All language subtitles for How the Universe Works s04e07 The First Oceans.en

Life depends on the earth
On the seas, rivers and rain

But is our blue planet unique?

Or did the universe form
Many other aquatic worlds like him?

If we break the secrets
The first Earth oceans will be decomposed

Secrets of Space Life

"The Ways of the Universe"

"First oceans"

Earth is the only planet we know

With ocean of liquid water covering its surface

It is the only planet we know of a life

If you look at every living thing on Earth

You see that every object has a part of water

Be his devices

But we are bags of water
Which allows chemicals to move

And do things we call life

On the ground, liquid water
Life is in hand

But how lucky we are to have
A water oasis we call home?

We have a lot of water

Is it here when the earth was formed?

Or did something bring it here from space?

Is owning such a water world a stroke of luck?

Or is it inevitable?

Scientists have long and well studied the origins

The water of the earth, and what they discovered was amazing

Our planet would never have been water

The location where the land is located
Currently it looks very Java

If the earth formed like a rock
Dry around star hot spicy

How come water came here?

Each possibility has its own problems, and we want to answer

Tracing the right source of water for the earth

Very complex

The journey begins 4.6 billion years ago

During the formation of our solar system

Related to a huge cloud of gas and dust in space

Inside that cloud, multiply
Hydrogen and oxygen atoms

Oxygen is one of the most abundant atoms in the universe

More hydrogen atoms are available in the universe

You will have a lot of what they do

, Over millions of years

These atoms combine high
Interact together to be water

Water molecule is fairly simple

It consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom

This newly formed water adheres to dust grains

Inside the gas cloud

Slowly growing into crystals of ice

In the end, the dust cloud
The snowiness becomes very dense

So that they begin to compress under gravity

This starts the process of configuring our solar system

There is enough water here

To fill the Earth's oceans more than three million times

When we see the stars that are now composed

We are studying hundreds and thousands of them

See disks of materials starting to spin around

Young stars .. Gas and dust

There are certainly some water in those substances

Gravity attracts more and more materials

To the center of the cloud

Crane pressure and heat

In the end, big powers are urging integration

... and the first star .. our nascent sun

It explodes alive

Bad news about the surrounding water of the newborn star

The star environment is time configured

Extremely hot and violent

Any water that existed in that area

Because water is a pilot element, it will fade

Water can not exist
Near a star at the beginning of its composition

Astronomers believe that the young sun may have swallowed

Most of the dust and water that surrounds it

And then detonated those relics

Away towards space in
Heavy columns of steam

In the most active volcanic regions

A similar process explodes the water
Hot up in the air

Deep in the ground, the water is heated heavily

It does not have an outlet when it turns into vapor

And goes out in those huge columns

The primary stars have a lot of water around

Water can be discharged

It is pushed out via
Those tunnels are in giant competition

Which publishes water
Out through the entire galaxy

In space, the overheated water escapes through

Bekaa weak magnetism
For the poles of the first stars

Water pockets within these vast steam vessels

Finally harden into space
Cold to be snowballs

And escape from the first star

Faster than the submachine gun projectiles eighty times

Is this what happened to our solar system?

The situation will be frightening
To be there to see it

But fortunately that
Our galaxy continues to form stars

So that we can study the primary stars across the galaxy

And we look at things that are very similar

What happened to the sun

In 2011, astronomers watched the composition

A star similar to the sun

Their desks showed a central ball of gas

Attracts materials inside
Of the surrounding clouds

Before you push the water out quickly

About ten million rivers of the Amazon

A similar process may have paid

Most of the water in our solar system is newborn

When the sun matured, the vines dried out

... and there was a new danger to the remaining water

Hot torrent of particles
Charged solar wind

When the sun was heated

The nearby snow turned to water

And when the sun grew hotter
She turned it into water vapor

And when the sun sent forth its solar wind

Luminous, I began to push this water away

Solar wind blows in
Ultrasonic flow of plasma

Of the outer layers of the sun

They collide with the surrounding cloud

To pay most of the gas and water ice away

There is only dust left

With the remains of water related to it

Far from the sun
Solar wind has less impact

They are also cooler

The result is a limit of water ice

It is half a billion miles from the sun

Known as the snow line

When astronomers discuss
From the snow line, they were wondering

How far is it
Water from condensation away from the sun?

Where the water is cold enough to condense

To droplets and become particles and become snow?

If it were closer to that, it would remain a gas

The first and largest planet in the solar system

It started at the snow line

Where the snow is in
More thick, his gatherings occurred

Attracted to each other by gravity and growing

A huge snowball grew

She drew all the material around her

To be manufactured in the end
Jupiter the giant invader

Where the snowball is in less
Its thickness consists of a similar process

Other Invasive Planets

Saturn, Uranus and Neptune

In the dry inner side of the
Snow line, the dust gathers together

... to be a family of small rocky planets

Including land

Most astronomers believe that our planet is

Of dry rocks not more

With microscopic droplets of water adhering to them

But even this valuable stock of water is threatened

The most violent event in the history of our planet

Our solar system is 4.6 billion years old

What Earth is but one of the huge rock balls

Which formed around the sun

And the attractiveness of our young planet

Continue to attract cuttings

From the cloud surrounding dust

Rocks that hit the ground
Carry small amounts of water

Remnants of time before the sun shines alive

Planetary scientist "Dan Dorda" believes that this water

He rarely has the opportunity to survive on the fledgling land

Due to the effects of heat
For many high-speed hits

Building a planet is a very violent process

Can be easily viewed here

High-speed collision of a bullet

This is one blow

When the bullet pierces the target

Some of its kinetic energy turns into heat

You can see this sudden hot emission

Using the thermal camera

In the case of a real collision, a huge asteroid collision

The energy is greater, the rock is already melted

, And 4.5 billion years ago
There were such clashes

Per month

To see what we have above

The gun shows us the heat sprayer

Transmitted by multiple asteroid collisions

The cumulative effect of these collisions is heating up

The surface of the earth is about the temperature of magma

Heat near lava

Common energy of collisions

Boil the surface of the young earth

There are great clashes

This is a high-temperature activity

If there is water, it is very difficult

To be carried on by heat and energy

Maybe the water ran away

Sixty million years later

The building of the planet slowed down

And cool the surface of the earth enough to be crusted

The remaining water is trapped inside it

But not for a long time

The primary solar system
More crowded planets than now

One of them - Thia - is rushing toward the ground

Thea pulls out a large piece of the crust of our planet

The rock fragments make a giant ring of nectar

Which will eventually be bound to be the moon

Earth swaying from collision
Returns to a ball of lava

The heat eliminates more water

He collided with Thea
Leaving the crust very dry

Where does the water we see today come from?

There are only two possible possibilities

So the water stays on it either

Enclosure in sufficient depth
In the rocks do not even fading

Or evaporate, or come to Earth after its formation

Is our planet originally

Of wet rocks than traditional theories allow?

Or the ocean moved to Earth

From somewhere else later?

First of all, moving is a possible option

Far behind the Neptune orbit

A huge bar of material is located
The snowy is called the Kapper Belt

Consisting of the remnants of construction units

Of giant gaseous planets

Parts of those relics
Snowy, known as comets

Sometimes rushing towards the inner solar system

Did those comets
Invasive by bringing water to the first Earth?

The comets are basically dirty dirty snowballs

They are huge balls of ice with rocks and stones

The gems and dust immersed by them

We believe that fifty percent
Of the comet consists of ice

If you look at everything in the solar system

Trying to find a source of water on the ground

There is a clear answer

Look at the comets

Comet comets represent one

The coolest scenes in the night sky

When approaching the sun
Solar wind blows up water

From the surface of those dusty snowballs

And it shall give rise to a bright trail that may extend

For millions of miles

Today, comets are rare visitors

Of the inner solar system

But four billion years ago, there were many

The earth was in its own way

It is quite reasonable that
Expect these snowy objects

Of the outer solar system
Come inside and hit the ground

The question is how much contributed

The rocks present form the moon

Shows the possession of young land for vast oceans

Scientists calculate the number
Collisions required to fill

Massive numbers

Comets come in different sizes

If we take the average culprit

It takes twenty or thirty million guilty

To make the Earth's oceans

If millions of comets brought water

Of the young earth, it must have done so

In a short period, the moon formed again

Scientists look at the solar system for evidence

For this rapid snow attack

... and found him in the lowest places a possibility

Our moon seems waterless

Earth is the only planet in the solar system

... covered by oceans

, About 320 million cubic miles of them

Covering 70 percent of the planet's surface

Despite its abundance, the water of the earth is perplexing

Experts because the crust of our planet was very dry

If you look to Bekaa water distribution

, In our solar system
There is no ice here

In the inner solar system

How about our planet Earth, near the sun

To end with that abundant water?

Maybe the water came from behind the snow line

Brought by snow comets

But it took tens of millions of collisions

To fill the Earth's oceans

Walk on an ocean beach today and see

For this vast water and thought of its coming

In small pieces of ice here on the ground

It's an amazing idea

If comets brought the Earth's oceans

What made many of them collide with our planet?

The guide is hidden inside the moon nozzles

Well, I have a picture here

Pick up that little rock .. here

, In the 1970s
The Apollo pioneers collected rocks

Of the largest moon nozzles to determine the time of their formation

They brought her to our laboratories

And we can date .. When these rocks formed?

Planetary geologists have assumed that those nozzles

The moon formation time was almost broken

It was definitely a big surprise

We found that many basins
The huge collisions on the moon

Did not consist in the early days of composition

The moon, but hundreds of millions of years later

During an era we call the late heavy shelling

Because it happened hundreds of millions of years ago

After the formation of the earth and the moon

Heavy shelling began late

When the giant gazelle lined up

Their common attractiveness has
With a huge belt of comets

Near Mars

And it sends forth a barrage of rocks toward the earth and the moon

And other inner planets

Neptune swings out

He collides with the Capper belt comets

Many of them are also shooting inwardly

The door of hell opened

Ninety-nine percent disappear
From the Kapper belt and the asteroid belt

Throw several objects everywhere

We look at the moon and see it as a delegate

It is covered with craters

... Earth did not escape magically

Of this shelling

... for every crater you see on the moon

... because Earth is a larger target in space

It consists of about 20 or 30 nozzles on the ground

We do not necessarily see it everywhere now

Because it is a planet active in geological processes

She wiped those nozzles

The land was hit by heavy shelling

But how many collisions are there
Come from water-rich comets?

We do not know, and one of the most prominent scientific questions

Have comets come to transport

Ocean waters at this time?

If comets formed our oceans

It may have left behind a unique chemical imprint

Because it is not all the water itself

On the earth, for every ten thousand
A drop of regular water

There are three drops of semi-heavy water

A rare molecule made up of deuterium instead of hydrogen

Deuterium is a normal hydrogen nucleus

But instead of being a proton in itself

They are protons and neutrons linked together

Nitron overload in deuterium adds weight

So the water that is formed
"Of those atoms is called" heavy

Semi-heavy water is formed
In an easier way in colder climates

So the edges of the solar system created it

More areas near the sun

Ratio of deuterium to
Hydrogen is a highly sensitive sensor

For the place of water formation in our solar system

Therefore, we can look at the abundance of heavy water

To determine the origin and composition of that water

In 1986, scientists gained their first chance

To test the chemistry of comet water

When the "Halley" comet made a fleeting visit

To the night sky

Astronomers search for the distinctive footprint

The semi-heavy water, but not the result

As they had expected

They measured water weight for the first time and found it

It is heavier than the Earth's oceans twice

He passed through Hyokotake and Hale Bob
In the 1990s

These two newly discovered sinuses are the age of comets

Which hit the ground

During the heavy shelling

But it turned out that Hyokotake and Hill Bob are owned

Semi-heavy water is much more than the Earth's oceans

People began to worry because total

The water of the earth is also measured by the oceans

Can not consist only of those comets

In 2014, Rosetta Space probe

He measured a guilty comrade
... The results have resolved the issue

Semi-heavy water content

Generally, the chemical content of the Earth's oceans

The atmosphere is different

On the chemical content of comets

When you look at a recipe
Hydrogen in water molecules

Which is the comet we have measured so far

It is not exactly like water

On our planet

It is clear to me that the comets did not bring

All ground water

If not the snowballs
Soiled is responsible, what is responsible?

An unlikely candidate started to appear

In 2011, the space probe Don

He flew near the giant asteroid Vista

We used to think that rock objects
Like Vista it was very dry

But the team's observation view is evidence of water

on the roof

Vista water turned out to be chemically equivalent

Earth's oceans

The water type is very similar to what we think it contributes

Install water on the ground

So there is a compelling evidence that those species

Of the asteroids were putting water on the ground

Scientists have shifted their focus from comets to asteroids

But how did these rocks come?
Which looks dry with enough water

To fill the Earth's oceans?

Interpretation may be found in the frequency of residues

For an incomplete planet

Today, our solar system houses

Four rocky planets

Mercury

Flower

Earth

And Mars

But there should have been five

Billions of years ago, planets were formed

Throughout our solar system

But there was an area between Mars and Jupiter

Where Jupiter's attractiveness worked on tearing

Whatever he was trying to be

Today, the scattered remains
Of the incomplete rock planet

It fills that attractive battlefield

Its relics are a huge belt of rubble

Around the sun is called an asteroid belt

The rocks inside the asteroid belt range in size

From grains of sand to giant rocks

Offering hundreds of miles

When I began to study work
.. Falc, we called rock

Dry rocks

We now realize there is plenty of water

Perhaps even liquid water on some of the larger asteroids

Our new understanding of the water of asteroids

, Comes from the study of meteorites

Small drops of asteroid belt

Which sometimes fall on the ground

I have a sample of a meteorite called

Kundright Carbon

Its appearance and texture are fairly dry

But I can tell you that the sample contains

20 percent of its water weight

Even the collision does not release the hidden water

Because the water is chemically linked to the elements

Which make up the rock

... and see if we could get the heat on

The Flame

Heat allows water molecules to separate

Chemical bonds and escape as water vapor

Look at all that outflow

This small sample of the meteorite emits

All this water

This is a direct and tangible guide to the amount of water

Large quantity of water
Which can be transferred

Of the Earth from the collision of asteroids

Four billion years ago

There have been many asteroid collisions on Earth

During the heavy shelling

Each collision generates a severe emission of heat

Which liberates the water trapped inside the asteroid

Water vapor falls back to the earth in the form of rain

The same water exists today in our oceans

... and our rivers

Even in the cups of our coffee

When we look at the footprint of deuterium

In the waters of the earth, they match

Meteorites and asteroids are more than comets

So some water comes from comets

But most of the water in your body now

It may have come from the asteroid belt

Until recently, water-bearing asteroids

It solved the ambiguity of the first Earth's oceans

But the discovery of a new geologist is assumed

That these collisions tell only part of the story

There is an amazing amount of water

on the surface of the ground

The Pacific contains a half-size area

Earth's surface is almost millions and millions

Cubic miles of water

Yet it is not all water on earth

Some of them are under the surface

In recent years, he has done
... geologists with amazing discovery

A layer of hot rock lay beneath the earth's crust

Carry loads of water

Seismologists have discovered

Earthquake analysis

When a huge earthquake hits
Low-frequency sound waves are transmitted

Across the different layers of the subsoil before striking

The crust is on the other side of the planet

Studies of these long-range clots appear

Some sound waves slow down when they reach

Hot layer of rock

Beneath the crust is three hundred miles

There is one thing known to delay passage

Sound across rocks

water

It is not like an ocean of water

They are water molecules linked to minerals

And other molecules

But if you took that water and gathered it together

We think it will add more than all the water

In all the oceans of the earth

This huge stock of underground water

A real puzzle

Because it is impossible for comets or asteroids

To penetrate the crust of the earth with this great depth

It is really inside the earth

There does not seem to be an easy way to move from the surface

Even hundreds of miles towards the mantle layer

... so it seems that water is present

The finder, came with the earth at the time of its formation

Large amounts of water must have been mixed

When the earth was born

But this simple fact
It means that everything we thought

And what we knew about the birth of our planet

He was wrong

The heat of the sun evaporates water

... from the surface of the warmest ground

A mile after a mile of burning sand dunes

There is no water here

Five billion years ago, the Great Cosmic Desert

Which were stretching from the young sun up to the snow line

Dry

How can the soles of our wet planet be formed?

From this dry rock dust?

We believe that the material was made up

In the solar system in the current earth position

They were drier than the earth

So we think the land has an additional contribution

Of water-rich materials

Where did all that extra cosmic water come from?

He must have transferred something very much

From the wet side of the snow line

The guide comes from the observation of distant outer planets

Inflamed from its original stars

We often see Jupiter-sized planets fall

Near its stars, and perhaps a very close distance

Closer sometimes than after Mercury from the sun

At first, these
Giants near their stars

They were a mystery

How these planets were formed
That is too far away

About the snowy abundance of the snow line?

The only solution .. These planets must be formed

Away from her stars and then approached later

We know that quality
Of the planets do not consist there

It's too huge

It must have formed away and approached

She moved towards her star

This is exciting because it makes you wonder

Whether our solar system
Its always the same as today

Or did our planets move forward and backward?

Observations of outer planets propelled astronomers

To assume a completely new theory of composition

Our solar system

Known as
"Grand Tak = great change of destination"

The theory assumes that the buyer has changed radically

There was a time when the dust and gas disc

Very thick around the young sun

The newer the resistance on
The planets revolve around them

"In the model" Grand Tak

Be buyer at the farthest wet side of the snow line

But by slowing down the material around him

The giant gaseous orbit is closer to the sun

There is amazing evidence that the buyer may have approached

Even the orbit of Mars

When the buyer approached

He brought with him plenty of water beyond the snow line

This is an opportunity to push the elements from the outside

In the solar system and push it
For the area in which the land is formed

Opportunity to add a range of water-rich materials

To the land that otherwise would have become dry

Like a giant snowman blowing up

, Those substances and push them inside
When the earth was made up

So the buyer was scattered
A collection of snow objects

From the outside of the system
To where the earth is composed

While the Earth was still growing

Screw the buyer to the inside stopped

A hundred thousand years later when Saturn

When an overlap of gravity occurred
These two giant planets

They changed the destination, away from the sun

The water left behind by the buyer
He merged himself with dust

To form the earth and its neighbors of the rocky planets

But how this water is trapped inside the earth

That turns into the first ocean?

Volcanoes may have played a crucial role

Imagine the fledgling land

As a bubble of volcanic activity

You see these clouds
The huge ash and dust are falling

But there is water vapor

Water vapor that may cool and condense

In the atmosphere, he did
Create a drag over a hundred

Perhaps even thousands of years

Until the moment when there is enough water

The atmosphere begins to rain down

There was an initial rain billions of years ago

When the volcanic waters fell rain

on the surface of the ground

... The first rivers and oceans arose

Long before heavy shelling

Which brought comets and asteroids to Earth

Based on the evidence of the rocks

It appears that the water is fluid and charged

Of our planet

Comets and asteroids
Bring some water to the earth

, "But if the theory of" Grand Tak

The buyer will transfer most of the water

Which we see fills our oceans today

Earth was not the only planet

Which was supplied with water from an invasion
Buyer of the inner solar system

Perhaps Mars and Venus
On the oceans by also

To appreciate the magnificence of our pulsating blue planet

We find the reason for our water survival

While our neighbors have been hit by drought

Water distinguishes the sights and sounds of our planet

When it's stealthy, it
The sky is painted with a drawn-out pull

When it is liquid, it sculpts and forms the land

Water fills every cell of each organism

, And when you see it from space
The oceans of the blue earth are stunning

Be prominent from its neighbors
Of the dead and monotonous planets

Look at our nearest neighbors

We see the disaster that occurs when you lose water

Water is not only important for biological life

But the evolution of the planet is changing

When you lose this particular molecule

The entire interior planets originated from the same materials

There is a strong evidence that Venus and Mars

They also had oceans

Mars had plenty of water in its past

The entire surface is covered by those rivers

The amazing tables are empty now

But it looked as we see it on the ground

With Venus, we believe we see evidence that it was

He was also a water scientist when he was
Young, though we have not yet explored

Venus is as good as we explored Mars

So our best proof shows that all of those

The planets have begun to moisten and have passed through a waterway

It is clear that something happened in billions
Subsequent years he wiped the water

Of those planets

Why did the drought hit our neighbors?

4.5 billion years ago, Mercury grew up

The closest planets of the solar system to the sun

It is also the smallest

Little Mercury was just about the size of our moon

When it comes to carrying surface water

The size is important

If the planet were small, it would lose water

In space for not possessing the attractiveness of his attachment

Next in the order of the sun is Venus

The flower was close to the size
The earth keeps its water for a while

, Four billion years ago
The flower and the earth looked twins

They had liquid water oceans

They were covered with thick air

But Venus, the closest to the sun
From the ground, its temperature rose

Its surroundings evaporated and the atmosphere was pumped

Even filled with water vapor, strong gas locked

Venus rose more heat

Venus was in a vicious circle

The water dried out of the rocks

Even metals have been subjected to high heat

So that the water vapor is released

It was impossible to condense water

It was very hot, there was no rain

Water rose higher and higher

To the atmosphere passing through
Time when he fled away

Now the flower is a burning earth

Burning under a thick atmosphere

Of all rocky planets

Mars is far from the sun

Its northern half was previously covered by an ocean

... deeply miles

But it was not heat or lack of gravity

What made Mars lose its liquid water

Mars oceans exploded with radiation

Mars has no magnetic field

You need a magnetic field to protect yourself

From the solar wind, those particles are subatomic

Which explodes from the sun

The Earth has a magnetic field that generates it

Its dissolved iron rotor

This area protects our envelope
Air from the solar wind

Mars is smaller than Earth

So cool it off to close its magnetic field

He exposed his atmosphere
Of solar radiation

The waters of Mars did not have the bounty of luck

The next radiation separates hydrogen from oxygen

Hydrogen is very light

He fled into space and disappeared

So Mars has plenty of oxygen

For this we assume that Mars is a red planet

Because it is rusty because

Bumper oxygen that was previously water

It is now in the rocks

The oceans of Mars evaporated

Leaving little snow

Its topography is bright red

Four rocky planets originated at the same time

Of the same structural elements

But one of them was lucky

Water is necessary for life on Earth

It is the perfect solvent for organic molecules

To make the life machine function

I would not live without water or you

Water can geology

It can be climate

The Earth can be revived

I think this makes it a great feature

It took 14 billion years

The abundant luck of the earth until it becomes wet

Then it remained moist for a long time enough to develop

As we understand our first oceans

Our understanding is how much luck you have
He has conquered many other worlds in the universe

We have already discovered planets

Liquid water can be present

We do not know for sure, but we will know

I think we will know at
The next few decades

We will be able to distinguish a planet where we can say

"There is liquid water on the surface of this planet"

This will happen when the universe changes and matured

We realize that we have brothers and sisters

In the Milky Way galaxy

Translated by:
markone129@gmail.com

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