS?
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FIVE THOUSAND DIFFERENT
SPECIES OF LADYBUG
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LIVE ON EVERY CONTINENT ON EARTH
EXCEPT ANTARCTICA.
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AND, NO,
LADYBUGS AREN'T ALL LADIES.
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MALES AND FEMALES LOOK
NEARLY IDENTICAL
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EXCEPT MALES
ARE A TINY BIT SMALLER.
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THE MOST COMMON LADYBUG
IN NORTH AMERICA
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IS RECOGNIZABLE FOR ITS RED COAT
AND ITS SEVEN BLACK SPOTS.
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THAT'S RIGHT,
THE SEVEN-SPOT LADYBUG.
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00:07:15,620 --> 00:07:20,620
SO WHY THE BRIGHT RED SHELL
AND DARK BLACK SPOTS?
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SCIENTISTS THINK ALTHOUGH
THEY LOOK GOOD TO US,
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THEY WORK LIKE A WARNING SIGN
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00:07:24,965 --> 00:07:28,206
TO PREDATORS
THINKING OF EATING IT.
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THAT UNMISSABLE COLOR COMBO
IS LIKE A TOXIC LABEL TO SAY,
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"I TASTE DISGUSTING."
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AND THEY'RE NOT BLUFFING.
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INSIDE THEIR BODIES
ARE CHEMICALS
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THAT MAKE THEM SMELL PUNGENT
AND TASTE EXTREMELY BITTER,
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THE SAME ALKALOIDS FOUND
IN CONCENTRATED RAW BROCCOLI.
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UGH.
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AND ALTHOUGH THEY'RE PRETTY,
THEY'RE NOT THE BEE'S KNEES
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BECAUSE THESE KNEES SECRETE
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A SOUR SUBSTANCE
CALLED HEMOLYMPH,
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WHICH MAKES THE LADYBUG'S LEGS
EVEN MORE FOUL TASTING.
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THEY'RE SO DISGUSTING
THAT THEIR PREDATORS,
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00:08:10,620 --> 00:08:14,724
INCLUDING FROGS,
DRAGONFLIES, AND TIGER BEETLES,
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WILL BE
SO REPULSED BY THEIR TASTE,
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THEY'LL SPIT OUT THE BUG
AND ALLOW A QUICK GETAWAY.
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RUN, LADYBUG, RUN!
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AND NEW RESEARCH SUGGESTS
A WELL-FED, HEALTHY LADYBUG
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CAN PUT MORE ENERGY
INTO PRODUCING TOXIC CHEMICALS
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AND GROWING MORE VIBRANT WINGS.
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LADYBUGS DON'T HIDE
IN THE SHADOWS.
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THEY ARE A RED AND BLACK SIGN
THAT SAYS, "STAY OUT OF MY WAY."
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[ BIRDS CALL ]
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[ VARIOUS ANIMAL NOISES ]
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COMING UP --
INCREDIBLE HEALING CATS,
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THE OLDEST ANIMALS
ON THE PLANET,
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AND A SUPERSIZE
OCEAN SENSATION.
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[ CAT MEOWS ]
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[ PURRING ][ CAT MEOWS ]
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CATS LIKE TO CHAT.
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00:09:13,310 --> 00:09:17,586
THEY HAVE A VOCABULARY
OF 16 DIFFERENT SOUNDS
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FROM HOWLING[ CATS HOWL ]
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AND HISSING[ HISSES ]
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TO MEOWING,[ MEOWS LOUDLY ]
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00:09:22,931 --> 00:09:28,620
BUT ONE SOUND EVERY CAT OWNER
LOVES TO HEAR IS THE PURR.
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IT'S AS DISTINCTIVE
AS A HONEYBEE'S BUZZ,
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00:09:32,103 --> 00:09:34,517
BUT IS KITTY TRYING
TO TELL US SOMETHING
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OR DOES IT HAVE ANOTHER PURPOSE?
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[ PURRING ]
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THIS IS TIGER, A GORGEOUS TABBY
WHO KNOWS WHAT HE WANTS.
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00:09:48,655 --> 00:09:51,586
Quagliozzi:
FOOD, ATTENTION, LOVE.
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00:09:51,586 --> 00:09:56,000
AND HERE'S THE HUMAN RESPONSIBLE
FOR SUPPLYING TIGER'S TREATS.
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00:09:56,000 --> 00:09:58,206
DAN IS A CAT CONSULTANT.
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00:09:58,206 --> 00:10:00,241
YES, THAT'S A REAL JOB.
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00:10:00,241 --> 00:10:02,413
HE SPENDS HIS LIFE
WORKING OUT WHAT CATS
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00:10:02,413 --> 00:10:04,620
ARE FEELING AND THINKING.
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00:10:04,620 --> 00:10:06,379
YOU KNOW, MOST OF THE TIME,
MY CATS ARE PURRING,
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00:10:06,379 --> 00:10:10,758
THEY'RE PURRING BECAUSE THEY'RE
CONTENT, AND THEY'RE HAPPY.
185
00:10:10,758 --> 00:10:14,896
Narrator:
THE ABILITY TO PURR
IS NOT SHARED BY EVERY CAT.
186
00:10:14,896 --> 00:10:17,000
AROUND 10 MILLION YEARS AGO,
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00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:23,206
THE WORLD OF CATS SPLIT INTO
THE ROARERS AND THE PURRERS.
188
00:10:23,206 --> 00:10:30,275
THE BIG CATS, LIONS, PANTHERS,
AND TIGERS ARE ABLE TO ROAR,
189
00:10:30,275 --> 00:10:33,310
BUT CAN'T PURR.
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00:10:33,310 --> 00:10:35,689
SMALLER CATS LIKE CHEETAHS,
PUMAS,
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00:10:35,689 --> 00:10:39,482
AND THE DOMESTIC CAT CAN PURR,
BUT CAN'T ROAR.
192
00:10:39,482 --> 00:10:44,137
WHAT SEPARATES PURRERS FROM
ROARERS IS IN THEIR VOICE BOX.
193
00:10:44,137 --> 00:10:47,482
IT CONTAINS A HORSESHOE-SHAPED
BONE CALLED THE HYOID,
194
00:10:47,482 --> 00:10:49,931
AND BELOW IT ARE
THE VOCAL CORDS.
195
00:10:49,931 --> 00:10:53,034
IN LIONS, THIS BONE IS FLEXIBLE
AND STRETCHES,
196
00:10:53,034 --> 00:10:59,862
LETTING THE VOCAL CORDS VIBRATE
SLOWLY TO CREATE THAT DEEP ROAR.
197
00:10:59,862 --> 00:11:01,517
BUT IN DOMESTIC CATS,
198
00:11:01,517 --> 00:11:03,862
THE SAME BONE
IS STIFF AND RIGID,
199
00:11:03,862 --> 00:11:06,448
ALLOWING THE VOCAL CORDS
TO VIBRATE FASTER,
200
00:11:06,448 --> 00:11:09,068
CREATING THAT INCREDIBLE PURR.
201
00:11:09,068 --> 00:11:11,448
[ PURRS ]
202
00:11:11,448 --> 00:11:15,551
BUT THAT PURR IS NOT ALWAYS
A SIGN OF A HAPPY CAT.
203
00:11:15,551 --> 00:11:19,862
A NERVOUS CAT OR A FEARFUL CAT
OR ONE WHO'S IN PAIN WILL PURR
204
00:11:19,862 --> 00:11:21,965
BECAUSE IT RAISES A VIBRATION
IN THEIR BODY,
205
00:11:21,965 --> 00:11:24,103
AND IT CAN BE VERY,
VERY HEALING FOR THEM.
206
00:11:24,103 --> 00:11:25,551
Narrator: HEALING PURRS?
207
00:11:25,551 --> 00:11:27,275
SAY WHAT?
208
00:11:30,551 --> 00:11:35,758
CATS PURR AT A FREQUENCY
BETWEEN 25 AND 150 HERTZ,
209
00:11:35,758 --> 00:11:38,379
AND RESEARCH SHOWS VIBRATIONS
AT THESE SPEEDS
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00:11:38,379 --> 00:11:42,689
CAN REPAIR BONE DENSITY
AND REDUCE INFLAMMATION.
211
00:11:42,689 --> 00:11:45,586
SO IT TURNS OUT THE SOUND
OF THEIR LITTLE ENGINE RUNNING
212
00:11:45,586 --> 00:11:48,517
IS ACTUALLY GOOD FOR THEM,
213
00:11:48,517 --> 00:11:51,379
AND HERE'S THE GREAT NEWS
FOR CAT OWNERS.
214
00:11:51,379 --> 00:11:54,448
YOU COULD BE GETTING A PURRING
HEALTH KICK, TOO.
215
00:11:54,448 --> 00:11:57,448
IT'S PROVEN THAT CAT OWNERS
HAVE LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE,
216
00:11:57,448 --> 00:12:01,793
STRESS LEVELS, AND 40% LESS RISK
OF HEART ATTACKS.
217
00:12:01,793 --> 00:12:05,137
TALK ABOUT GOOD VIBRATIONS.
218
00:12:05,137 --> 00:12:08,620
EVEN NASA IS INVESTIGATING
IF THE FREQUENCY OF PURRING
219
00:12:08,620 --> 00:12:10,137
COULD HELP ASTRONAUTS REPAIR
220
00:12:10,137 --> 00:12:12,724
THE DENSITY OF THEIR BONES
AND MUSCLES,
221
00:12:12,724 --> 00:12:15,689
WHICH ARE REDUCED
IN ZERO GRAVITY.
222
00:12:15,689 --> 00:12:18,379
BUT THEY'RE NOT SENDING CATS TO
THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
223
00:12:18,379 --> 00:12:20,068
JUST YET.
224
00:12:20,068 --> 00:12:22,137
STAND DOWN, MAJOR TOM.
225
00:12:22,137 --> 00:12:23,551
[ PURRS ][ SATELLITE BEEPS ]
226
00:12:23,551 --> 00:12:26,724
[ BUZZING ]
227
00:12:26,724 --> 00:12:30,689
COMING UP --
A 500-YEAR-OLD PHENOMENON
228
00:12:30,689 --> 00:12:33,551
AND A MOUTH
AS BIG AS A DUMP TRUCK.
229
00:12:44,310 --> 00:12:49,172
SOME ANIMALS LIVE FAST
AND DIE YOUNG, LIKE THE MAYFLY,
230
00:12:49,172 --> 00:12:51,551
WHICH COMPLETES ITS LIFE CYCLE
IN JUST 1 DAY,
231
00:12:51,551 --> 00:12:54,172
[ WHOOSH ]IF IT'S LUCKY.
232
00:12:55,551 --> 00:13:00,172
BUT SOME LIVE A LONG,
EVEN VERY LONG LIFE,
233
00:13:00,172 --> 00:13:04,137
SO WHAT ARE THE WORLD'S OLDEST
LIVING CREATURES
234
00:13:04,137 --> 00:13:07,689
AND HOW DO ANIMALS LIVE SO LONG?
235
00:13:10,965 --> 00:13:12,620
AS WELL AS BEING THE LARGEST,
236
00:13:12,620 --> 00:13:15,137
ELEPHANTS ARE ALSO
ONE OF NATURE'S OLDEST,
237
00:13:15,137 --> 00:13:18,862
LIVING TO AROUND 60 IN THE WILD.[ TRUMPETS ]
238
00:13:18,862 --> 00:13:21,517
BUT THE OLDEST ELEPHANT
TO HAVE PLODDED THE EARTH
239
00:13:21,517 --> 00:13:25,413
WAS AN ASIAN ELEPHANT
FROM TAIWAN CALLED LIN WANG
240
00:13:25,413 --> 00:13:28,482
WHO LIVED TO A MAMMOTH
86 YEARS OLD.
241
00:13:30,758 --> 00:13:33,103
LIN WANG WAS A CULTURAL ICON
242
00:13:33,103 --> 00:13:36,206
AND A DECORATED
WORLD WAR II HERO.
243
00:13:36,206 --> 00:13:38,310
KNOWN AS GRANDADDY LIN WANG,
244
00:13:38,310 --> 00:13:41,344
HE WAS TAIPEI CITY
ZOO'S FAVORITE TUSKER
245
00:13:41,344 --> 00:13:44,965
AND WAS EVEN MADE
AN HONORARY CITIZEN OF TAIWAN.
246
00:13:44,965 --> 00:13:47,827
[ TRUMPETS ]
247
00:13:47,827 --> 00:13:50,034
PART OF THE SECRET
TO HIS RIPE OLD AGE
248
00:13:50,034 --> 00:13:51,965
MAY BE DOWN TO SOMETHING
SCIENTISTS
249
00:13:51,965 --> 00:13:54,689
HAVE ONLY RECENTLY DISCOVERED,
250
00:13:54,689 --> 00:13:57,482
THAT ALL ELEPHANTS
HAVE A TUMOR-SUPPRESSING GENE
251
00:13:57,482 --> 00:14:00,586
THAT EVEN KILLS OFF
DAMAGED CELLS,
252
00:14:00,586 --> 00:14:04,034
MAKING THEM
HIGHLY RESISTANT TO CANCER.
253
00:14:04,034 --> 00:14:06,517
RESEARCHERS FOUND ELEPHANTS
HAVE AROUND 20 TIMES
254
00:14:06,517 --> 00:14:10,827
MORE OF THIS CANCER-FIGHTING
GENE THAN HUMANS.
255
00:14:10,827 --> 00:14:13,517
NORMALLY IN THE WILD,
THE LARGER THE ANIMAL,
256
00:14:13,517 --> 00:14:17,655
THE GREATER THE RISK OF CANCER,
BUT DESPITE THEIR SIZE,
257
00:14:17,655 --> 00:14:20,862
ELEPHANTS ARE NO MORE
SUSCEPTIBLE TO CANCER
258
00:14:20,862 --> 00:14:23,034
THAN CHIHUAHUAS.[ WHINES ]
259
00:14:24,931 --> 00:14:27,620
THE NEXT OLDEST ANIMAL
IS A JAPANESE FISH
260
00:14:27,620 --> 00:14:32,000
WHICH CAN BE VERY COY
ABOUT ITS AGE,
261
00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:35,517
BUT THERE IS A WAY TO FIND OUT.
262
00:14:35,517 --> 00:14:37,103
MUCH LIKE ON A TREE,
263
00:14:37,103 --> 00:14:41,310
YOU CAN COUNT THE GROWTH RING
MARKINGS ON THE FISH'S SCALES,
264
00:14:41,310 --> 00:14:46,068
AND KOI USUALLY LIVE ANYWHERE
FROM 20 TO 60 YEARS OF AGE.
265
00:14:46,068 --> 00:14:48,344
BUT BY COUNTING THE RINGS
ON ONE PARTICULAR JAPANESE
266
00:14:48,344 --> 00:14:50,344
KOI CALLED HANAKO,
267
00:14:50,344 --> 00:14:55,655
IT WAS DISCOVERED SHE WAS BORN
IN 1751, 5 YEARS BEFORE
268
00:14:55,655 --> 00:15:00,724
MOZART, MAKING HER
226 YEARS OLD.
269
00:15:00,724 --> 00:15:04,034
EXPERTS GUESS THAT THE PURITY
OF THE CRYSTAL CLEAR WATERS
270
00:15:04,034 --> 00:15:08,793
OF THE JAPANESE MOUNTAINS
MAY HOLD THE ANSWER.
271
00:15:08,793 --> 00:15:11,862
SOUNDS FISHY TO ME.
272
00:15:11,862 --> 00:15:14,862
JUST LIKELY BEHIND
THE ELDERLY KOI IS A SLOW
273
00:15:14,862 --> 00:15:20,206
AND STEADY GIANT TORTOISE FROM
THE SEYCHELLES CALLED ADWAITA.
274
00:15:20,206 --> 00:15:22,620
CARBON DATING ADWAITA'S
SHELL REVEALED
275
00:15:22,620 --> 00:15:26,827
HE WAS 255,
OLD ENOUGH TO HAVE WITNESSED
276
00:15:26,827 --> 00:15:30,517
THE SIGNING OF
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
277
00:15:30,517 --> 00:15:34,413
[ INTRO TO FRANCIS SCOTT KEY'S
"STAR SPANGLED BANNER" PLAYS ]
278
00:15:34,413 --> 00:15:38,068
SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THAT THE
SECRET TO ADWAITA'S ANTIQUITY
279
00:15:38,068 --> 00:15:41,551
CAN BE ATTRIBUTED
TO HIS LAID-BACK LIFESTYLE.
280
00:15:41,551 --> 00:15:45,620
ANIMALS WITH SLOW METABOLISMS
LIKE GIANT TORTOISES BURN ENERGY
281
00:15:45,620 --> 00:15:49,655
AT A FAR LOWER RATE THAN ANIMALS
WITH A HIGH METABOLISM,
282
00:15:49,655 --> 00:15:53,000
INCREASING
THEIR LIFE EXPECTANCY.
283
00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:59,344
SO TAKE A LEAF OUT OF ADWAITA'S
BOOK, LIVE SLOW, LIVE LONGER.
284
00:15:59,344 --> 00:16:03,413
TOP OF THE FOOD CHAIN AND NEARLY
TOP OF THE AGE CHART IS A FEMALE
285
00:16:03,413 --> 00:16:07,724
GREENLAND SHARK
THAT'S FINTASTICALLY OLD.
286
00:16:07,724 --> 00:16:10,482
THESE MYSTERIOUS AND LITTLE
KNOWN SHARKS ARE FOUND
287
00:16:10,482 --> 00:16:13,482
IN THE ICE-COLD
WATERS OF THE ARCTIC.
288
00:16:13,482 --> 00:16:15,586
SLOW-GROWING,
THEY INCREASE IN SIZE
289
00:16:15,586 --> 00:16:17,586
BY ABOUT A 1/3 OF AN INCH A YEAR
290
00:16:17,586 --> 00:16:22,310
AND CAN REACH AROUND
23 FEET IN LENGTH.
291
00:16:22,310 --> 00:16:25,793
SCIENTISTS WERE RECENTLY ABLE
TO MEASURE THE AGE OF THIS SHARK
292
00:16:25,793 --> 00:16:29,310
USING RADIO CARBON DATING
OFF HER EYE,
293
00:16:29,310 --> 00:16:32,482
WHICH PROVED SHE WAS AN
[CLEARS THROAT] EYE-WATERING
294
00:16:32,482 --> 00:16:34,758
400 YEARS OLD
295
00:16:34,758 --> 00:16:38,724
MAKING THIS GREENLAND SHARK THE
OLDEST VERTEBRATE ON THE PLANET,
296
00:16:38,724 --> 00:16:42,965
BUT NOT THE OLDEST ANIMAL.
297
00:16:42,965 --> 00:16:48,827
THE CROWN FOR THE MOST
ANCIENT ANIMAL GOES TO A CLAM.
298
00:16:48,827 --> 00:16:52,103
THIS IS MING,
AN OCEAN QUAHOG CLAM,
299
00:16:52,103 --> 00:16:55,965
AND THE LINES ON ITS SHELL
WERE ALL TOO TELLING OF ITS AGE.
300
00:16:55,965 --> 00:16:58,448
WITH EACH YEAR,
CLAMS ADD A NEW RING,
301
00:16:58,448 --> 00:16:59,931
AND SCIENTISTS FOUND THIS ONE
302
00:16:59,931 --> 00:17:03,241
WAS BORN
MORE THAN 500 YEARS AGO.
303
00:17:03,241 --> 00:17:07,206
ALTHOUGH ONLY 3 1/2 INCHES,
MING WAS ALREADY MORE THAN 100
304
00:17:07,206 --> 00:17:11,517
WHEN THE FIRST PILGRIMS
LANDED IN AMERICA IN 1620.
305
00:17:11,517 --> 00:17:13,551
AND SINCE THEY'RE LOCAL
TO THE NORTHEAST,
306
00:17:13,551 --> 00:17:15,862
HE MIGHT HAVE GOTTEN
TO AMERICA BEFORE THEM.
307
00:17:15,862 --> 00:17:17,482
[ CRUNCH, CRUNCH ]
308
00:17:20,275 --> 00:17:22,896
COMING UP --
A MIGHTY MOUTH WONDER
309
00:17:22,896 --> 00:17:25,517
THAT'S THE MAMMOTH
OF ALL MAMMOTHS.
310
00:17:37,034 --> 00:17:40,310
Narrator: BEHOLD THE GRANDADDY
OF ALL ANIMALS,
311
00:17:40,310 --> 00:17:43,655
NOT JUST THE BIGGEST ANIMAL
ON THE PLANET TODAY,
312
00:17:43,655 --> 00:17:48,655
BUT THE BIGGEST ANIMAL TO HAVE
LIVED ON THE PLANET EVER.
313
00:17:48,655 --> 00:17:52,586
BUT WHY IS
THE BLUE WHALE SO BIG?
314
00:17:54,965 --> 00:17:58,758
THIS MONUMENTAL GIANT CAN GROW
TO OVER 100 FEET,
315
00:17:58,758 --> 00:18:01,620
LONGER THAN A BASKETBALL COURT.[ CHEERS ]
316
00:18:01,620 --> 00:18:04,586
I KNOW, AMAZING!
317
00:18:04,586 --> 00:18:08,448
ITS BABIES EMERGE AT
AN EYE-WATERING 25 FEET LONG
318
00:18:08,448 --> 00:18:11,310
AND NEARLY 9,000 POUNDS.
319
00:18:11,310 --> 00:18:13,206
OUCH.
320
00:18:13,206 --> 00:18:17,068
AND YOU AND 50 OF YOUR CLOSEST
FRIENDS COULD FIT IN ITS MOUTH.
321
00:18:20,586 --> 00:18:24,034
SOMETHING THIS SIZE
JUST SHOULDN'T EXIST.
322
00:18:24,034 --> 00:18:29,965
ALL HAIL THE BLUE WHALE.
323
00:18:29,965 --> 00:18:31,965
BECAUSE THE WHALE
LIVES IN WATER,
324
00:18:31,965 --> 00:18:34,275
THE AFFECT OF GRAVITY
IS LESS OF A RESTRICTION
325
00:18:34,275 --> 00:18:37,482
ON HOW BIG IT CAN GROW.
326
00:18:37,482 --> 00:18:41,275
ON DRY LAND,
AT OVER 300,000 POUNDS,
327
00:18:41,275 --> 00:18:42,586
ITS IMMENSE BODY WEIGHT
328
00:18:42,586 --> 00:18:46,827
WOULD CRUSH
ITS OWN ORGANS WITHIN MINUTES.
329
00:18:46,827 --> 00:18:50,310
THE BIGGEST LAND ANIMAL
IS THE AFRICAN ELEPHANT,
330
00:18:50,310 --> 00:18:56,448
BUT THE BLUE WHALE'S TONGUE
IS AS HEAVY AS ONE OF THOSE.
331
00:18:56,448 --> 00:18:59,551
BUT THE LACK OF GRAVITY STILL
DOESN'T EXPLAIN WHY IT DWARFS
332
00:18:59,551 --> 00:19:04,310
EVERY OTHER ANIMAL,
EVEN IN THE SEA.
333
00:19:04,310 --> 00:19:08,137
IT TURNS OUT BLUE WHALES
WEREN'T ALWAYS THIS BIG.
334
00:19:08,137 --> 00:19:10,310
FOUR AND A HALF
MILLION YEARS AGO,
335
00:19:10,310 --> 00:19:12,586
WHALES WERE MORE LIKE
30 FEET LONG.
336
00:19:12,586 --> 00:19:16,827
THAT'S THE SIZE OF
A GREAT WHITE SHARK TODAY.
337
00:19:16,827 --> 00:19:20,068
IT'S AROUND THIS TIME THAT
THEY STARTED TO GET BIGGER
338
00:19:20,068 --> 00:19:23,448
AND BIGGER AND BIGGER.
339
00:19:23,448 --> 00:19:25,724
BUT WHY?
340
00:19:25,724 --> 00:19:30,379
IT'S THE END OF A MAJOR ICE AGE,
AND RUNOFF FROM MELTING ICE CAPS
341
00:19:30,379 --> 00:19:35,517
FORMED RICH BREEDING GROUND FOR
TINY CRUSTACEANS CALLED KRILL,
342
00:19:35,517 --> 00:19:38,689
AND THEY SUDDENLY BOOMED
IN NUMBERS NEVER SEEN BEFORE,
343
00:19:38,689 --> 00:19:43,896
BILLIONS, EVEN TRILLIONS,
AND AN INCREDIBLE BIT OF ANATOMY
344
00:19:43,896 --> 00:19:47,517
ALLOWED THE BLUE WHALE
TO TAKE FULL ADVANTAGE --
345
00:19:47,517 --> 00:19:49,758
THEIR DUMP TRUCK MOUTHS.
346
00:19:52,413 --> 00:19:54,896
BLUE WHALES HAVE HUNDREDS
OF FLEXIBLE PLATES
347
00:19:54,896 --> 00:19:58,793
ON THEIR UPPER JAW
CALLED BALEEN.
348
00:19:58,793 --> 00:20:01,793
A SINGLE OPEN-MOUTHED CHARGE
INTO A SHOAL OF PREY
349
00:20:01,793 --> 00:20:04,931
CAN TAKE IN 120 TONS OF WATER
350
00:20:04,931 --> 00:20:09,931
AND HALF A MILLION KRILL
IN A SINGLE GULP.
351
00:20:09,931 --> 00:20:11,689
AS THEY CLOSE THEIR MOUTHS,
352
00:20:11,689 --> 00:20:15,413
THE COMB-LIKE PLATES FORCE
THE WATER THROUGH AND STRAIN OUT
353
00:20:15,413 --> 00:20:20,344
THE KRILL LIKE A MASSIVE
SIEVE DRAINING MINUSCULE PASTA.
354
00:20:20,344 --> 00:20:23,724
THIS UNIQUE KRILL-CATCHING
DESIGN ALLOWS BLUE WHALES
355
00:20:23,724 --> 00:20:30,931
TO EAT A WHOPPING 4 TONS
OR 40 MILLION KRILL EVERY DAY.
356
00:20:30,931 --> 00:20:33,724
SO IT'S BECAUSE TODAY THERE IS
SO MUCH WHALE FOOD
357
00:20:33,724 --> 00:20:35,275
THAT WE CAN WITNESS AN ANIMAL
358
00:20:35,275 --> 00:20:38,379
A SIZE THE PLANET
HAS NEVER SEEN BEFORE.
359
00:20:41,068 --> 00:20:44,310
WE REALLY ARE LIVING
AMONG GIANTS.
28403
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