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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:06,906 --> 00:00:08,541 Just another hazy day. 2 00:00:08,608 --> 00:00:11,077 Watch it. 3 00:00:11,144 --> 00:00:13,246 A high speed collision over the California 4 00:00:11,144 --> 00:00:13,246 A high speed collision over the California 5 00:00:13,313 --> 00:00:16,583 desert tears two planes apart. 6 00:00:16,649 --> 00:00:20,420 What the hell were those guys doing up there? 7 00:00:16,649 --> 00:00:20,420 What the hell were those guys doing up there? 8 00:00:20,487 --> 00:00:22,222 Doc, we're going down. 9 00:00:22,288 --> 00:00:25,525 Seven years later, a 727 and a Cessna 10 00:00:22,288 --> 00:00:25,525 Seven years later, a 727 and a Cessna 11 00:00:25,592 --> 00:00:27,694 crash into a San Diego suburb. 12 00:00:27,761 --> 00:00:30,397 How did this happen again? 13 00:00:27,761 --> 00:00:30,397 How did this happen again? 14 00:00:33,299 --> 00:00:35,301 When two passenger jets collide in India, 15 00:00:35,368 --> 00:00:38,271 it's the world's deadliest midair collision. 16 00:00:35,368 --> 00:00:38,271 it's the world's deadliest midair collision. 17 00:00:38,338 --> 00:00:40,473 Two fires on the ground, confirm? 18 00:00:40,540 --> 00:00:43,143 With thousands of flights in the air every day, 19 00:00:40,540 --> 00:00:43,143 With thousands of flights in the air every day, 20 00:00:43,209 --> 00:00:46,679 investigators need to find out where the system failed 21 00:00:46,746 --> 00:00:48,782 before another disaster occurs. 22 00:00:46,746 --> 00:00:48,782 before another disaster occurs. 23 00:00:48,848 --> 00:00:50,150 Forget the red tape. 24 00:00:50,216 --> 00:00:51,785 This is in the interest of aviation 25 00:00:51,851 --> 00:00:53,753 safety and saving people. 26 00:00:53,820 --> 00:00:56,256 Ladies and gentlemen, we are starting our approach. 27 00:00:53,820 --> 00:00:56,256 Ladies and gentlemen, we are starting our approach. 28 00:00:56,322 --> 00:00:59,259 We lost both engines. 29 00:00:59,325 --> 00:01:00,226 Mayday, mayday. 30 00:00:59,325 --> 00:01:00,226 Mayday, mayday. 31 00:01:00,293 --> 00:01:01,494 Brace for impact! 32 00:01:06,599 --> 00:01:07,534 It's going to crash. 33 00:01:18,211 --> 00:01:21,548 Los Angeles International Airport. 34 00:01:21,614 --> 00:01:24,584 Hughes Airways flight 706 prepares for takeoff. 35 00:01:21,614 --> 00:01:24,584 Hughes Airways flight 706 prepares for takeoff. 36 00:01:28,521 --> 00:01:31,558 There are 44 passengers on board. 37 00:01:28,521 --> 00:01:31,558 There are 44 passengers on board. 38 00:01:31,624 --> 00:01:34,194 The flight is traveling from Los Angeles to Seattle 39 00:01:34,260 --> 00:01:35,728 with several intermediate stops. 40 00:01:38,631 --> 00:01:39,866 Welcome aboard, folks. 41 00:01:39,933 --> 00:01:42,802 We'll be getting underway any minute now. 42 00:01:39,933 --> 00:01:42,802 We'll be getting underway any minute now. 43 00:01:42,869 --> 00:01:45,171 Former Air Force pilot captain Theodore 44 00:01:45,238 --> 00:01:48,174 Nicolay is in command today. 45 00:01:45,238 --> 00:01:48,174 Nicolay is in command today. 46 00:01:48,241 --> 00:01:53,813 He has amassed more than 15,000 flight hours. 47 00:01:53,880 --> 00:01:56,249 Air West 706 Red cleared 48 00:01:53,880 --> 00:01:56,249 Air West 706 Red cleared 49 00:01:56,316 --> 00:01:58,885 for takeoff, runway 24 left. 50 00:01:58,952 --> 00:02:01,754 Climb via heading 250. 51 00:01:58,952 --> 00:02:01,754 Climb via heading 250. 52 00:02:01,821 --> 00:02:05,492 Roger, 24 left, climb heading 250. 53 00:02:05,558 --> 00:02:07,160 First officer Price Bruner 54 00:02:05,558 --> 00:02:07,160 First officer Price Bruner 55 00:02:07,227 --> 00:02:09,562 has even more hours in the air than Captain Nicolay. 56 00:02:09,629 --> 00:02:11,631 Weather's there's looking clearer all the way to Seattle. 57 00:02:15,535 --> 00:02:16,603 Throttles are all yours. 58 00:02:21,274 --> 00:02:23,810 80 knots. 59 00:02:23,877 --> 00:02:27,780 At 6:02 PM, the DC-9 lifts off from LAX. 60 00:02:23,877 --> 00:02:27,780 At 6:02 PM, the DC-9 lifts off from LAX. 61 00:02:31,351 --> 00:02:33,520 Turn right heading 060. 62 00:02:33,586 --> 00:02:37,457 AirWest 706 Red right 060. 63 00:02:33,586 --> 00:02:37,457 AirWest 706 Red right 060. 64 00:02:37,524 --> 00:02:39,959 The heading takes the plane west over the Pacific 65 00:02:40,026 --> 00:02:42,862 Ocean before turning northeast towards its first stop, 66 00:02:40,026 --> 00:02:42,862 Ocean before turning northeast towards its first stop, 67 00:02:42,929 --> 00:02:43,863 Salt Lake City. 68 00:02:46,766 --> 00:02:48,902 4 minutes after takeoff, first officer 69 00:02:46,766 --> 00:02:48,902 4 minutes after takeoff, first officer 70 00:02:48,968 --> 00:02:52,772 Bruner contacts a different control center north of LA. 71 00:02:52,839 --> 00:02:55,642 Los Angeles center, good evening. 72 00:02:52,839 --> 00:02:55,642 Los Angeles center, good evening. 73 00:02:55,708 --> 00:02:58,745 AirWest 706 red, turn left, heading 74 00:02:58,811 --> 00:03:01,681 040 until receiving Daggett. 75 00:02:58,811 --> 00:03:01,681 040 until receiving Daggett. 76 00:03:01,748 --> 00:03:06,586 The controller's guide the DC-9 out of Los Angeles. 77 00:03:01,748 --> 00:03:06,586 The controller's guide the DC-9 out of Los Angeles. 78 00:03:06,653 --> 00:03:09,422 In addition to AirWest, the radar controller 79 00:03:09,489 --> 00:03:11,724 may have been talking to five or six other jets 80 00:03:11,791 --> 00:03:14,561 climbing out towards the northeast in addition 81 00:03:11,791 --> 00:03:14,561 climbing out towards the northeast in addition 82 00:03:14,627 --> 00:03:17,263 to a small number of criss crossers back and forth 83 00:03:17,330 --> 00:03:17,964 through the airspace. 84 00:03:22,068 --> 00:03:24,237 Suddenly, an emergency alarm 85 00:03:22,068 --> 00:03:24,237 Suddenly, an emergency alarm 86 00:03:24,304 --> 00:03:27,240 warns the controllers that a plane in their airspace 87 00:03:27,307 --> 00:03:28,675 may be in trouble. 88 00:03:28,741 --> 00:03:30,343 At this point, we look back. 89 00:03:28,741 --> 00:03:30,343 At this point, we look back. 90 00:03:30,410 --> 00:03:32,812 Where AirWest 706 is, the target's missing. 91 00:03:35,715 --> 00:03:37,817 The radar controller said something like... 92 00:03:35,715 --> 00:03:37,817 The radar controller said something like... 93 00:03:37,884 --> 00:03:40,753 Hughes AirWest 706, reset your transponder. 94 00:03:40,820 --> 00:03:43,256 Radar contact lost. 95 00:03:40,820 --> 00:03:43,256 Radar contact lost. 96 00:03:43,323 --> 00:03:45,992 There's no answer. 97 00:03:46,059 --> 00:03:47,293 AirWest 706... 98 00:03:47,360 --> 00:03:49,896 Radio check, how do you hear me? 99 00:03:47,360 --> 00:03:49,896 Radio check, how do you hear me? 100 00:03:49,963 --> 00:03:50,797 No answer. 101 00:03:53,866 --> 00:03:55,301 This is getting bad. 102 00:03:53,866 --> 00:03:55,301 This is getting bad. 103 00:03:55,368 --> 00:03:56,869 Now we've lost the target. 104 00:03:56,936 --> 00:04:01,374 And we've got no communications with the aircraft. 105 00:03:56,936 --> 00:04:01,374 And we've got no communications with the aircraft. 106 00:04:09,716 --> 00:04:12,852 Moments later, the crew of a nearby military plane 107 00:04:09,716 --> 00:04:12,852 Moments later, the crew of a nearby military plane 108 00:04:12,919 --> 00:04:15,555 calls in devastating news. 109 00:04:15,622 --> 00:04:17,690 Center, we've just seen an explosion 110 00:04:17,757 --> 00:04:19,025 on the side of a mountain. 111 00:04:17,757 --> 00:04:19,025 on the side of a mountain. 112 00:04:19,092 --> 00:04:21,995 The DC-9 with 49 people on board 113 00:04:22,061 --> 00:04:24,697 has slammed into the California hills. 114 00:04:22,061 --> 00:04:24,697 has slammed into the California hills. 115 00:04:24,764 --> 00:04:27,533 Did AirWest just explode? 116 00:04:27,600 --> 00:04:29,335 It had crashed for some reason. 117 00:04:29,402 --> 00:04:31,638 And we had no idea whatsoever. 118 00:04:29,402 --> 00:04:31,638 And we had no idea whatsoever. 119 00:04:35,808 --> 00:04:37,543 The National Transportation 120 00:04:35,808 --> 00:04:37,543 The National Transportation 121 00:04:37,610 --> 00:04:40,813 Safety Board assigns one of its top investigators to the case. 122 00:04:40,880 --> 00:04:42,415 Yeah, got it. 123 00:04:40,880 --> 00:04:42,415 Yeah, got it. 124 00:04:42,482 --> 00:04:43,883 Second World War Navy pilot Dick Baker. 125 00:04:49,589 --> 00:04:52,492 San Gabriel Mountains. 126 00:04:52,558 --> 00:04:54,927 The crash site is in a remote area of the San 127 00:04:52,558 --> 00:04:54,927 The crash site is in a remote area of the San 128 00:04:54,994 --> 00:04:57,463 Gabriel Mountains, a few miles from the town 129 00:04:57,530 --> 00:04:58,931 of Duarte, California. 130 00:05:01,567 --> 00:05:04,737 In the hours after the crash, witnesses come forward 131 00:05:04,804 --> 00:05:08,641 insisting they saw a mid-air collision between the DC-9 132 00:05:04,804 --> 00:05:08,641 insisting they saw a mid-air collision between the DC-9 133 00:05:08,708 --> 00:05:09,742 and a fighter jet. 134 00:05:15,448 --> 00:05:17,383 Investigators are stunned. 135 00:05:17,450 --> 00:05:19,986 How did a fighter jet and a passenger plane 136 00:05:17,450 --> 00:05:19,986 How did a fighter jet and a passenger plane 137 00:05:20,053 --> 00:05:21,921 end up on a collision course? 138 00:05:21,988 --> 00:05:23,389 OK, thank you. 139 00:05:23,456 --> 00:05:25,091 Bye bye. 140 00:05:23,456 --> 00:05:25,091 Bye bye. 141 00:05:25,158 --> 00:05:27,627 A call from a nearby Marine Corps base 142 00:05:27,694 --> 00:05:29,962 provides a key detail. 143 00:05:30,029 --> 00:05:31,898 El Toro is missing a jet. 144 00:05:36,602 --> 00:05:39,572 An F-4 Phantom hasn't made it back to nearby El 145 00:05:39,639 --> 00:05:42,909 Toro Marine Corps Air Base. 146 00:05:39,639 --> 00:05:42,909 Toro Marine Corps Air Base. 147 00:05:42,975 --> 00:05:44,677 It's the military's most advanced 148 00:05:44,744 --> 00:05:46,946 fighter, capable of outmaneuvering almost 149 00:05:47,013 --> 00:05:48,481 everything else in the sky. 150 00:05:47,013 --> 00:05:48,481 everything else in the sky. 151 00:05:51,084 --> 00:05:53,986 In the '70s, there was lots of military training going 152 00:05:54,053 --> 00:05:56,889 on in Southern California because there were 153 00:05:56,956 --> 00:05:59,625 clear skies and lots of desert out there 154 00:05:59,692 --> 00:06:00,760 that they could train over. 155 00:05:59,692 --> 00:06:00,760 that they could train over. 156 00:06:06,065 --> 00:06:09,168 Investigators learned the identities of the F-4's two 157 00:06:09,235 --> 00:06:13,106 crewmen, marine pilot James Richard Phillips 158 00:06:09,235 --> 00:06:13,106 crewmen, marine pilot James Richard Phillips 159 00:06:13,172 --> 00:06:15,908 and radar intercept officer Christopher Schiess. 160 00:06:18,678 --> 00:06:20,446 Watch it. 161 00:06:20,513 --> 00:06:22,482 Remarkably, after the impact, 162 00:06:22,548 --> 00:06:25,651 Lieutenant Schiess was able to eject from the doomed fighter. 163 00:06:22,548 --> 00:06:25,651 Lieutenant Schiess was able to eject from the doomed fighter. 164 00:06:28,755 --> 00:06:29,956 Dick Baker. 165 00:06:30,022 --> 00:06:31,758 The Marines send their own man 166 00:06:31,824 --> 00:06:36,829 to help with the investigation, Lieutenant Colonel Jack Zeich. 167 00:06:31,824 --> 00:06:36,829 to help with the investigation, Lieutenant Colonel Jack Zeich. 168 00:06:36,896 --> 00:06:39,198 Investigators hunt for clues as to how 169 00:06:39,265 --> 00:06:41,134 these two planes collided. 170 00:06:41,200 --> 00:06:43,836 But recovering the wreckage from the remote crash site 171 00:06:41,200 --> 00:06:43,836 But recovering the wreckage from the remote crash site 172 00:06:43,903 --> 00:06:45,538 will take time. 173 00:06:45,605 --> 00:06:47,039 The first rescue workers had to hike 174 00:06:47,106 --> 00:06:49,175 six miles to get to the scene. 175 00:06:47,106 --> 00:06:49,175 six miles to get to the scene. 176 00:06:49,242 --> 00:06:51,811 They reported only the tail section intact, 177 00:06:51,878 --> 00:06:53,012 no signs of life. 178 00:06:56,149 --> 00:06:58,651 A day after the crash, investigators 179 00:06:58,718 --> 00:07:02,555 get a chance to talk to the accident's sole survivor. 180 00:06:58,718 --> 00:07:02,555 get a chance to talk to the accident's sole survivor. 181 00:07:02,622 --> 00:07:08,161 The DC-9 hit us like this, his nose to our tail. 182 00:07:02,622 --> 00:07:08,161 The DC-9 hit us like this, his nose to our tail. 183 00:07:08,227 --> 00:07:10,463 Hold on, back up a bit. 184 00:07:10,530 --> 00:07:13,966 Tell me exactly what happened. 185 00:07:10,530 --> 00:07:13,966 Tell me exactly what happened. 186 00:07:14,033 --> 00:07:16,636 Lieutenant Schiess claims that his aircraft was 187 00:07:16,702 --> 00:07:19,605 not at fault. On the day of the crash, 188 00:07:16,702 --> 00:07:19,605 not at fault. On the day of the crash, 189 00:07:19,672 --> 00:07:22,475 Schiess was flying in the rear seat of the F-4. 190 00:07:22,542 --> 00:07:26,045 Copy Rick, climbing 15,000. 191 00:07:22,542 --> 00:07:26,045 Copy Rick, climbing 15,000. 192 00:07:26,112 --> 00:07:28,080 27-Year old Lieutenant Rick 193 00:07:28,147 --> 00:07:30,817 Phillips is in the forward seat, flying the jet. 194 00:07:28,147 --> 00:07:30,817 Phillips is in the forward seat, flying the jet. 195 00:07:33,252 --> 00:07:36,956 They're on their way back to home base, El Toro, California. 196 00:07:33,252 --> 00:07:36,956 They're on their way back to home base, El Toro, California. 197 00:07:40,126 --> 00:07:46,098 Climb to 15,000 feet here. 198 00:07:40,126 --> 00:07:46,098 Climb to 15,000 feet here. 199 00:07:46,165 --> 00:07:49,135 Schiess uses his radar to scan the ground below. 200 00:07:46,165 --> 00:07:49,135 Schiess uses his radar to scan the ground below. 201 00:07:52,004 --> 00:07:54,207 He would have his head down in the radar scope, doing ground 202 00:07:52,004 --> 00:07:54,207 He would have his head down in the radar scope, doing ground 203 00:07:54,273 --> 00:07:56,008 mapping. 204 00:07:56,075 --> 00:07:57,944 And then the front seater would be primarily visual because he 205 00:07:58,010 --> 00:08:00,913 knew that he lost that extra set of eyes that 206 00:07:58,010 --> 00:08:00,913 knew that he lost that extra set of eyes that 207 00:08:00,980 --> 00:08:03,049 was down in the radar, instead of looking 208 00:08:03,115 --> 00:08:04,517 out for other aircraft. 209 00:08:08,154 --> 00:08:09,655 Watch it, Rick! 210 00:08:09,722 --> 00:08:11,691 That's when I first saw the DC-9. 211 00:08:11,757 --> 00:08:15,628 Came out of nowhere and slammed into us. 212 00:08:11,757 --> 00:08:15,628 Came out of nowhere and slammed into us. 213 00:08:15,695 --> 00:08:17,897 5 seconds later, Schiess ejects. 214 00:08:21,334 --> 00:08:22,902 I got out. 215 00:08:22,969 --> 00:08:23,970 But Rick didn't. 216 00:08:29,308 --> 00:08:32,144 The F-4 was not equipped with a black box that 217 00:08:29,308 --> 00:08:32,144 The F-4 was not equipped with a black box that 218 00:08:32,211 --> 00:08:34,046 can confirm Schiess's story. 219 00:08:34,113 --> 00:08:36,282 And the high speed impact obliterated 220 00:08:34,113 --> 00:08:36,282 And the high speed impact obliterated 221 00:08:36,349 --> 00:08:39,952 the jet, leaving no clues. 222 00:08:40,019 --> 00:08:43,723 Luckily, the team recovers some of the wreckage of the DC-9, 223 00:08:40,019 --> 00:08:43,723 Luckily, the team recovers some of the wreckage of the DC-9, 224 00:08:43,789 --> 00:08:45,591 including the black boxes. 225 00:08:45,658 --> 00:08:49,262 But they're badly damaged and offer little help. 226 00:08:45,658 --> 00:08:49,262 But they're badly damaged and offer little help. 227 00:08:49,328 --> 00:08:51,664 Hughes AirWest engineer Dave Knutsen 228 00:08:51,731 --> 00:08:54,000 is brought in to see if the wreckage supports 229 00:08:54,066 --> 00:08:57,069 the young lieutenant's story. 230 00:08:57,136 --> 00:09:00,039 By reconstructing the DC-9 Knutsen 231 00:08:57,136 --> 00:09:00,039 By reconstructing the DC-9 Knutsen 232 00:09:00,106 --> 00:09:04,744 might be able to explain the angle of impact. 233 00:09:04,810 --> 00:09:08,347 Climbing through 15,000 feet. 234 00:09:04,810 --> 00:09:08,347 Climbing through 15,000 feet. 235 00:09:08,414 --> 00:09:11,951 Just another hazy day. 236 00:09:15,688 --> 00:09:16,923 10 days after the crash, 237 00:09:16,989 --> 00:09:20,259 searchers find the nose of the DC-9. 238 00:09:16,989 --> 00:09:20,259 searchers find the nose of the DC-9. 239 00:09:20,326 --> 00:09:24,230 It's a critical piece for the reconstruction. 240 00:09:20,326 --> 00:09:24,230 It's a critical piece for the reconstruction. 241 00:09:24,297 --> 00:09:27,366 It reveals a large gash, slicing to the cockpit. 242 00:09:30,169 --> 00:09:32,238 It looks like the stabilizer cut the plane in two. 243 00:09:35,241 --> 00:09:37,610 So if they hit like this... 244 00:09:35,241 --> 00:09:37,610 So if they hit like this... 245 00:09:37,677 --> 00:09:43,749 The F-4 had actually penetrated the DC-9 on the left 246 00:09:37,677 --> 00:09:43,749 The F-4 had actually penetrated the DC-9 on the left 247 00:09:43,816 --> 00:09:46,652 side a few feet from the nose. 248 00:09:46,719 --> 00:09:51,123 So frankly, the F-4 hit the DC-9 rather than the DC-9 249 00:09:46,719 --> 00:09:51,123 So frankly, the F-4 hit the DC-9 rather than the DC-9 250 00:09:51,190 --> 00:09:52,091 hitting the F-4. 251 00:09:57,430 --> 00:10:00,333 Watch it, Rick! 252 00:09:57,430 --> 00:10:00,333 Watch it, Rick! 253 00:10:00,399 --> 00:10:04,170 Cut off the nose of the airplane. 254 00:10:04,236 --> 00:10:07,006 And that took away all the controls in the airplane. 255 00:10:04,236 --> 00:10:07,006 And that took away all the controls in the airplane. 256 00:10:07,073 --> 00:10:09,008 And some of the observers on the ground 257 00:10:09,075 --> 00:10:12,044 said it was like a falling leaf till they hit the ground. 258 00:10:09,075 --> 00:10:12,044 said it was like a falling leaf till they hit the ground. 259 00:10:18,084 --> 00:10:19,785 Investigators know that Schiess 260 00:10:19,852 --> 00:10:22,121 was wrong about who hit whom. 261 00:10:22,188 --> 00:10:24,690 But why couldn't the pilots see each other 262 00:10:22,188 --> 00:10:24,690 But why couldn't the pilots see each other 263 00:10:24,757 --> 00:10:26,792 and avoid a deadly collision? 264 00:10:28,394 --> 00:10:30,062 Investigators are under pressure 265 00:10:28,394 --> 00:10:30,062 Investigators are under pressure 266 00:10:30,129 --> 00:10:33,432 to explain how a DC-9 and an F-4 fighter 267 00:10:33,499 --> 00:10:35,768 collided over California. 268 00:10:33,499 --> 00:10:35,768 collided over California. 269 00:10:35,835 --> 00:10:38,170 They wonder how fast the planes were traveling 270 00:10:38,237 --> 00:10:40,439 at the moment of impact. 271 00:10:38,237 --> 00:10:40,439 at the moment of impact. 272 00:10:40,506 --> 00:10:47,346 The F-4 is coming in at 420 knots from the north, 273 00:10:40,506 --> 00:10:47,346 The F-4 is coming in at 420 knots from the north, 274 00:10:47,413 --> 00:10:48,247 slightly east. 275 00:10:50,916 --> 00:11:00,393 The DC-9 is coming in at 320 knots from the southwest. 276 00:10:50,916 --> 00:11:00,393 The DC-9 is coming in at 320 knots from the southwest. 277 00:10:50,916 --> 00:11:00,393 The DC-9 is coming in at 320 knots from the southwest. 278 00:11:03,129 --> 00:11:04,263 What's the rate of closure? 279 00:11:04,330 --> 00:11:07,166 I was able to calculate the closing 280 00:11:04,330 --> 00:11:07,166 I was able to calculate the closing 281 00:11:07,233 --> 00:11:13,739 speed of these two planes was roughly 1,000 feet per second. 282 00:11:07,233 --> 00:11:13,739 speed of these two planes was roughly 1,000 feet per second. 283 00:11:13,806 --> 00:11:15,741 In the seconds before the crash, 284 00:11:15,808 --> 00:11:18,744 Lieutenant Schiess likely had his head down, checking 285 00:11:15,808 --> 00:11:18,744 Lieutenant Schiess likely had his head down, checking 286 00:11:18,811 --> 00:11:20,479 the ground below his radar. 287 00:11:20,546 --> 00:11:23,783 Pilot Philips is likely scanning the instruments. 288 00:11:20,546 --> 00:11:23,783 Pilot Philips is likely scanning the instruments. 289 00:11:23,849 --> 00:11:27,253 At 15 seconds, the F-4 is 1/10 of an inch big in the window, 290 00:11:27,319 --> 00:11:28,821 tiny. 291 00:11:27,319 --> 00:11:28,821 tiny. 292 00:11:28,888 --> 00:11:32,224 10 seconds, 3 tenths of an inch, still tiny. 293 00:11:32,291 --> 00:11:34,460 But maybe now he can see it. 294 00:11:32,291 --> 00:11:34,460 But maybe now he can see it. 295 00:11:34,527 --> 00:11:40,232 5 seconds, the entire window is filled. 296 00:11:40,299 --> 00:11:44,136 The probability of these two aircraft, 297 00:11:40,299 --> 00:11:44,136 The probability of these two aircraft, 298 00:11:44,203 --> 00:11:47,540 either one, detecting and avoiding the other 299 00:11:44,203 --> 00:11:47,540 either one, detecting and avoiding the other 300 00:11:47,606 --> 00:11:51,010 was slim and none. 301 00:11:51,077 --> 00:11:54,780 Investigators suspect the design of the DC-9 cockpit, 302 00:11:51,077 --> 00:11:54,780 Investigators suspect the design of the DC-9 cockpit, 303 00:11:54,847 --> 00:11:57,983 with its wide window dividers may have made the visibility 304 00:11:58,050 --> 00:12:00,953 problem even worse. 305 00:11:58,050 --> 00:12:00,953 problem even worse. 306 00:12:01,020 --> 00:12:03,923 You can't see it here, nor here or... 307 00:12:03,989 --> 00:12:05,958 The F-4 would have been hidden... 308 00:12:03,989 --> 00:12:05,958 The F-4 would have been hidden... 309 00:12:06,025 --> 00:12:07,560 ...or here. 310 00:12:07,626 --> 00:12:09,361 It's completely obstructed. 311 00:12:09,428 --> 00:12:12,865 ...for close to 25 seconds. 312 00:12:09,428 --> 00:12:12,865 ...for close to 25 seconds. 313 00:12:12,932 --> 00:12:14,400 Just another hazy day. 314 00:12:14,467 --> 00:12:15,301 Watch it! 315 00:12:19,572 --> 00:12:21,407 None of the pilots had enough time 316 00:12:21,474 --> 00:12:24,009 to see the oncoming plane. 317 00:12:21,474 --> 00:12:24,009 to see the oncoming plane. 318 00:12:24,076 --> 00:12:26,145 But air traffic controllers are supposed 319 00:12:26,212 --> 00:12:29,315 to keep planes a safe distance from each other. 320 00:12:26,212 --> 00:12:29,315 to keep planes a safe distance from each other. 321 00:12:29,381 --> 00:12:32,918 So why did they fail to separate the planes? 322 00:12:32,985 --> 00:12:35,988 AirWest 706 Red, turn left, heading 323 00:12:32,985 --> 00:12:35,988 AirWest 706 Red, turn left, heading 324 00:12:36,055 --> 00:12:38,891 040 until receiving Daggett. 325 00:12:38,958 --> 00:12:41,160 The controllers revealed to investigators they 326 00:12:38,958 --> 00:12:41,160 The controllers revealed to investigators they 327 00:12:41,227 --> 00:12:43,295 couldn't see the F-4 either. 328 00:12:43,362 --> 00:12:46,098 Why did the F-4, the Marine aircraft, 329 00:12:46,165 --> 00:12:49,101 not show up on the radar? 330 00:12:46,165 --> 00:12:49,101 not show up on the radar? 331 00:12:49,168 --> 00:12:51,337 The hell happened? 332 00:12:51,403 --> 00:12:53,873 Investigators examined the radar equipment 333 00:12:51,403 --> 00:12:53,873 Investigators examined the radar equipment 334 00:12:53,939 --> 00:12:56,475 used at the control center. 335 00:12:56,542 --> 00:12:58,611 What they discover is alarming. 336 00:12:56,542 --> 00:12:58,611 What they discover is alarming. 337 00:12:58,677 --> 00:13:01,847 It was nothing more than World War II technology. 338 00:13:01,914 --> 00:13:04,416 And temperatures generated by this equipment 339 00:13:04,483 --> 00:13:08,387 would cause the equipment to drift drastically. 340 00:13:08,454 --> 00:13:10,923 To better understand what the controllers could 341 00:13:08,454 --> 00:13:10,923 To better understand what the controllers could 342 00:13:10,990 --> 00:13:14,460 and could not see, investigators test the technology 343 00:13:14,527 --> 00:13:16,529 by flying an F-4 along the flight 344 00:13:14,527 --> 00:13:16,529 by flying an F-4 along the flight 345 00:13:16,595 --> 00:13:19,999 path on that fateful day. 346 00:13:20,065 --> 00:13:24,003 Did the outdated radar pick up the F-4? 347 00:13:20,065 --> 00:13:24,003 Did the outdated radar pick up the F-4? 348 00:13:24,069 --> 00:13:25,004 Was that something there? 349 00:13:28,107 --> 00:13:31,644 The F-4's traveling almost 500 miles an hour. 350 00:13:28,107 --> 00:13:31,644 The F-4's traveling almost 500 miles an hour. 351 00:13:31,710 --> 00:13:36,115 The F-4 does six runs. 352 00:13:31,710 --> 00:13:36,115 The F-4 does six runs. 353 00:13:36,182 --> 00:13:38,284 But the controller can barely track 354 00:13:38,350 --> 00:13:40,519 the fast, stealthy fighter. 355 00:13:38,350 --> 00:13:40,519 the fast, stealthy fighter. 356 00:13:40,586 --> 00:13:44,890 It might have been a plane, maybe not. 357 00:13:44,957 --> 00:13:46,325 It could just be interference that was 358 00:13:46,392 --> 00:13:48,093 shown frequently on the radar. 359 00:13:46,392 --> 00:13:48,093 shown frequently on the radar. 360 00:13:48,160 --> 00:13:50,296 A single blip means absolutely nothing. 361 00:13:50,362 --> 00:13:52,498 We have to have a history of blips 362 00:13:50,362 --> 00:13:52,498 We have to have a history of blips 363 00:13:52,565 --> 00:13:55,501 to see that it's actually traffic. 364 00:13:55,568 --> 00:13:58,304 Investigators conclude it would have been almost 365 00:13:58,370 --> 00:14:00,406 impossible to detect the fighter jet 366 00:13:58,370 --> 00:14:00,406 impossible to detect the fighter jet 367 00:14:00,472 --> 00:14:02,208 as it streaked across the sky. 368 00:14:05,110 --> 00:14:07,046 He's all alone. 369 00:14:07,112 --> 00:14:09,381 And no one knows he's there. 370 00:14:09,448 --> 00:14:12,384 To make matters worse, in 1971, 371 00:14:09,448 --> 00:14:12,384 To make matters worse, in 1971, 372 00:14:12,451 --> 00:14:15,054 military pilots were not routinely briefed 373 00:14:15,120 --> 00:14:18,390 on civilian air traffic routes. 374 00:14:15,120 --> 00:14:18,390 on civilian air traffic routes. 375 00:14:18,457 --> 00:14:20,125 We should stay clear of traffic 376 00:14:20,192 --> 00:14:22,194 if we cut east of Los Angeles. 377 00:14:22,261 --> 00:14:23,996 Schiess tells investigators 378 00:14:22,261 --> 00:14:23,996 Schiess tells investigators 379 00:14:24,063 --> 00:14:26,031 that they hoped to avoid commercial air 380 00:14:26,098 --> 00:14:29,969 traffic by skirting the city. 381 00:14:26,098 --> 00:14:29,969 traffic by skirting the city. 382 00:14:30,035 --> 00:14:32,204 Unintentionally, they flew into one 383 00:14:32,271 --> 00:14:34,440 of the airport's busiest lanes. 384 00:14:32,271 --> 00:14:34,440 of the airport's busiest lanes. 385 00:14:34,506 --> 00:14:39,678 Why did the F-4 crew not get ahold of an air traffic control 386 00:14:39,745 --> 00:14:45,084 guy to let them know where they were and what they were doing. 387 00:14:39,745 --> 00:14:45,084 guy to let them know where they were and what they were doing. 388 00:14:45,150 --> 00:14:47,987 The terminal area charts would show those departures. 389 00:14:45,150 --> 00:14:47,987 The terminal area charts would show those departures. 390 00:14:48,053 --> 00:14:49,588 But the military doesn't have those 391 00:14:49,655 --> 00:14:51,223 because they don't operate out of Los 392 00:14:51,290 --> 00:14:52,491 Angeles International Airport. 393 00:14:51,290 --> 00:14:52,491 Angeles International Airport. 394 00:14:55,394 --> 00:14:58,063 Investigators uncover a dangerous flaw in 395 00:14:58,130 --> 00:15:01,300 the American aviation system. 396 00:14:58,130 --> 00:15:01,300 the American aviation system. 397 00:15:01,367 --> 00:15:04,270 The military and civilian control centers don't 398 00:15:04,336 --> 00:15:06,739 communicate with each other. 399 00:15:04,336 --> 00:15:06,739 communicate with each other. 400 00:15:06,805 --> 00:15:08,107 Bang. 401 00:15:08,173 --> 00:15:09,541 The pilots had no idea they 402 00:15:09,608 --> 00:15:14,013 were flying toward each other at the same altitude. 403 00:15:09,608 --> 00:15:14,013 were flying toward each other at the same altitude. 404 00:15:14,079 --> 00:15:15,281 Would we have done anything different? 405 00:15:15,347 --> 00:15:17,316 No, absolutely not. 406 00:15:15,347 --> 00:15:17,316 No, absolutely not. 407 00:15:17,383 --> 00:15:19,551 It was just something that happened. 408 00:15:19,618 --> 00:15:21,654 We could not have changed it, not us. 409 00:15:25,224 --> 00:15:26,759 The exhaustive investigation 410 00:15:26,825 --> 00:15:32,631 produces two separate reports, one civilian and one military. 411 00:15:26,825 --> 00:15:32,631 produces two separate reports, one civilian and one military. 412 00:15:32,698 --> 00:15:37,269 They cover every detail of the deadly accident. 413 00:15:32,698 --> 00:15:37,269 They cover every detail of the deadly accident. 414 00:15:37,336 --> 00:15:39,438 How military and civilian authorities 415 00:15:39,505 --> 00:15:41,507 failed to communicate they had planes 416 00:15:39,505 --> 00:15:41,507 failed to communicate they had planes 417 00:15:41,573 --> 00:15:43,342 flying in the same airspace. 418 00:15:43,409 --> 00:15:45,044 Was that something there? 419 00:15:45,110 --> 00:15:46,578 How controllers couldn't track 420 00:15:45,110 --> 00:15:46,578 How controllers couldn't track 421 00:15:46,645 --> 00:15:48,414 the supersonic fighter jet. 422 00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:52,518 And why the crew of a DC-9 44 passengers on board 423 00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:52,518 And why the crew of a DC-9 44 passengers on board 424 00:15:52,584 --> 00:15:54,053 never saw them coming. 425 00:15:59,558 --> 00:16:01,493 The reports led to important changes 426 00:16:01,560 --> 00:16:04,396 in the rules governing aviation. 427 00:16:04,463 --> 00:16:08,100 Military pilots, as a result of this accident, everybody 428 00:16:08,167 --> 00:16:09,635 had to be on radar control. 429 00:16:09,702 --> 00:16:11,637 And that means being controlled by radar 430 00:16:09,702 --> 00:16:11,637 And that means being controlled by radar 431 00:16:11,704 --> 00:16:14,206 operators on the ground. 432 00:16:14,273 --> 00:16:15,474 Military pilots are now 433 00:16:15,541 --> 00:16:17,710 advised of all restricted air traffic 434 00:16:15,541 --> 00:16:17,710 advised of all restricted air traffic 435 00:16:17,776 --> 00:16:21,580 zones near commercial airports. 436 00:16:21,647 --> 00:16:24,149 And the restricted airspace at busy airports 437 00:16:21,647 --> 00:16:24,149 And the restricted airspace at busy airports 438 00:16:24,216 --> 00:16:26,752 is expanded to include more of the surrounding area. 439 00:16:30,422 --> 00:16:33,325 Hughes AirWest was sold in 1980 and eventually 440 00:16:33,392 --> 00:16:36,395 folded into Northwest Airlines. 441 00:16:33,392 --> 00:16:36,395 folded into Northwest Airlines. 442 00:16:36,462 --> 00:16:40,432 But the legacy of the company's deadliest accident endures. 443 00:16:36,462 --> 00:16:40,432 But the legacy of the company's deadliest accident endures. 444 00:16:40,499 --> 00:16:42,368 One of the things that came out of the Hughes 445 00:16:42,434 --> 00:16:44,503 AirWest F-4 midair collision was a need 446 00:16:44,570 --> 00:16:47,239 to have better communication between the aircraft that 447 00:16:44,570 --> 00:16:47,239 to have better communication between the aircraft that 448 00:16:47,306 --> 00:16:50,309 are flying and with air traffic control. 449 00:16:50,376 --> 00:16:53,178 Tragically, it wasn't one that was implemented 450 00:16:50,376 --> 00:16:53,178 Tragically, it wasn't one that was implemented 451 00:16:53,245 --> 00:16:55,414 perfectly in the future. 452 00:16:55,481 --> 00:16:57,850 Seven years later, California residents 453 00:16:57,916 --> 00:17:02,287 face another disaster as two planes collide over San Diego. 454 00:16:57,916 --> 00:17:02,287 face another disaster as two planes collide over San Diego. 455 00:17:07,226 --> 00:17:10,129 Pacific Southwest Airlines flight 182 456 00:17:07,226 --> 00:17:10,129 Pacific Southwest Airlines flight 182 457 00:17:10,195 --> 00:17:12,831 is on an early morning run down the coast of California 458 00:17:12,898 --> 00:17:15,667 from Sacramento to San Diego. 459 00:17:12,898 --> 00:17:15,667 from Sacramento to San Diego. 460 00:17:15,734 --> 00:17:21,240 Approach PSA 182 coming out of 95 descending to 7,000. 461 00:17:15,734 --> 00:17:21,240 Approach PSA 182 coming out of 95 descending to 7,000. 462 00:17:21,306 --> 00:17:22,641 Airport is in sight. 463 00:17:22,708 --> 00:17:25,144 First officer Bob Fox is at the controls 464 00:17:25,210 --> 00:17:29,314 of the Boeing 727. 465 00:17:25,210 --> 00:17:29,314 of the Boeing 727. 466 00:17:29,381 --> 00:17:33,886 Captain Jim McFeron has been with the airline for 17 years. 467 00:17:29,381 --> 00:17:33,886 Captain Jim McFeron has been with the airline for 17 years. 468 00:17:33,952 --> 00:17:37,790 PSA 182, clear visual approach, runway 27. 469 00:17:37,856 --> 00:17:41,860 Thank you, cleared visual approach 27. 470 00:17:37,856 --> 00:17:41,860 Thank you, cleared visual approach 27. 471 00:17:41,927 --> 00:17:45,264 There are 128 passengers on board, including 472 00:17:41,927 --> 00:17:45,264 There are 128 passengers on board, including 473 00:17:45,330 --> 00:17:47,533 30 Pacific Southwest employees. 474 00:17:53,505 --> 00:17:56,542 An approach controller at a facility north of the airport 475 00:17:56,608 --> 00:17:58,510 monitors flight 182. 476 00:17:56,608 --> 00:17:58,510 monitors flight 182. 477 00:17:58,577 --> 00:18:00,312 ...11,000 until further advised. 478 00:18:00,379 --> 00:18:03,315 The approach control facility is quite busy. 479 00:18:00,379 --> 00:18:03,315 The approach control facility is quite busy. 480 00:18:03,382 --> 00:18:04,850 And that's stressful because you're 481 00:18:04,917 --> 00:18:08,353 handling so many different airplanes in the same airspace. 482 00:18:08,420 --> 00:18:09,588 When the controller spots 483 00:18:08,420 --> 00:18:09,588 When the controller spots 484 00:18:09,655 --> 00:18:12,357 a Cessna flying ahead of the 727, 485 00:18:12,424 --> 00:18:14,259 he makes sure they can see it. 486 00:18:14,326 --> 00:18:16,929 PSA 182, traffic's at 12 o'clock, 487 00:18:14,326 --> 00:18:16,929 PSA 182, traffic's at 12 o'clock, 488 00:18:16,995 --> 00:18:20,632 three miles out, 1,700. 489 00:18:20,699 --> 00:18:22,868 Got it. 490 00:18:20,699 --> 00:18:22,868 Got it. 491 00:18:22,935 --> 00:18:24,937 Traffic in sight. 492 00:18:25,003 --> 00:18:26,872 OK, sir. 493 00:18:26,939 --> 00:18:28,273 Maintain visual separation. 494 00:18:26,939 --> 00:18:28,273 Maintain visual separation. 495 00:18:28,340 --> 00:18:31,677 Contact Lindbergh tower 133.3. 496 00:18:31,743 --> 00:18:32,644 Have a nice day. 497 00:18:32,711 --> 00:18:34,413 OK. 498 00:18:32,711 --> 00:18:34,413 OK. 499 00:18:34,480 --> 00:18:37,216 Visual separation means that the pilot has another aircraft 500 00:18:37,282 --> 00:18:38,584 in sight and acknowledges it. 501 00:18:38,650 --> 00:18:39,985 Got it. 502 00:18:38,650 --> 00:18:39,985 Got it. 503 00:18:40,052 --> 00:18:42,888 Once the visual approach is accepted by the pilot, 504 00:18:42,955 --> 00:18:44,890 he's then responsible for maintaining 505 00:18:44,957 --> 00:18:48,293 separation from that traffic. 506 00:18:44,957 --> 00:18:48,293 separation from that traffic. 507 00:18:48,360 --> 00:18:50,529 With the plane now less than five miles 508 00:18:50,596 --> 00:18:53,632 from the runway, a controller in the airport's tower 509 00:18:50,596 --> 00:18:53,632 from the runway, a controller in the airport's tower 510 00:18:53,699 --> 00:18:56,802 takes over to guide the flight in for landing. 511 00:18:56,869 --> 00:18:59,805 PSA 182, cleared to land. 512 00:18:56,869 --> 00:18:59,805 PSA 182, cleared to land. 513 00:18:59,872 --> 00:19:02,407 182, cleared to land. 514 00:19:02,474 --> 00:19:03,809 Gear down. 515 00:19:02,474 --> 00:19:03,809 Gear down. 516 00:19:03,876 --> 00:19:05,377 Suddenly, first officer 517 00:19:05,444 --> 00:19:08,013 Bob Fox spots a distant plane. 518 00:19:08,080 --> 00:19:09,515 There's one underneath. 519 00:19:08,080 --> 00:19:09,515 There's one underneath. 520 00:19:09,581 --> 00:19:12,551 I was looking at that inbound over there. 521 00:19:20,559 --> 00:19:22,594 Tower, we're going down. 522 00:19:20,559 --> 00:19:22,594 Tower, we're going down. 523 00:19:22,661 --> 00:19:24,496 This is PSA. 524 00:19:24,563 --> 00:19:28,901 OK, we'll call the equipment for you. 525 00:19:24,563 --> 00:19:28,901 OK, we'll call the equipment for you. 526 00:19:35,641 --> 00:19:36,842 Get over here. 527 00:19:36,909 --> 00:19:38,443 The approach controller's radar 528 00:19:38,510 --> 00:19:42,915 reveals that the 727 has collided with the Cessna. 529 00:19:38,510 --> 00:19:42,915 reveals that the 727 has collided with the Cessna. 530 00:19:42,981 --> 00:19:44,950 Jesus Christ. 531 00:19:52,891 --> 00:19:54,927 Hundreds of people watched in horror as the two 532 00:19:54,993 --> 00:19:57,329 planes collided and crashed into a quiet San 533 00:19:54,993 --> 00:19:57,329 planes collided and crashed into a quiet San 534 00:19:57,396 --> 00:19:59,798 Diego residential neighborhood. 535 00:19:59,865 --> 00:20:04,736 144 people are dead, including 7 on the ground. 536 00:19:59,865 --> 00:20:04,736 144 people are dead, including 7 on the ground. 537 00:20:04,803 --> 00:20:08,473 22 homes are destroyed. 538 00:20:08,540 --> 00:20:10,475 It's the biggest airline disaster 539 00:20:08,540 --> 00:20:10,475 It's the biggest airline disaster 540 00:20:10,542 --> 00:20:13,378 in American history to date. 541 00:20:13,445 --> 00:20:15,847 The PSA accident in 1978 I think 542 00:20:13,445 --> 00:20:15,847 The PSA accident in 1978 I think 543 00:20:15,914 --> 00:20:19,051 was the lynchpin when the United States government and aviation 544 00:20:19,117 --> 00:20:20,652 world in general figured out we have 545 00:20:20,719 --> 00:20:24,089 to do something about this. 546 00:20:20,719 --> 00:20:24,089 to do something about this. 547 00:20:24,156 --> 00:20:25,924 Two hours after the crash, 548 00:20:25,991 --> 00:20:29,695 NTSB investigator Wally Funk arrives from Los Angeles. 549 00:20:25,991 --> 00:20:29,695 NTSB investigator Wally Funk arrives from Los Angeles. 550 00:20:32,164 --> 00:20:34,399 The accident scene was horrendous. 551 00:20:32,164 --> 00:20:34,399 The accident scene was horrendous. 552 00:20:37,402 --> 00:20:40,372 There was so many bits and parts and pieces 553 00:20:37,402 --> 00:20:40,372 There was so many bits and parts and pieces 554 00:20:40,439 --> 00:20:43,775 around, not only the aircraft but the homes. 555 00:20:43,842 --> 00:20:45,877 Funk needs to confirm that the wreckage 556 00:20:43,842 --> 00:20:45,877 Funk needs to confirm that the wreckage 557 00:20:45,944 --> 00:20:48,680 of a small plane found six blocks away 558 00:20:48,747 --> 00:20:52,384 is in fact what collided with the 727. 559 00:20:48,747 --> 00:20:52,384 is in fact what collided with the 727. 560 00:20:52,451 --> 00:20:54,686 We had paint transfers. 561 00:20:54,753 --> 00:20:58,824 We had pieces and parts from the two different aircraft. 562 00:20:54,753 --> 00:20:58,824 We had pieces and parts from the two different aircraft. 563 00:20:58,890 --> 00:21:01,760 Yes, this was an absolute midair collision. 564 00:21:01,827 --> 00:21:03,695 There's no doubt about it. 565 00:21:01,827 --> 00:21:03,695 There's no doubt about it. 566 00:21:03,762 --> 00:21:05,697 But how did these two planes end 567 00:21:05,764 --> 00:21:07,899 up on a fatal collision course? 568 00:21:07,966 --> 00:21:12,037 We had to visualize from a very mangled mess of metal 569 00:21:07,966 --> 00:21:12,037 We had to visualize from a very mangled mess of metal 570 00:21:12,104 --> 00:21:14,139 where the two came together. 571 00:21:18,577 --> 00:21:21,413 Fortunately, the 727's black boxes 572 00:21:18,577 --> 00:21:21,413 Fortunately, the 727's black boxes 573 00:21:21,480 --> 00:21:22,948 are recovered from the crash site 574 00:21:23,015 --> 00:21:26,385 and rushed back to Washington, DC for analysis. 575 00:21:30,622 --> 00:21:33,792 Meanwhile, senior NTSB investigator Phillip Ho 576 00:21:30,622 --> 00:21:33,792 Meanwhile, senior NTSB investigator Phillip Ho 577 00:21:33,859 --> 00:21:35,727 joins the team. 578 00:21:35,794 --> 00:21:40,132 He's eager to speak with the approach controller. 579 00:21:35,794 --> 00:21:40,132 He's eager to speak with the approach controller. 580 00:21:40,198 --> 00:21:42,701 Can you show us the two flight paths? 581 00:21:42,768 --> 00:21:47,539 So the 727 was flying east to do a turnaround 582 00:21:42,768 --> 00:21:47,539 So the 727 was flying east to do a turnaround 583 00:21:47,606 --> 00:21:50,642 and land on runway 27. 584 00:21:50,709 --> 00:21:53,545 And the Cessna was flying northeast. 585 00:21:50,709 --> 00:21:53,545 And the Cessna was flying northeast. 586 00:21:53,612 --> 00:21:56,682 But it was miles ahead of the 727. 587 00:21:56,748 --> 00:21:58,517 They should have missed each other by over a mile. 588 00:21:56,748 --> 00:21:58,517 They should have missed each other by over a mile. 589 00:22:01,486 --> 00:22:03,855 To verify the approach controller's account, 590 00:22:01,486 --> 00:22:03,855 To verify the approach controller's account, 591 00:22:03,922 --> 00:22:05,891 investigators review a transcript 592 00:22:05,957 --> 00:22:07,793 of his conversation that day. 593 00:22:07,859 --> 00:22:11,863 It confirms that both pilots knew each other's positions. 594 00:22:07,859 --> 00:22:11,863 It confirms that both pilots knew each other's positions. 595 00:22:11,930 --> 00:22:18,203 PSA 182, traffic's at 12 o'clock, three miles out 1,700. 596 00:22:11,930 --> 00:22:18,203 PSA 182, traffic's at 12 o'clock, three miles out 1,700. 597 00:22:18,270 --> 00:22:19,805 Got it. 598 00:22:19,871 --> 00:22:21,673 But if both planes knew of each other, 599 00:22:19,871 --> 00:22:21,673 But if both planes knew of each other, 600 00:22:21,740 --> 00:22:24,676 why did their aircraft collide? 601 00:22:24,743 --> 00:22:28,213 Investigators question why the approach controller didn't warn 602 00:22:24,743 --> 00:22:28,213 Investigators question why the approach controller didn't warn 603 00:22:28,280 --> 00:22:30,782 the pilots when they were dangerously close, 604 00:22:30,849 --> 00:22:35,520 especially since his radar would have sounded a proximity alarm. 605 00:22:30,849 --> 00:22:35,520 especially since his radar would have sounded a proximity alarm. 606 00:22:35,587 --> 00:22:36,588 Didn't you get any warning? 607 00:22:39,224 --> 00:22:42,060 We did. 608 00:22:42,127 --> 00:22:44,529 We ignored it. 609 00:22:44,596 --> 00:22:48,900 Well, when the alert sounded, I mentioned it to my supervisor. 610 00:22:44,596 --> 00:22:48,900 Well, when the alert sounded, I mentioned it to my supervisor. 611 00:22:56,141 --> 00:22:57,042 Alarm again. 612 00:22:57,109 --> 00:22:58,710 I talked to both planes. 613 00:22:57,109 --> 00:22:58,710 I talked to both planes. 614 00:22:58,777 --> 00:23:01,213 PSA 182 has confirmed a visual sighting of the Cessna. 615 00:23:01,279 --> 00:23:03,181 We're not expected to contact the pilots if they're 616 00:23:01,279 --> 00:23:03,181 We're not expected to contact the pilots if they're 617 00:23:03,248 --> 00:23:05,584 flying by visual rules, not to mention, 618 00:23:05,650 --> 00:23:09,221 we get about 13 alarms a day. 619 00:23:05,650 --> 00:23:09,221 we get about 13 alarms a day. 620 00:23:09,287 --> 00:23:11,957 The approach controllers overlook the alert. 621 00:23:12,023 --> 00:23:17,763 But they contact the Cessna and remind them of the nearby 727. 622 00:23:12,023 --> 00:23:17,763 But they contact the Cessna and remind them of the nearby 727. 623 00:23:17,829 --> 00:23:19,631 Traffic in your vicinity. 624 00:23:19,698 --> 00:23:20,966 PSA jet has you in sight. 625 00:23:21,032 --> 00:23:22,701 He's descending for Lindbergh. 626 00:23:21,032 --> 00:23:22,701 He's descending for Lindbergh. 627 00:23:22,768 --> 00:23:27,105 But at that exact moment, the planes collide. 628 00:23:27,172 --> 00:23:28,607 Get over here. 629 00:23:28,673 --> 00:23:30,742 Investigators now interview the tower 630 00:23:30,809 --> 00:23:33,311 controller to better understand why he also 631 00:23:30,809 --> 00:23:33,311 controller to better understand why he also 632 00:23:33,378 --> 00:23:36,948 failed to warn both pilots. 633 00:23:37,015 --> 00:23:41,086 They discover he relied on an even less sophisticated radar. 634 00:23:37,015 --> 00:23:41,086 They discover he relied on an even less sophisticated radar. 635 00:23:41,153 --> 00:23:43,555 The tower controller did not have the collision alert system 636 00:23:43,622 --> 00:23:44,723 at the time. 637 00:23:44,790 --> 00:23:46,291 When the controller saw the planes 638 00:23:44,790 --> 00:23:46,291 When the controller saw the planes 639 00:23:46,358 --> 00:23:51,863 within a mile of each other, he made contact, warning the 727. 640 00:23:46,358 --> 00:23:51,863 within a mile of each other, he made contact, warning the 727. 641 00:23:51,930 --> 00:23:56,902 PSA 182, traffic 12 o'clock, one mile. 642 00:23:56,968 --> 00:23:59,571 I think he's passing off to our right. 643 00:23:56,968 --> 00:23:59,571 I think he's passing off to our right. 644 00:23:59,638 --> 00:24:00,972 Yeah. 645 00:24:01,039 --> 00:24:03,775 If the pilot says he's passing off to our right, 646 00:24:01,039 --> 00:24:03,775 If the pilot says he's passing off to our right, 647 00:24:03,842 --> 00:24:06,678 this implies that he's still maintaining visual separation. 648 00:24:06,745 --> 00:24:08,079 It was his responsibility. 649 00:24:08,146 --> 00:24:10,148 And you would not worry about it. 650 00:24:08,146 --> 00:24:10,148 And you would not worry about it. 651 00:24:10,215 --> 00:24:12,284 After talking to both controllers, 652 00:24:12,350 --> 00:24:15,654 investigators still have no answer to the key question 653 00:24:12,350 --> 00:24:15,654 investigators still have no answer to the key question 654 00:24:15,720 --> 00:24:17,989 in the midair collision. 655 00:24:18,056 --> 00:24:20,192 Who crashed into whom? 656 00:24:20,258 --> 00:24:24,095 Now, let's have the next acetate please. 657 00:24:20,258 --> 00:24:24,095 Now, let's have the next acetate please. 658 00:24:24,162 --> 00:24:25,330 But when they calculate 659 00:24:25,397 --> 00:24:28,300 the two planes' actual radar tracks, 660 00:24:25,397 --> 00:24:28,300 the two planes' actual radar tracks, 661 00:24:28,366 --> 00:24:30,202 the answer becomes clear. 662 00:24:30,268 --> 00:24:35,674 The 727 has rear ended the Cessna. 663 00:24:30,268 --> 00:24:35,674 The 727 has rear ended the Cessna. 664 00:24:35,740 --> 00:24:38,710 The Cessna never passed off to the right. 665 00:24:38,777 --> 00:24:41,780 He was always in front of PSA. 666 00:24:38,777 --> 00:24:41,780 He was always in front of PSA. 667 00:24:41,847 --> 00:24:43,849 I was looking at that inbound over there. 668 00:24:43,915 --> 00:24:47,919 The 91 ton aircraft, flying at 160 knots, 669 00:24:43,915 --> 00:24:47,919 The 91 ton aircraft, flying at 160 knots, 670 00:24:47,986 --> 00:24:51,022 slammed into the much slower and lighter Cessna. 671 00:24:51,089 --> 00:24:53,191 The PSA crew, when they acknowledged 672 00:24:51,089 --> 00:24:53,191 The PSA crew, when they acknowledged 673 00:24:53,258 --> 00:24:55,994 they had the Cessna in sight, at that moment 674 00:24:56,061 --> 00:25:01,166 became responsible for keeping the airplanes separate. 675 00:24:56,061 --> 00:25:01,166 became responsible for keeping the airplanes separate. 676 00:25:01,233 --> 00:25:05,237 So how did the veteran 727 crew lose sight of a plane 677 00:25:01,233 --> 00:25:05,237 So how did the veteran 727 crew lose sight of a plane 678 00:25:05,303 --> 00:25:07,038 directly in front of them? 679 00:25:09,107 --> 00:25:11,743 In Washington, NTSB investigators 680 00:25:11,810 --> 00:25:13,411 review the recovered cockpit voice 681 00:25:13,478 --> 00:25:16,681 recording of PSA flight 182. 682 00:25:13,478 --> 00:25:16,681 recording of PSA flight 182. 683 00:25:16,748 --> 00:25:18,283 All right, hit it. 684 00:25:18,350 --> 00:25:20,919 They hope the pilots' conversation will explain how 685 00:25:18,350 --> 00:25:20,919 They hope the pilots' conversation will explain how 686 00:25:20,986 --> 00:25:23,922 they lost sight of the Cessna. 687 00:25:23,989 --> 00:25:25,924 Were we clear that Cessna? 688 00:25:25,991 --> 00:25:27,893 Supposed to be. 689 00:25:25,991 --> 00:25:27,893 Supposed to be. 690 00:25:27,959 --> 00:25:29,761 Oh yeah, before we turn down land, 691 00:25:29,828 --> 00:25:31,062 I saw him about 1 o'clock. 692 00:25:31,129 --> 00:25:33,865 Probably behind us now. 693 00:25:31,129 --> 00:25:33,865 Probably behind us now. 694 00:25:33,932 --> 00:25:35,367 Stop it. 695 00:25:35,433 --> 00:25:38,203 35 seconds before impact, the PSA crew think 696 00:25:35,433 --> 00:25:38,203 35 seconds before impact, the PSA crew think 697 00:25:38,270 --> 00:25:40,005 they've passed the Cessna. 698 00:25:40,071 --> 00:25:42,841 It was right in front of them the whole time. 699 00:25:42,908 --> 00:25:44,476 Investigators wonder if something 700 00:25:42,908 --> 00:25:44,476 Investigators wonder if something 701 00:25:44,542 --> 00:25:48,914 was preventing the pilots from seeing the much smaller plane. 702 00:25:48,980 --> 00:25:52,050 The 727, when it's flying in level flight, 703 00:25:48,980 --> 00:25:52,050 The 727, when it's flying in level flight, 704 00:25:52,117 --> 00:25:54,853 is a slightly nose up condition. 705 00:25:54,920 --> 00:25:57,822 So that the pilots, as they look out, 706 00:25:54,920 --> 00:25:57,822 So that the pilots, as they look out, 707 00:25:57,889 --> 00:26:00,225 they're looking over the nose of the airplane. 708 00:26:00,292 --> 00:26:02,827 Was the nose of the aircraft high? 709 00:26:00,292 --> 00:26:02,827 Was the nose of the aircraft high? 710 00:26:02,894 --> 00:26:05,163 And they didn't see the Cessna, they 711 00:26:05,230 --> 00:26:11,236 may not have realized the Cessna was as close as it was. 712 00:26:05,230 --> 00:26:11,236 may not have realized the Cessna was as close as it was. 713 00:26:11,303 --> 00:26:14,172 The team conducts a visibility study to determine 714 00:26:14,239 --> 00:26:17,042 how long the PSA crew could see the Cessna 715 00:26:17,108 --> 00:26:19,744 through their windscreen. 716 00:26:19,811 --> 00:26:22,080 After measuring and photographing each pilot's 717 00:26:19,811 --> 00:26:22,080 After measuring and photographing each pilot's 718 00:26:22,147 --> 00:26:25,450 view, they plot the Cessna's location on the photos 719 00:26:25,517 --> 00:26:27,986 in 10 second intervals. 720 00:26:25,517 --> 00:26:27,986 in 10 second intervals. 721 00:26:28,053 --> 00:26:30,322 What they find is surprising. 722 00:26:30,388 --> 00:26:34,125 The PSA crew could see the Cessna for a much longer period 723 00:26:30,388 --> 00:26:34,125 The PSA crew could see the Cessna for a much longer period 724 00:26:34,192 --> 00:26:36,194 than they expected. 725 00:26:36,261 --> 00:26:41,066 170 seconds of clear view. 726 00:26:36,261 --> 00:26:41,066 170 seconds of clear view. 727 00:26:41,132 --> 00:26:43,501 How did the pilots lose track of a Cessna 728 00:26:43,568 --> 00:26:47,038 when it was in view for almost 3 minutes? 729 00:26:43,568 --> 00:26:47,038 when it was in view for almost 3 minutes? 730 00:26:47,105 --> 00:26:49,341 Searching for answers, investigators 731 00:26:49,407 --> 00:26:52,477 go back further in time on the cockpit recording. 732 00:26:49,407 --> 00:26:52,477 go back further in time on the cockpit recording. 733 00:26:52,544 --> 00:26:54,546 Traffic at 12 o'clock, three miles out, 734 00:26:54,612 --> 00:26:57,482 1,700. 735 00:26:54,612 --> 00:26:57,482 1,700. 736 00:26:57,549 --> 00:26:59,484 Got it. 737 00:26:59,551 --> 00:27:01,219 Traffic in sight. 738 00:27:01,286 --> 00:27:03,355 85 seconds before impact, 739 00:27:01,286 --> 00:27:03,355 85 seconds before impact, 740 00:27:03,421 --> 00:27:07,959 the 727's pilots spot the Cessna flying ahead of them. 741 00:27:08,026 --> 00:27:09,894 OK, sir. 742 00:27:08,026 --> 00:27:09,894 OK, sir. 743 00:27:09,961 --> 00:27:11,062 Maintain visual separation. 744 00:27:11,129 --> 00:27:15,333 Contact Lindbergh tower, 133.3. 745 00:27:11,129 --> 00:27:15,333 Contact Lindbergh tower, 133.3. 746 00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:18,169 The crew must now keep the Cessna in view 747 00:27:18,236 --> 00:27:21,239 while performing other tasks in preparation for landing. 748 00:27:18,236 --> 00:27:21,239 while performing other tasks in preparation for landing. 749 00:27:24,943 --> 00:27:28,546 Lindbergh, PSA 182, downwind. 750 00:27:24,943 --> 00:27:28,546 Lindbergh, PSA 182, downwind. 751 00:27:28,613 --> 00:27:30,548 The wings need to be configured. 752 00:27:30,615 --> 00:27:32,117 The landing gear must be lowered. 753 00:27:32,183 --> 00:27:33,852 Systems have to be adjusted. 754 00:27:33,918 --> 00:27:35,987 So it's a busy place. 755 00:27:36,054 --> 00:27:37,856 But at this critical moment, 756 00:27:37,922 --> 00:27:40,558 no one is keeping an eye on the Cessna. 757 00:27:37,922 --> 00:27:40,558 no one is keeping an eye on the Cessna. 758 00:27:40,625 --> 00:27:42,360 Is that the one we're looking at? 759 00:27:42,427 --> 00:27:45,330 Yeah, but I don't see him now. 760 00:27:42,427 --> 00:27:45,330 Yeah, but I don't see him now. 761 00:27:45,397 --> 00:27:49,367 The Cessna should be right here in front of them. 762 00:27:49,434 --> 00:27:54,572 The Cessna was visible just at about the windshield level 763 00:27:49,434 --> 00:27:54,572 The Cessna was visible just at about the windshield level 764 00:27:54,639 --> 00:27:56,207 of PSA. 765 00:27:54,639 --> 00:27:56,207 of PSA. 766 00:27:56,274 --> 00:27:57,909 And it's really incredible. 767 00:27:57,976 --> 00:27:59,577 Somehow, they lost sight of it. 768 00:28:04,416 --> 00:28:07,052 OK, can you show me how you normally 769 00:28:07,118 --> 00:28:09,054 adjust your seat, please? 770 00:28:07,118 --> 00:28:09,054 adjust your seat, please? 771 00:28:09,120 --> 00:28:12,157 To better understand how the PSA crew lost sight 772 00:28:12,223 --> 00:28:14,959 of the Cessna, investigators take another look 773 00:28:12,223 --> 00:28:14,959 of the Cessna, investigators take another look 774 00:28:15,026 --> 00:28:18,029 at the cockpit visibility. 775 00:28:18,096 --> 00:28:19,898 Pilots come in all sizes and shapes. 776 00:28:19,964 --> 00:28:23,334 They learn quickly to adjust the seats to the position that's 777 00:28:19,964 --> 00:28:23,334 They learn quickly to adjust the seats to the position that's 778 00:28:23,401 --> 00:28:24,636 comfortable. 779 00:28:24,702 --> 00:28:26,638 Some pilots want to sit lower so they can 780 00:28:24,702 --> 00:28:26,638 Some pilots want to sit lower so they can 781 00:28:26,704 --> 00:28:29,007 see their instruments better. 782 00:28:29,074 --> 00:28:31,342 When they recalculate the Cesnna's location 783 00:28:31,409 --> 00:28:34,212 on the windshield based on the crew's seat positions, 784 00:28:31,409 --> 00:28:34,212 on the windshield based on the crew's seat positions, 785 00:28:34,279 --> 00:28:37,048 they make a shocking discovery. 786 00:28:37,115 --> 00:28:40,251 Instead of 3 minutes, the crew would only have seen 787 00:28:37,115 --> 00:28:40,251 Instead of 3 minutes, the crew would only have seen 788 00:28:40,318 --> 00:28:44,889 the Cessna for 5 to 10 seconds. 789 00:28:40,318 --> 00:28:44,889 the Cessna for 5 to 10 seconds. 790 00:28:44,956 --> 00:28:48,326 Even if the crew had leaned forward to check for the plane, 791 00:28:48,393 --> 00:28:51,062 investigators believe the smaller plane may have been 792 00:28:48,393 --> 00:28:51,062 investigators believe the smaller plane may have been 793 00:28:51,129 --> 00:28:53,098 camouflaged by the background. 794 00:28:53,164 --> 00:28:55,366 They become harder to see. 795 00:28:55,433 --> 00:28:58,670 And the terrain makes it even more so. 796 00:28:55,433 --> 00:28:58,670 And the terrain makes it even more so. 797 00:28:58,736 --> 00:29:00,538 Is that the one we're looking at. 798 00:29:00,605 --> 00:29:04,909 Yeah, I don't see him now. 799 00:29:00,605 --> 00:29:04,909 Yeah, I don't see him now. 800 00:29:04,976 --> 00:29:07,178 The fate of flight 182 now 801 00:29:07,245 --> 00:29:10,081 depends on the captain clearly communicating this 802 00:29:07,245 --> 00:29:10,081 depends on the captain clearly communicating this 803 00:29:10,148 --> 00:29:11,249 to the tower. 804 00:29:11,316 --> 00:29:13,518 I think he's passed off to it right. 805 00:29:13,585 --> 00:29:14,986 The controller would have been 806 00:29:13,585 --> 00:29:14,986 The controller would have been 807 00:29:15,053 --> 00:29:16,955 able to see that the Cessna had not 808 00:29:17,021 --> 00:29:19,424 passed the 727 on his radar. 809 00:29:19,491 --> 00:29:21,960 So why didn't he take action? 810 00:29:19,491 --> 00:29:21,960 So why didn't he take action? 811 00:29:22,026 --> 00:29:24,429 OK, we had him there a minute ago. 812 00:29:24,496 --> 00:29:27,132 Investigators compare two separate recordings 813 00:29:24,496 --> 00:29:27,132 Investigators compare two separate recordings 814 00:29:27,198 --> 00:29:31,136 of the conversation between the captain and the controller. 815 00:29:31,202 --> 00:29:34,405 OK, Chris, let's hear the cockpit first. 816 00:29:31,202 --> 00:29:34,405 OK, Chris, let's hear the cockpit first. 817 00:29:34,472 --> 00:29:36,574 I think he's passed off to our right. 818 00:29:36,641 --> 00:29:37,709 Passed. 819 00:29:37,775 --> 00:29:38,710 I thought I heard passing before. 820 00:29:37,775 --> 00:29:38,710 I thought I heard passing before. 821 00:29:38,776 --> 00:29:39,944 Double check that, please. 822 00:29:45,717 --> 00:29:48,052 I think he's passed off to our right. 823 00:29:48,119 --> 00:29:49,354 He's still saying pass. 824 00:29:49,420 --> 00:29:50,555 Let's compare it with the tower because I 825 00:29:49,420 --> 00:29:50,555 Let's compare it with the tower because I 826 00:29:50,622 --> 00:29:53,691 think I heard passing. 827 00:29:53,758 --> 00:29:57,262 Investigators make a startling discovery. 828 00:29:53,758 --> 00:29:57,262 Investigators make a startling discovery. 829 00:29:57,328 --> 00:29:59,531 He's passing off to our right. 830 00:29:59,597 --> 00:30:03,134 Passing, I was right. 831 00:29:59,597 --> 00:30:03,134 Passing, I was right. 832 00:30:03,201 --> 00:30:04,602 It does sound like passing. 833 00:30:07,739 --> 00:30:09,541 Radio static caused the radio 834 00:30:07,739 --> 00:30:09,541 Radio static caused the radio 835 00:30:09,607 --> 00:30:14,112 controller to hear the word "passing," not "passed." 836 00:30:14,179 --> 00:30:16,414 The air traffic controller heard it as he's 837 00:30:16,481 --> 00:30:18,216 passing off to our right. 838 00:30:18,283 --> 00:30:20,084 That indicated that they still have visual contact with him. 839 00:30:23,221 --> 00:30:24,422 You would believe that the pilot 840 00:30:24,489 --> 00:30:26,191 was being able to maintain the separation. 841 00:30:24,489 --> 00:30:26,191 was being able to maintain the separation. 842 00:30:26,257 --> 00:30:28,059 It was his responsibility. 843 00:30:28,126 --> 00:30:32,063 And you would not worry about it. 844 00:30:32,130 --> 00:30:35,500 In the spring of 1979, investigators finally 845 00:30:32,130 --> 00:30:35,500 In the spring of 1979, investigators finally 846 00:30:35,567 --> 00:30:37,368 conclude who was at fault. 847 00:30:37,435 --> 00:30:41,339 The determination of the board's report 848 00:30:37,435 --> 00:30:41,339 The determination of the board's report 849 00:30:41,406 --> 00:30:46,611 is very clear that the crew obviously did not 850 00:30:41,406 --> 00:30:46,611 is very clear that the crew obviously did not 851 00:30:46,678 --> 00:30:50,481 see the aircraft, the Cessna, in time 852 00:30:46,678 --> 00:30:50,481 see the aircraft, the Cessna, in time 853 00:30:50,548 --> 00:30:56,154 to divert it away from a catastrophic accident. 854 00:30:56,221 --> 00:30:57,655 Recommendations in their report 855 00:30:57,722 --> 00:30:59,557 focus on improving the air traffic 856 00:30:59,624 --> 00:31:01,259 control system in San Diego. 857 00:31:04,195 --> 00:31:09,434 PSA 182 also helped fuel the search for new technology. 858 00:31:04,195 --> 00:31:09,434 PSA 182 also helped fuel the search for new technology. 859 00:31:09,500 --> 00:31:12,170 Three years after the accident, a safety device 860 00:31:12,237 --> 00:31:15,306 called TCAS, or Traffic Collision Avoidance System, 861 00:31:12,237 --> 00:31:15,306 called TCAS, or Traffic Collision Avoidance System, 862 00:31:15,373 --> 00:31:20,511 is developed and later installed in all passenger aircraft. 863 00:31:15,373 --> 00:31:20,511 is developed and later installed in all passenger aircraft. 864 00:31:20,578 --> 00:31:22,213 All airliners are now 865 00:31:22,280 --> 00:31:23,815 equipped with fairly sophisticated 866 00:31:23,881 --> 00:31:25,583 collision avoidance systems. 867 00:31:25,650 --> 00:31:30,321 They have the ability in the cockpit to get instant feedback 868 00:31:25,650 --> 00:31:30,321 They have the ability in the cockpit to get instant feedback 869 00:31:30,388 --> 00:31:33,191 to avoid other airliners, including 870 00:31:30,388 --> 00:31:33,191 to avoid other airliners, including 871 00:31:33,258 --> 00:31:34,826 instructions as to what they should 872 00:31:34,892 --> 00:31:38,096 do to avoid that airliner. 873 00:31:38,162 --> 00:31:39,597 279, good day. 874 00:31:38,162 --> 00:31:39,597 279, good day. 875 00:31:39,664 --> 00:31:42,200 Unfortunately, in some corners of the world, 876 00:31:42,267 --> 00:31:45,670 aviation developments don't come soon enough. 877 00:31:42,267 --> 00:31:45,670 aviation developments don't come soon enough. 878 00:31:45,737 --> 00:31:49,774 In 1996, tragedy strikes again when two passenger 879 00:31:49,841 --> 00:31:52,343 jets collide over India. 880 00:31:49,841 --> 00:31:52,343 jets collide over India. 881 00:31:59,217 --> 00:32:01,386 Indira Gandhi International Airport, 882 00:32:01,452 --> 00:32:04,822 New Delhi, a gateway to India. 883 00:32:01,452 --> 00:32:04,822 New Delhi, a gateway to India. 884 00:32:10,461 --> 00:32:14,832 Just past 6 o'clock, Saudi Arabia Airlines Flight 763 885 00:32:10,461 --> 00:32:14,832 Just past 6 o'clock, Saudi Arabia Airlines Flight 763 886 00:32:14,899 --> 00:32:16,367 takes off into the sunset. 887 00:32:19,771 --> 00:32:20,605 Gear up. 888 00:32:19,771 --> 00:32:20,605 Gear up. 889 00:32:23,374 --> 00:32:25,176 Gear up. 890 00:32:25,243 --> 00:32:26,644 Clear on left. 891 00:32:25,243 --> 00:32:26,644 Clear on left. 892 00:32:26,711 --> 00:32:29,147 Captain Khalid Al-Shubaily powers the Boeing 893 00:32:29,213 --> 00:32:32,150 747 away from the runway. 894 00:32:29,213 --> 00:32:32,150 747 away from the runway. 895 00:32:32,216 --> 00:32:38,389 His copilot, Nazir Khan, handles all radio communication. 896 00:32:32,216 --> 00:32:38,389 His copilot, Nazir Khan, handles all radio communication. 897 00:32:38,456 --> 00:32:41,392 289 passengers on board are traveling 898 00:32:41,459 --> 00:32:42,694 to Duran, Saudi Arabia. 899 00:32:45,930 --> 00:32:49,267 279, good day. 900 00:32:49,334 --> 00:32:52,670 Shortly after takeoff, approach controller VK Dutta 901 00:32:49,334 --> 00:32:52,670 Shortly after takeoff, approach controller VK Dutta 902 00:32:52,737 --> 00:32:54,605 guides the plane away from the airport. 903 00:32:57,375 --> 00:33:02,347 Saudi 763 approaching flight level 100. 904 00:32:57,375 --> 00:33:02,347 Saudi 763 approaching flight level 100. 905 00:33:02,413 --> 00:33:07,719 Roger, climb flight level 140. 906 00:33:07,785 --> 00:33:11,756 Clear to climb 140, Saudi 763. 907 00:33:07,785 --> 00:33:11,756 Clear to climb 140, Saudi 763. 908 00:33:11,823 --> 00:33:14,325 After reaching 14,000 feet, 909 00:33:11,823 --> 00:33:14,325 After reaching 14,000 feet, 910 00:33:14,392 --> 00:33:18,863 the crew request permission to continue their ascent. 911 00:33:18,930 --> 00:33:21,332 Roger, maintain flight level 140. 912 00:33:18,930 --> 00:33:21,332 Roger, maintain flight level 140. 913 00:33:21,399 --> 00:33:22,934 Standby for higher. 914 00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:25,503 In order to coordinate incoming and outgoing traffic, 915 00:33:25,570 --> 00:33:29,440 Dutta wants the Saudi flight to stop climbing. 916 00:33:25,570 --> 00:33:29,440 Dutta wants the Saudi flight to stop climbing. 917 00:33:29,507 --> 00:33:33,478 Saudi 763 will maintain 140. 918 00:33:29,507 --> 00:33:33,478 Saudi 763 will maintain 140. 919 00:33:33,544 --> 00:33:35,880 The controller is concerned about another plane, 920 00:33:35,947 --> 00:33:38,750 a Kazakhstan Airlines Aleutian 76 921 00:33:35,947 --> 00:33:38,750 a Kazakhstan Airlines Aleutian 76 922 00:33:38,816 --> 00:33:41,352 passenger jet which is coming in for landing 923 00:33:41,419 --> 00:33:42,653 at Indira Gandhi airport. 924 00:33:45,623 --> 00:33:48,659 He wants it to pass 1,000 feet above the Saudi flight 925 00:33:48,726 --> 00:33:49,560 before landing. 926 00:33:52,397 --> 00:33:57,268 After that, he'll have the Saudis continue their climb. 927 00:33:52,397 --> 00:33:57,268 After that, he'll have the Saudis continue their climb. 928 00:33:57,335 --> 00:34:03,341 Kazakh 1907 now reaching 150, 46 929 00:33:57,335 --> 00:34:03,341 Kazakh 1907 now reaching 150, 46 930 00:34:03,408 --> 00:34:05,276 miles from Delta Papa November. 931 00:34:07,812 --> 00:34:10,815 Roger, maintain flight level 150. 932 00:34:07,812 --> 00:34:10,815 Roger, maintain flight level 150. 933 00:34:10,882 --> 00:34:15,720 Identify traffic 12 o'clock reciprocal, Saudi Boeing 747. 934 00:34:10,882 --> 00:34:15,720 Identify traffic 12 o'clock reciprocal, Saudi Boeing 747. 935 00:34:15,787 --> 00:34:19,624 Dutta warns the Kazakh flight of the nearby Saudi jet. 936 00:34:19,690 --> 00:34:20,925 How many miles? 937 00:34:19,690 --> 00:34:20,925 How many miles? 938 00:34:20,992 --> 00:34:26,597 Traffic is at 8 miles level 140. 939 00:34:20,992 --> 00:34:26,597 Traffic is at 8 miles level 140. 940 00:34:26,664 --> 00:34:28,800 But seconds later... 941 00:34:28,866 --> 00:34:31,869 ...a massive explosion 942 00:34:31,936 --> 00:34:33,671 tears through the Saudi jet. 943 00:34:31,936 --> 00:34:33,671 tears through the Saudi jet. 944 00:34:41,546 --> 00:34:44,048 Both the Saudi and Kazakh flights have vanished 945 00:34:41,546 --> 00:34:44,048 Both the Saudi and Kazakh flights have vanished 946 00:34:44,115 --> 00:34:45,450 from the controller's radar. 947 00:34:47,885 --> 00:34:48,719 Saudi 763? 948 00:34:51,456 --> 00:34:55,526 Kazakh 1907, report position. 949 00:34:55,593 --> 00:34:59,330 So I run the sweep again. 950 00:34:55,593 --> 00:34:59,330 So I run the sweep again. 951 00:34:59,397 --> 00:35:01,432 They were not there at all. 952 00:35:07,638 --> 00:35:09,974 A call from a nearby US Air Force pilot 953 00:35:07,638 --> 00:35:09,974 A call from a nearby US Air Force pilot 954 00:35:10,041 --> 00:35:11,776 confirms the worst. 955 00:35:11,843 --> 00:35:13,478 Two distinct fires on the ground. 956 00:35:18,549 --> 00:35:20,451 Two planes have gone down over Charkhi Dadri. 957 00:35:18,549 --> 00:35:20,451 Two planes have gone down over Charkhi Dadri. 958 00:35:22,987 --> 00:35:25,456 In the hours following the horrific collision, 959 00:35:25,523 --> 00:35:28,726 recovery teams find the wreckage of the Kazakh and Saudi 960 00:35:25,523 --> 00:35:28,726 recovery teams find the wreckage of the Kazakh and Saudi 961 00:35:28,793 --> 00:35:32,697 aircrafts 4 and 1/2 miles apart. 962 00:35:28,793 --> 00:35:32,697 aircrafts 4 and 1/2 miles apart. 963 00:35:32,763 --> 00:35:36,901 The two planes were carrying 349 people. 964 00:35:36,968 --> 00:35:39,337 There are no survivors. 965 00:35:36,968 --> 00:35:39,337 There are no survivors. 966 00:35:39,403 --> 00:35:42,640 It's the worst midair collision of all time. 967 00:35:42,707 --> 00:35:43,975 The death toll is terrible. 968 00:35:44,041 --> 00:35:45,977 It's terrible if it's several hundred. 969 00:35:46,043 --> 00:35:48,779 It's terrible if it's even one person. 970 00:35:48,846 --> 00:35:51,082 But what has to be true, no matter 971 00:35:48,846 --> 00:35:51,082 But what has to be true, no matter 972 00:35:51,148 --> 00:35:52,550 how many people are killed in an event, 973 00:35:52,617 --> 00:35:55,586 is what are we going to do about it? 974 00:35:55,653 --> 00:35:57,121 The next morning, captain 975 00:35:55,653 --> 00:35:57,121 The next morning, captain 976 00:35:57,188 --> 00:36:01,125 KPS Nair is one of the first investigators on the scene. 977 00:36:01,192 --> 00:36:05,062 I was just horrified. 978 00:36:01,192 --> 00:36:05,062 I was just horrified. 979 00:36:05,129 --> 00:36:10,835 It is something which I can't explain. 980 00:36:05,129 --> 00:36:10,835 It is something which I can't explain. 981 00:36:13,738 --> 00:36:15,706 Investigators have two separate crash 982 00:36:13,738 --> 00:36:15,706 Investigators have two separate crash 983 00:36:15,773 --> 00:36:17,475 sites to examine. 984 00:36:17,542 --> 00:36:23,481 But they know one cause will explain both accidents. 985 00:36:17,542 --> 00:36:23,481 But they know one cause will explain both accidents. 986 00:36:23,548 --> 00:36:28,619 Thankfully, the black boxes from both aircraft are found. 987 00:36:23,548 --> 00:36:28,619 Thankfully, the black boxes from both aircraft are found. 988 00:36:28,686 --> 00:36:31,756 While investigators wait for the data to be recovered, 989 00:36:31,822 --> 00:36:34,926 they focus on conversations between the two planes 990 00:36:31,822 --> 00:36:34,926 they focus on conversations between the two planes 991 00:36:34,992 --> 00:36:38,129 and the air traffic controller. 992 00:36:34,992 --> 00:36:38,129 and the air traffic controller. 993 00:36:38,195 --> 00:36:41,399 Hi, I'm VK Dutta. 994 00:36:41,465 --> 00:36:42,800 Have a seat. 995 00:36:42,867 --> 00:36:44,535 They want to know everything that Dutta 996 00:36:42,867 --> 00:36:44,535 They want to know everything that Dutta 997 00:36:44,602 --> 00:36:47,171 did on the night of the crash. 998 00:36:47,238 --> 00:36:49,440 Was traffic heavy? 999 00:36:49,507 --> 00:36:52,143 Evenings are always busy. 1000 00:36:49,507 --> 00:36:52,143 Evenings are always busy. 1001 00:36:52,209 --> 00:36:54,178 Unlike most modern systems, 1002 00:36:54,245 --> 00:36:57,548 Dutta's radar doesn't track a plane's altitude. 1003 00:36:54,245 --> 00:36:57,548 Dutta's radar doesn't track a plane's altitude. 1004 00:36:57,615 --> 00:37:01,452 Instead, controllers write a plane's last reported position 1005 00:37:01,519 --> 00:37:02,486 on a strip of paper. 1006 00:37:01,519 --> 00:37:02,486 on a strip of paper. 1007 00:37:05,222 --> 00:37:06,757 This is the Kazakh one. 1008 00:37:06,824 --> 00:37:10,194 And this is the Saudi one. 1009 00:37:06,824 --> 00:37:10,194 And this is the Saudi one. 1010 00:37:10,261 --> 00:37:15,600 Kazakh 1907, now reaching 150. 1011 00:37:10,261 --> 00:37:15,600 Kazakh 1907, now reaching 150. 1012 00:37:15,666 --> 00:37:17,435 Dutta was supposed to ensure 1013 00:37:17,501 --> 00:37:19,737 that the two planes were 1,000 feet apart 1014 00:37:19,804 --> 00:37:22,440 as they approached each other. 1015 00:37:19,804 --> 00:37:22,440 as they approached each other. 1016 00:37:22,506 --> 00:37:24,542 Roger, maintain flight level 140. 1017 00:37:24,609 --> 00:37:26,444 Standby for higher. 1018 00:37:24,609 --> 00:37:26,444 Standby for higher. 1019 00:37:26,510 --> 00:37:28,512 To confirm Dutta's instructions, 1020 00:37:28,579 --> 00:37:32,116 investigators review the air traffic control transcripts. 1021 00:37:28,579 --> 00:37:32,116 investigators review the air traffic control transcripts. 1022 00:37:32,183 --> 00:37:34,185 They learned that Dutta gave the two 1023 00:37:34,251 --> 00:37:36,520 planes the proper directions. 1024 00:37:36,587 --> 00:37:38,723 Roger, maintain flight level 140. 1025 00:37:36,587 --> 00:37:38,723 Roger, maintain flight level 140. 1026 00:37:38,789 --> 00:37:41,559 Standby for higher. 1027 00:37:41,626 --> 00:37:44,629 Since his radar system doesn't display altitude, 1028 00:37:41,626 --> 00:37:44,629 Since his radar system doesn't display altitude, 1029 00:37:44,695 --> 00:37:47,698 there was no way for him to tell if the planes followed 1030 00:37:47,765 --> 00:37:50,034 his orders. 1031 00:37:50,101 --> 00:37:55,539 Mostly there and there, as close as you can get it. 1032 00:37:55,606 --> 00:37:57,508 One of the planes must have drifted 1033 00:37:55,606 --> 00:37:57,508 One of the planes must have drifted 1034 00:37:57,575 --> 00:37:59,677 from their assigned altitude. 1035 00:37:59,744 --> 00:38:03,114 But which crew is responsible for the fatal collision? 1036 00:37:59,744 --> 00:38:03,114 But which crew is responsible for the fatal collision? 1037 00:38:05,716 --> 00:38:08,986 Investigators in India catch a break when engine pieces 1038 00:38:05,716 --> 00:38:08,986 Investigators in India catch a break when engine pieces 1039 00:38:09,053 --> 00:38:11,689 of the Saudi aircraft are found near the beginning 1040 00:38:11,756 --> 00:38:13,124 of the debris field. 1041 00:38:13,190 --> 00:38:15,760 It reveals that they were some of the first pieces 1042 00:38:13,190 --> 00:38:15,760 It reveals that they were some of the first pieces 1043 00:38:15,826 --> 00:38:20,031 to come off the plane after the collision. 1044 00:38:20,097 --> 00:38:22,166 The significant point of contact 1045 00:38:22,233 --> 00:38:28,806 was between the tail end of the IL 76 1046 00:38:22,233 --> 00:38:28,806 was between the tail end of the IL 76 1047 00:38:28,873 --> 00:38:40,017 and the wing portion of the Boeing 747 of Saudi. 1048 00:38:28,873 --> 00:38:40,017 and the wing portion of the Boeing 747 of Saudi. 1049 00:38:28,873 --> 00:38:40,017 and the wing portion of the Boeing 747 of Saudi. 1050 00:38:40,084 --> 00:38:41,819 The tail of the Kazakh plane 1051 00:38:41,886 --> 00:38:46,857 appears to have pierced through the left wing of the Saudi jet. 1052 00:38:41,886 --> 00:38:46,857 appears to have pierced through the left wing of the Saudi jet. 1053 00:38:46,924 --> 00:38:49,293 Surprisingly, the Kazakh flight wasn't 1054 00:38:49,360 --> 00:38:51,696 above the Saudi jet when they collided, 1055 00:38:49,360 --> 00:38:51,696 above the Saudi jet when they collided, 1056 00:38:51,762 --> 00:38:53,531 as air traffic controllers thought. 1057 00:38:57,334 --> 00:38:59,770 Between two aircraft, the requirements 1058 00:38:59,837 --> 00:39:06,077 specify a vertical minimum separation of 1,000 feet. 1059 00:38:59,837 --> 00:39:06,077 specify a vertical minimum separation of 1,000 feet. 1060 00:39:06,143 --> 00:39:08,112 Investigators wonder which plane 1061 00:39:06,143 --> 00:39:08,112 Investigators wonder which plane 1062 00:39:08,179 --> 00:39:10,681 was at the wrong altitude. 1063 00:39:10,748 --> 00:39:13,284 Unfortunately, the recovered cockpit instruments 1064 00:39:13,350 --> 00:39:15,986 provide little help in verifying the aircraft's 1065 00:39:13,350 --> 00:39:15,986 provide little help in verifying the aircraft's 1066 00:39:16,053 --> 00:39:17,888 positions at impact. 1067 00:39:17,955 --> 00:39:19,790 I can't find anything. 1068 00:39:19,857 --> 00:39:21,192 Too much damage. 1069 00:39:19,857 --> 00:39:21,192 Too much damage. 1070 00:39:21,258 --> 00:39:22,560 I agree. 1071 00:39:22,626 --> 00:39:24,595 Look at this. 1072 00:39:24,662 --> 00:39:27,164 Having learned all they can from the crash site, 1073 00:39:24,662 --> 00:39:27,164 Having learned all they can from the crash site, 1074 00:39:27,231 --> 00:39:28,999 the fate of the investigation now 1075 00:39:29,066 --> 00:39:34,905 lies in what details are stored in the flight data recorders. 1076 00:39:29,066 --> 00:39:34,905 lies in what details are stored in the flight data recorders. 1077 00:39:34,972 --> 00:39:37,575 Three months later, data from both 1078 00:39:37,641 --> 00:39:42,012 the Kazakh and Saudi black boxes is successfully downloaded. 1079 00:39:37,641 --> 00:39:42,012 the Kazakh and Saudi black boxes is successfully downloaded. 1080 00:39:42,079 --> 00:39:45,015 In order to avoid any suggestion of bias, 1081 00:39:42,079 --> 00:39:45,015 In order to avoid any suggestion of bias, 1082 00:39:45,082 --> 00:39:47,118 the boxes are analyzed in England 1083 00:39:47,184 --> 00:39:50,855 by the experts at the Air Accidents Investigation Branch. 1084 00:39:47,184 --> 00:39:50,855 by the experts at the Air Accidents Investigation Branch. 1085 00:39:50,921 --> 00:39:53,290 279, good day. 1086 00:39:53,357 --> 00:39:54,925 They concentrate on the data 1087 00:39:54,992 --> 00:39:57,361 from a Saudi flight 763 first. 1088 00:39:54,992 --> 00:39:57,361 from a Saudi flight 763 first. 1089 00:40:00,097 --> 00:40:05,269 Saudi 763 approaching 140 for higher. 1090 00:40:00,097 --> 00:40:05,269 Saudi 763 approaching 140 for higher. 1091 00:40:05,336 --> 00:40:07,738 Roger, maintain flight level 140. 1092 00:40:07,805 --> 00:40:10,107 Stand by for higher. 1093 00:40:07,805 --> 00:40:10,107 Stand by for higher. 1094 00:40:10,174 --> 00:40:13,778 Saudi 763 will maintain 140. 1095 00:40:13,844 --> 00:40:16,180 Both the CVR and the flight data recorder 1096 00:40:13,844 --> 00:40:16,180 Both the CVR and the flight data recorder 1097 00:40:16,247 --> 00:40:18,749 reveal that the Saudi pilots received 1098 00:40:18,816 --> 00:40:20,751 clear instructions from the controller 1099 00:40:18,816 --> 00:40:20,751 clear instructions from the controller 1100 00:40:20,818 --> 00:40:23,320 and followed them meticulously. 1101 00:40:23,387 --> 00:40:28,626 It had leveled at its assigned altitude of 14,000 feet 1102 00:40:23,387 --> 00:40:28,626 It had leveled at its assigned altitude of 14,000 feet 1103 00:40:28,692 --> 00:40:31,395 and continued to fly level. 1104 00:40:31,462 --> 00:40:34,031 But when investigators examined the Kazakh's flight 1105 00:40:31,462 --> 00:40:34,031 But when investigators examined the Kazakh's flight 1106 00:40:34,098 --> 00:40:37,935 data, they discovered that it descended to just over 1,000 1107 00:40:38,002 --> 00:40:41,772 feet below assigned altitude, putting it within 10 1108 00:40:38,002 --> 00:40:41,772 feet below assigned altitude, putting it within 10 1109 00:40:41,839 --> 00:40:43,040 feet of the Saudi flight. 1110 00:40:46,143 --> 00:40:49,313 To understand why the Kazakh plane was below its assigned 1111 00:40:49,380 --> 00:40:53,250 altitude, investigators turn to the cockpit voice recorder. 1112 00:40:49,380 --> 00:40:53,250 altitude, investigators turn to the cockpit voice recorder. 1113 00:40:53,317 --> 00:40:59,657 Kazakh 1907, report level passing. 1114 00:40:53,317 --> 00:40:59,657 Kazakh 1907, report level passing. 1115 00:40:59,723 --> 00:41:03,394 Passing 240, Kazakh 1907. 1116 00:40:59,723 --> 00:41:03,394 Passing 240, Kazakh 1907. 1117 00:41:03,460 --> 00:41:06,664 Because the Aleutian is a modified military plane, 1118 00:41:06,730 --> 00:41:10,367 it has another unusual feature, a position for a radio 1119 00:41:06,730 --> 00:41:10,367 it has another unusual feature, a position for a radio 1120 00:41:10,434 --> 00:41:12,870 operator in the cockpit. 1121 00:41:12,937 --> 00:41:15,272 Egor Repp handles all communications 1122 00:41:12,937 --> 00:41:15,272 Egor Repp handles all communications 1123 00:41:15,339 --> 00:41:17,908 for the Kazakh flight. 1124 00:41:17,975 --> 00:41:20,744 As they near the airport, Repp gets in touch 1125 00:41:17,975 --> 00:41:20,744 As they near the airport, Repp gets in touch 1126 00:41:20,811 --> 00:41:24,381 with approach controller Dutta. 1127 00:41:24,448 --> 00:41:30,087 I told Kazakh to descend and maintain flight level 150. 1128 00:41:24,448 --> 00:41:30,087 I told Kazakh to descend and maintain flight level 150. 1129 00:41:30,154 --> 00:41:31,989 That is 15,000 feet. 1130 00:41:32,056 --> 00:41:38,195 Kazakh 1907, now reach 150. 1131 00:41:32,056 --> 00:41:38,195 Kazakh 1907, now reach 150. 1132 00:41:38,262 --> 00:41:40,030 It's 1 minute before impact. 1133 00:41:40,097 --> 00:41:43,100 And the Kazakh plane is in position 1,000 feet 1134 00:41:43,167 --> 00:41:44,401 higher than the Saudi plane. 1135 00:41:43,167 --> 00:41:44,401 higher than the Saudi plane. 1136 00:41:47,304 --> 00:41:50,474 But investigators know that instead of leveling off, 1137 00:41:47,304 --> 00:41:50,474 But investigators know that instead of leveling off, 1138 00:41:50,541 --> 00:41:52,443 the plane continued to descend. 1139 00:41:55,112 --> 00:41:57,281 As it does, Dutta issues a traffic 1140 00:41:55,112 --> 00:41:57,281 As it does, Dutta issues a traffic 1141 00:41:57,348 --> 00:41:59,216 warning to the Kazakh pilots. 1142 00:41:59,283 --> 00:42:01,819 Identify traffic, 12 o'clock reciprocal Saudi 1143 00:42:01,886 --> 00:42:05,456 Boeing 747 and 10 miles. 1144 00:42:01,886 --> 00:42:05,456 Boeing 747 and 10 miles. 1145 00:42:05,522 --> 00:42:07,391 Likely to cross in another five miles. 1146 00:42:07,458 --> 00:42:09,093 Report if in sight. 1147 00:42:07,458 --> 00:42:09,093 Report if in sight. 1148 00:42:09,159 --> 00:42:11,862 He tells them to watch out for the Saudi flight. 1149 00:42:11,929 --> 00:42:16,000 But the Kazakh jet just keeps flying lower. 1150 00:42:11,929 --> 00:42:16,000 But the Kazakh jet just keeps flying lower. 1151 00:42:16,066 --> 00:42:17,301 Ahead? 1152 00:42:17,368 --> 00:42:20,170 Ahead. 1153 00:42:17,368 --> 00:42:20,170 Ahead. 1154 00:42:20,237 --> 00:42:22,506 Suddenly, the radio operator recognizes 1155 00:42:22,573 --> 00:42:24,208 the plane is flying too low. 1156 00:42:30,047 --> 00:42:31,115 Keep to 150. 1157 00:42:31,181 --> 00:42:32,216 Do not descend. 1158 00:42:31,181 --> 00:42:32,216 Do not descend. 1159 00:42:32,283 --> 00:42:33,517 Accelerate. 1160 00:42:33,584 --> 00:42:35,452 But his warning comes too late. 1161 00:42:35,519 --> 00:42:41,425 Get to the 150, because after 140. 1162 00:42:35,519 --> 00:42:41,425 Get to the 150, because after 140. 1163 00:42:41,492 --> 00:42:43,427 Investigators are stunned. 1164 00:42:43,494 --> 00:42:46,864 Why weren't the pilots monitoring their altitude? 1165 00:42:43,494 --> 00:42:46,864 Why weren't the pilots monitoring their altitude? 1166 00:42:49,400 --> 00:42:52,102 Report 8 miles. 1167 00:42:49,400 --> 00:42:52,102 Report 8 miles. 1168 00:42:52,169 --> 00:42:55,472 They go back to earlier in the recording. 1169 00:42:55,539 --> 00:42:57,942 While Repp communicates with the ground, 1170 00:42:55,539 --> 00:42:57,942 While Repp communicates with the ground, 1171 00:42:58,008 --> 00:43:00,477 neither the pilot nor co-pilot confirm 1172 00:43:00,544 --> 00:43:03,447 the altitude instructions. 1173 00:43:00,544 --> 00:43:03,447 the altitude instructions. 1174 00:43:03,514 --> 00:43:05,249 Switch on, engine inlet... 1175 00:43:05,316 --> 00:43:08,552 The pilots are busy discussing arrival procedures. 1176 00:43:05,316 --> 00:43:08,552 The pilots are busy discussing arrival procedures. 1177 00:43:08,619 --> 00:43:14,491 Repp appears to be the only one focused on their altitude. 1178 00:43:08,619 --> 00:43:14,491 Repp appears to be the only one focused on their altitude. 1179 00:43:14,558 --> 00:43:15,993 Pull up the level. 1180 00:43:16,060 --> 00:43:17,161 What level were we given? 1181 00:43:20,998 --> 00:43:23,434 The final report points the finger squarely at 1182 00:43:23,500 --> 00:43:27,237 the crew of the Kazakh plane. 1183 00:43:23,500 --> 00:43:27,237 the crew of the Kazakh plane. 1184 00:43:27,304 --> 00:43:30,174 The Kazakh pilots' failure to maintain altitude 1185 00:43:30,240 --> 00:43:35,112 led to the deaths of 349 people. 1186 00:43:30,240 --> 00:43:35,112 led to the deaths of 349 people. 1187 00:43:35,179 --> 00:43:38,282 Investigators are also critical of the outdated radar that 1188 00:43:35,179 --> 00:43:38,282 Investigators are also critical of the outdated radar that 1189 00:43:38,349 --> 00:43:39,917 was being used in New Delhi. 1190 00:43:42,586 --> 00:43:46,390 Today, new radar systems allow controllers across the country 1191 00:43:42,586 --> 00:43:46,390 Today, new radar systems allow controllers across the country 1192 00:43:46,457 --> 00:43:50,194 to see an airplane's flight number, altitude, and heading, 1193 00:43:46,457 --> 00:43:50,194 to see an airplane's flight number, altitude, and heading, 1194 00:43:50,260 --> 00:43:54,298 preventing midair collisions from ever happening again. 1195 00:43:54,365 --> 00:43:56,100 It's not a matter of who did something wrong. 1196 00:43:54,365 --> 00:43:56,100 It's not a matter of who did something wrong. 1197 00:43:56,166 --> 00:43:57,901 It's a matter of how can we change 1198 00:43:57,968 --> 00:44:00,537 the way we do business to make sure this can't happen again. 1199 00:44:00,604 --> 00:44:03,707 Not that it is unlikely, but that it can't. 1200 00:44:00,604 --> 00:44:03,707 Not that it is unlikely, but that it can't. 92337