All language subtitles for the.story.of.ireland.1e04.dvdrip.x264-HI

FERGAL KEANE: On the cusp
of a new century,

Ireland is a country
traumatised by violence.

The surface calm masks the bitter division

caused by a failed rebellion in 1798.

The Protestant Ascendancy remains
in power,

and the Catholic majority
appear vanquished.

But the coming century
will witness an epic transformation.

The great issues of land, of faith

and who should rule Ireland
will give birth to a mass politics

of a kind never seen before in Europe.

It is a story that reveals itself
in the impoverished countryside...

...but also in the halls of Parliament.

From the streets of Protestant Ulster

to the most far-flung outposts
of the British Empire.

This is a story of conflict
and, above all, change.

It is the story
of how modern Ireland was born.

Ripped By mstoll

It lies here
among 25,000 other Acts of Parliament

in a small room at Westminster.

A piece of paper that sought to end once
and for all England's problem in Ireland,

by making Ireland part of the Union.

Here is it, this Act of Union
of Great Britain and Ireland

that binds together two nations.

You feel a real sense of excitement
looking at this, touching it,

because you think
of the great political campaigns

that were inspired by the Act of Union

but also of the thousands
who lost their lives

in the struggle over what it represented.

The first article describes how
from the "First day of January 1801

"and forever after, Britain and Ireland
shall be known as one kingdom,

"the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland."

To this very day, men are willing to kill
to try and break the Union.

The Union passed into law
at a time of international crisis.

Britain faced war with France,

and Ireland was dangerously unstable.

A Protestant Parliament
ruled over a Catholic people.

But bring both factions
into a larger kingdom,

and Ireland's claustrophobic hatreds
would evaporate.

That was the theory.

And so Protestant landlords were cajoled
and bribed with money and peerages...

...and the Catholics promised reform
of the remaining penal laws

that excluded them
from Parliament and public office.

Nowhere was news of the Act of Union
greeted with more anticipation

than in the leadership
of the Irish Catholic Church.

There was an understanding
with the British Government

that with Union would come
the granting of Catholic emancipation -

full political rights for Catholics.

At a stroke, one of the most divisive
issues in Ireland would be removed.

Everything now depended
on what happened next at Westminster.

The Prime Minister, William Pitt,
had looked at the example of Scotland,

safely ensconced in the Union since 1746.

But Pitt faced the opposition
of anti-Catholic forces in his Cabinet,

who encouraged King George III
to oppose any change.

The King believed that
to grant full civil rights to Catholics

would violate his Coronation oath
to uphold the Protestant faith.

In the middle of an assembly of MPs,
he stopped and shouted,

"I will consider every man my enemy
who proposes that question to me."

Pitt was humiliated and backed down.

Pitt resigned within the year.

His failure changed
the course of Irish history.

Had emancipation been granted
as was planned,

in the 1790s or in the early 1800s

as part of the Act of Union deal,

I do not think that Catholicism in Ireland
would have taken on the shape it did

and would have become so associated with
politics and later on with nationalism.

It was that crucial delay
that drove Catholics into an alliance

with forces which were not always
cooperative with the British state.

Catholic alienation would be deepened
by economic decline.

When the war with France ended in 1815,
agricultural prices collapsed,

and a booming population
increased pressure on the land.

This was a perilous situation

in a country already
overwhelmingly dependent on farming.

The land was subdivided
into ever-smaller portions.

A foreign observer
described how the system worked.

A wealthy man would
let out some land to four others.

They in turn would rent it to maybe 20,
and they to another 100 people.

They would then let it out
to 1,000 poor labourers.

Little wonder that the hunger for land

would become one of the defining themes
of the Irish story.

The Catholic peasantry were a people
without land, political rights

or a champion.

Their liberator would be one of the most
remarkable figures of the 19th century -

Daniel O'Connell.

JOHN McCARTHY:
The typical 20th-century figure

that O'Connell would have
the closest parallel to

would be the late Martin Luther King
in America.

King was able to mobilise
and politicise people

who previously had been
rather passive and indifferent.

O'Connell was born
into the small Catholic elite

that had kept its lands
after the penal laws.

He was brought up here in County Kerry
but educated in France.

There he witnessed the Terror
of the French Revolution,

an experience that filled him with a
lifelong dread of revolutionary violence.

- How would you describe O'Connell?
- O'Connell was a 19th-century liberal.

That is he believed in constitutionalism,
in human rights.

He supported that sort of thing in other
countries and wanted it in Ireland.

In 1823, O'Connell brought the Catholic
Church directly into Irish politics.

His Catholic Association used
Church networks to mobilise the people

to campaign for emancipation.

JOHN McCARTHY: They started
collections outside the church

where the peasants could give
a farthing a week,

a penny a month, a shilling a year,

and they could have a badge saying they
were a member of the Catholic Association.

And his marshals in this,
his precinct captains, were the clergy.

A Protestant bishop observed,

"There is what we have
never before witnessed,

"a complete union
of the Roman Catholics. "

O'Connell decided to provoke a crisis.

He would challenge the law
banning Catholics from Parliament

unless they renounced their faith.

In 1828, in County Clare,

Daniel O'Connell became
the first Catholic in Britain or Ireland

to stand for Parliament
in more than 100 years.

O'Connell won easily,
but he also had support in Government.

The crisis presented pragmatists
in the British Cabinet

with the opportunity to repeal the
remaining laws against Roman Catholics.

ROY FOSTER: Catholic emancipation
enables and empowers

a whole world of Irish Catholics

who previously, over the traumatic
first 20 years of the Union,

have not seen any element of power
open to them.

It enables them to feel, I think,
they have a stake.

But there is a part of Ireland
where the rise of O'Connell

is greeted with fear.

In Ulster, there were
more than a million Protestants,

descendants of the settlers
who'd come in the 17th century.

They ranged from landed gentry
to farm labourers, to factory workers.

Many had prospered,
creating thriving industry.

Although some Protestant dissenters
had led the rebellion of 1798,

sectarian conflict with Catholics
had helped to create

a siege mentality among the growing
Protestant working class.

It's hard to think when you look at
a shell like this that it once symbolised

immense prosperity.

To Ulster Protestants, the world that they
knew, the world that they felt secure in,

was dependent on the link with Britain.

It was that which guaranteed their jobs,

their education,
their special place in society

and, of course, their religious identity.

When they looked around
the rest of the island

and they saw the rise
of somebody like Daniel O'Connell,

the growth in the power
of the Catholic Church,

they felt panicked.

O'Connell's supporters attempted
a political invasion of Ulster.

It failed, but sectarian fear escalated.

PAUL BEW: Once you get clashes
between large groups of people,

then you get these general fears
that actually, quite simply,

they want to wipe us out.

They've come here
with a large group of people,

we're defending this piece of space
with our group of people.

It becomes a very elemental,
very simple conflict.

O'Connell failed to understand
the power of Protestant fear.

It was a failure Irish nationalists
and British governments

would continually repeat.

And if Protestants were alarmed
by the emancipation campaign,

what O'Connell planned to do next
would strike directly

at the heart of the British Constitution.

He was about to move from the politics
of religion to those of union.

Daniel O'Connell now set out
on his most daunting campaign of all -

to repeal the Act of Union which joined
Britain and Ireland together as one nation

and under which
this country was ruled from London.

Now, O'Connell wasn't a revolutionary,

he didn't want Ireland to leave
the wider British Empire.

What his repeal campaign demanded
was an Irish Parliament,

where Catholics would hold power.

The majority of Catholic bishops
and priests supported the campaign,

and clerics went back into action
to rally the people.

O'Connell held some of the largest
political meetings in European history.

The greatest gathering was at Tara,
seat of the old high kings...

...where O'Connell's carriage took
two hours to pass through the crowd.

O'Connell stood here at Tara,

reaching back into a mythic past
to inspire his people.

Reports from his supporters
describe a crowd of a million people.

Whatever the exact numbers,

it was certainly the largest gathering
the country had ever seen.

And it rattled the Government.

Within three months, O'Connell
had been arrested and he would be jailed.

The movement disintegrated.

Mass demonstrations on their own
could not win repeal.

O'Connell needed political support
at Westminster, and he had none.

Within three years he would be dead,

taken mortally ill
on a pilgrimage to Rome.

But the tumult of O'Connell's era

had created a generation
of more radical nationalists.

Inspired the Gaelic past,

these Young Irelanders sought an identity

that was politically and culturally
separate to Britain.

Their leader, Thomas Davis,
a Protestant writer and thinker,

echoed an earlier generation
of Irish Protestants

who'd led rebellion against Britain.

"Righteous men,"he wrote,
"must make our land a nation once again."

That determination
will be immeasurably deepened

by the events that unfold
in the fields of Ireland.

Here the rural poor subsisted
on overcrowded land

and depended almost entirely
on potatoes for their food.

In 1845, disease attacked the crop.

Phytophthora infestans would quickly
become known as "the blight".

How did the blight work?
What did it do to potatoes?

Well, basically, it rotted the potatoes.

It's a travel...
Spores that travel in the air,

and it comes in and it gets onto
the stalk, onto the leaf of the stalk,

and it travels down through the stalk,

down into the potato
and basically rots the potato.

The blight swept west across Europe,

killing 50,000 in Belgium,
an even greater number in Germany.

In Scotland, tens of thousands emigrated
to escape the hunger.

But none of this compared
to what would happen in Ireland.

The first deaths occurred in 1846,

and the Tory Government
of Sir Robert Peel responded

by importing grain
to keep food prices down,

and by putting the hungry to work
building roads and bridges

so they could earn money to buy food.

By the beginning of the following year,

more than 750,000 people
were depending on public works.

FERGAL: What is the prevailing mentality
at that time towards a famine?

Their initial response to a situation,

which isn't at all as bad
as what it would become,

is, I think, fairly generous and positive.

As the crisis developed, I think attitudes
in London became less sympathetic.

There's more exasperation and,
in certain quarters, actually hostility

and frustration and a sense
that the Irish are not grateful,

that they must do more to help themselves.

By June 1846, there was a new Whig
Government led by Lord John Russell.

The Whigs believed in the prevailing
doctrine of laissez faire -

minimal state intervention.

Saving the starving
was not the Government's job

but that of local landlords
and of charities.

(BELL TOLLS)

And so, as the crisis deepened, Government
support for public works was removed.

Some landlords were generous
and were bankrupted by the cost of relief.

Others had no inclination to help
and evicted the starving.

Priests were heavily involved
in helping the people.

In Clare, one reported how half
of his 1,000 parishioners were dead.

"Scores were thrown
beside the nearest ditch, "he wrote,

"and left to the mercy of dogs,
which had nothing to feed on. "

Food prices soared far beyond the wages
of those still employed on public works,

and Government soup kitchens were closed
after being open for just six months.

Famine diseases like typhoid
and cholera swept through the population.

The workhouses paid for by the landlords'
rates were besieged by starving people.

Overcrowding became endemic
in many of these places.

Workhouses would become
mansions of the dead.

A visitor to the Fermoy workhouse
wrote of how

"a pestilential fever
was raging through the place,

"and all the horrors of disease
were aggravated by the foul air".

On the day of that visit, 30 sick children

were found crammed into just three beds.

With crops failing,
the poor fell behind in their rents.

Tens of thousands were evicted.

Skibbereen in West Cork
was one of the hardest hit areas.

In 1847, Lord George Bentinck
told Parliament of news he'd received

from a local clergyman.

"I have at this moment in my pocket,

"a letter from the Protestant clergyman
of Skibbereen,

"the Reverend Richard Boyle Townsend,

"in which he says that in
the Poor Law Union of Skibbereen

"10,000 persons
have perished from the famine. "

The Reverend Townsend became
what we would nowadays call

a humanitarian campaigner.

From the rectory here at Skibbereen
he wrote to newspapers

and to powerful political figures.

This son of the landed Protestant gentry

took the full horror of the Irish famine
to the heart of the British establishment.

Townsend even travelled to London

to lobby the Permanent Secretary
to the Treasury, Charles Trevelyan.

Relief schemes were failing, he said.
Emergency food supplies were needed.

But Trevelyan saw the calamity
in starkly different terms.

God had sent the famine
to teach the Irish a lesson, he wrote.

That calamity
must not be too much mitigated.

The real evil was the people's "selfish,
perverse and turbulent character".

To Irish nationalists,

Trevelyan's callous words represented
the true voice of the union with Britain.

What is it that motivates
Charles Trevelyan?

He articulated ideas,
which I think were pervasive at the time.

Things like self-reliance, market forces,
small government,

the dangers of over-population.

The danger also
of what economists would call

moral hazard
in the context of famine relief -

the sense that if you relieved the Irish
too generously,

they wouldn't learn a lesson
and the same thing was going to happen

in a... in a few decades again.

Reverend Townsend's lobbying
brought newspapermen

and a number of influential
public figures to West Cork.

He showed them the cabins of the dying

and the mass graves.

Reverend Townsend brought his visitors
to this graveyard.

Here they saw the horse-drawn carts
pull up with corpses.

They saw them being emptied
into the ground,

layer upon layer, without coffins.

In this one mass grave
lie the remains of 9,000 people.

By the time the famine was over,

it was estimated more than a million
had died of starvation and disease.

Among them was
the Reverend Richard Boyle Townsend.

He died from typhus
contracted from those he had been helping.

CORMAC O'GRÁDA: You're talking
about a crisis, which,

by world standards, it's a big famine,

but by 19th-century European standards,
it's absolutely unique.

At that time, Britain was capable
of doing much more than it did.

I think one has to say that.

An entire class of small tenants
and farm labourers vanished.

Some landlords who had been
forced by the Government to pay for relief

went bankrupt.

And there was a new phenomenon -

better-off Catholics who bought land
on bankrupt estates.

More than a million of the poor
took to the emigrant boats.

MAN: ♪ Farewell to you, old Ireland

♪ Since I must go away

♪ I now shake hands and bid goodbye

♪And can no longer stay

♪ Our big ship lies in deep Lough Foyle

♪ Bound for the New York shore

♪And I must go from all I know

♪And lovely Moneymore... ♪

For many emigrants, this was
their last sight of the Irish mainland.

Ahead of them lay the Atlantic
with all its hardships.

In one two-month period in 1847,

nearly 5,000 people
perished on the crossing.

This mass migration
wouldn't just change the story of Ireland

but of America too.

The story of Irish Catholics in America
is a mix of romantic fable,

phenomenal social advancement
and hard politics.

A million and a half Irish
left their own country for America

during the years of the famine.

By the middle of the 1850s, there were
more Irish living in New York City

than there were in Dublin.

When they arrived here in their boats
at the East River,

they were the poorest of the poor,
fanning out into the city.

America was absorbing millions of refugees

from hunger and political crisis
from across the world.

The Irish flooded into the cities
of the American East Coast.

This is now part of Chinatown,

but back then,
it was called the Five Points district.

Here the Irish jostled and competed
with Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch,

with blacks who'd fled slavery
in the South.

Charles Dickens visiting here

described it as a place
that "reeked of filth and dirt,

"where even the houses
seemed old from debauchery".

It was a place where only the toughest
and the canniest survived.

The Irish come off boats
down on the East River here in the 1840s,

the lowest in terms of social status.

And yet within a decade that's changed.
How do they do it?

Well, they do it because they bring
with them something intangible,

and that is a capacity
for political organisation,

which they've acquired under the
tutorship, in a way, of Daniel O'Connell

over the previous 30 years.

No other people were able to organise
themselves at so low a social level.

And within a decade of arriving,

they had become the driving force
in New York politics.

Many would find their political outlet

in the salons
of the American Democratic Party.

But others among the Irish,
embittered by the cruelties of the famine,

were looking back towards home.

The Fenian Brotherhood, founded in 1858,
was rooted in the Young Ireland movement,

which had launched a failed rebellion
a decade before.

They set about raising political support
and funds for a new revolution.

By 1863, they were powerful enough
to command large audiences

at meetings in the prestigious
Cooper Union,

one of the great theatres
of American political rhetoric,

where Abraham Lincoln had once spoken.

(CHEERS AND APPLAUSE)

Tell me, in essence,
what were the Fenians?

The Fenians were essentially
the cry for revenge for the famine,

that's what they were.

And they were able to mobilise
over here in America,

because they were beyond
British jurisdiction.

The driving force is getting money
out of people -

that's the ultimate test
of organisational capacity -

to send back to Ireland,
and enormous amounts were collected.

MAN: ♪ The minstrel boy to the war is gone

♪ In the ranks of death
you will find him... ♪

FERGAL: But it wasn't simply
a question of money.

Irishmen had also gained
military experience

fighting in the American Civil War.

They would now try to strike at
British power wherever they could find it.

They hope in 1866, immediately
after the end of the Civil War,

that if they can invade Canada,
as the closest British...

- Invade Canada?
- Invade Canada.

How many of them were going to do that?

Well, it wasn't all that well planned,
you have to put it like that.

How many men?

Just over 1,000 tried to get into Canada.

They won some skirmishes on the border,

but it didn't work out successfully.

And there was a second attempt,
which worked out even less successfully.

But the Fenians understood
the power of revolutionary gesture -

the propaganda of the deed.

In 1867, they carried out the first acts
of Irish terrorism in Britain.

When the accused were executed,
they became martyrs

whose deaths and ideas
would inspire future revolutionaries.

ROY FOSTER:
The idea that a self-elected elite

will form a shock troop of the Irish
nationalist advance,

this idea is, I think, influenced

by certain movements on the Continent
in the 1830s, '40s, '50s.

The... the, erm, anarchist movements.

There are elements of all this
in their structure of cells,

in their belief
that you have to work by conspiracy.

A gestural act of violence,
often against a symbolic target.

This kind of revolutionary politics
is part of the essence of Fenianism.

A brief Fenian rebellion in Ireland
was quickly crushed,

but they would be hugely influential
in a social revolution,

a movement rooted, as with so much
of the history of the Irish 19th century,

in the land.

These farmers in County Kerry
are the descendants of men

who were tenants
on the estates of landlords.

Even the largest tenant farmers
couldn't claim to be secure

from high rent increases or eviction.

And when the potato blight struck again
and threatened another famine in 1878,

a movement emerged determined
to protect the farmers from eviction.

The great movement for change

would be built around
the forefathers of men like these.

The rural poor would be
mobilised into a force

that sparked phenomenal social change
and created a political legend.

It would be led by two men as different
from each other as it was possible to be,

in background and personality.

In 1879, a 31-year-old activist,
Michael Davitt,

returned to his native County Mayo

after spending seven years in British
prisons for his part in a Fenian plot.

Davitt had come back to Mayo
to rally farmers threatened with eviction

and because he saw in the rural crisis

the chance to put his own socialist ideas
into practice.

LAURENCE MARLEY: Davitt was born in 1846,
at the height of the famine.

At the age of four, Davitt, his three
sisters and his parents were evicted

from their homestead in County Mayo.

The family were forced in 1850
to emigrate to England.

And all throughout his childhood,
Davitt was brought up with these images.

FERGAL: And isn't the key thing
that he grows up

profoundly shaped
by radical ideas of English socialism?

LAURENCE MARLEY: Yes, that's true.

In fact, his experiences would have
been more into tune

with the industrial working class
of Lancashire.

For him, that relationship
between them and their landlord

was no different from a relationship

between the industrial boss
and the industrial worker.

Davitt was a child
of the Industrial Revolution

and, at the age of 11,
had lost his right arm in a mill accident.

Yet this class warrior
would form an alliance with an aristocrat.

Charles Stewart Parnell
came from a Protestant land-owning family

whose fortunes had declined
after the famine.

From his American mother, he'd inherited
a strong anti-British sentiment

and he would become a nationalist icon.

ROY FOSTER: Parnell and Davitt
are a fascinating contrast,

in almost every way you can think.

Parnell, an aristocrat, a dictator,
as he was well known as.

He even called one of his horses Dictator.

Davitt, a socialist, who becomes
increasingly socialist with the years.

But out of those differences came,
I think, a great deal of the strength

of that astonishing decade
of roughly 1880 to 1890

when such political success
seemed to be within the grasp

of the Irish nationalist movement.

Davitt admired Parnell's willingness
to confront the Government.

The vehicle that would bring both men
to the forefront of nationalist politics

was the Irish Land League,

which began, from October 1879,
to organise civil disobedience

against increased rents and evictions.

One of the first cases taken up
by the League was that of a tenant farmer

in Loona More, County Mayo.

Anthony Dempsey
had fallen behind on his rent

and faced eviction.

These are relatives of Anthony Dempsey,
visiting his old cottage.

JOHN DEMPSEY:
Thousands of people gathered here

to prevent the eviction
of the Dempsey family.

The biggest significance of it was that

Charles Stewart Parnell
came to this scene.

So he would have come up the road,
down over that way,

- and come up with thousands of people.
- Yeah.

We're led to believe that Parnell
came up the hill there on a white horse.

Is that kind of... (LAUGHS)
...the Irish gift for romantic...

romanticising things,
or did it really happen?

I don't know, but it... it would have added
to the whole occasion if it did happen.

Because that's how people saw him,
wasn't it? I mean, there's truth in that.

They saw him as
the knight riding to rescue.

JOHN DEMPSEY: When the police realised,
the major in charge

called off the eviction
at that particular time.

Vast sums of money were raised
through the Fenian networks in America

and used to subsidise evicted families.

The League was both rural trade union
and nationalist movement.

A rent strike was declared.

The League tapped into
rural traditions of coercion

against those it called
"the people's enemies".

LAURENCE MARLEY: The Land League develops
a new tactic called Boycotting,

or social ostracism.

One of the other aspects of this
was what became known as moonlighting,

where those who went against
the unwritten law would be visited

or would receive letters
or warnings about their conduct,

and even to have mock funerals

that symbolised the end of them
as members of the community.

But transformation in Ireland
is dependent on

a parallel but very different
revolution in Britain.

It is the age of mass industrialisation
and rapid social change.

In this evolving United Kingdom
dominated by the forces of industry,

the old Ireland of landlords seems
out of step with the spirit of the age.

Politics, too, was changing.
The vote had been extended

to factory and farm workers.

Parnell's Irish Party

benefited from a new secret ballot,

which undermined the power of landlords

to coerce their tenants
into voting for them.

Irish nationalists
were a force in Parliament.

The struggle for land rights
now moved to the Houses of Parliament,

and it would take the energy and vision
of a British Prime Minister

to introduce legislation that would have
a more far-reaching practical impact

on the lives of rural communities

than any other statute
in the past century.

William Ewart Gladstone was a combination
of moralist and canny politician.

In 1881, he introduced a Land Act,

which offered Irish tenants
security from eviction

and a means of controlling their rent.

After further agitation,

Gladstone moved closer to meeting
the key demand of Davitt and Parnell -

the right of Irish tenants
to buy their own land.

ROY FOSTER: I think there's a strong
argument for saying that the hinge

on which modern Irish history turns
is the Land War of 1879 to 1882.

From 1881, through to the Land Acts
of the early 20th century,

you have the British state enabling
Irish tenants to buy out their holdings

from the landlords and become
small "peasant proprietors",

as the phrase of the day would have it.

This has immense implications

for the creation of a conservative -
with a small C - rural petite bourgeoisie.

The social revolution
that begins with the Land War

isn't the creation of a socialist state
as Davitt would have wanted,

but it turned out to be
a conservative revolution,

which is exactly what
Charles Stewart Parnell would have liked.

There has been a long social revolution.

The laws which forced Catholics
and Presbyterians

to pay for the upkeep of the Anglican
Church have already been overturned.

It was now no longer the state Church.

The Protestant Ascendancy was being
dismantled not by violent revolution

but by Acts of a British Parliament.

The Catholic bourgeoisie of farmers,
merchants and professionals

were the rising force.

And their Church, already powerful,
would come to dominate Irish life

well into the modern age.

In the new, confident Church,

Cardinal Paul Cullen
had emerged as a princely figure.

He was ordained the same year that
Catholic emancipation was granted

and rose to become Archbishop of Dublin
and Ireland's first Cardinal.

Cullen set a mark on Irish Catholicism

which was there until very, very recently.

He set up an institutional framework -

the orphanages, the schools, the churches,
the confraternities.

All the paraphernalia, if you like,
of Catholic life.

His era was also hugely influential
in shaping

the personal and public piety
of the Irish.

FERGAL: There's a pretty fierce attempt

to control the Catholic population
on the part of Cullen

and the kind of men
who came along with him.

His interest is the security, the rights
and the position of the Church,

and he will be as tough as he needs to be
to secure those Catholic interests.

FERGAL: The story of the 19th century
in Ireland

is one in which power shifts decisively.

The great issues of religious freedom,
of land, have now been confronted,

but there remains the most divisive
question of all - Home Rule.

Up to now,
Ireland has been ruled from London,

but the campaign to change that will lead
to the division that persists in Ireland

to this very day.

The new campaign will be led

by the hero of the Land League,
Charles Stewart Parnell.

Under Home Rule,
Ireland would stay in the Empire,

but it would be ruled
not from London but Dublin,

and by a nationalist-dominated
Parliament.

By 1885, Parnell was in
a strong bargaining position.

His party now held
the balance of power in Parliament,

and he found Gladstone a willing partner.

This deeply religious man
was beginning to see Ireland

as a divine mission, and Home Rule
as a means of repaying the Irish

for the cruelties of the past.

And there was a pragmatic consideration.

Gladstone needed the support of Parnell's
MPs to keep his Government in power.

For moral and political reasons,
Ireland mattered as never before.

By 1886, Gladstone was ready
to put a Home Rule Bill

before the House of Commons.

Parnell and his MPs listened intently

as Gladstone declared that this was
a golden moment, which rarely returns.

The British Prime Minister
had placed his political prestige

and the formidable weight of his oratory
behind self-rule for the Irish.

But it wouldn't be enough.

(JEERING)

The Bill was defeated by 30 votes.

Many of Gladstone's
own Liberal supporters,

fearful that Home Rule could lead
to the break-up of the Empire,

voted against him.

In Ireland,
the Bill raised sectarian tension.

Many Ulster Protestants saw Home Rule
as simple Rome Rule.

On the day the Bill was defeated,
there were riots in Belfast.

Here at Alexandra Dock, a rumour spread
that Catholics had attacked an Orangeman.

Soon hundreds of shipyard workers
were streaming across the road.

They set about the Catholics,
beating them with whatever came to hand.

The Catholic workers,
some of them jumped into the water,

trying to swim across the river.

One man was drowned.

By nightfall,
rioting had spread across Belfast.

ROY FOSTER: Gladstone took an extremely
myopic view, I think it has to be said,

of Ulster resistance,
in which he was accompanied by Parnell,

who simply took the line that Ulster
had played a grand part in the 1798 rising

and platonically
was part of nationalist Ireland,

and these deluded Unionists
would come and see this in time.

As news of the defeat of Home Rule

spread through the streets of Belfast,

Protestants in working-class areas
came out to celebrate.

They marched behind Orange bands
and they lit bonfires.

As the smoke curled up into the sky,

it could have been read as a warning

of an age of violence and division
that was to come.

Parnell and Gladstone were to make one
more attempt at bringing about Home Rule.

In December 1889, Parnell travelled
to Hawarden Castle in Flintshire,

Gladstone's country home.

The Irish party leader came here
to meet Gladstone as the year ended,

and the possibility of a great new
campaign for Home Rule bubbled in the air.

Until calamity descended.

It was the biggest sex scandal
of its time.

Parnell's nearly decade-long liaison
with a married woman, Katherine O'Shea,

became public when her husband,
from whom she was separated,

sued for divorce.

Her husband was one of Parnell's MPs.

Victorian opinion was scandalised

by false stories
about Parnell donning disguises

and fleeing down a fire escape.

His party would now be confronted
with a stark choice by the Prime Minister.

Gladstone realised that the forces ranged
against Parnell were simply too powerful,

and within his own party,
the voices of the morally affronted

were growing louder.

He wrote to the Irish Parliamentary Party

that if Parnell were to remain
as its leader,

his own position as leader of the Liberals
would become impossible.

In this way, Gladstone cut Parnell loose.

But Parnell would not step down,

even after his former allies,
the Catholic bishops, denounced him.

At a bitter meeting in Westminster,
he faced his MPs.

(JEERING)

Parnell placed his leadership
before the unity of the party,

and it split.

The majority deserted him.

He returned to Ireland to campaign,
facing often hostile crowds.

His health worsened,
and he was dead within a year.

ROY FOSTER: Parnell's fall and destruction
was a kind of classic tale of hubris.

He was a titanic figure,

but the flaws in his personality
were part of that titanic image,

that kingly hauteur.

When he fought his last campaigns,

one of his tactics was to pour scorn

on the very thing
that he himself had accomplished.

He was now saying, "Look, it would never
have happened. Never trust the British."

He is reverting to
an older Fenian-style kind of rhetoric,

where Britain represents the infamous
thing that you can never trust,

that will always do down Ireland.

He's saying, "Now they've done down me."
He had done himself down.

Vast crowds attended
Parnell's Dublin funeral.

"A star has been laid low,"
wrote the poet WB Yeats.

The age of the political titans
was over - O'Connell and Parnell.

But the promise of Home Rule
had prompted many nationalists

to re-examine Irish identity.

They reached back
into the mythical past for inspiration.

These cultural nationalists
sought an Irish Ireland,

an identity utterly separate from Britain.

Gaelic sports were revived.

The Gaelic Athletic Association
repudiated English games

in favour of sports like hurling.

As James Joyce wrote,

the "racy of the soil"
were "building up a nation once again".

The movement became one of the most
important organisations in Irish history.

It also attracted radical nationalists.

Several of the GAA 's founding members

belonged to the Fenian
Irish Republican Brotherhood.

The GAA would also become central

to the first great campaign
of cultural nationalism -

reviving the Irish language.

(WOMAN SINGS IN GAELIC)

Stretching back century over century,

the Irish language had been
the dominant tongue on this island.

But by the late 19th century,
that had changed.

English was now widely spoken.

(SINGS IN GAELIC)

(TRANSLATION FROM GAELIC)

The attempt to revitalise the language
led Douglas Hyde, a southern Protestant,

to co-found the Gaelic League.

Hyde was no revolutionary,

but the movement attracted
a growing number of militant nationalists.

ROY FOSTER: People like Douglas Hyde want
to keep politics out of the Gaelic League.

But politics are never going to be kept
out of a movement,

part of whose rhetoric
depends on the constant reiteration

of Englishness as contamination.

But this cultural renaissance

isn't simply an attempt
to create a nationalist myth of Ireland.

The poet William Butler Yeats is an
Irishman rooted in the Protestant world

but committed to nationalism.

He writes in English but is inspired
by eastern mysticism, European modernism

and Celtic mythology.

Yeats and his colleagues are imbued
with the past but open to the world.

It comes from the kind of interest
in Irish literary origins,

which has been going on
since the 1830s and '40s,

with translations of old sagas

and with an interest in the literary
content of... of the Irish language.

And they're very alive
to a European tradition,

and I would say that
one of the great inheritances

they give to the Irish cultural tradition

is that broadness, that sophistication,
that European-ness.

The cultural ferment encompassed
revolutionaries and moderates,

mystics and scholars,
and more than one literary giant.

Yet for many Irish people,
it was not the imagined Ireland

of the cultural nationalists
that framed their world view

but a British Empire that,

in the late 19th century,
had never seemed so powerful.

The Dublin of the revival
was an imperial city.

From Queen Victoria's Civil Service
to the traders and the military,

the Irish were embedded
in the imperial project.

Ireland was part
of the largest empire in history,

covering nearly a quarter
of the earth's land mass,

and it offered endless opportunity
to the willing and the adventurous.

In the East India Company,
a sixth of the administration was Irish,

more than any other group.

Nor was Irish imperial involvement

confined
to the Protestant Ascendancy class.

Civil servants, like the Cork-born John
Pope-Hennessy, from a Catholic family,

rose to become
a reforming governor of Hong Kong.

Soldiers like Luke O'Connor,
from Roscommon,

joined the Army as a private,
won the first ever Victoria Cross

and retired as a Major General.

In 1897, here in London,

the Empire celebrated
the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria.

Victoria could contemplate
her vast dominions with confidence.

Even in Ireland, so long so troubled,
the Pax Britannica seemed secure.

It would be shattered by events
many thousands of miles away,

and they would resonate loudly in Ireland.

At the southern tip of Africa,
the Boer Republics

of the Free State and Transvaal
had risen in revolt

against the encroaching British Empire.

Irishmen working on the mines
joined the Boers in this white man's war.

Militant nationalists
watching from Ireland

would soon rally to the Boer cause.

The man who would found Sinn Féin,
Arthur Griffith, came here,

as did the great land campaigner,
Michael Davitt,

who witnessed the British and the Boer
fighting hand to hand.

And the shopkeeper's son from County Mayo,
John MacBride,

led a brigade on the Boer side.

As MacBride himself put it,

fighting the British here in South Africa
was the next best thing

to fighting them in Ireland itself.

Among those who flocked to the Boer cause
was an Irish-American brigade

drawn from the ranks of the old Fenians.

They joined the hundreds who were
now fighting for the Boer President,

Oom Paul Kruger.

Reg, tell me about the Irish.

How did the Boers view the Irish,
how did they see them?

Yeah, they... they didn't
take to discipline very easily.

The Boers actually
thought them a bit rough.

They were a bit scared of them.

Of course, anybody who...
who had a dislike for the British

and a mistrust of the British
were very welcome to the Boer cause.

My father, who during the war
met quite a few of them,

said he rather got the idea,
or the impression,

that they were
fighting against the British

and not so much for the Boer cause.

Back in Dublin,
the tenement children sang,

"Sound the bugle, sound the drum,
and give three cheers for Kruger. "

FERGAL: Give me a sense of the passions
unleashed in Ireland by this conflict.

In Dublin, which was the core
of the pro-Boer movement,

the Irish pro-Boer movement,

there were the worst riots that had
been seen on the streets of Dublin.

The heroes of the Transvaal
became for a season

the heroes of Irish nationalists.

But there was another Irish reality
in South Africa.

Far more Irishmen - some 40,000 -
fought on the British side.

The conflict between different Irish
allegiances would be exposed brutally

in December 1899,
at the Battle of Colenso...

...one of the worst defeats
suffered by the British.

John MacBride was present
on the Boer side as they opened fire

on the British positions.

British troops were pinned down
here in the long grass.

Every time a soldier
tried to raise his head,

he ran the risk of being shot by a sniper

from the hills above.

By the end of the battle, 500 men
were dead, 500 more were wounded,

and by that stage,
MacBride would have known

that many of those lying here
were fellow Irishmen.

DONAL McCRACKEN:
These men were loyal to their regiments.

You only have to count
the number of VCs that were won

in these fields around us.

There are more Irish people,
more Irish men buried in this valley

than anywhere else
on the African continent.

The Boers lost the war, but they had,
in the words of Rudyard Kipling,

taught the Empire "no end of a lesson".

The Boer War had proved that
there was a dedicated minority of Irish

committed to breaking the link
with Empire,

and although in South Africa
they were vastly outnumbered

by those loyal to the Crown,

it was the enemies of Britain

who would dictate events
in the new century

and propel Ireland
into an age of violent revolution.

Ripped By mstoll